sspc-pa guide 3.pdf

8/11/2019 SSPC-PA GUIDE 3.pdf

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SSPC-PA Guide

November 1, 1982

Editorial Change s July 1, 1995

Steel Structures Painting Council

PAINT APPLICATIONGUIDE NO.

3

A

Guide to Safety in Paint Application

Scope

1.1 All necessary precautions sho uld be taken o protect

onn el and property from accidents due to falls, fumes, fire,

orotherdangers.Recommendationsmadeherein

not supplant o r replace other mea-

coveringunusualconditions.Theyarenot ntended o

flict with or supersede any federal, state, or loc al statute or

the con trols listed in Section 2.

1.2Thisguidedefinesmethods and practices which are

ctical in maintaining safety during app lication of protec-

coatings on steel structures. Comp lete coverage of all as-

The objective of this guide is to itemize

ons an d care hat should be considered while working

ccess facilities, using pro fessional tools to app ly ma-

1.3 All pers onn el nvo lved n the application of protective

be awarecons tantly of theseveralhazards

to a ccess facilities, specialized tools, and oxic or

materials. Many workers have some knowled ge of

two

of these categories, but each should be advised of

necessary and rained o prevent or eliminate

ditions in all three areas.

1.4Areas ot includ ed hereinwhich ppear in other

safety in surfacepreparation;

pretreatmentmethods;

removalofexistentcoatings;

spe cialize d areas of coil and appliance ceramics, con-

tainer high bake coatings, and powd er coatings; and

paintmanufacturingplants.

RegulatingControls

2.1 Fede ral awsshouldgovern all works. Mo st of hese

2.2 State safety requirements should exert con trol n rele-

does not cover projects.

2.3 Municipal or ownship ordinances should be followed

r spe cific rulings imp ose restrictions beyond he ed-

and state controls.

2.4 Safety practice and rulings may come from area labo r

groups.Such shouldcontrol actions or mproved personn el

relations.

2.5 Some ontract pecificationsmay ontainequire-

ments for safe m ethods ofpractice for sp ecific areas.

2.6 Rulesofsafetyby ndividualcontractors shouldbe

adhered to since such arebased on previous experiences.

2.7 All safety nstructions eceived rom hepaintmanu-

facturer should be ollowed.

2.8 Safestorage egulationsshould controlallwork e-

gardlessofsource: civil law,contractor rule, labor rule, de-

signer specifications.

3. References

3.1 NationalSafetyCouncil,

425

NorthMichiganAvenue,

Chicago, IL 6061 1.

Industrial Data Sheet No . 296, Bridge Painting

AccidentPreventionManua l or ndustrialOperations,

International Book Number O-87912-024-X.

Pamphlets,datasheets,nstruction card s relevant o

paint.

3.2ccupationalafety and Healthdministration

(OSHA)Standards,Superintenden t of Docum ents; U.S. Gov-

ernment Printing- Office, WashingtonDC 20402.

29CFR 910 OccupationalSafetyandHealthStan-

dards (General)

29CFR 1910-94Ventilation

3.3 AmericanNationalStandards Institute (ANSI),

1430

Broadway, New York, NY 10018.

ANS I A14.1 SafetyCode orWoodLadders

ANSI A l 4.2 SafetyCode orMetalLadders

ANSI 87.1ndustrialEyeProtection

ANSI88.2Respiratory rotection

ANSI9.3Design,Construction, and Ventilationf

Spray Finishing Operations

3.4 HazardousSubstanceGuide orConstruction,Asso-

ciated General Contractors of Ame rica, 1957 E. St., NW, Wash-

ington, DC, 20 006-5199.

41

1

yright The Society for Protective Coatingsded by IHS under license with SSPC Licensee=Loc 25-27Venezuela/Parlaguan,Puerto la Cr,San Die/5919206111, User=hern

Not for Resale, 09/02/2005 11:46:00 MDTeproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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SSPC-PA Guide 3

November 1, 1982

Editorial Changes July

1 ,

1995

3.5 National Fire ProtectionAssociation Guide on Haz-

ardousMaterials, P.O. Box9101,BatterymarchPark,Quincy,

MA 02269-91 01.

3.6

ChemicalManufacturersAssociation, SafetyGuide

SG10, 2501 M St. NW, Washington, DC 20037.

3.7

Indu strial Ventilation-A Ma nua l of Recom mende d

Practice, Am erican Conferen ce of Governmental Industrial Hy-

gien ists (ACGIH) 1980,

6500

Glenway Avenue, Bldg . D-7, Cin-

cinnati, OH 45211.

3.8 Internationalrotherhood of Painters andllied

Trad es, AFL-CIO Play t Safe, United Un ions Build ing, 1750

New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20006.

3.9 Threshold LimitValues or Chem ical Substances n

WorkroomAir, Adop ted byACGIH, 6500 GlenwayAvenue,

Bldg. D-7, Cincinnati, OH 45 21 1.

3.10 FederalSpecification BB-A-1034.

4.

Definitions

4.1

Person nel ncludes all peop le whomayhave reason

to spend time on the jobsite. All classes of p ainters, helpers,

foremen, inspectors, managers, and owne rs of items involved

should be considered.

4.2 Coatingncludes all liquidmaterials whichmay be

applied to any surface for purposes of protection o r decoration

of hat surfa ce. App lication may be with brush, roller, air gun,

airless gun , trowel, and han d mitten.

4.3

Solventsare hose iquidswhichdissolvecoatings

and reduce their viscosity to that suitable for application. They

have a wide range of both volatility and flamma bility an d evapo -

rate from the applied film

to

leave the solids base for pro tection

and decorationof the substrate.

4.4 Access means nclude all staging scaffolds, adders,

ropes,and otherequipment tobeused oplacepaintand

painter

in

position for applications.

4.5

Preventives includeoth equipment andctions

which may in any way increase a margin of safety for all per-

sons at the jobsite during ny phase of the operation.

5. Coatings

5.1

HANDLINGCOATING MAT ERIAL S Coatingsmateri-

als houldbe tored in safe,well entilated areaswhere

sparks, flame s, and the direct rays of the sun can be avoided.

Containersshouldbe kept tightly sealed until ready foruse.

Warning tags should be placed on toxic aterials.

Recommended safety rules for mixin

oper tions

include

Use eye protection (goggles, etc.).

Use protectivegloves.

Keep the faceandhead away from themixing con-

the following:

tainer.

Use protective ace cream.

Avoid splash and spillage, and nhalation of vapors.

Mix all materials in wellventilatedareas away from

Use low-speedmechanical mixers.

Clean up spillage immediately.

Avoidexcessive temperatures.

Protective devices and equipment required for ap plication

of coatings materials are de termined by the type of coating as

well as by the environment. The coatings m anufacturers should

provide Material Safety Data Shee ts on each product. Unless

definite nformation e gardingexplosionand oxicityhazards

inherent in the material are provided by he manufacturer, a writ-

ten request or such data should be made before starting the

coatingsapplication.Record s of previousapplicationsusing

similar materials also shouldbe examined.

sparks and f lames.

5.2

HEALTH HAZARDS

OF

COATING MATERIALS A

coating material may be considered a health hazard when its

properties are such that it can either directly or indirectly cau se

injury or incapacitation, either temporary or permanen t, rom

exposure by contact, nhalation, or ngestion. (Refer to Thresh-

old Limit Va lues for Ch emical Su bstan ces in Workroom Air.)

Degrees of healthhazard are rankedaccording to the

probable severity of injury or incapacitation, as follows:

5.2.1 Materials which, on very short exposure, could

cause death or major residual injury even though prompt medi-

cal treatment was given. Types of these materials are:

Materialswhichcanpenetrateordinary ubberprotec-

tive clothing

Materials which,nder normalonditions, ive

off

gases which are extremely toxic or corrosive through

inhalation

or

through contactwith or absorption through

the skin

5.2.2

Materials,which on short exposure, couldcause

serious temporary or residual injury even though promp t medi-

cal treatment was g iven. Types ofhese materials are:

Materials giving off highly toxic comb ustion products

Materials corrosive o living tissue or toxic by skin ab-

sorption

5.2.3

Materials which, on ntense or continued exposure,

could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury

unless promp t medical ttention is given. Types of these materi-

als are:

Materials giving off toxic combustion produc ts

Materials giving off highly irritating combustionprod-

Materials which, under either norma l conditions or fire

conditions, give off toxic vapors acking warning prop-

erties

5.2.4

Materials which, on exposure, cancause irritation

butonly minor residual njuryeven

if

no treatment is given.

Types of these materials are:

ucts

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Materials which, under fire conditions, give off irritating

Materials which cause irritation to he skin without de-

combustion products

struction of tissue

5 2 5 Materials which, on exposure to fire conditions, o f-

zard bey ond that of ordinary combustible material.

5 3

FLAMMABILITY HAZARDS OF COATINGSMATERI-

S A coating material may be considered a lammability ha-

hen it will burn under normal conditions.

Virtually all solvent solution coatings are highly flammab le

if

concentrated in sufficient volume in

ed or restricted areas. Even vapors from ordinary enamels

il paints may be accumulated in such density as to result

explosive reaction if a source of ignition is present. Generally

howeve r, solvents used in solvent solution coatings

more volatile and dangerou s han hose used in conven-

Degrees of hazard are ranked acco rding to he suscepti-

materials to burning, as follows:

5 3 1 Materialswhich will rapidlyorcompletelyvaporize

atmospheric ressure nd ormal mbientemperature,

Any liquid which is liquid under pressure and having a

vaporpressuregreater han14.7 psig 101 kPa) at

38 'C

(1

O0 'F)

Materialswhichmayormexplosivemixtures in air,

such as mists of flammable or combustible liquid drop-

lets

5 3 2 Materials hat can be ignited under almost all ambi-

conditions.Thesematerials produce hazard-

tmospheres with air under all ambient emperatures and

Materials having a flash point of 38 "C (10 0F) or below

and having a vapor pressure not greater than 14.7 psig

(101 kPa) at 38C 100F)

a

Materials which gnite spontaneously when exp ose d to

air

5 3 3 Materials hat shouldbe moderatelyheatedorex-

of his ype are thosehavinga flash point

38 C (1O0

'F)

but not greater than 93C (200 "F).

5 3 4 Materials hat shouldbe preheatedbefore gnition

for five m inutes or ess at 815 "C (1,500 "F).

5 3 5 Non-combustiblematerials.

5.4

TOXICITY OF COATINGMATERIALS:Som e of the

used in organic oatingmaterialsareoxic.Lead

ounds and chromates are particularly dangerous, whether

nhaled. Some paint additives, such as he mercu-

used o mpart ungicidalproperties,maybe

if

ingested.

SSPC-PA Guide 3

November 1, 1982

Editorial Chang es July 1, 1995

The epoxies used n epoxy coatings and comp ounds are

particularly irritating to the skin, and som e persons are seriously

affected by allergic reactions if proper hygiene is not practiced.

Common eactions include swellingaround heeyesor lips,

rashes of the skin, etc. Some epoxy coatings have polyam ides

as curing agents that react much like a m ild a cid o n tender mu-

cous mem branes.

The following basic safety precautions should govern he

use of ALL coatings:

Know the material with which you are working.

Read and follow the precautions on the label.

Always provide adequate ventilation OSH A Standard

29 CFP 1910.94).

Guardagainst fire, flames,andsparks,anddonot

smoke while working.

Avoid breathing of vapors or spray mist.

Use protective skin cream and other protective equip-

ment.

Avoid ingestion of toxic materials.

Wash hand s carefully before eating or sm oking.

Change clothing that has soaked up oxic materials.

Practice good personal hygiene.

6 Solvents

6.1 A wide variety of solvents are used in the formulation

of mo dern coatings. Many of these solvents are highly flamma-

ble and must be handled with extreme care. In addition, these

solvents are oxic o varying degrees and may cau se serious

effects to those working with them. Excessive breathing of c on -

centrated solvent vapors may cause dizziness or nausea, ex-

cessive drying or irritation of hemucousmembranes,and in

rare case s, allerg ic reactions to the skin.

6 2 Even common solvents hat are ordinarily considere d

innocuous may be harmful

if

inhaled in high concentrations or

for prolo nge d periods. For example, turpentine can cause nar-

cotic poisoning and kidney damag e when excessive amoun ts

are nhaled. Systemic damag e may also result rom an acute

dose (sufficient to produce unconsciousness), or from repeated

excessive nhalation of such comm on solvents as acetate es-

ters, alcohols, orketones.Solventssuch as toluene,xylene,

ethyl ether, cyclohexanone, butyl alcoh ol, and the nitroparaffins

have a relatively low ch ronic toxicity, but their narcotic effect in

high concentrations can lead to unconsciousness followed by

respiratory ailure and death unless he victim is promptly e-

stored to fresh air. Even the least toxic of the common paint and

lacquer solvents can be dange rous in very high concentrations

bec aus e of heir narcotic effect, excepting he alco hols which

are irritants (to the eyes and upper respiratory tract) rather than

toxicants.

6 3 Somecommonsolventsusuallynotuseddirectly in

paintsbutoftenencountered in paint emoversand cleaning

liquids are dangerou sly toxic even at relatively low concentra-

tion; or example, methyl alcoh ol when inhale d or ngested re-

peatedly or to the point of unconsciousness may cau se death

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3

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1,

1982


1,

1995

or permane nt blindness. Benzene is a dangerou s, cumulative

poison that causes severe damag e to the liver and b lood-form-

ing tissues of he body. Many chlorinated solvents, particularly

chlorinatedaliphatichydrocarbons, are toxic;chloroform, for

example,haspoisonousafter-effects, whilecarbon etrachlo-

ride and seldom used tetrachloroethane are dang erously toxic

withsevere chronic,cumulativeeffects on he kidne ys, liver,

and lungs. Since solvent-type paint removers frequently contain

highly toxic solvents, they shou ld be used only with adequate

ventilation con trols and /or respiratory protection.

6.4 The toxic systemic effects of orga nic solven ts can be

produced by absorption through the skin as well as by inhala-

tion. Acute or chron ic dermatitis or systemic pois oning may re-

sult from repeated or prolonged contact of toxic solvents with

the skin . Sometimes, the vehicle resin itself may be irritating or

toxic to the skin while he resin is in the un cure d state. The cata-

lysts or hardening agents (e.g., organic amines) used in

two-

componentcoating systemsare requently volatileand oxic

materials until they have been incorporated intohe resin.

6.5 Avoid nnecessary r rolonged ontact withhe

skin; the use of protective clothing and skin creams can elimi-

nate the nee d for scrubb ing the skin with toxic solve nts. If the

maximum allowab le conc entratio n of solvent in theair sex-

ceeded, then fresh air masks should be supplied for the work-

men.

Theextremely high fluid press uredeveloped in airless

spray painting equipment causes a powerful stream of paint to

be discharg ed for some distan ce. THIS PRESSURE REMAINS

IN THE SYSTEM EVEN THOUGH THE PUMP HAS BEEN SHUT

OFF

AND CAN BE RELIEVED ONLY BY BEING DISCHARGED

THROUGH THE GUN.

The pressure is also dang erous when the nozzle has been

removed. Some equipment is provide d with a device that will

prevent a hypoderm ic streamwhenever he ip has been re-

moved a nd the trigger squeezed.

Extreme care should be taken when pressure is being re-

lieved from he system, and manu facturers recomm endations

should be followed.

7.5

SAFEOPERATINGPRACTICES:f afe operating

practices are followed, reasonab le care exercised by the oper-

ator, and equipment maintained in go od order, he airless spray

painting method is as safe as conventional methods. The fol-

lowing precautions should be part of every op erators training

and should bestrictly observed and rigidly e nforced:

7.5.1 Checkallhoseconnectionsand fittings toensure

that they are tight and not leaking.The fluid hose should be de-

signed to withstand the high pressure to which t is subje cted.

The hose, gun, and pressure vessel should be equipped with

spec ial fittings not interchan gea ble with low press ure ittings.

7.5.2 Check he fluid hose o be sure hat here are no

7. Airless

Sprayers weak or worn spots.akeertain the hoseoesotontact

7.1As far as practicable, the recomm ended safety pre-

moving parts of machinery, or lie Over and around sharp edges

cautions of the National Safety Council as published in their In-

and corners, orCome near objects that would damag e t. Check

dustrial Data Sheet No. D-296, Bridge Pa inting should be fol- for deterioration due o he expo sure to chemica ls Or ordina ry

lowed, articularly when working utdoors or n elevated

wear and tear. H igh Pressure leaks from the hoSe Or from the

structures.

connections can cause hypo dermic njections ust as he gun

7.2 Particular care shou ld be exerc ised when working in

tip can.

closedpaces,spec ially when spray ing. 7.5.3 Do not discon nect the gunrom the fluid hose or the

hose from the pump until the pressure has been release d from

the hose. This is accom plished by first clos ing off the m ain line

air pressure to the pump and then bleeding off the pressure in

Equipment and work should be grounded .

Use o nly nonsparking

tools.

Keep matches, smokes, and open flame away rom he he fluid hos e by triggering the

gun.

area.

7.3 Airless guns of the type which atomize paints and flu-

ids at high pressure1,000 pounds or more to the square inch

(690 0 kPa)-should be equ ipped with automatic or visible man-

ual safety devices which cannot permit the operator to pull the

triggerand elea se the fluid until thesafety is man ually re-

leased.

If

the gun has no safety control, it should have a diffuser

nut which will prevent high velocity release while he nozzle tip

is removed, plus a nozzle tip guard which will prevent he tip

from coming into contact ith the operator.

7.4

In airless spraying, n unpressurizedeservoir is

used, as pressure is applied only to the pain t in the pump, line,

and spray gun. This type of spray represe nts a hazardof hypo-

dermic injection of paint into persons who accidentally contact

the stream.

7.5.4

When ha ndling the gun but not actually spraying

for example,whilechangingpieceparts orwork position

hold the gun by the grip and removehe fingers from the trigger.

7 5 5

NEVERPOINTANAIRLESSGUNATANY

PART

OF THE HUMAN BODY OUR OWN

OR

ANYONE ELSES

7.5.6 Airless pray guns annot be leane d withhe

same methodsused for conventionalair-operated guns. It is

hard to force waste material out of the gun exce pt throu gh its

head,andmaterial eleased at suchhighpressurescanbe

driven nto the fingers or han d if they are held over the spray

cap or head f the gun.

7.5.7 The gun should have a gu ard which completely pro-

tects the trigger. When the gun is under pressure bu t not being

used, the safety latch sho uld b e kept in the n on-operating posi-

tion.

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1995

7.5.8 If production rates or paintusage atesare o be

or solvent changes made , existing con trols should

7 6 RULESFORSAFETYWITHPRESSURIZEDEQUIP-

The following safety ulesapply to conventionaland

equipment,sandblastingequipment,andwater

g equipmen t that operate under pressure.

7.6.1

Useonlypressureequipmen t hathas beencon-

as pecifiedbyheNational Board Codeandhe

7.6.2 Testsafety relief valvesusedonpressureequip-

7.6.3 Use emote control deadmanvalveswithpressure

t. Be sure hat he deadman valves are a pneum atic

the same air for activation that s use d for blasting

Ladders

8.1 GENERALSAFETYRULES:

8.1.1 See hat all laddersconform to ANSI A14.1, Lad-

-

Portable Wood Safety Requireme nts and ANS I A14.2,

8.1.2

Inspect ladders frequently. Look or loose steps or

oose screws, bolts, metal braces , and rods; split or bro-

rungs; and loose or bent hinge spreaders.

8.1.3 When adders are ound to be a cking n any safety

o be defective in anymanner, heyshouldnot be

Ladders ound o be

too

defective or repairs should be

8.1.4

Protectadderswith clea r protective oatings so

8.1.5

Store adders in awarm,dry place protected rom

8.1.6 Equip all straight and extension adders with safety

8.1.7 Do not use portable add ers greater han 60 feet in

to

be reached, provide ntermedi-

orms and use separate ladders.

8.1.8

Single adders not constructed or use as sectional

should not be spliced ogether to form a longer ladder.

8.1.9 Extension ladd ers should not be takenapart in or-

to use either section separately.

each section.

8.1.10 Extension ladders shou ld have a minimum of 15%

8.1.11 Ladders made by astening cleats across a single

d not be used.

8.1.12 Do not use stepladders over 20 feet in height.

8.1.13 Never use a stepladder as a straight adder.

8.1.14 Neveruse heplatformofastepladder as a top

8.1.15

In placing portable ladders, be sure hat hehori-

zontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is

one quarter of the working length of the ladder.

8.1.16 Straightandextensionadders shouldbe tied-

off

when in use. A helper should hold the ladder while it is be-

ing tied or un tied at the top.

step on which to stand.

8.1.17

Whent is necessary o place aadderovera

doorway, the doorway should be roped

off

and signs should be

erected to warn users of the door of theadders presence.

8.1.18 Ladders should never be usedasskids, braces,

scaffold members, or for any other purpose than that for which

they are intended.

8.1.19

DONOTUSEMETALLADDERS

OR

STAGES IN

AREAS WHERE CONTACT WITH ELECTRIC POWER LINES IS

POSSIBLE.

8.1.20

Use ha nd line s, not adders, to raise or ower ma-

terials and tools.

8.1.21 Do not reach too far in any direction while working

froma ladder. Frequentchanges in a ladders position can

forestall accidents from this source.

8.1.22

Always face theadderwhenascendingorde-

scending.

8.2

All ladders sh ould be supported so that they are evel

at the base and given sufficient bearing so that they cannot sink

into he supporting surface. Both hands sho uld be free when

climbing adders. It is preferable that the hands hold the sides

of the ladder, rather than the rungs, when going up or down.

8.3 The following able is theminimum or heconstruc-

tion of wood ladders.

TABLE 1

DIMENSIONS FOR WOOD LADDERS

Cross-

Sectionnsideidth

Lengthnnches

in feet Bottom TOP Uprightsleats

10 to 12 20 17

2 x 4 718

x

3

12 to 6

218

2

x

4 718 x

16 to 20 23 20

2 x 6

18 x 3

8 4 The following a ble is the minimum for the construc-

tion of a double woo d ladder. Double ladd ers over 24 eet in

length shou ld not be used.

415



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SSPC-PA Guide 3

November 1, 1982


1, 1995

TABLE 2

DIMENSIONS FOR DOUBLE WOOD LADDERS

Insideide

Left Side Sideprights

Cleats

18

18" 2 x 4 (to 12 ft)

1 x

3

2"

X

6"

(

12-24

A

9. Scaffolding

9.1

Scaffolds should be provided for all work that canno t

bedone rom the groundor romsolidconstruction, except

such work as can be done safely from ladders.

9.1.1 Scaffolds,platforms, runways,etc., sho uld bekept

free from loo se san d, mud , grease, or other materials, any one

of which could cause slipping, tripping, r overloading.

9.1.2 Stairs, ladd ers, or ther afemeans of access

should be provided to all work areas. The use of cross mem-

bersor ramew ork as a meansof access

to

workingareas

should not bepermitted.

9.1.3 All rolling scaffolds sho uld be eq uipped with a posi-

tive locking device to prevent accidentalmovement of the scaf-

fold.

9.1.4

The sections of metal scaffolds should be securely

connec ted together u sing the reg ular patented and manufac-

tured connec tions. mprovised connec tions, such as a turn or

two of rope, should not be ermitted.

9.1.5 Runways, amps, platforms,andscaffolds oversix

feet in h eight should be effectively guarde d by the careful and

workm anlike nstallation of guard or hand rails of

36

inches to

42

inches from he deck, withanntermediate rail and toe

boards, not less than six inches in height, or side screens, as

necessary, to protect workmen or property below from falling

objects.

9.1.6 All metal ladders, caffolds,owers, nd similar

equipment shouldbeerected in accordan ce withmanufac-

turer's specifications a nd loa d imits should not b e e xceeded .

9.1.7

Discardedpackingboxes,barrels,piles of loose

lumber, or other makeshift or "jury" rigging, should not be used

for scaffolds or as supports.

9 2

GENERAL SAFETY RULES FOR SCAFFOLDING:

9.2.1 Inspectll equipmen t befo re using.Neverse

equipment hat is damage d or deteriorated in any way, espe-

cially rusted.

9.2.2

Inspect erected scaffolding regularly to make sure t

is ma intained in safe conditions. Consu lt the scaffolding sup-

plier when n doubt.

9.2.3 Provide adequate sills for scaffoldpostsanduse

baseplates.

9.2.4

Plumb an d evelallscaffoldsas the erectionpro-

ceeds. Use adjusting screws nstead of wood blocks to adjust

for uneven grade conditions. Do not force braces

to

fit "level

the scaffold until proper fit can be made easily.

9.2.5 Fasten allbracessecurely. Do notclimbacross

braces.

9.2.6 On wall scaffolds, place and maintain ancho rs se-

cure ly between structure and scaffo ld at least every

30

feet of

length and25 feet of height.

9.2.7 When scaffolds are to be partially or fully e nclosed,

specific precautions should be aken to assure the frequency

and adequ acy of ties attaching the sc affolding to the building.

This is becaus e of increased oadconditions esulting from

wind and weather.The scaffolding compo nents

to

which the

ties are attached also should be checkedor additional loads.

9.2.8

Freestandingscaffold owersshouldbeprotected

against tipping by guying or other means.

9.2.9 Equip all planked or staged areas with proper gua rd

rails and add toeboardsas required.

9.2.10 Use of metal scaffolds near electric powe r ine s is

dangerous.

9.2.11

Neveruse ladders orother make shift igson op

of scaffolds

to

increase the height.

9.2.12 Do not overload scaffolds.

9.2.13 All bracketsshouldbeseatedcorrectly with side

brackets parallel to he frames and end brackets at90 degrees

to the frames. B rackets shou ld not be bent or twisted from nor-

mal position.

9.3 FORROLLINGSCAFFOLDS,THEFOLLOWINGAD-

DITIONAL RULES APPLY:

9.3.1

Do not ride on rolling scaffolds.

9.3.2

Remove allmaterialand equipment rom he plat-

form before moving he scaffold.

9.3.3 Caster brakes should be set at all times when scaf-

folds are in a fixed position. Casters with plain stems should be

attached to the panel or adjustment screw by pins or other suit-

able means.

9.3.4 Donotattempt to move a ollingscaffold without

sufficient help . Watch out for hole s in the floor or ove rhea d ob-

structions.

9.3.5

Do not extend adjusting screws on rolling scaffolds

more than 12 inches.

9.3.6 Use horizontaldiagonalbracing nearhe bottom

and at 20-foot intervals upwa rd rom the rolling surface.

9.4WHENPUTLOGSANDTRUSSESAREUSED,THE

FOLLOWING ADDITIONAL RULES APPLY

9.4.1

Donotcantileveror extend putlog-trusses as side

brackets without thorough consideration for he load

to

be sup-

plied.

9.4.2 Putlog-trusses shou ld extend at least six inche s be-

yon d the point of support.

9.4.3

Place proper bracing between putlog-trusses when

the span of the truss is more than 12 inches.

416



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November 1, 1982

Editorial Changes July 1, 1995

9 5

FORMETALCAFFOLDING, THE FOLLOWING

9.5.1 Provide adequate sills or underpinnings on all scaf-

erected on filled orotherwise soft ground.

9.5.2 Compensateorunevennessofgroundbyusing

ing s crews where blocking is not practical.

9.5.3 Besure hat scaffolds areplumband level at all

9.5.4

Anchor unning scaffolds o wall approximately ev-

28 feet of ength and 18 feet of height. Use additional care

using pulley arms.

9.5.5

Do not force brac es to fit. Adjust levels of scaffold -

the proper fit can be made with e ase.

9.5.6 Horizontal diagonal bracing shou ld be used o pre-

king of a ll scaffo lds at bottom and ntermediate evels

9.5.7

Handrailing should be provided on all scaffolds re-

9.5.8

Erect the scaffold n such a manner that a adder is

ned up from op to bottom.

9.6FORWOODSCAFFOLDING,THEFOLLOWINGAD-

9.6.1 A good rule of thumb or he use of wood scaffold-

so

and who know the safety actors involved.

9.6.2

Allscaffolding lumberand planksshouldbe thor-

beforeusing.The pieces should be sound,

and free of large knots. Never use even slightly dam-

9.6.3 Decking should be at east two planks wide. A back

9.6.4 Never verload scaffold and be surehat all

ands.

9.6.5 Usea adder to gain access to scaffolds. Never

and down on the horizontal pieces and b e sure he

ied securely at the top.

9.6.6

On any kind of a scaffold, be sure overhead protec-

is prov ided when here are others working directly above

9.6.7

Keep scaffolds free of rubbish,waste,snow, ice,

9.6.8

A good way

to

be safe in determining he minimum

of p lank s and their maximum distance between supports is

the ollowing table:

TABLE 3

SIZE AND SPAN OF PLANKS

Size

of

Plank Span Allowed

Inches Feet

2 x 1 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2 x 1 2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

2 x 1 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2 x 1 6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

2 x 2 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3 x 2 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

9.6.9 Scaffoldplanks shouldextendover heirendsup-

ports not less than six inches nor more than 12 inches.

9.6.10 All nails used inscaffold constructionshould be

driven full length. No nail smaller han 8d should be used in

scaffo ld construction, and a sufficient numbe r of nails sho uld

be driven to support the design oading. Design of the scaffo ld

should be such that n o nail is subject to a direct pull.

9.7 RULES FOR SAFETY WITH PLANKING:

9.7.1

All planking used on a scaffold should be of sound

quality umber hat is straightgrainedand reeofknots. All

plankingshouldhave at least24 nchesoverlap.Secure all

planks to wood scaffolding.

9.7.2

Planking verhang should e

3

518 inches on

stackup scaffolds. Woo d cleats (1 nch

x

4 nches) should be

nailed acro ss the top of planking at each frame and outsideend

frames.

9.7.3

Planks sedor latforms hould be of niform

thickness.These planksshouldbe aidclose togetherand

overlappe d at hebearers. An overlap ofat least two feet

should be allow ed with the bearer in the center of the overlap.

Planks should be fastened securely to the bearer at the oppo -

site end to preven t tipping.

9.7.4

Platforms hould be kept lear of slippery ub-

stances. They should be equipped also with handrails and lad-

ders.

9.7.5 Planking should never be paintedover;paint can

concea l defects. Sca ffold boards should be identified by paint-

ing at each end. All scaffold board should be used exclusively

for that purpose.

9.7.6

The nominal size of planking should be determined

from Table 4. Values given are for plan ks with the w ide face up ,

with load s concentrated in the center. Loads given in the table

are net. Allowance was made or he weight of he planking.

Loads in the able may be increased 45 % if select structural

coast re gion D ouglas Fir or merchantable structural square and

solid Southern Pine planks are used.

417



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SSPC-PA Guide 3

November 1, 1982


TABLE 4

9.8.16

Do not attempt tousescaffold as materialhoist

SAFECENTERLOADSFORSCAFFOLDPLANK,

towers or formounting derricks without irst determ ining the

IN POUNDS

loads and stresses involved.

Size of Plank 9.8.17 Inspect all tower partsefore using. Do notse

2 x 1 0x 1 2x 1 0 3 12

parts that areamagedreteriorated. Rememberhathe

Dressedressedressedressed strength of rusted mate rials is notnown

Span

to to

to

to

in

15/8

X

1-5/8 X 2-5/8 X

6

30967

807

10.1ENERALAFETYULESORWING

2 - 5 / 8 x 10 Rigging

Feet-1 /2 11-1/2 9-1 2 11-1/2

8

19232

500

605

STAGES:

1228 155 33304 10.1.1 Every swing stage orcaffoldhouldeigged

10

14

13386

346 and perated underhe direct upervision of an experience d

16

11650

303 rigger.

9.8

Some additionalprecautions are necessary, in addi-

tion o the above where applicable, in the erection of rolling

towers:

9.8.1

Casters shou ld be of adequate size n relatio n to the

height of he ower, he surfa ce over whic h the ower is to be

used, and in accordance with all federal, state, andocal

codes, ordinance s, and egulations. Casterswith plain stems

should be attached to he panel or adjustment screwby pins or

other su itable means required to p revent sliding off the support.

In no case should casters smaller than six inches in diameter

be used.

9.8.2

Do notextendadjustingscrews on roll ing owers

more than 12 inches.

9.8.3 The platformheightshouldnotexceed four imes

the sm allest base dimen sion unless guyed or otherwise stabi-

lized.

9.8.4 Horizontal diagon al braces should be used near the

bottom and at 20-foot ntervals measured rom he rolling sur-

face.

9.8.5

Cross brace b oth sides of every tower.

9.8.6 The addition of ladders to the ower can provide a

convenient means of ascending and descending.

9.8.7 Install guardrails and oeboa rds.

9 8 8 Towers of a heig ht greater than three times the mini-

mum base dime nsions should be uyed or tied-offwhen in use.

9.8.9 Apply a ll caster brakes when the tower is not in m o-

tion.

9.8.10 DO NOT RIDE TOWERS1

9.8.1 1

Do

not attempt to move a rolling tower without suf-

ficient help.

9.8.12 Provide unit lock arms on all towers.

9.8.13 The 5 x 7 rolling tower now in gen eral use is un-

stable at he ights over

25

feet while n motion; stability should be

maintaine d either with outriggers or with handling lines.

vation.

9.8.14 Guy or tie-off all fixed towers every 18 feet of ele-

9.8.1

5 Do not use brackets on rolling towers.

10.1.2 Swing scaffolds and all sup ports should be so de-

signed and cons tructed that they can sustain at lea st six times

the maximum load for whichhey are intended.

10.1.3 Swing scaffoldplatformsshould not be ess han

20 inches wide or more han 36 inches in overall width. The

platform should beso shaped that it rests evenly on steel hang-

ers or stirrups placed within eight to 18 inch es from the end s of

the platform planks. If wire rop e slings are used, they should be

of wire rope of at lea st 9,000 pound s breaking trength.

10.1.4

If wood putlogs are use d in place of steel hang ers,

the platform planks should overlapby at least one foot on each

side of the putlogs.

10.1.5

A

swing scaffold should be t ied adequately or an-

chored o the building to prevent swaying or ipping orward

from he inside .Nomore han twomen shoulduseaswing

stage at any one time (exce pt

on

staging designed to carry the

extra load actor o meet requirem ents ofOSHA), andeach

should be e quipped with a safety be lt to which a safety lifeline

has been attached to a substantial ember of the structure and

running to the ground. Safety lifelines shou ld never be attached

to the scaffold.

10.1.6

Proper rope size or stages is not ess han 3/4

inch Manila 2 inch nylon nd

3/4

inch Man ila for safety

lines.

10.1.7 Scaffold platforms should be constructed of wood

members graded as structural plank ree rom damageaf-

fecting its strength. Where platform s are co nstructed of

two

2

x

10s or two 2

x

12s side by side, they should be firmly cleated

together to act as a unit. f 2

x 10s

are used, the spa n of the

platform between hangers or falls should not be mo re than ten

feet. If 2

x

12s are used, the span sh ould not be mo re than 12

feet.

10 1 8 All h ooks used as part of he rigging or scaffold

supports should be closed

or

moused, except for those used

on lower blocks which support painters rope hitches and the

large suppo rting h ooks hat are in contact with the roof or pa ra-

pet.

10.1.9 Hookssupportingscaffoldsorstagingshouldbe

madeof mildsteel reinforcingsteel is forbidden)and they

should be ree from flaws or other imperfections. Each hook

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0004543 3 7 4

be

capable

of

supporting a load four times that

to

which

will be subjected in service.

10.1.10

Theexpected load per hook n serviceshould

e its share (normally half) of the total scaffo ld and rigging

ofmenandmovableequipment

ools which should never beconsidered ess than 500

10.1.11 Allhooks should be providedwith rings for tie-

The ing should be fitted through a hole in the

hook point.

10.1.12

Each hookshould be tied back o asubstantial

3/4

inch diameter M anila

. Where the rope blocks supporting sc affolds

ns chairs are not attached directly to ho oks, the exten-

rom he op block to the support should be wire rope at

1/2 inch in diameter or equivalent, and sufficient prote c-

be required to prevent the wire rope from chafing.

10.1.13

Lubricate he bearing points of swing stages fre-

he ratchet and lock pawl spring before each

and keep pawlsconstantly engaged except when unreeling

or oweringscaffold. Clos e inspection of masonry or

10.1.14

Guard rails should be

2 x 4

inches or the equiva-

42

inches high, with a mid-rail not to exceed

eet. Toeboards should be a minimum of our nches in

Guard posts, if constructed of pipe, should not be ess

1-1

14 inches in diameter,securely screw ed into loor

to

the outside board of the plat-

10.2CID

OR

OTHERORROSIVEUBSTANCES

FOR

CLEANINGMAY BE APPLIED FROM A SWING

10.2.1

The stage should be suspended only by means of

10.2.2

A highly diluted solution of hyd roch loric or muriatic

micals designed for cleaning work, should be

Do

not add water to acids. In dilutingacids, he acid

added o the water lowly.

le. Use of fiber rope of any kind is prohibited.

10.2.3

Theworkmen should wear approve d protective

nt. The solution shou ld be a pplie d with a brush.

10.2.4

All parts of the scaffo ld or other equipmen t should

washedwithwater,ordetergentandwater,after

use to prevent corro sive action.

10.2.5

Be sure wire rope does not dangle below the plat-

is w ell p rotected rom acids or cleaning solutions. Ma-

rope which has been used for any purpose where t may

contactwith acid s, harmfuldetergents,etc.,

discarded.

10 3 ADDITIONALAFETYULES

FOR

SWING

10.3.1

Be sure

to

read the manufacturers nstructions on

nce of the equipment.

SSPC-PA Guide 3

November

1,

1982


10.3.2 Never overload equipment.

10.3.3

Alwaysuseaguard rail of sound umber.Never

substitute with rope.

10.3.4

Replace c able s imm ediately that show five percent

of the wires per a yer broken or that show evidence of exces-

sive wear or corrosion.

10.3.5

Cablesshould be eplaced onlybyexperienced

personnel, and then with the utmost care.

10.3.6 Allow none but careful, experienced men to erect

or operate the suspended stage.

10.3.7

When locatingables onhe jobsite , CHECK

NEARBYPOWER LINES OR ELECTRIC SERVICE WIRING TO

PREVENT ELECTROCUTION. When in doubt, con sult the p owe r

service company for advice.

10.3.8 Wood stages should be 20 inches minimum width,

ratedbyUnderwritersLaboratoriesor enter loa d of 500

pounds withsafety actorof

4.

Woodstagesover

24

feet in

length should be cabled.

10.3.9 Metalstages shouldbe not less than 20 inches

wide, atedbyUnderwritersLaboratories orcenter load s of

500

pounds with safety factor of

4.

Stages over

24

feet in length

should b e cab led, with no cracks in sidewalls.

10.3.10 Ropes and block s of he stage should be tested

by suspending one foot off the ground and loading at least four

times the estimated work oad .

10.3.11 Powerdevicesshouldhave ree fall safetyde-

vices with hand controls in case of power failure. Cables should

be inspected regularly. Safety factor of cables should be our

to

one.

10.4 SAFETY RULES

FOR

BOSUNS CHAIR :

10.4.1

No workman should be allowed to usea bosuns

chair who is not competent

to

operate it or who is unsuited to

the conditions imposed.

10.4.2

Aman in a bosun s chair shouldbe attendedby

another workman atall times.

10.4.3 Theseatof hechairshould be constructedofa

minimumofone-inch hardwood, 24 inches in length by 12

inches in width. Tie-ins should always be provided to prevent

the chair and its occupant from swaying during working opera-

tions.

10.4.4 The lifeline should be equipped with an approve d

automatic locking device or grab. The ine shouldbe ex-

tended rom a separate anchorage on the roof o he ground

and shou ld be separate from the rest of the rigging.

10.4.5

The two fiber rope seatslings shouldbe of

5/8

inch diameter, hreade d hroug h he our seat holes so as to

cros s each other on the underside of the seat. A safety belt at-

tached

to

the lower tackle hook or other fixed supports should

be used by the occupant.

10.4.6

A

rope orstrapguard shouldbe nstalled to he

front and rear of the chair

18

inches above the seat.

419



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10.4.7 To raiseand ower the chair, use a ope ackle

with not ess than one single and one double block equipped

with an approve d safety h ook with mounting device, using not

less than a 5 /8 inch rope or cable of equivalen t strength.

10.4.8 When he rope passes over sharp edges, neces-

sary precautions should be taken to protecthe rope.

10.5 GENERAL SAFETY RULES FOR RIGGING:

10.5.1

Superintendents and oremen should supervise all

rigging and make sure t is safe. When left overnight or over a

weekend, rigging should be checked before being used. At no

time should rigging be tied to handrails, tc.

ing, hot sunshine, heater pipes, stoves, radiators, or other heat

sources. When rope fibers dry out and bec ome brittle, much of

the strength and durability s lost.

10.6.5

Keep rope clean. If it gets dirty, was h it with cle an

water. A wet rope should be dried horoug hly before storing.

Ropes seldom need lubrication. A well-made ropes su fficiently

lubric ated by the manufacturer to ast for its entire servic e ife.

10.6.6 Overloa ding ope is costlyanddangerous. The

safety factor of a rop e is the ratio between the minimum break-

ing strength a nd the load applied. A safety factor of five is rec-

ommended under ordinary circumstance s, with due allowance

for the condition of the rope.

10.5.2

Blockhooksshould be moused off withwire o

10.6.7 When ropes used as guy lines and other supports

make Sure they cannot jump Out. The main spider cable should are expose d to weather, they should be slacked

off

to prevent

not be used to ie off.

10.6.8 It is g ood practice to reverse a o pe periodically,

inches overhang;

if

not, make sure they are tied on both ends in end

for

end,

as

in tackle use,

so

that

all

sections of the

rope

order not to slip. receive equal wear. When rope wear is localized in a sh ort se c-

overstrain due to shortening fromwetting.

10.5.3

Make sure all scaffold boards have from 12 to 18

10.5.4

Appro ved safety belts and lifelines should be worn

by emp loyees whose work expose s them to falling in excess of

15 feet. Lifelines should be secured to a substantialmember of

thestructure or o securely igged lines, using a positive-de-

scent control device.

10.5.5 If aworker's duties equire horizontal movement,

the rigging should be

so

constructed that he attached lifeline

can slide alon g with him. Such rigging should be provided for

all uspended taging, utdoo r dvertising ign latforms,

floats,andall other catwalksorwalkwa ys 15 feetormore

above ground level.

tion, p eriodic shortenings prevent the creation of a new w earing

surface.

10.6.9 Shou ld a rope becom e damaged, cut and splice it.

A good splice restores about 90% of he strength of he rope

and is safer than a damaged section. Surface wear may come

from allowing one rope to chafe another, or by dragg ing it over

sharp or rough objects which ut or break he outer fibers.

10.6.10 Under conditions where rope should necessa rily

runover blocks,winches,orcleats,be sur e the surface is

smooth and ree rom worn grooves, sharp corners, and the

like.

10.5.6 When working on steeply pitched oofs, workmen

10.6.11 Pull the s trands of rop e apart an d check the n-

should wear safety belts with lifelines securely as tened to sub- side strands, If you can break one by

pulling

it, chances

are

stantial anchora ges.Electricalor air supply inesshould bese- hat he rope is

rotted

and

unsafe,

A rope

usually

can be

amounts of line.

cured

at roof level o as to providebut not excessive,detected byhe black,powderyappea rance that canbe Seen

between the stran ds when they are untwisted.

10.6 GENERAL SAFETY RULES

FOR ROPES:

10.6.1 When it is prop erly akencare of, old-fashioned

Man ila hem p is still a mainstay, although manyof henewer

plastic fiber synthetics have gained many converts because of

their rotpro of, long ife, and lighter weight characteristics.

10 6 2

Rope s made of such synthetics as nylon and da-

cron have several times the minimum breaking strength of M a-

nila hemp and can ast several times longer becau se of low-

moisture absorp tion, rot and mildew resistance, and abrasion

resistance,according osome manufacturers.n hot areas,

these synthetics are subject o failure by melting.

10.6.3 A safe w orking load for Man ila should be not m ore

than one-quarter of he brea king strength. In the large r sizes,

inside yarns are treated to withstand more rugge d service and

are reverse wisted to prevent kinkingof the rope.

10.6.12 When wire rope is use d, it should be maintained

in strict accordan ce with he recomm enda tion of the maufac-

turer for the app ropriate safe working oad. A safety factor of

not less than fives recomm ended at all times.

10.6.13

Kinkingand wisting of thewire ropeshouldbe

avoided and at no ime should a oad be applied to a kinked

rope. Theuseofanti-twist rope is recomm ende d. Wire rope

should be lubricated according to the ma nufacturer's specifica-

tions.

10.6.14 Sources of friction betweenwire rope and other

objects should be avoided as t can cause chafing or breaking

of the wire of the overlay cab les.

10.6.15 Wire rope sh ould be protected from acids.

1 1.

PersonnelProtection

10.6.4

When no t in use, rope should be stored in dry, un-

11.1 GENERALRULES FOR SAFEWORKINGCONDI-

heated quarters referably coiled and hung on wood planks

TIONS:

The project superintendent and the painter foreman,

or platforms slotted

to

allow for air circulation. It is important to with advice rom he safety engineer or industrial hygienist,

store rope away from con crete floors and protect it from freez-

should be alerted to ee that the ollowing rules are obeyed .

420



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8627940 0 0 0 4 5 4 5 147

11.1.1

Check ank or other enclosedspac e interiors or

breathing. Before an k entry, provide life lines and harness

an extra man stationed outside he ank. Ascertain if the

ng is large enough to remove an injured man. Before

a tank, che ck with operating personnel to ensure that

blanked off.

11.1.2 Provide roperighting in interior fanks nd

glare . All wiring should be so constructed hat here is no

ofelectric hock. In man ynstances,electrichead

as are used in mines m ay be used.

11.1.3

When airlinemasksorhosemasksareused, lo-

r the blower in an area free from air

content (cf. FederalSpecificationBB-A-1034).

11.1.4 Ropeofforbarricadeworkareasas equired to

11.1.5

Provide an adequate numb er of porta ble fire extin-

11.1.6 Postwarningignswhichmaynclude: WET

NO SMOKING, AND MEN WORKING ABOVE.

11 2

The employer shou ld provide he employee special

clothin g and equipment as safety conditions require

where the same is not similar to what is normally worn or

ided as tools of the trade. Examples of safety equipment to

provided by the employer are goggles, hard hats, and rub-

11.2.1 EyeProtection: Go ggle s r otheruitable ye

equipmen t should always be worn whenever there is

harmful rays, or any condition con sider ed hazard-

by the supervisor of the operation. Go ggle s used for pro-

harmful ays shouldalso meet equirements or

11.2.2 Head Protection:Approvedhardhats shouldbe

on all work an d by everyone on the jobsite

11.2.3 Foot Protection:When it is deeme d ecessary

ubber boots should be worn, heyshould be wornwith

ners to help prevent punctures and stone bruises.

should be encouraged to buyandwearap-

11.3 PROTECTIVECLOTHING:

1 .3.1 Ordinary work clothing:Tears and ips n work

potentialcausesofaccidents.Tornclothing can

d to a nasty fall. Me nd tears and rips. Cuffs on trousers

dangerous, since they might also catch on projections and

alls. Floppy ackets, dang ling ties, and other

SSPC-PA Guide 3

November 1, 1982


similar items of clothing can catch in moving machinery, or may

catch on p rojections and cause a fall.

11.3.2 Oil or chemical-saturated clothing (or clothing sat-

urated with pa int or other flammable material) easily can lead to

dangerous and fatal burns. Clothing saturated with these mate-

rials can also cause painful skin irritations and burns. Oil-satu-

rated clothing should be laundered or discarded.

11.3.3

Defective, poorly d esigned, ill-fitting, or dirty cloth-

ing should not be worn to work. It is false econom y to tolerate

worn out or dirty clothing or opermitemployees to wear to

work o ld clothing not designed for safety under on-the-job con -

ditions.

11.3.4 ProtectiveClothing for Highemperature and

Highly Toxic Atmospheres: Protective clothing cap able of with-

standing lon g operating emperatures of 260 C 5OO0F), an d

cap able of providing protection rom many highly oxic atmo-

spheres has been produced. This type ofclothing is a complete

suit constructed of woven Teflon laminated to a film of EP fluo-

rocarbon with a layer of reflective metal vacuum dep osited onto

the FEP. The suit is complete w ith gloves, steel-toed boots, and

helmet-type headpiece, all lo cke d to the suit by sealing ring ar-

rangeme nts. (Details of his suit construction and u se can be

obtained from the Snyder Manufacturing Company, New Ph ila-

delphia, OH , or the E.I. du Pont Chemical Company.)

11.3.5

HardHats,SafetyShoes:Mostndustrial plants

require ha t workmen wear rigid sa fety helmets and steel-toed

safety shoes as a matter of bas ic safety protection. The files of

industrial safety engineers and nsurance compa nies contain a

sufficient number of case histories to prove that safety depends

on hesedevicesofprotection.Projectsuperintendents and

painter foremen should not permit a man to begin workon a job

until heagrees owear hese tems.Steel oesafety shoes

should have rubber soles with no nails or brads expose d when

the painter is to work in enclose d space s where flamm able va-

pors may be present.

12 Respirators

12.1

When industrialworkmethodsor processes create

hazards of exposure to harmful vapors, gases, dusts, mists, or

fumes, the w ork areas should be isolated and ventilated to elim-

inate or minimize the hazards.

12.1.1

TheAmericanStandardSafetyCode orRespira-

toryProtection,ANSI 288.2, suggests inbroad termswhere

protection is needed . The cod e doe s not spell out in detail the

specifichazardousconditions equiring espiratoryprotection;

instead, tprovides hat espiratoryprotection shallbepro-

videdwherea process presents hehazardofexposure to

harmful vap ors, gases, dusts, mists, or fumes.

12.1.2

ApprovedDevices: At thepresentime, espira-

toryprotectivedevicesare approve d byNational Institute for

Occupational Safety and Health/Mine Safety and Health Admin-

istration (NIOSH /MSH A) in the following categories:

Self-contained Breathing pparatus.hepparatus

42 1



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8627740 0004546 083

SSPC-PA Guide

November

1, 1982

Editorial Cha nges July 1,

1995

includes the compressed oxygen cylinder andhe com-

pressed air cylinder, dem and ype.

Supp lied Air Respirators. The apparatus includes hose

masks with blowe r, Type A; sp ecial hose mask without

blower, Type B; air-line respirator, Type C; abrasive

blasting helmet, Type CE; dispersoid (dust, ume and

mist) respirators;andnonemergencygas espirators

(chemical cartridge respirators).

12.1.3

Classification ofHazards: Beca use the selection

of re spiratory protective devices is based on the type of ha-

zardsencountered, TheAmerican Standa rd Safety Code or

Respiratory Protection, ANSI

288.2,

classifies hazards as fol-

lows:

Oxygen deficiency.

Gaseous contaminants: Immediately dangerous to life,

Particulate ontaminants (dus t, fumes, smo ke,mists,

Combination of gaseousandparticulate contaminants:

Immediately dangerous

to

life, andNot immediately

dangerous to life.

and Not immediately dange rous to life.

fogs).

12.1.4

t is sug gested that self-contained breathing appa -

ratusbe usedwhereoxygendeficiencyandcerta in types of

gaseou s contam inant haza rds exist and that supplied air resp i-

rators be used for he remaining types. However, t s always

important to consult the plant or area safetyengineeras to

which typeof protective device s best for a given conditipn.

12.2AIR-LINERESPIRATORS:

12.2.1

Ma ke certa in that he air supply is respirab le. Pay

close attention to the location of the intake to the air supply de-

vice to make certain that he entering air s not contamina ted

from theexhaust of the comp ressor engine or rom other

sources. Provide a uitable filter to remove objectionable

odors, oil, water mist, and rust particles fromhe air delivered to

the air supply line.

12.2.2

Make certain that he air-line respirator is in good

operating c ondition. Attach he proper leng th of air supply h ose

to the source of compressed air and

to

the breathing tube. Ad-

just the p ressu re of the air at the inlet

to

the air supply h ose

so

that it is within the prop er pres sure range. Adjust the facepie ce,

helmet, or hood to the wearer according to the manufacturers

instructions.

12.2.3 When the rate of flow of air n to the facep iece , hel-

met, or hoo d seems to be excessive, the wearer may decreas e

the flow of air by means of the air regulating valve with which

most air-line respirators are equipped . However, to prevent the

contam inant in the surround ing air from reaching the we arers

breathing zone, the flow of air sho uld not be decreased below

four cubic feet per minute or facepieces, or below six cubic

feet per minute or helme ts or hoods. Enter he contamina ted

area cautiously and leave y the same oute.

12.2.4

For the safe use

of

any device, it is ess ential that

the user be properly instructed n its selection, use, and mainte-

nance . This is p articularly important with respect to respirators.

Competent personn el should give such nstructions to the su-

pervisors of all gro ups who may be re quired o wear respirators

at their work. The sup ervisors, in turn, sho uld instruct heir men.

No person should be allowed to wear a respirator of any type

until he has received such instruction.

12.2.5

The life of thewearermay bedependenton the

proper functioning and ready availability of resp irators, so it is

highly important hat respiratorsbeproperlymaintainedand

stored.

12.2.6

All respirators should be insp ected at regular inter-

vals to make sure that they re ready for u se.

12.2.7

All rubber parts such as facepieces, mou thpieces,

exhalation valves, breathing ubes, and headbands should be

inspected carefully or signs of deterioration such as hardening,

checking, or tackiness. A check should be made during his

inspection to see that all g askets a re prese nt and that they are

held t ightly in place. M etal parts should be checked for signsf

corrosion, and plastic and glass parts should be checked for

breakage.

12.3 GENERAL SAFETY RULES FOR RESPIRATORS

12.3.1

If

the wearer is

to

enter a confined space contain-

ing a hazardo us atmosp here, first con nect a strong lifeline to

his body. The lifeline serves as a mea ns of guiding him to the

exit, as a means of e xchang ing prearrang ed signals betwee n

him and the man at the fresh air base, and as a m eans of aiding

in rescue ope rations in case of an em ergency o r accident. The

lifeline should be held by two attendants, one of whom is wear-

ing a similar pparatus.

12.3.2

Where a lifeline is used, a signal code

to

enable

thewearer to comm unicate with he lifeline tender, an d vice

versa, is necessary. The following code is suggested:

Tender

to

Wearer

Wearer to Tender

1

pull - reyouokay?

1

pull - am okay.

2

pul ls -Advanc e.

2 pulls

am

going ahead.

3 pulls

-

ack out. 3 pulls

-

eep slack

out of

line

4 pulls -Com e out

4

pulls

-

end help.

immediately.

12.3.3

If upon entering a contam inatedarea, the wearer is

able

to

dete ct the contaminant by odo r or taste, or by eye, nos e,

or throat irritation, he shou ld return to the fresh air imme diately

and ascertain what s wrong with the equipment or the man ner

in which it is be ing worn. Be ar in m ind the time limitations of the

appa ratus and allow an adequate marg in of ime for return to

fresh air.Themouthpiece andnoseclipor the facepiece,

should not be remov ed until the wearer is certain that he is in

respirable air.

12.4SAFETYRULES

FOR

RESPIRATORS:

12.4.1 Make ce rtain that the ho se mask is in g oo doperat-

ing condition. Set the blower in an assured source of respirable

air.

422



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8627940 0004547

T I T

12.4.2 Connect heproper ength of hose notover150

o he blower and o he acepiece, making sure hat all

are in place and that the connec tions are tight. Where

blow er. Operate he blower or a minute or wo at a rapid

to b low an y dust out of the hose and to m ake sure that air

12.4.3 Adjus t he bo dy harnesssecurely o hewearer.

lifeline to the D-ring of the bod y harness. Ad-

the facepiece to the wearer so that it makes a gastight fit

his face . Operate the blow er, and adjust the flow of air to

wearers satisfaction. The blower should be operated con -

12.4.4 Checkonheprearranged ignalsbetweenhe

and the blower operator. Enter he contaminated area

Be careful that the hose and the lifeline are not en-

ered by sharp e dges or falling objects and remember that

wearer should retrace his stepsand eaveby hesame

Ventilation

13.1A clean airsupply is required or all operations in-

d during the app lication of the coating materials, and dur-

the curing and drying of he coating after application. This

supply is also equired

to

providemake-up o he

atmosphere during these operations. A high quality air

13.2 Air used o fulfill the requirements of coating will re-

monitoringprior to, during,and following use oassure

quality. Effluent treatment is required for the removal of

13.3 LIFE

SUPPORTREQUIREMENTS:

Therepara-

used for life support involves the follow ing factors:

Threshold LimitValueTLV) f uisance ndoxic

Fume,gas,andvaporcontent

D

Airemperature

13.4 The TLV or inert or nuisance particulates present

1% silica.

dusts

13.5 Particles having an aerodynam ic diameter of ten mi-

s are capab le of pass ing into the smallest pa ssage-ways of

huma n ung. To produ ce an air supply acce ptab le for life

purpose s, all p articles greater than 2.0 microns should

the particulate concentration should be

13.6 The fume, gas, and vapor content

of

respirable air is

is con sider ed o be that suitable or use in self-con-

orair-suppliedbreathing SCUBA)equipmentused in

operations.The air quality ecomm ended or life

~~~

SSPC-PA Guide

3

November 1, 1982


support is definedasType1,Grade D, having hemaximum

limitingcharacteristicsgiven in Table 5 below,exceptwhere

exceeded by ederal, state, or oca l regulations. See Ame nd-

ment 1 (12-1-78)oederalpecification 66-A-1034

(6-21-68)].

TABLE

5

RESPIRABLE

AIR

TYPE

I,

GRADE D

Oxygen (v/v)* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.5-23.5%**

Hydrocarbons (condensed)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 mg/m3

Carbon dioxide

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000

mg/rn3

*v/v

volume per unit

volume or

percent by volume

Carbonmonoxide

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

mg/m3

**Balance (76.5-80.5) predominantly nitrogen

13.7 Temperatureof he air required or life support is

related to the existing relative hum idity (dew point temperature),

theextentofphysicalactivity,and heairvelocity.Although

partly con cern ed with maintaining a proper work atmosphere,

the optimum emperature should range between 70

F

(21 C)

and 80 F (27 C).

13.8 Equipment used o supply air or life support should

be ocated so as o prevent entrainment of exhaust rom any

nearby internal combustion engines.

13.9Air equired orgeneralventilation,whereseparate

life support supplies are not provided, should meet the quality

criteria outlined in Section13.6.Airvolumes shouldbe ade-

quate to maintain the quality stated under any and all o perating

conditions.

13.10 The ventilation system should be designed to facili-

tate removal

of

particulates and solvent vapors rom he most

remote and lowest areas of the work area.

14. Barricades

14.1Floor opening s should beplan ked over r arri-

caded with substantial railings as follows:

Minimum 2 x 4 top rail, 36 above floor e vel.

Minimum

2 x 4

intermediate rail, equidistantbetween

Minimum1 x 4 toeboard.

14.2 Doorwaysndassagewayssedy orkmen

should be protected from overhead dangers by suitable cover-

ings.

top rail and floor.

14.3 Barricadesare o bepla ced at drives,entrances,

and other ope ning s to keep the public out of the jobsite.

14.4 Ope nings omaterialhoists,elevatorshafts, stair-

ways, and walkways should be c losed by gates or other move-

able barricades with toe guards asdescribed above.

14.5 Theunnecessary emovalofanyprotectivebarri-

cad e s prohibited.Temp orary emoval equiresothersafety

control, such as the posting of a guard to direct raffic. Whoever

removes a barricade should b e responsible or its replacement.

423



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SSPC-PA Guide

3

8b279qO 0004548 956

November 1, 1982


Allbarricadesandgatesshouldbe adequ ately ighted at all

times.

14.6 In cases whereheype of construction equires

routing of passe rsby over sidewalks and streets, the temporary

work shou ld comp ly with all relevant ocal, state, and ederal

regulations.

14.6.1 Passageways shouldaveandrailsndoe-

boards to the street side and a so lid eight-foot-high wall to the

building side,with substantial verhead rotection,olidly

decked.

14.6.2

Walkways shouldbe smooth and even,with no

projections o r knot holes w hich might cause tripping. A ramp is

advisable at each end, with cleats, or nonslip surface.

14.6.3

Passageways should ewellighted, with red

lights at each end.

14.6.4

If equipment crosses walkway, traffic should be

directed and frequent inspection of walkways made by the job

superintendent.

14.7 Goo d housek eeping is the first law of a ccident pre-

vention in construction and should be a primary concern to all

employees. The following rules should be known and heeded

by each individual onhe jobsite.

14.7.1 House keeping should be part of he daily routine,

with cleanup being a continuous work procedure .

14.7.2 The work are as shou ld be kep t free of loose mate-

rials no onger needed at the jobsite. This is especially true n

the vicinity of ladd ers, ramps, stairs, and passage ways.

14.7.3 An effective meansof preventing areless litter

shouldbeprovided: material trashbinsandgarbage ans

should be placed in convenient ocations

so

that the men can

find it easy to keep the individual locations free from trash an d

other debris.

14.7.4

Clean up all spilled grease, oil, paint, or other ma-

terials at once andemove waste material as t accum ulates.

14.7.5 All caffolds, stairways, pa ssagew ays nd at-

walks should be kept free from debris, supplies, and obstruc-

tions. Keepmaterialsandsupplies away from the edges of

shafts, stairways, and floor openings.

14.7.6 Follow good storage practices or

tools,

material,

and equipment. Don t stack or store things in such a way that

they can fall over and cause tripping hazards.

14.7.7 Store waste, oily rags, and other flammab le mate-

rials in metal cans or receptacles providedor that purpose.

14.7.8 Flammablematerialsshouldbestored in closed,

ventilated metalcabinets. Storagecabinetsshouldbe away

from exits, stairways or doo rs use d or exits.

14.7.9

Cabinetshouldedentified withheign:

FLAM MA BLE EEP FIRE AWAY (pain ted in red).

items have been properly cleaned.

14.7.10 Do

not return

tools

or equipment to stock until all

15. AdditionalRecommendations

15.1

The hazards in using chemical compounds such as

acids and alkalies are generally known and p recautions shou ld

be taken to protect person nel from a ll contact, including spray,

mist, or spillage. The Ch emical Manufacturers Association has

published adequate method s for handling these afely.

15.2 The pro tective clothing and equipment n ecessary for

the various operations is listed in publications of the National

Safety Coun cil, theAmerican Standa rds Association, the Na-

tional Fire Protection Association, and others. nsurance com-

panies should be contacted for technical advice onafety mea-

sures

if

there is any question.

15.3

Spray booth operations should be carried out in de-

tached buildings o r cut off from other fun ctionswhere possible.

Where it is done in open areas, cu rtains of non combu stible ma-

terial hung from ceiling to floor are recomm ended .

15.3.1

Heating units or piping within su ch an area should

be eliminatedorprotectedagainst an accum ulation of paint

spray. Positive ventilation equipment shouldbeused at all

times.

15.3.2 Accumulations ofpaint shouldbe emoved rom

the walls, floor, and ceiling of a spray booth at frequen t inter-

vals.

15.3.3

Exhaust systems should be designe d so that there

is a minimum amount of spray deposit left.in ducts, which can

be easily emoved.

15.3.4 Only approve d xplosion-proof lectrical quip-

ment should be used n the spray area.

15.3.5

No more than a days supply of paint and solvents

should be kept in the area.

15.3.6 Finishedmaterialsshouldnotbe stocked in front

of or close to the spray booth where evaporating thinners from

the freshly finished m aterials can be inh aled.

15.4 PERSONNELACTIONS:

15.4.1

Goggles: Rubber, splash-proof goggles should be

on the person at all times an d should be worn while chipping,

wire brush ing, scraping, dusting, spraying, removing glass, or

when working in any area where he use of gog gles is desig-

nated, as in sandblasting areas or where there is dange r from

weld spatter. Goggles should be kept clean and a nonfogging

comp ound should be ap plied s often as nece ssary.

15.4.2

Safety

Belt:

Safety belts with lines attached sh ould

be worn when working inside any tank or small enclosure or on

top of h igh equipment, such as anks, bridges, structural steel

work, and water towers. When wo rking from a b osuns chair, a

linemans safety belt should be worn. Safety belts should be

tested once a month. Safety lines should be attended by a sec-

ond pers on at all times.

15.4.3 Air-Line Mask An approved air-line maskshould

be worn where specified. The air source for he mask should be

taken from either a suitable pum p supplied or the purpose ; or t

424



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15/16

8627940 0004549 8 9 2 m

suitable compressor,

if

astonewareor

suitable filter is used.

Do

not use any source from which

greasy odor is obtained.

15.5 PaintSpray Booths: Designconstruction and oper-

ofpaintspray booths should comp ly with hemany e-

d in federal, state, and local regulating controls,

2.

15.6 Applicationofhot-appliedbituminous oatings in-

hazards. Heating kettles are designed o mini-

be permitted. Splashing or the upsetting of buckets of

melts, with temperatures ranging up to

500

"F (260C) can

serious burns. Smoke and umes are irritating to he

armful to the respiratory ract.

15.7 ELEVATEDOPERATIONS:

15.7.1 Sinceapainter on a bridge ob s working at a

ble distance rom ground or water, one of he main

suffer romvertigo, or fearof

15.7.2 For their own protection, it is wise for men working

on high work, such as structural steel and bridges, to

egular phy sical examinations, so that nyendency

ffects of previous case s of lead po isoning.

15.7.3

Catwalks or platforms sho uld be at east

20

inches

h with guardrails prov ided at all locations where men are

at work. The plan ks should be rough sawn and pres-

15.7.4 All scaffo lds, fixtures,hangers, cables, and ropes

be inspected by the foreman each day, or before each

All standingorhanging scaffolds should be inspected

for strains or weaknesses cause d by wind sw ay.

15.7.5 Laddersused for access to scaffolds or partsof

securely ashed in place or provided with

on he top end.

15.7.6 Special care is necessary in extremely hot or co ld

o make certain that life belts are used a nd are in con-

on. In very co ld weather, a man 's hands become numb and

may lose his grip and fall, while in very hot weather he may

15.7.7 Another effective form of protection is the life net. It

under either ndividual scaffo lds or complete

dge. When used, the net sho uld be nsp ected and

d condition.

15.7.8 When scaffolds are used above railroad tracks,

planks should be securely fastened so the blast from loco-

cannot dislodge them. Scaffold

lso be securely fastened in p lace.

15.8 ELECTRICFACILITIES:

15.8.1

Utmost care should be practiced by all personnel

the applica tion of paints in or near electric ines and equip-

SSPC-PA Guide 3

November 1,

1982


1, 1995

ment. Inquiry should be made

of

the jobsite manager or opera-

tors to ea rn specific functions of loca l equipmen t and dry ha-

zards relevant to such.

15.8.2

Action should be taken o break he connection of

the ine or equipment rom he power source whenever possi-

ble. The break area should be plainly marked and locked, with

release controlled by the painting supervisor.

15.8.3 All painters should be briefed by experienced su-

pervisors on safe prac tices and p recautions necessary around

electric units prior o their doing any paint applications.

15.8.4

Warningsigns should be posted at all timeswith

ample safe distances between them and electric units.

16. Limitations

16.1 FIRE HAZARD:

16.1.1 Flammable,volatilesolvents in paintsconstitutea

major hazard with regard to fire and explosions wherever flame

orsparkexposure ispossible.No paintingshould be done

within 50 yards of steel welding or torchcutting a ctivity.

16.1.2

When painting is required in a confined area, all

flame sources (pilots, lights, etc.) should b e extinguished an d

nosmokingpermitted.Paintingshould cease whenever his

condition may be breached, or when solvent vapor concentra-

tion reaches hazard level.

16.1.3 Vapor exhaust equipment should be used to main-

tain minimum level of solvent concentration.

16.1.4 Thesuperintendentsshouldacquaint hemselves

and their foremen with the fire hazards n herent in the job and

jobsite.

16.1.5

The use and storage of flammable materials are to

be kept o estrictedareas,and heseareasare o bewell

marked with appropriate signs.

16.1.6

Fire extinguishers and fire hoses sh ould be place d

at locations which are agreed up on or designated by the safety

manager.

16.2 TEMPERATURERANGE:

16.2.1 Most paints should be applied when bo th ambient

and substrate emperatures range rom

40

'F

(4

'C) to 120 "F

49

C)

with strong influence from the relative hum idity condition

in that bracket. The safety factor involved is the fire hazard with

the ra pid flash-off of solvent at the higher temperatures, or the

formation of com bustible vapor m ixtures in low areas at the bot-

tom of the range.

16.2.2 Moisture and frostonsurfacescreatea ooting

hazard at lower emperatures. Personnel working at high tem-

peratures may suffer heat exhaustion and risk falls from the ac-

cess means. Daily warnings should be made

if

these conditions

exist.

16.3 WINDVELOCITY:

16.3.1

Exteriorapplicationofpaint hould cease when

wind velocity reaches 25 m iles per hour either in gusts or at a

425



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16/16

SSPC-PA Guide 3

November 1, 1982

Editorial Chan ges July 1, 1995

m 8 b 2 7 9 4 0

0004550

504 m

steady rate. Where surfaces can be shielded from wind by arti- rangements for doctors and ransportation should have bee n

ficial deflection means, work may continue.

made, with the elephone numbers and addresses postedt the

cess mea ns should be owered to ground level, unless com-

17.3.3 A list con taining the date and time hat he injure d

plete immobilization can be made.

person w as sent for treatment should be kept at the jobsite of-

16.3.2At veloc ities of25 miles per hour, all elevated ac-

field

Offices.

17.

ActiononAccidents

fice.

17.3.4 Allsubcontractorsshouldbe equired to furnish

17.1First aid kits of the requ ired size sho uldbeprovided thesuperintendent acopy for he accident eport within

two

at the v ariou s jobsite offices. The se kits shou ld conta in the es- hours of the time that an injury is repo rted.

sen tial articles for he mme diate reatment of sup erficial inju-

ries.

18

Notes

sspc-pa guide 3.pdf

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