ssroc liveability benchmark report

SSROCLiveabilityBenchmarkReport.docx

LiveabilityBenchmarksforCentralandSouthernSydneyFinalReportSouthernSydneyRegionalOrganisationofCouncilsNovember2015

SSROCLiveabilityBenchmarkReport.docx

ThisreporthasbeenpreparedforSouthernSydneyRegionalOrganisationofCouncils.SGSEconomicsandPlanninghastakenallduecareinthepreparationofthisreport.However,SGSanditsassociatedconsultantsarenotliabletoanypersonorentityforanydamageorlossthathasoccurred,ormayoccur,inrelationtothatpersonorentitytakingornottakingactioninrespectofanyrepresentation,statement,opinionoradvicereferredtoherein.SGSEconomicsandPlanningPtyLtdACN007437729www.sgsep.com.auOfficesinCanberra,Hobart,MelbourneandSydney

forCentralandSouthernSydney

TABLEOFCONTENTS

EXECUTIVESUMMARY 1

1 INTRODUCTION 41.1 Backgroundandaim 41.2 Approachestobenchmarking 41.3 Benchmarking,dimensionsandindicators 51.4 LiveabilityandintensificationinCentral/SouthernSydney 5

2 LIVEABILITYOUTCOMESANDBESTPRACTICEMEASUREMENT 72.1 Dimensionsofliveability 72.2 Districtopenspaceandrecreation 72.3 Housingaffordability 102.4 Accessibilitytocentresandemployment 122.5 Parking 142.6 Schoolsandothereducationfacilities 162.7 Hospitalsandotherhealthfacilities 182.8 Communityandculturalfacilities,includingchildcare 202.9 Precinctsustainability 232.10 Localemploymentandeconomicdevelopment 252.11 Utilitiesandstormwater 27

3 BENCHMARKS 293.1 Overviewofpotentialbenchmarksandindicators 293.2 Implementation 293.3 Benchmarks 30

4 PROOFOFCONCEPTTESTING 324.1 Testingbenchmarksinanintensificationarea 324.2 Green‘Circle’UrbanrenewalArea 324.3 Proofofconcepttesting(theoretical) 344.4 Performanceagainstallindicators 37

5 CONCLUSION 385.1 ActiveOpenSpaceandRecreation 385.2 HousingAffordability 385.3 Accesstocentresandemployment 385.4 Parking 395.5 SchoolsandOtherEducationFacilities 395.6 HospitalsandHealthfacilities 395.7 Communityandculturalfacilities,includingchildcare 395.8 Precinctsustainability 405.9 Localemploymentandeconomicdevelopment 40

forCentralandSouthernSydney

5.10 Utilitiesandstormwater 40

APPENDIX:LITERATUREREVIEW 41OpenSpace 41AffordableHousing 43Accessibility 44Parking 45Schoolsandothereducationfacilities 45Hospitalsandotherhealthfacilities 46Communityandculturalfacilitiesincludingchildcare 47References 48

forCentralandSouthernSydney1

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

SouthernSydneyRegionalOrganisationofCouncils(SSROC)wanttoensurethatprocessofurbanintensificationdeliversbenefitstolocalcommunitiesintermsofamenity,liveabilityandaccesstoemploymentandservices.Inparticular,SSROCisinterestedinmechanismsthatcanbeusedtoensurestateagenciesandlocalgovernmentsareaccountableforthedeliveryofadditionalservicesandinfrastructuresneededinareasthataresubjecttosignificantintensificationandchange.SGShasbeencommissionedtoidentifyliveabilitybenchmarksthatmightbeusedtoinfluencefutureplanning,investmentandinfrastructuredeliveryinestablishedurbanareas.Inthisreportthetermliveabilityincludesarangeofissuesthatrelatetothewellbeingofacommunity(e.g.accessibility,amenity,qualityoflife,sustainability,etc.)thatcouldbesubjecttochangeasaresultofurbanintensification.Theconceptofabenchmarkreferstothestandardorpointofreferenceagainstwhichanalternativeorfuturesituationwouldbecomparedorjudged.Thebenchmarksapplytodifferentdimensions(orthemes)ofliveabilitysuchasopenspaceorhousingaffordability.Theactualmeasuresofperformancetowardsachievingabenchmarkaretermedindicators.Thefollowingbenchmarksandindicators(tablebelow)weretestedusingahypotheticalcasestudyandobservationsweremadeontheirusefulnessasmeasuresforperformanceofurbanintensificationprecinctsandforwiderdistricts.Severalimportantobservationsmadeintheanalysisare:

• Theexpectationsofnewversusexistingresidentsvaryonwhatrepresents‘good’liveability–thisnecessitatesaneedsbasedassessment.

• Whilesomeindicatorsarescalablebetweenprecinctanddistrict–manyoffermorerelevantresultsatasinglescale.

• Someindicators(especiallythoserelatingtotransportaccessibility)arenotsensitivetolocalchangesbutareveryimportantatadistrictscaleoverthelongterm–addressingsuchindicatorsrequiresthetimeandresourcesofanintegrateddistrictplanningstrategy–ratherthanrespondingtoasingleindicator.

• Itisimportanttodeterminewhetheravailablecapacityispresentinexistingfacilitiesbeforeapplyingnewmetricsforfutureprovision.

• Combiningliveabilitymeasurestoformanindexwouldnotbeusefuluntiladatabaseofcomparablecasestudiesenablesmeaningfulcomparison.


Theme Outcome/ssought Benchmark/s Indicators/s

Districtopenspaceandrecreation Nonetlossintheareaofavailableactiverecreationalspace(includingplayingfields)intheSouthandCentralDistricts

Existinglevelsofplayingfieldprovisionandusagerepresenttheminimumbenchmarkduetocounciladvicethatusageisalreadyatcapacityacrossthedistrict.

Areaandnumberofplayingfieldsavailableinthedistrict(bysport)(annually)

Increasedavailabilityandutilisationofplayingfieldassets;− uptotheutilisation

maximuminhoursofusefornaturalgrasssurfaces

− withtheprovisionofsuitablelightingandmaintenance

− assetusagemeteredtospreadthepeakdemand

Existinglevelsofavailabilityandprogrammedusagerepresenttheminimumbenchmark.Existinglevelofavailableplayingfieldhoursforeachplayerforeachsportrepresentstheminimumbenchmark

Numberofdaysfieldsclosed/unavailableforuse(annually).Availableplayingfieldhourspersportperparticipant

Increasedrangeofactiverecreationalopportunities

Tobedeterminedbasedonaneedsassessmentofexistingandnewresidents

Completionandadoptionoftherecreationalneedsassessment–includingthediversificationofplayingfieldtype/needs

Housingaffordability Increaseinsupplyofaffordablerentalaccommodationforlowincomehouseholds

30percentofrenewalstocktobeaffordablerentalhousing.1

Affordablehousingtomakeupanincreaseshareoftotaldwellingstock.

Accesstocentresandemployment Increaseinaverageaccessibilitytodistrictcentresandemployment

AveragedprivateANDpublictraveltimestodistrictcentrenottoexceed30minutesfromnewrenewalprojectsites

ProjectcatchmentstobedeterminedbyTraveltimematricesonJourneytoWorkandsocialtripspatterns

Localcentresocialinfrastructuretobeaccessiblewithin20minutesofactivetransportmodestocreatea’20minutecity’urbantopography.2

Averagetraveltimetokeycommunityinfrastructurenottoexceed20minutesbyactivetransportmodes

ProjectcatchmentstobedeterminedbyTraveltimematricesonsocialtripspatternsandnetworkanalysis

Parking Assessmentofcurrentparkingprovisionacrossadistrict

Abaselineassessmentofcurrentparkingdemandandsupplyandthefinancialmodeloftheparkingitem

Documentationofthelocationandquantityofpublicparkinganditsmanagementandmaintenanceregime(annualreview)inaTransportManagementandAccessibilityPlan(TMAP)

Justifiedadditionstoparkingsupply.Supplythatdoesnotgenerateunnecessarytraveldemand,yetprovidesasufficientlevelofparkingtosupportthefunctionsofthelocation

Provisionofadequateandjustifiedparkingsupplyinlinewithforecastdemandfromrenewalproject

ProvisionofparkinginaccordancewiththeTMAPstandards.

Schoolsandothereducationfacilities Provisionoflocalprimaryschools(andclassroomspace)tomeetdemand(andexpectations)createdbypopulationgrowthandchangingdemographicsatthelocallevel.3

Achievingthenominalprovisionrates(e.g.ratiosofpopulationperschool)butalsoconsiderationof:− Localaccessibility–local

schoolcatchmentstoadheretothe‘20minutecity’model

− Needsbasedassessmentreferringtoexistingand

MeasureofschoolpopulationbyaccessiblecatchmentpopulationSchoolcatchmentstobedeterminedbyTraveltimematricesandnetworkanalysis

1Provisionofaffordablehousingshouldnotcreateconcentrationsofaffordablesocialhousingoraffordableadditionalneedshousingtolevelswhereitcreatesnegativesocialenvironments.

2This’20minuteCity’modelwouldincludetheambitionofincreasedaccessibilitytodistrictcentresandemploymentoftripsnolongerthan20minutes(averageofbothcarandpublictransportmodes)

3Independentschoolsandotherprivateinfrastructureareconsideredtooperateoutsideofbenchmarkingoutcomes

Parkingbenchmarksareimpracticalduetothevastrangeofparkingneeds

andareaddressedvialocalgovernmentcodesandcontrols.



newpopulationexpectations

Optimiseefficiencyofuseandmaintenancestructureforschoolinfrastructure(betweenschools).

Usabilityandavailabilityofopportunitiesforshareduseofexternalfacilitiesforconfinedschools(e.g.openspace,planningfields,halls,libraries/resourcecentres)

Sharedfacilitiesaudittoassesscomparableaccesstofacilitiesbetweendifferentschoolmodels(acknowledgingthelimitationsofmaximumusablehoursfornaturalsurfaces).

Hospitalsandotherhealthfacilities Provisionofhospitalbedsandotherhealthfacilitiestomeetdemandcreatedbypopulationgrowthandchange.4

Theavailabilityofsuitablyzonedandservicedspaceforsupportinghealthfacilities/enterprisesassociatedwithmajorhospitalsandhealthcentres

Auditoflandsupplyinparallelwithhealthandalliedindustryneedsassessment

Loweraveragetraveltimestokeyhealthfacilitiesbypublictransportandwalking

Improvedaccessibilityofkeyhealthfacilitiesbypublictransportandwalkingtothestandardsofthe’20minutecity’

CatchmentstobedeterminedbyTraveltimematricesandnetworkanalysis

Communityandculturalfacilities,includingchildcare

Responsetoaneedsbasedassessmentfortypesofcommunityandculturalfacilitiestargetingnewandexistingresidents(withreferencetoavailablecapacity)

Improvingexistingratiosofpopulationpercommunityand/orculturalfacilityforthosefacilitiesatcapacity

Preparationandimplementationofaneedsassessment

Improvingpopulationaccesstocommunityfacilities–usingthe‘20minutecity’modelandtransitconnectivityasameasureforaccessibilityofcommunityandculturalfacilitiesThosecouncilswhoprovidepublicchildcareplacesseektoprovide1spaceforbetweenevery2-7childrenaged1-5yo.

Ensuringaccesstothefullrangeofcommunityfacilitieswithin20minutesbypublictransport(the’20minutecity’model)


Precinctsustainability Environmentalcoststobeminimisedandtheenvironmentalperformanceofaprecincttobeimprovedoverallasaresultofnewdevelopmentandgrowth.

Establishprecinctspecificenvironmentaltargetsforenergy,CO2,water,runoff(WSUD),waste,localaccess,heatstressandbiodiversity

Applymostrelevantprecinctsustainabilitymeasurementinstrument(i.e.PRECINX,GreenStar),shadedpublicspaces

4Accesstolocalcommercialfloorspace(forsupportivecommercialandlocaldispersedactivities)isneededforthesupportofprimaryhealthservices


1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Backgroundandaim

SGShasbeencommissionedbytheSouthernSydneyRegionalOrganisationofCouncils(SSROC)toundertakeanalysisofliveabilitybenchmarksandopportunitiestoincorporatetheseintotheplanningprocesstoensurethaturbanintensificationdeliversmeasurablebenefitstolocalcommunitiesintermsofimprovedamenity,liveabilityandjobprospects.Theseinclude:− increasingtheshareofsocialandaffordabledwellings,− reducingtheaveragetraveltimetoemployment,− increasingtheshareoftripsmadebyactivetransportmodes,− increasingtheratioofpubliceducationplacestoschoolagechildren,− increasingtheareaofactiveopenspaceassets,and− increasingthelengthofpubliclyaccessibleharbourforeshore.SSROCmayorsareseekingameansofmakingstateagenciesmoreaccountableforthefundinganddeliveryofnewinfrastructureneededtoimproveareasundergoingrapidchange.Thisinfrastructureincludescommunityfacilitiessuchasopenspaceandplayingfields,affordablehousingaswellastransportandotherphysicalinfrastructure.SGSfacilitatedaworkshopwithSSROCcouncilplannerstodiscusstheliveabilityissueswhichareimportanttoeachcouncilandexistingandpotentialmeasures.Theoutcomesofthisworkshophavebeenincorporatedwithinthisreport.

1.2 Approachestobenchmarking

Twobroadapproachescanbeappliedtobenchmarkingdistrictsandprecinctwithincities.Oneapproachistocomparemetricsfromonelocationtothoseofabenchmarklocation.Thisapproachassesseshowthecomparatorlocationis‘performing’relativetothebenchmarklocation.Analternativeandmorecomplexapproachistocomparethelocationtowhatisdeemedtobeanoptimalquantityorrequirement,e.g.therequirednumberofschoolsperheadofpopulation;ortheoptimalamountoflocalopenspacepercapita.Theadvantageoftheformerapproachisthatthe‘burdenofproof’isderivedfromsimplecomparisonsbetweenlocations.IfDistrictAhaslessopenspacepercapitathanthebenchmarklocation(DistrictB)wemightconcludethatDistrictAisdisadvantaged.However,ifDistrictBhastoomuchopenspace–suchthatitcannotbeadequatelymaintainedoritsmaintenancedivertsfundsfromotherfacilitiesorprograms–thenDistrictAmightinfactbethebetterofthetwo.Usingthesecondapproachandcomparinglocationstonormativebenchmarksovercomesthisproblem,butsuchnormativebenchmarkscanbedifficulttoobjectively‘prove’andcanthereforebecontested.


1.3 Benchmarking,dimensionsandindicators

Benchmarkingofwholecitieshasbecomeacommonwitharangeoforganisationsnowundertakesurveysandpreparingcityrankingindicesonanannualbasis5.Thesesurveystypicallyuseahierarchicalarrangementofbenchmarks,dimensionsandindicators(seethefigure1below).Forexample,thebenchmarkof‘qualityoflife’,mightincludethedimension‘politicalstability’,andindicatorsofthisdimensionmightincludecrimestatistics,lawenforcement,internalstability,and/oreaseofentryandexit,or,acompositeofthesemetrics(HollowayandWajzer,2008).Theconceptsof‘amenity’,‘liveability’and‘sustainability’thatarethebroaderissuesofconcerntoSSROCmightbebestthoughtofasbenchmarks;eachhasmultipledimensions;andtomeasureperformanceofthesedimensionsrequiresthechoiceofoneormanyrelevantindicators.FurtheranalysisandconsultationisrecommendedtoapplythisorasimilarframeworktothespecificinterestsandissuesraisedbySSROCintheprojectbriefandliveabilityissuesworkshop.

F IGURE1 : TYP ICAL BENCHMARKINGFRAMEWORK

Insightsonbenchmarks:− Beclearwhethernormativeorpositivebenchmarksaremostappropriateforthetaskathand− Adoptabenchmarkingframeworkthattracesthedependenciesbetweenthevariousindicatorsand

keyelementsliveabilitythatareofinteresttoSSROC− Subjectiveindicatorsderivedfromsurveysmightbeusedalongsideobjectiveindicators(e.g.see

Lowe,etal,2013)toprovideamorerobustassessment− Therearegenerallytwocomponentstobenchmarking:whattomeasureandwhatcanbedone

aboutit(Luque-MartinezandMunoz-Leiva(2005)).InthecaseontheSSROCliveabilityindicatorsconsiderationofthesecondcomponentshouldinformthechoicesofthefirst.

1.4 LiveabilityandintensificationinCentral/SouthernSydney

AworkshopwasheldwithplannersfromtheSSROCcouncilstoidentifythoseelementsofliveabilitythatcanbeimpactedbyurbanintensification.Thismainissuesdiscussedarelistedbelow.Thescaleorscalesatwhicheachelementbeimpacted(andthereforemightbemeasured)isindicatedinparenthesis.‘Precinct’,LGA,‘district’and‘metropolitan’representingincreasinglylargergeographicareas.− Equalityofaccesstoqualityopenspace(districtscale)

5Forexample:theMercerQualityofLivingSurvey,theEconomistIntelligenceUnitQualityofLifeIndex,theDemographiaInternationalHousingAffordabilitySurvey,theMasterCardWorldwideCentresofCommerce,theGaWCWorldCitiesIndex,andtheMonocleGlobalQualityofLifeSurvey.


− Provisionofaffordablehousing(precinct,LGAordistrict)− Accessibilitytoemploymentandkeycommunityfacilities(precinct,LGAordistrict)− Adequateschoolsandothereducationfacilities(LGAordistrict)− Adequatehospitalandhealthcare(LGAordistrict)− Communityandculturalfacilities,particularlychildcare(precinctorLGA)− ‘Precinctsustainability’(precinct)− Retentionoflocalemployment(district)− Increasedriskoffloodingorpollution(precinctorLGA)Otherissuesthatmightbeworthyofconsiderationinthedevelopmentifliveabilityindicatorscouldincludesocialandculturaldimensions,physicalhealth,walkabilityandplacequality(i.e.urbandesign).Asecondworkshopwasheldtoconsiderthevalidityofbenchmarksandindicatorsontheabovethemes.ThesebenchmarksandindicatorswerethentestedusingahypotheticalcasestudybasedonGreenSquare.


2 LIVEABILITYOUTCOMESANDBESTPRACTICEMEASUREMENT

2.1 Dimensionsofliveability

Thefollowingsectionheadingsrepresenttendimensionsofliveabilitythatcouldbeinfluencedbyurbanintensification.TheywereidentifiedbySSROCofficersintheRegionalStrategicAnalysisworkshops6.Liveabilitycanbebroadlydefinedasthewell-beingofacommunityandrepresentsthecharacteristicsthatmakeaplacewherepeoplewanttolivenowandinthefuture7.Itisthesumoftheaspectsthatadduptothequalityoflifeofaplace,includingitseconomy,amenity,environmentalsustainability,healthandwellbeing,equity,educationandlearning,andleadership8.

2.2 Districtopenspaceandrecreation

OutcomesAnincreaseinthepopulationofSouthernandCentralSydney,includingspecificprojectssuchasF6Motorway,willplacepressureonexistingdistrictopenspaceandrecreationfacilities.Therearelimitedopportunitiestopurchaselargeareasofnewland,particularlyforrecreationpurposes,intermsofbothcostandavailabilityoflandparcelsoverseveralhectares.Asignificantissueraisedduringtheworkshopwithcouncilplannerswasequalityofaccessandensuringthatallgroupswithinthecommunityhaveaccesstoqualityopenspace.Intermsofquality,usabilitywasraisedasanissueparticularlyfloodpronelandandimpactofheavyrainfall.Thishighlightsanopportunitytothinkmorewidelyatactiveopenspacetoincludeindoorspaceaswell(e.g.basketballcourtsandotherindoorfacilities).Feedbackfromthecouncilofficerworkshopindicatedthatgrassedactiverecreationspace–especiallyplayingfieldsarecloseoratcapacityinCentralandSouthernSydney.Theoverarchinggoalistheadequateprovisionofopenspace(activeandpassive)intermsofquantityandqualityincludingaccessibilityandfitforpurpose.However,giventhedifficultyinsecuringnewlargescalefacilitiesandthechangingrecreationalneedsoffuturecommunities,reasonableoutcomesinthefaceofurbanintensificationwouldbetoensure:− Thereisnonetlossintheareaofavailableactiverecreationalspace(includingplayingfields)in

theSouthandCentralDistricts

6SGS(2015)SSROCRegionalStrategicAnalysis7http://www.highdensityliveability.org.au/about130_liveablility_research.php8http://livable.org.au/index.php?id=12


− Thatthereliabilityandavailabilityofplayingfieldsisincreasedbyimprovementstothemaintenanceregime,surfaceorprovisionoflighting

− Thattheefficiencyofusageofplayingfieldsisimprovedbyfurtherspreadingpeakdemandtoweekdaysandafterhoursbookingtimeslots

− Thattheavailabilityofarangeofactiverecreationalopportunitiesisincreasedinaccessiblelocations(basedonaneedsassessment-thismayincludebasketballcourtsandothernon-playingfieldfacilities)

Liveabilitybenchmarksshouldpromotetheadequateprovisionofopenspace(activeandpassive)intermsofquantityandqualityincludingaccessibilityandfitforpurpose.

ExistingbestpracticemeasuresExistingmeasuresinclude:− Areapercapita:directmeasurementofprovisionrateswithinastudyarea,expressedasarea

provided(normallyinhectares)percountofpopulation.− CatchmentCoverage:measurementoftheproportionofhousesthatfallwithinastandardised

catchmentdistancefromvaryingcategoriesofopenspace.− Inventoryofprovidedfacilities/services/capabilities:anauditofthecurrentlyprovidedopenspace

andrecreationareaswithinaspecificstudyarea.− User/ResidentSurvey:adirectsurveyofresidentswithinthelocalcommunityand/orusersofopen

space.− ComprehensiveNeeds-BasedAssessment:adirectsurveyofresidentswithinthelocalcommunity

and/orusersofopenspace.OS&RMeasure1:Areapercapita

Description: Directmeasurementofprovisionrateswithinastudyarea,expressedasareaprovided(normallyinhectares)percountofpopulation.

Dataoutput: Area(ha)/1000persons–EasytointerpretDatainput(s): GFAofopenspaceandpopulationcounts–Easytoobtain.RelevantScale: Precinct,LGAandSubregionLocation&Source: N/ARelevancetooutcome:

Low

Comments: Thisisthehistoricallyimplementedmethodofmeasuringrequiredandactualopenspaceprovision.Itfailstoprovideanuancedmetricthataccountsforthequalityofopenspaceanddistributionandaccessibilitytoopenspaceanddemographicfactorsinfluencingdemand.

OS&RMeasure2:CatchmentCoverage

Description: Measurementoftheproportionofhousesthatfallwithinastandardisedcatchmentdistancefromvaryingcategoriesofopenspace.

Relevancetooutcome:

Medium

Dataoutput: Coverageofarea(%)bypopulationordwellings–EasytointerpretDatainput(s): Locationofopenspaceandrecreationalfacilitiesandcategorisationthereof–EasytoobtainRelevantScale: Precinct,LGAandSubregionLocation&Source: DepartmentofPlanning’sOpenSpaceGuidelinesforLocalGovernment(2010)Comments: Thismethodusesasimplemeasureofaccessibility(radialdistance)todeterminetheaccessibilitytovarying

scalesofopenspacewithinanurbanenvironment,allowingspatialgapsinprovisiontobedeterminedviaanoverlayoftheradialdistanceonthesubjectarea.Thisprovidesforamorerefinedmeasureofprovisionduetoitsbasicinclusionofaccessibility;howeverthesetypesofanalysistypicallydonotincludeanassessmentofthequalityofopenspace,obstaclesorbarriersinaccessibility(suchasmajorroads)anddonotaccountforademographicbasedneedsassessment.


OS&RMeasure3:Inventoryofprovidedfacilities/services/capabilities

Description: Anauditofthecurrentlyprovidedopenspaceandrecreationareaswithinaspecificstudyarea.Relevancetooutcome:

Medium

Dataoutput: Variedunitofmeasure–DataisofmoderatedifficultytointerpretDatainput(s): Dependantonthescale/detailofthestudy,asubstantialamountofdatamaybeavailabletothelocal

governmentauthority/authoritiesinthestudyarea.Furtherstudymayberequiredtogainacomprehensivedataset.Dataisofmoderatetoeasydifficultytoobtain,dependantoncurrentamountsofinformationretainedbylocalauthorities.Difficultyandcostincreasesinverselyproportionaltothislevel.

RelevantScale: Precinct,LGAandSubregionLocation&Source: DepartmentofPlanning’sOpenSpaceGuidelinesforLocalGovernment(2010);

SEQCouncilofMayors’OpenSpaceandMediumDensityLivingToolkit(2011);Byrne,J.&Sipe,N.,2010,Greenandopenspaceplanningforurbanconsolidation–areviewoftheliteratureandbestpractice,GriffithUniversityUrbanResearchProgram

Comments: Anauditofthecurrentcapabilitiesoftheopenspaceprovidedwithinanareacanhelptoidentifygapsinprovisionofcertaincapabilities(forexample,adeficiencyinsportingfieldsatasubregionalscale).Italsohelpstoidentifydeficienciesinamenity,suchasareaswhichdonothaveadequatelightingatnightonthoroughfares.

OS&RMeasure4:User/ResidentSurvey

Description: Adirectsurveyofresidentswithinthelocalcommunityand/orusersofopenspace.Relevancetooutcome:

Medium

Dataoutput: Variedunitofmeasure–DataisofmoderatetohighdifficultytointerpretDatainput(s): Dataisofmoderatedifficultytoobtainandthereiscostinvolvedwithconductingthesurvey.Thecost

variesdependantonthescaleandextentofthesurveyconducted.RelevantScale: PrecinctandLGALocation&Source: DepartmentofPlanning’sOpenSpaceGuidelinesforLocalGovernment(2010);

SEQCouncilofMayors’OpenSpaceandMediumDensityLivingToolkit(2011);Byrne,J.&Sipe,N.,2010,Greenandopenspaceplanningforurbanconsolidation–areviewoftheliteratureandbestpractice,GriffithUniversityUrbanResearchProgram

Comments: Theuseofasurveyhelpstoidentifyuserconcernsregardingadequateprovisionofcertaintypesofopenspaceandrecreationalfacilities,aswellasbarrierswhichresidentsexperience,whichinturncanidentifydeficienciesinfactorssuchasaccessibilityoramenity.

OS&RMeasure5:ComprehensiveNeeds-BasedAssessment

Description: Acomprehensiveanalysisoftheopenspacedemandandsupplywithinanarea,takinginputfromsocio-demographiccharacteristicsofthearea,capabilitiesofthecurrentlevelofprovisionandaccessibilitywithinandthroughoutthestudyarea.

Relevancetooutcome:

High

Dataoutput: Compositeoutputmeasuringneedopenspaceandrecreationalinfrastructure–moderatetohighdifficultyininterpretation

Datainput(s): Somedataisreadilyaccessible,suchaslocations/categorisationofparksorABSCensusdata,howeverdatapertainingtothespecificamenitiesineachparksmaynecessitateanaudittobeconducted,andadditionallythismethodrequireshighlycomplexandspecialistanalysis,leadingtohightimeandcapitalcosts.

RelevantScale: Precinct,LGAandSubregionLocation&Source: Byrne,J.&Sipe,N.,2010,Greenandopenspaceplanningforurbanconsolidation–areviewofthe

literatureandbestpractice,GriffithUniversityUrbanResearchProgramComments: Thismethodofanalysispresentsacompositeviewofdemandandsupplyofopenspacewithinanarea.It

providesthehighestlevelofdetailinregardtotheneedforopenspaceandrecreationalinfrastructureprovision,andbecomesusefulinconsolidationandintensificationsituationswherethereislimitedlandavailablefortheprovisionofopenspace,informingpotentialchangestoexistingopenspacetoachieveanoptimallevelofuseandcapability.


2.3 Housingaffordability

OutcomesTheintensificationofhousingactuallyimprovesaffordabilityatacitywidescaleandoverthelongtermbytheincreaseinoverallstock-andespeciallywherenewstockrespondstomarketneedforhousingsupplyinaccessiblelocationsthatenableresidentstoreducetransportandotherlivingcosts9.However,thebenefitsarenotspreadevenly,thereare‘losers’intheshort/mediumterminintensifiedlocalareaswherelowcoststockhasbeenlostandespeciallyforrenterswhodonotexperiencecapitalgain.Intheimmediateareathereislikelytobealowerproportiondwellingsavailableatpricesaffordableforlowerincomehouseholds.TheredevelopmentofexistinglowcosthousingisanissuewhichwasraisedduringtheSSROCworkshopwithcouncilplanners.Theissueoflocationwasdiscussed,highlightingtheneedforaffordablehousinginlocationsclosetoemployment,particularlyfor‘keyworkers’suchasnearhospitalprecincts.Aworkablegoalforhousingaffordabilityinthefaceofintensificationistomaintainorimprovetheproportionofstockthatisavailable(forrent)tolowincomehouseholds(including‘key’workers)intheareasimpactedandtoavoidconcentrationsofdisadvantage.Thisimpliesgeneratinganetincreaseinthestockofthelowerrenthousingavailabletoagrowingpopulation–assumingthereisanidentifiedneed.Thespecificoutcomecouldbeto:− Increasethesupplyofaffordablerentalaccommodationforlowincomehouseholds(andmiddle

incomeworkersinessentialactivities)ataratethatexceedsthegrowthinhouseholdsinalocalarea

− Ensureprovisionofaffordablerentalhousingdoesnotcreateconcentrationsofdisadvantage− Preservingtheshareofsocial(public)housingavailableforverylowincomehouseholdsand

additionalneedsgroupsTheUKpracticeofmandatingasignificantproportion(~30%)ofnewdwellingsinrenewalestatestobeavailabletolowincomehouseholdsisanexampleofgoodpractice.Thereisthepotentialforurbanintensificationprojectstocontributeacertainproportionofthedevelopmentasaffordablehousingoracontributioninlieutofundhousinginthevicinity.Thereareopportunitieswhereuplifthasoccurredthrougharezoningforvaluecaptureorconditionsforaffordablehousingtobeappliedtoadevelopment.Timingiscrucialinrelationtovaluecaptureassiteviabilitywillbeimpactedanddeveloperswillneedtofactorthisintothepurchasecostofland.Itisimportanttoreviewexistingapproachesandinternationalbenchmarkstoassesseffectivenessofimplementation,particularlytheuseoftargets.

ExistingbestpracticemeasuresThereisamixofexistingmeasuresrelatingtoboththeaffordabilityofhousingandthesupplyof‘affordablehousing’:− HousingStress-30:40Rule:ameasurementofthepopulationwhopayinggreaterthan30%oftheir

incomeinhousingcostsandwhofallinthebottom40%ofincomes.− HousingStress-ResidualIncome:ameasurementofwhatremainsofahousehold’sdisposable

incometomeetbasicneedsafterpayingforitshousingcosts.− Rental/HousingcoststoIncomes/CPI:aratioofthecostofhousingtoincomesortheconsumer

priceindex.− ProvisionofAffordableHousing:measurementofthelevelsofaffordablehousingbeingprovidedas

partofgovernmentorcommunityprogramswithinacertainarea.

9GrattanInstitute2011Thehousingwe’dchoose.


.AffordableHousingMeasure1:HousingStress-30:40Rule

Description: Ameasurementofthepopulationwhopayinggreaterthan30%oftheirincomeinhousingcostsandwhofallinthebottom40%ofincomes

Relevancetooutcome:

Medium

Dataoutput: Totalcountsofhouseholdsandproportionalsplit(%)Datainput(s): Datapertainingtomedianrentsandhousepricesisreadilyavailable,asisdataonrecentleasesandsalesof

propertiesatthelocalarealevel.LongitudinaldataisavailablefromtheHousing,IncomeandLabourDynamics(HILDA)survey.

RelevantScale: Precinct,LGAandSubregionLocation&Source: O’Flynn,L.,2011,Housingaffordabilitybriefingpaper,NSWParliamentaryLibraryResearchService

Gabrieletal,2005,Conceptualisingandmeasuringthehousingaffordabilityproblem,AustralianHousingandUrbanResearchInstitute

Comments: ThismeasurementhasbecomeastandardisedmeasurementofhousingstresswithinAustralia.Itcouldbeusedtoidentifythelevelsofhousingstresscurrentlybeingexperiencedwithinanareatodeterminewhichareascouldbemorevulnerabletoincreasesinpropertyvaluesduetointensificationprocesses.

AffordableHousingMeasure2:HousingStress-ResidualIncome

Description: Ameasurementofwhatremainsofahousehold’sdisposableincometomeetbasicneedsafterpayingforitshousingcosts.

Relevancetooutcome:

Medium

Dataoutput: Totalcountsofhouseholdsorproportionalsplit(%)–Hasamoderatetohighlevelofdifficultyininterpretation

Datainput(s): Dataisnotreadilyavailablefrompublishedsources,andwouldinvolveamorecomprehensivecollectionofdataandagreaterdegreeofanalysis.

RelevantScale: Precinct,LGAandSubregionLocation&Source: O’Flynn,L.,2011,Housingaffordabilitybriefingpaper,NSWParliamentaryLibraryResearchService

Gabrieletal,2005,Conceptualisingandmeasuringthehousingaffordabilityproblem,AustralianHousingandUrbanResearchInstitute

Comments: Theresidualincomemethodpresentsamoreaccuratedepictionofhousingstressthanthe30:40ruleduetothewayitaccountsforvariationsinhouseholdcomposition(andthereforeexpenditure).Thecostofcollectingandinterpretingthisthisdatamakesitlessapplicabletouse

AffordableHousingMeasure3:Rental/HousingcoststoIncomes/CPI

Description: AratioofthecostofhousingtoincomesortheconsumerpriceindexRelevancetooutcome:

Low

Dataoutput: Ratio–EasytointerpretDatainput(s): Dataforthismethodiseasytoobtainviacensusdataandfromvarioussourceswhichtrackandpublish

propertypricesandrentalcosts.RelevantScale: Precinct,LGA,SubregionandMetropolitanLocation&Source: O’Flynn,L.,2011,Housingaffordabilitybriefingpaper,NSWParliamentaryLibraryResearchServiceComments: Thismethodisrelativelyeasytoextrapolatefromthereadilyavailabledata,howeveritprovideslittle

nuanceinitspotentialanalysis,presentingarelativelyflatpictureofhousingunaffordabilitywithinanarea.


AffordableHousingMeasure4:ProvisionofAffordableHousing

Description: Measurementofthelevelsofaffordablehousingbeingprovidedaspartofgovernmentorcommunityprogramswithinacertainarea

Relevancetooutcome:

High

Dataoutput: Totalcountsorproportionalsplitofdwellings–EasytointerpretDatainput(s): Willrequiregatheringdataontheaffordablehousingprogramswithinaspecificarea–Dataiseasyand

cheaptoobtainRelevantScale: PrecinctandLGALocation&Source: Comments: Themonitoringofaffordablehousingprovisionrates(inconjunctionwithothermeasures)canbeusedto

identifywhichareasareinneedofanincreasedprovisionofaffordablehousingthroughprogramssupportedbystategovernment.

2.4 Accessibilitytocentresandemployment

OutcomesUrbanintensificationandgrowthcanoccurinareaswhereaccesstocentresandemployment,particularlybypublictransportisnotadequate.Newdevelopmentwillgeneratedemandfortraveltoworkandforlocalactivitiesthishasthepotentialtoleadtotrafficgrowthandcongestion.Giventhereiscommitmenttoaccommodategrowthinthedistrict,thekeyissueistherelativemeritofalocationforintensificationtomanagedemandfortheamountanddistanceoftravel.Itshouldenabletraveltobeundertakeninwaysthathavetheleastimpactoncongestionsuchasbywalking,cyclingandpublictransport.Thedesiredgoalforaccessibilityshouldbereflectedinoutcomesattwoscales:− Atadistrictscale,urbanintensificationandgrowthshouldbefocusedinareaswherethereis

goodaccesstodistrictcentresandemploymentespeciallybypublictransport− Atalocalorsuburbanscale,keycommunityfacilitiesshouldbefocusedinlocalcentresthatcan

bereadilyreachedbywalkingandactivetransportfromintensificationareaslocatedwithintheircatchment.

Theperformanceofurbanintensificationcouldbetrackedagainstwhetheritresultsin:− theincreaseofthetotalnumberandproportionofhouseholdsinthedistrictwithinsay30mins

fromcentresofemploymentbybothprivatevehicleandpublictransport− theincreaseinthetotalnumberandproportionofhouseholdswithinthewalkingcatchment(say

20mins)oflocalcentrecommunityfacilities.

ExistingbestpracticemeasuresExistingmeasuresinclude:− Publictransportprovision:adirectmeasurementofthelevelsofprovisionofpublictransportina

subjectarea,intermsofpopulation,householdsorareacovered− Serviceuptake:ameasurementofthelevelatwhichatransportserviceisusedrelativetoits

capacity− Modeshare:proportionalsplitbetweenvariousmodesoftransportwithinaspecificarea.− Relativeaccessibilitytoemployment:thedistancebetweentwosmallareageographies(placeof

employmentandresidence)appliedtoatimetravelmatrix


Intermsofmeasuringaccessibility,itisimportanttoidentifytowhataccessibilitywillbemeasured,forexampleemployment,transportnodesorcentres.Theideaofa20minuteneighbourhoodwasconsideredwherearesidentcanaccessaparticularproportionoftheirdailyneedswithin20minutesbywalkingorpublictransport.Modeshareisalsoimportantinrelationtoaccessandtargetscouldbesetfornewdevelopmentstoachieve.Thepotentialmeasureswhichcouldbeimplementedinclude:− Modesharetargetsfornewdevelopments− Settingatargetfortheproportionoftripswhichshouldbe‘local’orusingpedestrianshedsasa

measure− PointssystemfornewdevelopmentsbasedonpublictransporttripsandmodeshareThesemeasurescouldbeimplementedataprecinct,LGAordistrictlevel.ThemeasureswouldbemorefocussedandoutcomeorientediftheywereintegratedwithinaTransportManagementandAccessibilityPlan(TMAP)10foralocation.AccessibilityMeasure1:PublicTransportProvision

Description: Adirectmeasurementofthelevelsofprovisionofpublictransportinasubjectarea,intermsofpopulation,householdsorareacovered.

Relevancetooutcome:

High

Dataoutput: Proportion(%)ortotalcountsofunit(pop/households/area)servicedbypublictransport(basedonanappraisalofadequateserviceeg15minbusservicetonearestmajorcentre)–Easytointerpret,howeverthiswillrequireGISmodelling.Difficultyininterpretationincreaseswhendemographicfactorsareconsidered.

Datainput(s): Dataisreadilyavailable,withpopulation&employmentcounts/forecastspublishedbyBTSatthetravelzonelevelanddataobtainableregardinglocationofpublictransportstops.Demographicdatacanalsobeintegratedintothisanalysistodetermineamoredetailed,needs-basedanalysis.

RelevantScale: Precinct,LGAandSubregionLocation&Source: Comments: Thismeasurementcanbeusedtoidentifydeficienciesinorareasofhighpublictransportprovisionin

regardstosuitabilityforurbanintensification,aswellasbeingusedovertimeinalongitudinaldatasettodeterminetheimpactsofintensificationonlocalorsubregionaltransportnetworks.Avariedlevelofdetailcanbeincludedinthisanalysisthroughtheinclusionofdemographicdatapertainingtocommunitygroupswhichhavegreaterneedsforpublictransportservices.

AccessibilityMeasure2:ServiceUptake

Description: AmeasurementofthelevelatwhichatransportserviceisusedrelativetoitscapacityRelevancetooutcome:

Medium

Dataoutput: Percentageoftotalcapacitywithinamodeoftransportalongaspecificrouteorinaspecificarea–Moderatetohighdifficultytointerpret.

Datainput(s): Datawillnotlikelybeeasytoobtainathighlevelsofaccuracy,asitwillrequiredirectlytakingmeasurementsoftherateatwhichaserviceisused.Generalisedobservationsregardingcongestioncanbemadeeasily,howeverthisreducesthevalueofthedata.

RelevantScale: PrecinctandLGALocation&Source: Comments: Thismeasurementallowsfortheidentificationofpartsofthetransportnetworkwhichhaveavailable

capacityorareexperiencingstress,whichcanthenfeedintodecisionmakingregardingareasbestsuitedtointensificationorimprovementsinthetransportnetwork.ThehighcostofobtainingdatadirectlywilllikelyprecludethismethodfrombeingundertakenbymostLGAs,howeveritremainspossibletoidentifyareasofhighcongestion/lowavailablecapacitytothenundertakedetaileddatacollection.

10TMAPGuidelines(TFNSWundated)http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/abouttrans/trans-management-accessibility-plans.pdf


AccessibilityMeasure3:ModeShare

Description: Proportionalsplitbetweenvariousmodesoftransportwithinaspecificarea.Relevancetooutcome:

High

Dataoutput: Proportion(%)ofpersonsutilisingeachdifferentmodeoftransport.Thedataisofmoderatetolowdifficultytointerpret.

Datainput(s): BTSpublishesresultsfromitsHouseholdTravelSurveyfreeofchargeontheirwebsiteattheLGAlevel,howeversmallerstatisticalgeographiesmaybeobtainablefromBTSuponrequest.

RelevantScale: LGA,SubregionandMetropolitanLocation&Source: Comments: Theproportionalsplitbetweendifferentmodesoftransportisasimplemeasuretoaccesswhichincursvery

littlecost.Thismeasurecanbeusedtoidentifyareaswhichhaveoverallhigherorloweruseofpublictransport,andtherebygiveafocusforpotentialupgradesormodificationstothepublictransportnetwork,ortoencouragegreaterlevelsofcyclingorwalking.

AccessibilityMeasure4:RelativeAccessibilitytoEmployment

Description: Thedistancebetweentwosmallareageographies(placeofemploymentandresidence)appliedtoatimetravelmatrix.

Relevancetooutcome:

High

Dataoutput: Amountofjobsaccessiblefromacertainlocationwithinadeterminedcutofftimeperiod.Dataisnothardtointerpretwhenproduced.

Datainput(s): DatapertainingtoemploymentcountsandforecastsisavailablefromBTS,howeverdatapertainingtothetraveltimematrixofthecityismoredifficulttoobtainandwillrequireahighdegreeofspecialistknowledgetoreproduceaccurately.

RelevantScale: Precinct,LGA,SubregionandMetropolitanLocation&Source: Comments: Relativeaccessibilitytoemploymentpresentsameasurementofhowmanyjobsareaaccessibletoaspecific

locationusingeitherpublicorprivatetransport.Thismeasureisusefulforassessingtowhatextentanareahasaccesstoadiverserangeofjobopportunities,andcouldbeusedtoidentifyareassuitable/unsuitableforintensificationwithorwithouttransportationimprovementsortobeimplemented.Thisanalysishaspotentialtoincludedemographicfactors,aswellasdatapertainingtospatialvariationsinemployment.

2.5 Parking

OutcomesUrbanintensificationwillplacepressureonexistingparkingspacesandgeneratedemandgrowthforparkingspacesforarangeofusesincludingresidentialcarstorage,accesstoretail/communityfacilities,employmentandfordeliveries.Itisimportantthatthelevelofsupplyofparkingdoesnotgenerateunnecessarytraveldemandbutprovidesasufficientlevelofparkingtosupportthefunctionsofthelocation.Itiscounterproductivetomatchparkingsupplywithdemandfromintensificationinaccessibleprecincts–especiallywhendemandestimatesarebasedonformulaederivedfromlowdensityandlowaccessibilitysettings.Correctionfactorsweightedforaccessibilityareoftenappliedtoensurethatsufficientminimumparkingisavailabletosupportlocalfunctions,butoverprovisionwiththepotentialtogenerateexcessivetravelisavoidedbylimitingmaximumparkingsupply.Thisconcepthasbeenwidelyappliedforresidentialandmostcommercialdevelopment–butlesssoforretailparkingprovision.Sydney’smetropolitanstrategieshavepreviouslyidentifiedanegativefeedbackbetweenresidentialparkingprovisionandtheaffordabilityofnewresidentialunitandtownhousedevelopmentduetothespaceandexcavationconstructioncostsforparking.


Theoverallgoalshouldbetoachievelevelofparkingsupplyandavailabilitywhichdoesnotgenerateunnecessarytraveldemand,howeverprovidesasufficientlevelofparkingtosupportthefunctionsofthelocation.Achievingthisgoalandapplyingappropriateparkingstandardswouldrequireunderstandingandmeasuring:− thefunctionsofaprecinctundergoingintensificationwithrespecttotheroleandoperationof

residentialandcommercial/retailprecincts− therelativeaccessibilityandavailabilityoftransportchoice(i.e.publictransportconnectivity)− reviewofthepricinganddurationofon-streetparkingspacesThepreparationofaTransportManagementandAccessibilityPlan(TMAP)forrenewalprecinctswouldprovideacontextandrationaleforapplyingarelevantparkingsupplyregimeforanintensificationprecinct.Thiswouldincludeaweightingonparkingsupplyrequirementsdependingonthelevelofaccessibility.

ExistingbestpracticemeasuresParkingMeasure1:Provisionofparkinginnewdevelopment

Description: Therateofprovisionofparkinginnewdevelopmentsaspartofanintensificationprocess.Relevancetooutcome:

High

Dataoutput: Carspacesperdwelling–EasytointerpretDatainput(s): DataiseasytoobtainforlocalgovernmentauthoritiesRelevantScale: PrecinctandLGALocation&Source: ShouldreferenceaprecinctTMAPComments: Therateofcarparkingprovisioninnewdevelopmentsgreatlyinfluencesthecarownershipoftheresidents.

Inareasofhighaccessibilityandconnectivityofpublictransport,thereducedratesofcarparkingprovisioncanreducetheusageofprivateautomobilesbothlocallyandregionally.Bestpracticeparkingratesfornewdevelopmentexpressbothminimumandmaximumprovision.

ParkingMeasure2:Publictransportprovisionfornewdevelopments

Description: Theaccessibilityandconnectivityofpublictransportationinproximitytonewdevelopments/areasofintensification.

Relevancetooutcome:

Medium

Dataoutput: Totalnumbersorproportionsofhouseholdsbyqualityofthepublictransportoptionsavailabletothem–Dataisofmoderatetohighdifficultyinitsinterpretation

Datainput(s): Numberofnewdwellingsandtheirlocation,alongwithpublictransportprovisionintheseareas–dataonthenewdwellingswillbeeasytoobtain,howeverthetransportationdatawillbeofgreater(andlikelycost)toobtainandmanipulate.

RelevantScale: Precinct,LGAandSubregionLocation&Source: ShouldreferenceaprecinctTMAPandrespondandinfluenceabroaderdistricttransitservicingstrategy.Comments: Developmentawayfromeffectivepublictransportaccesscreatesorreinforcescardependencywithinthose

areas.Ratherthansimplyexaminingtheproximitytopublictransportofadevelopment,theconnectivityofthepublictransportservices,particularlytonearbylocalcentresandemployment,isofrelevancetoreducingdemandforparkingintheseareas.


2.6 Schoolsandothereducationfacilities

OutcomesPopulationincreasewillplacepressureonexistingfacilities,alongsideneweducationdemands.ThekeyfocusofthediscussionwithSSROCcouncilplannerswastheprovisionoflocalprimaryschoolsandissuesassociatedwithincreasingcatchmentsofexistingschools,particularlyalackofwalkabilityandpressuresplacedonroadinfrastructure.Thecouncilplannersobservedthattherearesubstantiallandcostandsiteavailabilityconstraintsforacquiringnewschoolswithsubstantialgrounds.Statepublicschoolprovisionratiosarebasedoneithertheschoolagepopulationornumberofdwellingsandthereareavarietyofratioswhichhavebeenidentifiedforarangeofnewprecinctsorgreenfieldgrowthareas.However,theseratioscannotbereadilyappliedinexistingurbanareasinbecauseofboththetakeupofindependentschoolcapacityandthelevelofacceptanceofnewmodelsforhighdensity(evenhighrise)schoolsneedstobetakenintoaccount.Newresidentsofintensificationareasmaybemorelikelytoacceptatrade-offforamoreconfinedpublicschoolsettingassumingthatopenspaceandhighqualityeducationfacilitieswereavailableandhighlyaccessible.Thistrade-offislesslikelytobeacceptabletoexistingresidentswhoexperiencetheexpansionofclassroomsandde-mountablesoverexistingschoolgrounds.Akeygoalforliveabilitywillbethe‘adequate’provisionoflocalprimaryschools(andclassroomspace)tomeetdemandcreatedbypopulationgrowthandchangingdemographicsatthelocallevel.Achievingthegoalofadequateprovisionshouldbedeterminednotonlybynominalprovisionrates(e.g.ratiosofpopulationperschool)butalsoconsiderationof:− Localaccessibility–‘ped-sheds’asameasureforlocalprimaryschoolwalkablecatchments− Needsbasedassessmentreferringtoexistingandnewpopulationexpectations− Availabilityofopportunitiesforshareduseofexternalfacilitiesforconfinedschools(e.g.open

space,planningfields,halls,libraries/resourcecentres)Thissuggestsanintegratedassessmentofneedsandschoolcapacityandavailablefacilitiesalongsidetheapplicationofconventionalratios.Thisassessmentshouldbeundertakenatadistrictscale–withadditionalemphasisontheneedsandpreferencesofnewresidentsoflocalintensificationareas.

Existingbestpracticemeasures


EducationMeasure1:VictorianGrowthAreasAuthorityGuidetoSocialInfrastructurePlanning

Description: • Level1-Provisionratiosupto10,000people-GovernmentPrimarySchools(includingoutofschoolshourscare)/EarlyYearsFacility,1CouncilCommunityCentres/EarlyYearsFacility/NeighbourhoodHouse,LongDayChildCareCentres

• Level2-Provisionratiosbetween10,000and30,000people–Level1,GovernmentSecondarySchoolsCatholicPrimarySchools

• Level3-Provisionratiosbetween30,000and60,000people–Level1,Level2,CatholicSecondarySchools,Otherindependentschools

Relevancetooutcome:

Medium(preparedforgreenfieldareas)

Dataoutput: Therearefivelevelsofcommunityinfrastructureprovisionbasedonpopulationsize.Thereisaclearindicationofthesocialinfrastructureprovisionrequiredforeachlevelofpopulationincrease.Easytounderstand,providesforprimaryandsecondaryeducation

Datainput(s): Numberofpeopleinaprecinct(canbescaleduptoLGA)RelevantScale: PrecinctorLGALocation&Source: WyndhamCityCouncil(outerMelbourne):http://www.mpa.vic.gov.au/wp-

content/Assets/Files/Planning_for_Community_Infrastructure_in_Growth_Areas_Apr08.pdfComments: Thismetricisusedforgreenfielddevelopment.EducationMeasure2:GreenSquareSocialInfrastructureProvisionReport(2014)

Description: SGSreportforCityofSydneyregardingsocialinfrastructurebenchmarksinGreenSquare.1primaryschoolfor500students.1governmenthighschoolforupto1,200students1TAFEtocaterforapopulationof300,000–500,0001universityforevery150,000people

Relevancetooutcome:

High

Dataoutput: Easytounderstand.Providesforprimary,secondaryandtertiaryeducationDatainput(s): Basedonnumberofstudents–needtoknowthenumberofstudentsforecastedforurbanrenewalprojectsRelevantScale: PrecinctLocation&Source: GreenSquare,SGSreportlocatedhereComments: BasedonbenchmarksforVIC,QLD,andACT

Assumes100%ofstudentsareenrolledinGovernmentschools.EducationMeasure3:ACTDesiredStandardsofService

Description: 1preschoolforevery5,000population.1publicprimaryschoolforevery7,500population.1publichighschool(years7-10)forevery20,000population.1publicsecondarycollege(years11-12)forevery30,000population.1specialschoolforevery60,000population

Relevancetooutcome:

High

Dataoutput: Simplebenchmark,providesforprimaryandsecondaryeducationlevelsDatainput(s): BasedoffpopulationsizeRelevantScale: UnclearLocation&Source: ACTComments: Fromanunpublisheddocument.CitedbySGSinGreenSquaresocialinfrastructureplanningproject,found

here.


EducationMeasure4:Fisherman’sBendUrbanRenewalArea

Description: 1governmentprimaryschool(450capacity)per10,000dwellings(approx.)1governmentsecondaryschool(1100capacity)per40,000dwellings(approx.)

Relevancetooutcome:

High(relatestoanurbanrenewalarearatherthanagreenfieldsite.)

Dataoutput: Simplebenchmark,providesforprimaryandsecondaryeducationlevelsDatainput(s): BasedoffdwellingnumbersRelevantScale: PrecinctLocation&Source: Victoria–urbanrenewalininnerMelbourne:http://www.mpa.vic.gov.au/wp-

content/uploads/2014/07/Fishermans-Bend-Strategic-Framework-Plan-The-strategic-framework.pdfComments: Fisherman’sBendisanurbanrenewalsiteproposedtocontain40,000dwellingsover40years.Expectedto

containatleast80,000people.EducationMeasure5:ImplementationGuidelineNo.5—SocialInfrastructurePlanning

Description: Preschool–1:7,500-10,000peoplePrimaryschool-1:7,500peopleSecondaryschool-1:20,000peopleTAFE–1:150,000+populationUniversity–1:250,000+population

Relevancetooutcome:

High(relatestoallformsofdevelopment)

Dataoutput: EasytounderstandratiooffacilitiestopopulationDatainput(s): BasedoffpopulationnumbersRelevantScale: PrecinctLocation&Source: Queensland:http://www.dilgp.qld.gov.au/resources/guideline/ImplementationGuideline5.pdfComments: From2006EducationMeasure4:LeppingtonPrecinctStudy

Description: Primaryschool–1:2,000dwellingsSecondaryschool–1:6,000dwellingsTAFE–1:150,000populationUniversity–1:150,000-200,000population

Relevancetooutcome:

Medium(relatestogreenfielddevelopment)

Dataoutput: Simplebenchmark,providesforprimaryandsecondaryeducationlevelsDatainput(s): BasedoffdwellingorpopulationnumbersRelevantScale: PrecinctLocation&Source: SGSreportComments:

2.7 Hospitalsandotherhealthfacilities

OutcomesPopulationincreasewillplacepressureonexistingfacilitiesandpotentialnewhealthdemands.Akeygoalforliveabilitywillbetheadequateprovisionofhospitalbedsandotherhealthfacilitiestomeetdemandcreatedbypopulationgrowthandchangingdemographics(suchasageingpopulation).


ThestategovernmentisresponsibleforthisareaofinfrastructureandSSROCsupportscurrentstrategicplanningdirections11.Fromanurbanplanningperspective,itwillbeimportanttoensurethatthereisenoughlandavailableforhospitalexpansion,healthresearchfacilitiesandsupportingclinicalandbusinessenterprises.HealthfacilitiesshouldbeaccessibletoallresidentsacrosstheSSROCregion.Althoughtheoverallgoalisforadequateprovisionofhospitalbedsandotherhealthfacilitiestomeetdemandcreatedbypopulationgrowthandchange,therealisticoutcomesforSSROCtopursueare:− Theavailabilityofsuitablyzonedandservicedspaceforsupportinghealthfacilities/enterprises

associatedwithmajorhospitalsandhealthcentres− Improvedaccessibilityofkeyhealthfacilities(egmedicalcentres)bypublictransportandwalking

ExistingbestpracticemeasuresAswitheducationfacilities,provisionratiosareusedandbasedonpopulationsizeornumberofpeoplewithinacertaindemographic(e.g.ageingpopulation).HealthMeasure1:GreenSquareSocialInfrastructureProvisionReport(2014)

Description: 1GPper4,000ofthepopulation1newprimarycarecentreper50,000ofthepopulation2.3hospitalbedsper1,000ofthepopulationplus1mentalhealthbed/placementforevery2,700people1earlychildhoodnurseper2,000childrenAgedcare-88placesper1000people70+.

Relevancetooutcome:

High

Dataoutput: SimplebenchmarkbasedonpopulationnumbersandageDatainput(s): Needtoknowthepopulationnumberandages(childrenandover70s)RelevantScale: PrecinctLocation&Source: GreenSquare,CoSSocialInfrastructureReport2014Comments: BasedonconsultationwithcontactinNSWHealthHealthMeasure2: AustralianInstituteofHealthandWelfare2014

Description: Theaveragenumberofhospitalbedsper1,000populationinNSWis2.7forpublichospitalsand1.0forprivatehospitals.

Relevancetooutcome:

Medium

Dataoutput: EasytounderstandandmonitorincreaseddemandforhospitalbedsDatainput(s): BasedoffpopulationRelevantScale: Precinct,LGA,SubregionandMetropolitan(scalable)Location&Source: NSW–AustralianInstituteofHealthandWellbeingComments: Theseareaverages,notbestpractice.Doesgiveanindicationoncurrentlevelofservice.

11NSWHealth(2014)StateHealthPlan:Towards2021(http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/statehealthplan/Pages/default.aspx)


HealthMeasure3:InfrastructureDevelopmentGuidelines:CityofGreaterGeelong2010

Description: MaternalandChildHealth1.2to1.4sessions:100childrenaged0-2EarlyChildhoodCentre(Childhealthandparentinginformationandreferrals,children’smedicalservices)1:4,000-6,000GeneralPractitioners1.48:1,000AgedCareCentre1:10,000-20,000CommunityHealthCentre1:20,000-30,000HospitalPublic-2.6beds:1,000peoplePrivate-1.7beds:1,000peopleAgedPersonsHousingHighCare(NursingHome)-40beds:1,000people70+LowCare(Hostel)-48places:1,000people70+CommunityAgedCarePackages(CACPs)-20CACPs:1,000people70+Selfcare-50places:1,000people70+

Relevancetooutcome:

Medium(newdevelopmentinGeelongcouldbegreenfield)

Dataoutput: RatioeasytounderstandDatainput(s): Requirepopulationnumbersandages(under2sandover70s)RelevantScale: LGAandSubregionLocation&Source: GeelongComments: HealthMeasure4:Nationalplanningbenchmark

Description: Residentialagedcarespaces-88residentialplacesper1,000peopleaged70andoveristhetargetRelevancetooutcome:

Medium(notspecificallyforurbanrenewalbutisthenationalbenchmark)

Dataoutput: RatioeasytounderstandDatainput(s): RequirepopulationnumbersRelevantScale: Precinct,LGA,SubregionandMetropolitanLocation&Source: Nationalbenchmarkfrom2011Comments: Foundhere:https://www.health.gov.au/internet/budget/publishing.nsf/Content/2011-

12_Health_PBS_sup1/$File/2011-12_Health_PBS_10_Outcome4.pdfHealthMeasure5:ImplementationGuidelineNo.5—SocialInfrastructurePlanning

Description: Residentialagedcarefacility-1:7,000–10,000populationHospitalcatchment–1:100,000population

Relevancetooutcome:

High(forinfillandgreenfield)

Dataoutput: RatioeasytounderstandDatainput(s): RequirepopulationnumbersRelevantScale: Precinct,LGA,SubregionandMetropolitanLocation&Source: QueenslandGovernment:http://www.dilgp.qld.gov.au/resources/guideline/ImplementationGuideline5.pdfComments: From2006

2.8 Communityandculturalfacilities,includingchildcare

OutcomesPopulationincreasewillplacepressureonexistingfacilitiesandcreatenewdemand.Thegoalsoughtshouldbeanadequateprovisionofcommunityfacilities,includingchildcare,tomeetdemandcreatedbypopulationgrowthandchangingdemographics.


LocalcouncilswithinSSROCwillneedtoworkwiththestategovernmenttoensurethereisadequateprovisionofcommunityfacilitiesacrosseachlocalareaandthedistrict.Existings94planningregimeshaveestablishedmethodologiesforthistask.Provisionratiosarewidelyusedtodetermineexistingandfutureneedandarebasedontotalpopulationoraspecificdemographicsuchaschildrenagedbetween0-5yearsforchildcare.However,newcommunitiesinhigherdensityareasarelikelytoemphasisedifferentormulti-usefacilityneedsespeciallylocallyaccessibleculturalfacilities,recreationandresourcescentrestoimprovetheirqualityoflife.Aneedsbasedassessmentwouldbeneededtodiscernthetypeoffacilitiesvaluedbynewandexistingcommunities.Theoutcomessoughtcouldinclude:− Responsetoaneedsbasedassessmentfortypesofcommunityandculturalfacilitiestargeting

newandexistingresidents− Improvingpopulationaccesstocommunityfacilities-usingpedshedandtransitconnectivityasa

measureforaccessibilityofcommunityandculturalfacilities− Maintainingorimprovingexistingratiosofpopulationpercommunityand/orculturalfacility.

ExistingbestpracticemeasuresCommunityFacilitiesMeasure1:InfrastructureDevelopmentGuidelines:CityofGreaterGeelong2010

Description: Communitymeetingroom/Multi-purposehall-1:6,000-10,000NeighbourhoodCentre-1:3,500-15,000NeighbourhoodLibrary-1:6,000-15,000Childcarecentre(longdaycare)120placechildcarecentresnowseemtobethepreferrednumberforviability.1:4,000-8,000populationor1:5-7childrenaged0-4OccasionalCare1:12,000-15,000Multi-purposeCommunityCentre1:20,000-30,000YouthFacility/Service1:20,000BranchLibrary1:15,000-30,000ArtGallery1:30,000-150,000Museum1:30,000-130,000CentralLibrary1:50,000-150,000CivicCentre1:30,000-120,000PerformingArts/Exhibition/ConventionCentre1:50,000-200,000

Relevancetooutcome:

Medium,howeverformofnewdevelopmentinGeelongmayvarycomparedtoSSROC

Dataoutput: EasyratiobasedoffpopulationnumbersDatainput(s): NeedpopulationnumbersandpossiblyagesofpopulationforchildcarecentresRelevantScale: LGAorsubregionLocation&Source: GeelongComments: CommunityFacilitiesMeasure2:CityofSydneyChildCareNeedsAssessment

Description: Childcare-Oneplaceforeverytwochildrenaged0to5yearsforresidents.Relevancetooutcome:

Medium(NotallareasofSSROChavesimilardemographicstoCityofSydney)

Dataoutput: UnitofmeasureandeaseofinterpretationDatainput(s): Needtoknowpopulationnumbersaged0-5–CensusorprofileidRelevantScale: LGALocation&Source: CityofSydneyComments:


CommunityFacilitiesMeasure3:

Description: Level1Provisionratiosupto10,000people• Level1CouncilCommunityCentres/EarlyYearsFacility/NeighbourhoodHouse• Longdaycarechildcarecentres

Level2Provisionratiosbetween10,000and30,000people• CouncilCommunityCentres/EarlyYearsFacility/NeighbourhoodHouses• Loworderchildcarefacilities• OccasionalChildCare(aspartofeveryneighbourhoodhouseandleisurecentre)• Loworderyouthfacilities

Level3Provisionratiosbetween30,000and60,000people• 1multipurposecommunityfacility(couldcontainamixofthesefacilitieslisted)• 1library• 1communityartscentres• HighOrderDedicatedYouthFacilities• Level3CouncilCommunityCentres• Deliveredmealsfacility• 1publicartproject• 1performingartsfacility

Relevancetooutcome:

Medium

Dataoutput: UnitofmeasureandeaseofinterpretationDatainput(s): Availability&quality/costofnecessarydatainputsRelevantScale: Precinct/LGA/Subregion/MetropolitanLocation&Source: e.g.Auckland(referRef)Comments: CommunityFacilitiesMeasure3:SGSAucklandlibrarieswork

Description: Libraries-41squaremetersper1,000peopleRelevancetooutcome:

Medium

Dataoutput: UnitofmeasureandeaseofinterpretationDatainput(s): Availability&quality/costofnecessarydatainputsRelevantScale: Precinct/LGA/Subregion/MetropolitanLocation&Source: e.g.Auckland(referRef)Comments: CommunityFacilitiesMeasure5:BankstownAreaPlans

Description: Youthfacilities–1per20,000peopleCommunitycentre(local)–1per6,000peopleCommunitycentre(district)–1per20,000peopleBranchlibrary–1per33,000peopleDistrictlibrary–1per40,000people

Relevancetooutcome:

Medium

Dataoutput: UnitofmeasureandeaseofinterpretationDatainput(s): Availability&quality/costofnecessarydatainputsRelevantScale: Precinct/LGA/Subregion/MetropolitanLocation&Source: BankstownCouncil

https://www.bankstown.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx?NID=216Comments: FromneedsanalysispreparedbyEltonConsulting


2.9 Precinctsustainability

OutcomeThereisanincreasingexpectationthathighintensitylivingshouldbeaccompaniedbysuperiorenvironmentalperformance.KogarahtowncentreandCentralParkaregoodexamples.Thegoalisforenvironmentalcoststobeminimisedandtheenvironmentalperformanceofaprecincttobeimprovedoverallasaresultofnewdevelopmentandgrowth.

ExistingbestpracticemeasuresExistingprecinctsustainabilitymeasurementapproachesinclude:− GreenStarCommunities:ratingsystemforthesustainabilityofaprecinct,canbegreenfieldor

urbanrenewal.Thetoolhasaholisticapproachtosustainability,consideringenvironmental,economic,socialandgovernanceinitiativesincludedinthedevelopment.

− Ecologicalfootprint:calculateslandandwaterareaacityrequirestoproducetheresourcesitconsumesandtoabsorbitswastes

− PRECINX:modelspotentialenvironmental,economicandasocialimpactsofadevelopment.− Specificgoals:modelspotentialenvironmental,economicandasocialimpactsofadevelopment.Thepotentialmeasureswhichcouldbeimplementedinclude:− PRECINXtooltoassesssustainabilityofadevelopmentataprecinctlevel(requiringacertain

performancestandardforintensificationprecincts− SettailoredprecincttargetsinrelationtoarangeofrelevantenvironmentalperformancemetricsSustainabilityMeasure1:GreenStarCommunities

Description: Ratingsystemforthesustainabilityofaprecinct,canbegreenfieldorurbanrenewal.Thetoolhasaholisticapproachtosustainability,consideringenvironmental,economic,socialandgovernanceinitiativesincludedinthedevelopment.Inparticular,environmentalconsiderationsare:

• Protectingnaturalandculturalheritage• Promotingbiodiversity• Reducingecologicalfootprint• ReducingGHGemissionsandpollutants• Environmentallyefficientsystems(water,energyetc.)andresourceefficiency

Creditsareawardedforeachcriteriamet(seepage12oflocalgovernmentguide)Relevancetooutcome:

High

Dataoutput: Rating,need4(BestPractice),5(AustralianExcellence)or6stars(WorldLeadership)tobeworthwhile(1to3starsnotreported)

Datainput(s): Alotofworkandcost,submissiontotheGreenBuildingCouncilofAustralia.ThereisasubmissionprocesstotheGreenBuildingCouncil,whichinvolvesmultipleroundsandseveraldocuments.Dataneedstocomefromawideofsourcestodevelopacomprehensiveviewofsustainability.

RelevantScale: PrecinctLocation&Source: GreenBuildingCouncilofAustralia:

https://www.gbca.org.au/uploads/152/2712/GBCA015_Framework_Final_SinglePages.pdfGuideforlocalgovernment:https://www.gbca.org.au/uploads/189/2749/Green_Star_Communities_Guide_for_Local_Government_For_Web.pdf

Comments: Labourintensive


SustainabilityMeasure2:Ecologicalfootprint

Description: Calculateslandandwaterareaacityrequirestoproducetheresourcesitconsumesandtoabsorbitswastes.Landandwaterareasconsideredare:

• CO2areaforenergyproduction• Croplandforfoodandconsumergoods• Pasturelandforfoodandconsumergoods• Forestlandfortimber• Fisheriesformarineproducts• Builtlandtodeterminelandrequiredforinfrastructure,buildingsandurbanenvironment

Theactivitiesconsideredinanecologicalfootprintwhichcontributetothesehectaresare:• Housing• Mobility• Food• Goods• Services• Government

Relevancetooutcome:

Medium

Dataoutput: Outputisglobalhectarespercapita(lowerthebetter).Couldbescaleduptosayhowmanyhectaresareusedbyeveryoneinagiven.

Datainput(s): Needsmultiple,complexinputs.Timeconsumingandpotentiallycostly.Complexmethodology.RelevantScale: Precinct,LGA,SubregionandMetropolitanLocation&Source: ExamplesfromCalgary:http://www.footprintnetwork.org/pt/index.php/GFN/page/calgary_case_study/

andSanFrancisco:http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/blog/san_francisco_looks_at_its_footprintMethodologyoutlinedhere:http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/methodology/

Comments: Canbescaledtoapplytohouseholdsuptostatesandnations.HasbeenusedbylocalgovernmentinNorthAmericatocalculatetheirenvironmentalperformance.Abeforeandaftersnapshotofecologicalfootprintcoulddemonstrateiftheecologicalfootprintofanareaisimproved,worsenedorremainsthesamewithanurbanrenewalproject.

SustainabilityMeasure3:PRECINX

Description: Modelspotentialenvironmental,economicandasocialimpactsofadevelopment.Cantailorkeyoutcomestoproject(e.g.focusonenvironmentalaspects)Canbeusedfordifferenttypesandmixesofdevelopmentandenablesdifferentscenariostobemodelled.Comparesthescenariostocurrentpracticeandmetropolitanaverages.

Relevancetooutcome:

Medium

Dataoutput: EasytounderstandandcompareDatainput(s): DatarequiredincludestonsofCO2emittedperyear,energyconsumptionaskWperyear,kLofwaterused

peryear,vehiclehourstravelledandaffordabilityas$peryear.Costsaresetbythedevelopersofthemodel.RelevantScale: PrecinctLocation&Source: Example–ParramattaRoadforUrbanGrowth:http://www.kinesis.org/case-studies/parramatta-rdComments:


SustainabilityMeasure3:Specificgoals

Description: Modelspotentialenvironmental,economicandasocialimpactsofadevelopment.Cantailorkeyoutcomestoproject(e.g.focusonenvironmentalaspects)Canbeusedfordifferenttypesandmixesofdevelopmentandenablesdifferentscenariostobemodelled.Comparesthescenariostocurrentpracticeandmetropolitanaverages.

Relevancetooutcome:

High

Dataoutput: DependentonvariablesmonitoredDatainput(s): Datarequiredisbasedonwhatthegoalsaimtoachieve.Generallyinvolveswaterconsumption,electricity

consumption,vehiclekilometrestravelled,waste,andtreecover.RelevantScale: PrecinctLocation&Source: Specificgoalssetfor:

• FishermansBend,Melbourne• ElephantandCastle,London• KingsCross,London• Docklands,Melbourne• HafenCity,Hamburg

Comments: Goalstotailorforspecificlocalcircumstancesandexpectations.

2.10 Localemploymentandeconomicdevelopment

OutcomesThereisapotentialspatialimbalancebetweenlocationofnewhomesandnewjobswhichgivesrisetoarangeofissuesassociatedwithtransport,sustainabilityandjobaccessibility.Theoverallgoalforadistrictistoensurethatitsresidentshaveaccesstoemployment(acrossarangeofindustries)andtheurbanservicesnecessaryforthefunctioningofthedistrictandmetropolitaneconomy.Thepragmaticoutcomesforthedistrictshouldbe:

− ensuringthereisnonetlossofcapacityinemploymentandcommerciallandsandtherefore

maintenanceofthecurrentlevelsoflocaljobprovision-ifnotimprovementwithincreaseddensityofemploymentandeconomicactivity.

− Improvedaccesstoemploymentconcentrationsprimarilybypublictransportwhichincreasethe‘effectivejobdensity’andboostproductivity

Existingapproacheshavebeentargetedatassessingexistingdemandorprojectdemandandincludejobtoresidentratiosoranassessmentofsupplyofemploymentandcommercialland.Aspirationsforemploymentself-containmentinadistricthavenotbeensuccessfulduetothepowerfulmarketforceswhichdictatethegrowthandchangeofemploymentacrossthemetropolitanarea.


ExistingbestpracticemeasuresEmploymentMeasure4:EffectiveJobDensity(EJD)

Description: Employmentcontainedwithinanareaandexternally,withemploymentinotherareasdividedbythetraveltimerequiredtoreachtheseexternaljobs,weightedfortransportmode.

Relevancetooutcome:

High/Medium

Dataoutput: Jobdensity(totalcounts)–DatarequiresahighlevelofskillforinterpretationDatainput(s): DatapertainingtoemploymentcountsandforecastsisavailablefromBTS,howeverdatapertainingtothe

traveltimematrixofthecityismoredifficulttoobtainandwillrequireahighdegreeofspecialistknowledgetoreproduceaccurately,whichwillalsoincursubstantialcost.

RelevantScale: Precinct/LGA/Subregion/MetropolitanLocation&Source: SGSEconomicsandPlanning,2012,ProductivityandagglomerationbenefitsinAustraliancapitalcitiesComments: Effectivejobdensitypresentsameasurementofhowmanyjobsareaaccessibletoaspecificlocationusing

eitherpublicorprivatetransport.Thismeasureisusefulforassessingtowhatextentanareahasaccesstoadiverserangeofjobopportunities,andcouldbeusedtoidentifyareassuitable/unsuitableforintensificationwithorwithouttransportationimprovementsortobeimplemented.

EmploymentMeasure1:StMarysJobRatio

Description: 1:1residentstoworkersproposedaspartoftheSREPaffectingStMarys.ValidityofthismeasuretoincreaseselfcontainmentrateswasconsideredbySGSinourreport.Problemsidentifiedinclude:

• Scale–thesmallerthescale,thelessoftheeconomicsystemincludedandthelowertheselfcontainmentrate

• Existingresidentstojobsrateislower(morelike0.6:1)andselfcontainmentevenlower(35%inPenrith,27%inBlacktown)

• Landuses(primarilyresidential)andlocationofemploymentlands0.4:1wasfoundtobemorefeasibleinthiscase

Relevancetooutcome:

Low

Dataoutput: Ratio–easytounderstandandapplyDatainput(s): Needtoknowthenumberofresidentsandworkersinaspecifiedareaforratio.Needtoknowworkersinan

areareside(BTSTraveldata)forselfcontainmentrate.RelevantScale: Precinct,LGA,SubregionandMetropolitan(scalable)Location&Source: SGSEconomicsandPlanning–RevisedStMarysEIShereComments: Therangeofuncontrolledregional/nationalfactorsatplayhavelimitedtheusefulnessofthismeasure.EmploymentMeasure2:Supplyofemploymentlands

Description: Thesupplyofemploymentlands(industrial,officeandbusiness)canbeusedtodetermineifthereissufficientlandtoaccommodateemploymentusesandmaintaincurrentlevelsoflocalemployment.CouldalsodeterminehowmanyjobsthehectaresofzonedlandappliedbydeterminingtheGFApermittedundercontrols(heightsandFSR)andastandardratioofjobstofloorspace.

Relevancetooutcome:

High

Dataoutput: AreaoflandDatainput(s): Sizeoflandzonedindustrialandbusinesszones,sizeofareasproposedtoberezoned.Shouldbeavailable

foreachcouncil.ELDPhasindustriallandsummarisedbyprecinctinhectares.RelevantScale: PrecinctorLGA(couldbeusedforsubregionormetropolitanlevel–datacollationmaybemoredifficult

thanLGA.ELDPprovidesindustriallanddataforzonedindustrialprecincts)Location&Source: InternaldiscussionsComments: Useful–ifbackgroundstrategicplanningestablishescapacityandidentifiesstrategicpriorities.


EmploymentMeasure3:Localoccupationofnewjobs

Description: Establisha%ofnewjobstobetakenupbylocalresidents.HasbeenusedinKingsCrossredevelopmentinLondonin2004(targetof15%ofjobsby2012).OthermeasuresgenerallyadoptedincludeXamountoffloorspaceforemploymentuses(e.g.45,000sqmforretail)

Relevancetooutcome:

Low

Dataoutput: UnitofmeasureandeaseofinterpretationDatainput(s): Availability&quality/costofnecessarydatainputsRelevantScale: PrecinctLocation&Source: KingsCross,London.ReviewedaspartofSGSworkforCoSComments: Unclearwhetherlocalemploymentfactorscaninfluencetheoutcometoanygreatdegree.

2.11 Utilitiesandstormwater

OutcomesNewdevelopmentcanincreasetherunoffandimpactdownstreamwaterquantityandqualitywherethereareincreasedimpervioussurfaces,fillingorgrounddisturbance/erosion.Theoverallgoalshouldbetoensurethatintensificationdoesnotgiverise(orexacerbate)floodingorpollution.Thisgoalisimplicitincouncilandstateenvironmentaldesignandengineeringstandardsrequiredfornewdevelopment.Howeverthereareopportunitiestopromotebestpracticeperformanceinwatersensitiveurbandesign.ExistingapproachesincludeWaterSensitiveUrbanDesigngeneralcodeandcatchmentmanagementprinciples.Thesemeasurescanbeappliedatasite,precinctorcatchmentscale.

ExistingbestpracticemeasuresUtilitiesMeasure2:Watersensitiveurbandesigngeneralcode

Description: AdoptionofwatersensitiveurbandesignguidelinesRelevancetooutcome:

Medium

Dataoutput: Qualitative,multiplefactors.Maybequalitative(e.g.reducepollutants)ormorequantitativeanddetailed(e.g.reducepollutantXbyY)

Datainput(s): Variousanddetailed–developmentdesign,currentfloodwayandoverlandflow,stormwaterengineeringetc.

RelevantScale: Precinct/LGA/Subregion/MetropolitanLocation&Source: ACTComments: http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/ni/2008-27/copy/56032/pdf/2008-27.pdf

http://www.environment.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/621568/Water-Sensitive-Urban-Design_ACCESS.pdfhttp://www.landcom.com.au/downloads/uploaded/wsud_book3_casestudies_0409_3da4.pdf


UtilitiesMeasure3:Catchmentmanagementprinciples

Description: Upstreamcatchmentmanagementprinciplesparticularlyimportanttoimprovewaterquality,reducerunoffandfloodingincidences.

Relevancetooutcome:

Medium

Dataoutput: UnitofmeasureandeaseofinterpretationDatainput(s): Availability&quality/costofnecessarydatainputsRelevantScale: Precinct/LGA/Subregion/MetropolitanLocation&Source: e.g.Auckland(referRef)Comments:


3 BENCHMARKS

3.1 Overviewofpotentialbenchmarksandindicators

Thedevelopmentofpracticalliveabilitybenchmarksandindicatorsisdependentonthecriteriachosentomonitor,andtheeffectiveabilitytomonitorthesebenchmarks.Thecriteriainclude:− Effectiveness:Doestheindicatorprovideanaccuratemeasureofachievementofdesiredoutcomes?− Efficiency:Howeasyisittomeasureandwhatmightbethecostofmeasurement(dataavailability)?− Interpretationforaction:Doesthemeasurementallowreadyinterpretationasevidenceforaction,

includinginfrastructureprovision?Thisprocesswouldidentifythosethemesforwhich:− therearepracticalquantitativemeasurescurrentlyavailable–orcouldbereadilydeveloped− whereothertypesofqualitativeperformancemeasures(e.g.comparativecasestudies/needs

assessments)aremoreappropriatetodeterminewhetheranamenityoutcomeismetTherangeofpotentialbenchmarksbelowwereconsideredbyanSSROCworkinggrouppriortotesting.

3.2 Implementation

Theaimofthebenchmarkingprocessistosetappropriateambitiouspolicytargetsinlinewithbestpractice.Projectsshouldbeheldtothesetargetsunlesstheyareabletodemonstratethroughproofofanalysisthereasonswhythetargetsareunachievable.


3.3 Benchmarks


Districtopenspaceandrecreation Nonetlossintheareaofavailableactiverecreationalspace(includingplayingfields)intheSouthandCentralDistricts

Existinglevelsofplayingfieldprovisionandusagerepresenttheminimumbenchmarkduetocounciladvicethatusageisalreadyatcapacityacrossthedistrict.

Areaandnumberofplayingfieldsavailableinthedistrict(bysport)(annually)

Increasedavailabilityandutilisationofplayingfieldassets;− uptotheutilisation

maximuminhoursofusefornaturalgrasssurfaces

− withtheprovisionofsuitablelightingandmaintenance

− assetusagemeteredtospreadthepeakdemand

Existinglevelsofavailabilityandprogrammedusagerepresenttheminimumbenchmark.Existinglevelofavailableplayingfieldhoursforeachplayerforeachsportrepresentstheminimumbenchmark

Numberofdaysfieldsclosed/unavailableforuse(annually).Availableplayingfieldhourspersportperparticipant

Increasedrangeofactiverecreationalopportunities

Tobedeterminedbasedonaneedsassessmentofexistingandnewresidents


Housingaffordability Increaseinsupplyofaffordablerentalaccommodationforlowincomehouseholds

30percentofrenewalstocktobeaffordablerentalhousing.12

Affordablehousingtomakeupanincreaseshareoftotaldwellingstock.

Accesstocentresandemployment Increaseinaverageaccessibilitytodistrictcentresandemployment

AveragedprivateANDpublictraveltimestodistrictcentrenottoexceed30minutesfromnewrenewalprojectsites

ProjectcatchmentstobedeterminedbyTraveltimematricesonJourneytoWorkandsocialtripspatterns

Localcentresocialinfrastructuretobeaccessiblewithin20minutesofactivetransportmodestocreatea’20minutecity’urbantopography.13

Averagetraveltimetokeycommunityinfrastructurenottoexceed20minutesbyactivetransportmodes


Parking Assessmentofcurrentparkingprovisionacrossadistrict

Abaselineassessmentofcurrentparkingdemandandsupplyandthefinancialmodeloftheparkingitem

Documentationofthelocationandquantityofpublicparkinganditsmanagementandmaintenanceregime(annualreview)inaTransportManagementandAccessibilityPlan(TMAP)

Justifiedadditionstoparkingsupply.Supplythatdoesnotgenerateunnecessarytraveldemand,yetprovidesasufficientlevelofparkingtosupportthefunctionsofthelocation

Provisionofadequateandjustifiedparkingsupplyinlinewithforecastdemandfromrenewalproject

ProvisionofparkinginaccordancewiththeTMAPstandards.

12Provisionofaffordablehousingshouldnotcreateconcentrationsofaffordablesocialhousingoraffordableadditionalneedshousingtolevelswhereitcreatesnegativesocialenvironments.

13This’20minuteCity’modelwouldincludetheambitionofincreasedaccessibilitytodistrictcentresandemploymentoftripsnolongerthan20minutes(averageofbothcarandpublictransportmodes)

Parkingbenchmarksareimpracticalduetothevastrangeofparkingneeds

andareaddressedvialocalgovernmentcodesandcontrols.



Schoolsandothereducationfacilities Provisionoflocalprimaryschools(andclassroomspace)tomeetdemand(andexpectations)createdbypopulationgrowthandchangingdemographicsatthelocallevel.14

Achievingthenominalprovisionrates(e.g.ratiosofpopulationperschool)butalsoconsiderationof:− Localaccessibility–local

schoolcatchmentstoadheretothe‘20minutecity’model

− Needsbasedassessmentreferringtoexistingandnewpopulationexpectations


Optimiseefficiencyofuseandmaintenancestructureforschoolinfrastructure(betweenschools).

Usabilityandavailabilityofopportunitiesforshareduseofexternalfacilitiesforconfinedschools(e.g.openspace,planningfields,halls,libraries/resourcecentres)


Hospitalsandotherhealthfacilities Provisionofhospitalbedsandotherhealthfacilitiestomeetdemandcreatedbypopulationgrowthandchange.15

Theavailabilityofsuitablyzonedandservicedspaceforsupportinghealthfacilities/enterprisesassociatedwithmajorhospitalsandhealthcentres


Loweraveragetraveltimestokeyhealthfacilitiesbypublictransportandwalking

Improvedaccessibilityofkeyhealthfacilitiesbypublictransportandwalkingtothestandardsofthe’20minutecity’



Responsetoaneedsbasedassessmentfortypesofcommunityandculturalfacilitiestargetingnewandexistingresidents(withreferencetoavailablecapacity)

Improvingexistingratiosofpopulationpercommunityand/orculturalfacilityforthosefacilitiesatcapacity


Improvingpopulationaccesstocommunityfacilities–usingthe‘20minutecity’modelandtransitconnectivityasameasureforaccessibilityofcommunityandculturalfacilitiesThosecouncilswhoprovidepublicchildcareplacesseektoprovide1spaceforbetweenevery2-7childrenaged1-5yo.

Ensuringaccesstothefullrangeofcommunityfacilitieswithin20minutesbypublictransport(the’20minutecity’model)


Precinctsustainability Environmentalcoststobeminimisedandtheenvironmentalperformanceofaprecincttobeimprovedoverallasaresultofnewdevelopmentandgrowth.

Establishprecinctspecificenvironmentaltargetsforenergy,CO2,water,runoff(WSUD),waste,localaccess,heatstressandbiodiversity

Applymostrelevantprecinctsustainabilitymeasurementinstrument(i.e.PRECINX,GreenStar),shadedpublicspaces

14Independentschoolsandotherprivateinfrastructureareconsideredtooperateoutsideofbenchmarkingoutcomes15Accesstolocalcommercialfloorspace(forsupportivecommercialandlocaldispersedactivities)isneededforthesupportofprimaryhealthservices


4 PROOFOFCONCEPTTESTING

4.1 Testingbenchmarksinanintensificationarea

Thischapterdemonstrateshowthebenchmarksdiscussedintheprecedingchaptermightbeappliedtoanactualplace,inthiscase,ahypotheticalregenerationprecinctcalledGreen‘Circle’UrbanRenewalarea.AlthoughinputsusedhavebeentakenfromGreenSquare,thisisa‘theoretical’proofofconcepttestinthatitwasnotpossibletogatheraccuratedatagiventhelimitedscopeofthisassignment.An‘actual’proofofconcepttestingwouldrequiretheverificationofdatawhichisbeyondthescopeofthiswork.WehaveestimatedthelikelyperformanceofGreen‘Circle’againsteachindicatorand,intheprocess,hypothesisedabouttheusefulnessofeachindicatorbasedonthefollowingconsiderations:− Effectiveness:Doestheindicatorprovideanaccuratemeasureofachievementofdesiredoutcomes?− Efficiency:Howeasyisittomeasureandwhatmightbethecostofmeasurement(dataavailability)?− Interpretationforaction:Doesthemeasurementallowreadyinterpretationasevidenceforaction,

includinginfrastructureprovision?ThenextsectionoutlinessomeofthekeycharacteristicsforGreen‘Circle’.Thefinalsectionisthetheoreticalproofofconceptapplicationofthebenchmarksandindicators.

4.2 Green‘Circle’UrbanrenewalArea

Green‘Circle’UrbanrenewalAreafallswithintheCityofSydneyLocalGovernmentArea(LGA)boundary.TheCityofSydneyidentifysignificantgrowthinpopulationandemploymentforthewiderGreen‘Circle’areaforecastingpopulationtoreach61,000residentsandemploymenttoreach21,000jobs.Themajorityofthisgrowthtooccurpost2030whichisthescheduledcompletiondateformajordevelopmentoftheprecinct.Intheshorttomediumterm,theBTSidentifymodestgrowthinpopulationandemploymentouttothemid-2030s;anadditional7,200and8,400respectively.

TABLE 1 : PROJECTEDGROWTHAT GREEN ‘C IRCLE ’ (TOTAL FORTHE3 X TZS THATARE SHOWNBELOW)

Year 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036 2041

Growth

(2011–2036)

Population 1,507 4,170 6,404 8,109 8,585 8,796 9,011 7,289

Employment 4,734 8,679 10,599 12,161 12,934 13,123 13,337 8,389

Workforce 963 2482 3,899 5,113 5,491 5,568 5,649 4,605BTS2015,September2014release

A2014SGSEconomicsandPlanningreportreferenceapopulationprofileacrossthewholeCityofSydneyLGA(sourcedfromid.–thepopulationexperts2013),whichoutlinesthefollowingkeyfindingsfortheperiod2011to2036;


− a44percentincreaseinthenumberofinfantsandpre-schoolers(0to4years)− a49percentincreaseinthenumberofprimaryschoolagedchildren(5to11years)− a40percentincreaseinthenumberofempty-nestersandretires(60to69years)− a55percentincreaseinthenumberofseniors(70to84years)DuetotheintendeddensityandproposedbuiltformoftheGreen‘Circle’studyarea,therelianceofapartment/unitandtownhouselivingtheoccupancyofnewresidentsislikelytobeyoungfamiliesandyoungprofessionalswithaneyetostartafamilywhichfollowstheprojectioncurveasnotedforthewholeLGA.Thegrowthinemploymentislikelytobeprimarilymadeupofofficeandretailjobs,includingserviceofficeindustries(accounting,localbankingandlegalservices),aswellasmoresignificantfloorplateofficeformediumtolargefirmswithtiestotheairportandfreightandlogistics.

F IGURE2 : TRAVEL ZONES THATCOMPRISE THE GREEN ‘C IRCLE ’ RENEWALAREA

BTS2015


4.3 Proofofconcepttesting(theoretical)

Theme Indicator/s Estimatedscore(Green‘Circle’) Effectiveness,efficiency,interpretation

Districtopenspaceandrecreation Areaandnumberofplayingfieldsavailableinthedistrict(bysport)(annually)

3–HighperformanceProximitytobothnaturalsurfacedistrictpublicovalsandfieldsanddistrictpublichardsurfacedcourtsfromCentennialParklands(includingMoorePark),SydneyPark,RedfernPark,WaterlooOval,ErskinevilleOval.Provisionofspaceformixedactivities.

EffectiveMeasurementofthesupplyofopenspaceonanannualbasisisrelativelystraightforwardusingGIStechniques.Requiresmaintenanceofanopenspacedata‘layer’whichwouldmostlikelymemaintainedbyCouncil.

Numberofdaysfieldsclosed/unavailableforuse(annually).

1–LowperformanceHighprovisionandproximityhowevertheserecreationalandopenspacesare(estimatedtobe)highlyutilised

SatisfactoryGapassessmentofdemand(indays)againstappropriatesupply(includingclosuredaysformaintenanceandupkeep).Understandingofcurrentusageandmanagementofspacesisrequired.Aconsolidatedlistwouldneedbecreatedandmostlikelybemaintainedbycouncil.


- Developedandmaintainedbycouncils,andreviewedbySSROCfordistrictandregionalcoherence.

Housingaffordability Affordablehousingtomakeupanincreaseshareoftotaldwellingstock.

0–FailedperformanceCoS’saffordablehousinglevyinGreen‘Circle’hasseenmorethan100affordablerentalhousingunitsbuiltthere.Basedonthefigurescitedabovethetotalincreaseisnewdwellingsbetween2011and2016willbeabout1,200.Theaffordablerentalproportionisthereforearound8%.Green‘Circle’hasnotreachedthisbenchmarkof30percent.

EffectiveThisbenchmarkisrelativelyeasytomonitorforGreen‘Circle’intermsofnewaffordablerentaldwellingsduetoestablishedmonitoringsystemsfortheAHlevy.MeasurementofaffordablerentalhousingintheSSROCregionmightrequireadditionaldata:theexistingsupplyofpublichousingstock;andmonitoringofexisting‘marketaffordable’housing,thatis,markethousingthatisavailableforrentforlessthan30%ofthemedianincome.



Accesstocentresandemployment

Districtcentresandemployment–ProjectcatchmentstobedeterminedbyTraveltimematricesonJourneytoWorkandsocialtripspatterns

3–HighperformanceTheaveragetraveltime(carandPT)fromtheGreen‘Circle’renewalareatotheCBDortheAirport(aSpecialisedCentre)islikelytobelessthan30minutes.CertainlyPTaccessviarailtothesecentreswouldbeconsiderablylessthan30minutes.TheGreen‘Circle’renewalareaislikelytoperformwellonthismetricasthemajorityofnewhousingwillbenearthestationandwalkdistancestothestationwillbeshortbyvirtueofthepermeablestreetnetworkproposedintheTownCentrearea.

EffectiveTomeasureperformanceagainsttheseindicatorsrequiredidentificationofthoseareaswithina30minutesaverage(PTandcar)traveltimeofdistrictcentres.Thiswouldrequiretraveltimemodelling,andacalculationofcompositetraveltimes.ThemodellingmightneedtobeupdatedinresponsetochangesinthelevelsofserviceofferedbyPTprovidersand/orchangestotrafficflows,congestion,and/orroadswidening.Opportunityforabaselinedataset/maplayertobecreatedtoidentifyhowpotentialrenewalsitesrankagainstthisindicatorthroughengagementwithprivatesectororthroughDepartmentalassistance.However,itwouldbeunrealistictoassumelocalcouncilswouldhavetheresourcingandskillsinternallytodothistaskofsettingupabaselinedatasetandmaintaining/updatingit.Basedatalayeroftypesandlocationsofexistingsocialinfrastructurewouldalsoincreasetheeasetowhichthisindicatorisassessed.Councilscouldbuildlocalprovisionmapforthispurpose.

Localcentresocialinfrastructure–ProjectcatchmentstobedeterminedbyTraveltimematricesonsocialtripspatternsandnetworkanalysis

2–MediumperformanceTheproposedTownCentreupgradeswillseetheprovisionofwalkableaccesstolocalsocialinfrastructure(whichwillraisethisperformancetoa3–Highperformance).Howeverthecurrentprovisionwithinawalkablecatchmentisrelativelylow–publicandprivatetravelmodesdoprovideacceptabletraveltimestosurroundingexistingservices.

Schoolsandothereducationfacilities


2–MediumperformanceNumerousPrimarySchoolswithinidentifiedcatchments.Theseschoolshoweverarelikelytobeatorapproachingcapacity.ShorttermdemandasidentifiedbytheBTS(outto2036)wouldlikelybeaccommodatedwithinexistinginfrastructure,howeverthehighgrowthpost2036wouldrequirefurtherprovisionofschoolsSecondaryschoolsfaceasimilarpositionintermsgrowthindemand.However,hasalowerperformanceagainstexistingprovisionofinfrastructureandaccessibilitytothisinfrastructure.

SatisfactoryRelativelystraightforwardtomeasureatthebroaderscale(firstbenchmark).Theinterpretationoftheseresultsisslightlymurkywhenconsideringthe20minutescitymodelasitraisestwosolutions:istheobjectivethatweonlywantrenewalinareasthatarewithin20mincatchment?ORbuildmoreschoolssoeverywhereiswithin20mincatchment?


1–LowperformanceDuetothe(estimated)littlecapacityinexistingschools,itisunlikelythatthisinitiativewouldsucceed.Existingschoolinfrastructurewouldbe

IneffectiveThiswouldmostlikelybeveryhardtoassesswithexistingdataandwouldrequirecollectionofnewdata.Asaresultitislikelytobe



unlikelytotakeontheadditionalusageandremainuptostandard.

timeconsumingandexpensivetomonitorthisindicatorinareliableway.

Hospitalsandotherhealthfacilities


2–MediumperformanceQuestionofcapacityofhospitalsinthebroaderSubregion:RoyalPrinceAlfredatCamperdown,PrinceofWalesatRandwick,orevenRoyalNorthShore.Istherecapacity?Probably.

SatisfactoryThereisalevelofdifficultyinmeasuring‘otherhealthfacilities’asthesedispersedactivitiescanmovelocationswithease.Anybaselinedatawouldneedtobemonitoredandupdatedregularly–mostlikelybyCouncil.Wouldrelyonthedevelopmentofthebaselinetraveltimeworking.


2–MediumperformanceGoodinGreen‘Circle’-Oratleastbetterthanitwasbeforetherenewaloftheareaanditwasalargelyindustrialprecinct.

EffectiveRequiresidentificationofhealthfacilitiesandoftheareaswithinthe20minutePTorwalkingcatchmentofeach.



- Developedandmaintainedbycouncils,andreviewedbySSROCfordistrictandregionalcoherence.


1–LowperformanceGoodinGreen‘Circle’?Oratleastbetterthanitwasbeforetherenewaloftheareaanditwasalargelyindustrialprecinct.

EffectiveRequiresidentificationofhealthfacilitiesandoftheareaswithinthe20minutePTorwalkingcatchmentofeach.

BaselinecollectionsizeprovisionismaintainedasaminimumcollectionsizeProvisionofseatingandstudyspaceataminimumsetbypopulationbenchmark

2–MediumperformanceInthelongterm,theTownCentrewillhavea“newcreativecentre,library,childcarecentre,parks,andpublicart.”Conceivable,whenthelibraryisbuilt,therateofprovisionofbooksandseatswillbemuchbetterthanitiscurrently.

IneffectiveInthecaseofmajorsocial/communityinfrastructurewhichmightbeprovidedatalaterdateinresponsestogrowthsoit’sperhapsunreasonabletoexpectitto‘keeppace’withgrowthonanannualbasis.Thistypeofbenchmarkingisperhapsnotveryeffectiveatmonitoringtheimpactofgrowthintheshortterm.

Precinctsustainability Applymostrelevantprecinctsustainabilitymeasurementinstrument(i.e.PRECINX,GreenStar),shadedpublicspaces

2–MediumperformanceVariousESDmeasures–andinparticularWSUD–werefeaturesoftheplanningforGreen‘Circle’.SomeESDfeaturesareevidentintheVictoriaParkprecinct.Othermeasuresuchastri-generation,theuseofSolarPVandwatersaving/harvestingarementionintheInfrastructureStrategy.(Theextenttowhichthesehavebeenimplementedisunclear.)Itislikely

EffectiveRelativeeaseinaccessandunderstandingofdatafornewdevelopment,meansthatthisindicatorcanbeassessedbyCouncils.



thatGreen‘Circle’isperformingbetterthanmanyrenewalareaswithrespectprecinctsustainability.

Localemploymentandeconomicdevelopment

Developmentofabaselineofroleandfunctionforemploymentlandsatalocal,regionalandmetropolitanlevel(Employmentlandsstudyorsimilar).

2–MediumperformanceThereislikelytohavebeenalossinemploymentlandinGreen‘Circle’asitwasanemploymentprecinctthathasbeenrezonedformixeduses.However,itmightbearguedthatintensityofemploymentusesintheremainingemploymentlandis(orwillbe)highandthereforethemaybetonetlossofemployment(i.e.jobs)asopposedtononetlossofemploymentland.

IneffectiveRetentionofemploymentlandalonemightbetoosimplisticameasure.Inachangingeconomyitispossibletoretainthesamelevelofemployment–ormore–withlessland.(Itishoweverdifficulttogetregular,uptodatedataonemployment.Itusuallycomesoutevery5years.)

Nodecreaseinemploymentlandsareaordecreaseinemploymentlandsoccupancyratesdue(asdirectaresultofanyrenewaloutcomes)

1–LowperformanceTheshiftfromexistingindustriallandstomixeduse(predominantlyoffice),iscountertotheargumentofpreservationofindustriallandsforfuturepotential.Theoverallutilisationisexpectedtoincreaseduetothehigherjobtofloorspaceratiosofofficeactivities.Howeverthelocalneedsversusregionalandmetropolitanneedsofinnerringindustriallandsmaynothavebeenadequatelyvaluedduringthisrezoning.

SatisfactoryAlthoughtheamountofemploymentlandiseasytobemeasured,theresultsofassessmentagainsttheindicator/measurecanbehardtointerpret.

4.4 Performanceagainstallindicators

Athresholdpointcouldbeagreedforprecinctperformance.However,aAbankofcasehistorieswouldneedtobeunderstoodtomakesenseofaggregatedscoresanddeterminewhetherascoreorindexismeaningful.Ascoreof24/42derivedforGreen‘Circle’ismeaninglessintheabstract.


5 CONCLUSION

5.1 ActiveOpenSpaceandRecreation

Itisnecessarytodeterminethelevelofutilisationofplayingfieldsandtheavailabilityofanycapacityforexistingusespriortoapplyingthebenchmark.Onceatcapacity,theoutcomesoughtisnonetlossofavailableplayingfieldhours(perparticipant)foreachsport.Thismaybeachievedbyinvestinginimprovingtheamountofhoursinthedaythefacilityisabletobeused,orreducingthetime/rangeofconditioninwhichfacilityisunavailable(i.e.maintenance,lightingresurfacing,improvedscheduling).UltimatelynewfacilitieswillberequiredtoachievethebenchmarkonceoptionsformoreefficientuseareexhaustedThispointwouldreachedbasedonajudgementofthepointatwhichasignificantproportionofusersturnawayfromtheactivityinthedistrict.Onceinvestmentinnewfacilitiesisrequired,theassumptionshouldnotbethatthesamerangeofrecreationalfacilitiesshouldbeprovided.Arecreationneedsassessmentshouldinformthemixofnewfacilitiesrecognisingtheinterestsofnewandexistingresidents.

5.2 HousingAffordability

Thebenchmarkistoachieveanetincreaseinthestockofaffordablehousingineachdistrictrelativetothetotalstock.Thiswouldbeachievedbyrequiring30percentofrenewalstocktobeavailableinthemarketasaffordablehousing(includingbothsocialandaffordablerentalhousing).Giventherateofprovisioninotherlocationswhereaspecificaffordablehousinglevyhasbeenappliedisbelow10percentofthetotalhousingstock(e.g.GreenSquareandPyrmont/Ultimo)thisrequirementof30percentisunlikelytobeachieved.

5.3 Accesstocentresandemployment

Thebenchmarksoughtisanimprovementintheaccessibilityofhousinginthedistricttostrategiccentresandlocalcentresinthefaceofurbanintensification.Theindicatorismaintaintheaveragetraveltimeperpersontounder30minutes(byallmodes)tonominatedstrategiccentresservingthedistrict.Forlocalcentresthebenchmarkis20minutes.Measurementofindicatorsrequiresaccesstoanddetailedanalysisofjourneytoworkdata.Thiswouldbealagindicator.Whilethemeasureisplausibleitrequiresdetailedtechnicalanalysisofinformationthatmaybe2-5yearsold.Changesintheindicatorwouldbeverygradualevenwiththeintroductionofmajornewinfrastructureorserviceimprovements.Theindicatorwouldbeconfoundedbyfactorsinfluencingtheextenttowhichlocalresidentschoosetovisitandworkindistrictcentres.Thecomplexityanddifficultyininterpretationofresultssuggestthatthisinformationwouldbemoreusefulinmajorregionallanduseandtransportplanningstrategiesratherthaninresponsetolocalurbanintensification.


5.4 Parking

ThemostpracticalbenchmarkwouldbewhethernewtrafficgeneratingdevelopmentrespondswithbothminimumandmaximumoffstreetparkingrequirementsthatrespondtothelevelofaccessibilityandthelocalobjectivesofaTransportManagementandAccessibilityPlan(TMAP).Settinganabsolutebenchmarkandensuingindicatorsforparkingwouldnotrecogniselocalconditionsandmayperpetuateconditionsthatgeneratetrafficespeciallyinareasthatareaccessiblebypublictransport.Thereisalsothepotentialfornegativefeedbackintohousingcostsduetothepotentialforoverprovisionofparkingandtheassociateddevelopmentcosts.

5.5 SchoolsandOtherEducationFacilities

Theachievementofnominalschoolprovisionrateswithoutalocalcontext,isinsufficientduetotheemergingopportunitiesforhighqualityschoolingonwelldesigned,highlyaccessiblesiteswhichhaveaccesstoqualityopenspace,recreationalandculturalfacilities.Themeasurementofpublicprimaryschoolprovisionrates(perthousandpopulationwithin20minutewalkablecatchments)isonlyastartingpointtogaugepressureonlocalschools.Aqualitativeassessmentoftheadequacyofschoolgrounds,itsaccessibilityandaccesstosupportingfacilitiesisneededtodeterminewhetheraschoolisapproachingcapacity–andwhethertheschoolisscalabletoaccommodategrowth.Wheretheexistingschoolsdonotshowcapacityforgrowth–thennewschoolsitesand/orinnovativeschoolredevelopmentisneeded.Acomparableapproachcanbeappliedforhighschoolsbasedona30minutewalkingandpublictransportcatchment.Themeasurementandanalysisrequiredforthisindicatoriscomplexandwouldbemoreappropriatetoundertakeaspartofanintegrateddistrictinfrastructureplanningexercise.

5.6 HospitalsandHealthfacilities

Themeasurementandanalysisrequiredforthishospitalprovisioniscomplexandshouldbeundertakenaspartofanintegrateddistrictinfrastructureplanningexercise.Themostappropriatedistrictstrategicplanningresponsetoaperceivedneedisanauditoflandsupplyinparallelwithhealthandalliedindustryneedsassessment.Improvingaccessibilitytolocalhealthfacilitiesistheotherelementtothebenchmark.Thisrequirestheprovisionofsuitablefloorspaceinaccessiblecentresforfacilitiessuchasmedicalcentres.Againthisisanexercisebestsuitedtobeundertakenaspartoflocalstrategicplanninginvestigations.

5.7 Communityandculturalfacilities,includingchildcare

Communityfacilitiesprovisionlendsitselftoatailoredinterventionduetothedifferentexpectationsofresidents.Libraries(includingITresourcehubs)andothercommunityfacilitiesforyouth,agedandchildcareareincreasinglybeingofferedinflexiblemulti-usefacilities.Bestpracticeisachievedviaaresponsetoaneedsbasedassessmentsupportedbyas94plan.Childcareservicesarenotofferedbyallcouncils.Councilsrespondbyenablingthemarkettodelivertheseservicesinsuitablelocationsaccordingtotheirdevelopmentcontrolplans.


5.8 Precinctsustainability

Bestpracticeistailoringexistingprecinctsustainabilitymeasurementinstruments(i.e.PRECINX,GreenStar)toachieveenvironmentgoalssetunderadistrictplan.Precinctspecificobjectivesshouldbesettoensurethatthemeasureisrelevanttolocalconditions.

5.9 Localemploymentandeconomicdevelopment

Itisnecessarytodevelopmentofabaselineoftheroleandfunctionforemploymentlandsatalocal,regional/metropolitanlevel(viaanEmploymentlandsstudy).Havingestablishedthelocationandareaofregionallyimportantemploymentlandthereshouldbenolossinsiteareaineachidentifiedprecinct.Forlocallyimportantemploymentlandthereshouldbenonetlossinfloorspaceforemploymentuses–notingthatsomesitesmaybeconvertedtootheruseswhileothersmayintensifyascommercialorhigherdensityindustrialuses.

5.10 Utilitiesandstormwater

Councilsprovideassurancethatappropriatedesignstandardsandenvironmentalmonitoringconditionsareimplementedviatheapprovalandcertificationprocess.Wheremajorfloodinganddrainageissuesareidentifiedtheirresolutionbecomesathresholdissuebeforeredevelopment(e.g.GreenSquare).Theadoptionofwatersensitiveurbandesignprinciplesisbestpractice.


APPENDIX:LITERATUREREVIEW

OpenSpace

TheDepartmentofPlanning’sRecreationandOpenSpacePlanningGuidelinesforLocalGovernment(2010,p27)discussestheuseof‘default’orstandardisedratesofprovisionforopenspace.Thedocumentcautionsagainsttheuseofmetricsexpressedasarequiredareapercapita,asthistendstodiscounttherelativeaccessibilityofopenspacewithintheurbanenvironment.Withthehigherdensitiesoftheinnerurbanareas,provisionofopenspaceisquotedobservedat5%ofurbanresidentialareas(whichisbelowthetraditionallyappliedstandardof2.38ha/1000persons,whichwouldequateto10%),howeverresidentsoftheseareasoftenhavearangedifferenttypesofopenspacesinproximitytothehomes.TheGuidelinesadvocateinsteadfortheprovisionofopenspacebaseduponcatchmentaccesstoavarietyoftypesofopenspace.Whilstitisemphasisedthatalocallyspecificvariationsshouldbedevelopedinordertoappropriatelyaddresscommunityneeds,defaultstandardsderivedfromtheWest-CentralSubregionareprovidedwithinthedocumentandareincludedinTable2andapictorialdepictioninFigure3below.

F IGURE3 : COVERAGEAS A BENCHMARKFOROPENSPACEPROVIS ION


TABLE 2 : DEFAULT STANDARDSOF OPENSPACEPROVIS ION (DEPARTMENTOF PLANNING2010)

Hierarchylevel Size Distancefrommostdwellings

Locallyspecificalternativestomeetingthisstandard

Parks Local 0.5-2ha 400m Civicspaces,plazas,pocketparks,portionofaregionalparkorquarantinedareaofaconservationorlandscapearea

District 2-5ha 2km Beachandriverforeshoreareas,orquarantinedareaofaconservationorlandscapearea

LinearandLinkage

Local Upto1km n/a Localprimaryschools,portionofadistrictpark

District 1-5km n/a Secondaryschools,portionofaregionalpark

Outdoorsport Local 5ha 1km Localprimaryschools,portionofadistrictpark

District 5-10ha 2km Secondaryschools,portionofaregionalpark

Parks Regional 5+ha 5-10km

LinearandLinkage

Regional 5+km 5-10km

OutdoorSport Regional 10+ha 5-10km

Thecatchmentaccessmetricappliesasareasonablemeasureofbothprovisionandaccessibility;howevertherearecertainqualitativefactorsthatfurtherinfluenceaccessibilitytoandeffectiveuseofareasofopenspace,particularlyforsectionsofthecommunitywithdifferingorspecialneeds.ThePremier’sCouncilforActiveLiving(PCAL)(2011)notesthatprovidingsafetyandamenity,suchastheprovisionofappropriatepassivesurveillanceandlightingwithinopenspacesandalongaccessroutes,areimportantconsiderationsinallowingfortheutilisationofspaces.Furthertothis,theSouth-EastQueenslandCouncilofMayors’OpenSpaceandMediumDensityLivingToolkit(2012)indicatesthataccessibilitymaybeimpededbybarrierssuchasmajorroadsorsteepinclines.Differentsectionsofthecommunityarerecognisedtohavedifferentneedsinaccessingandutilisingopenspace.Forexample,areaswithhigherproportionsoffamilieswithyoungchildrenwillrequireadequateprovisionofappropriateplayequipmenttomeettheseneeds(SEQCouncilofMayors2012).AliteraturereviewconductedbyByrneandSipe(2010,p26)aspartofGriffithUniversity’sUrbanResearchProgramfoundcertainelementsofthecommunityhaveahigherneedforaccesstoopenspace,suchasthoseyoungerthan15andolderthan55,thosewithlowincomesandlowereducationlevelsandsingle-parenthouseholds.Arangeofsourcesreviewed(DepartmentofPlanning2010;Byrne&Sipe2010;SEQCouncilofMayors2012)recommendconductingsurveysofresidents’attitudestowards,usageofandbarrierstousageofopenspacesaspartofmeasuringtheeffectiveprovisionofopenspace.Surveysofparkusersorresidentsarewellsuitedtoascertaining(viadirectresponsesfromcommunities)whatspecificallypreventspeoplefromutilisingprovidedpublicspace,forexampleasaresultofalackofpublictransportprovisionwhichmayexcludecertaincommunityelements,orwhatfacilitiesarelackinginprovision


withinastudyarea.Conductingsurveysalsohelpstocontrolforvariationsinneedsacrossheterogeneouscommunities(Byrne&Sipe2010).Asanalternativetothestandardsbasedapproachoutlinedabove,ByrneandSipe(2010)advocateforaneeds-basedassessmentofopenspacedemand.Thisincludesdemographicvariationswithinanareatorefinethemodellingofdemandinopenspacepastthecomparativelysimplisticmeasurementcatchmentcoveragedescribedabove.Theynotethat:

“while considerably more time consuming and resource intensive than a standardsapproach, a needs-based assessment may provide the capability to better estimate theamountofopenspacerequired,thedesignofthatspace,andthefacilitiesandprogramsthat foster recreation within that space. This is especially important for areas wheredensity increases are planned, but where there is little or no opportunity for additionalgreenspace.”

ByrneandSipe(2010,p23)

TheyproposethatsuchananalysiswouldrequiretheuseofaGISplatformandanauditofallparkfacilitieswithinthestudyarea(suchasanLGAoranareatargetedforhigherdensities),alongwithcomprehensivecurrentdemographicdataandprojectedchangestherein.

AffordableHousing

Thereisarangeofdifferentmeasuresofhousingaffordabilitythatcanbeusedtodeterminechangesinaffordabilityovertime.Threepotentialmetricsarepresentedbelowwithsupportinginformationfromrelevantliterature.Agenerallyacceptedmeasurementofhousingaffordabilitylevelswithinanareaisthelevelsofhousingstressexperiencedbythecommunity.TheAustralianHousingandUrbanResearchInstitute(AHURI)providediscussionthroughvariousresearchpapersintotheissue,whereintheyhavenotedthathousingstressisfrequentlybeingmeasuredthrougharatiometric,withthe‘30:40rule’–thosewhospendmorethan30%oftheirincomeonhousingcostsandwhofallinthebottom40%ofincomes–appliedasastandardisedtestforhousingstresswithinAustralia(Gabrieletal2005),havingbeenintroducedthroughtheFederalGovernment’sNationalHousingStrategyin1991-92(O’Flynn2011).InfurtherAHURIresearch,Yatesetal(2007,p4)havefoundthistobebothaconservativeandrobustmethodofmeasurement.TheNSWParliamentaryLibrary’sResearchServicehaspreparedabriefingpaperonhousingaffordabilitywithinNSW(O’Flynn2011)whichdiscussesseveralmethodsofmeasuringaffordability.Assessmentoftheaffordabilityofhousingcanbetakenusingtheresidualincomemethod,whichmeasuresthedisposableincomeofahouseholdandexaminesadequacyandcapacitytomaintainanacceptablestandardoflivingatthatincome.Thismethodholdsadvantageinthewayinwhichitaccountsforthedifferencesinhouseholdstructure(whichinherentlyimpactsuponnon-housingneedsandexpenditurethereon),afactorwhichisdynamicwithincommunitiesexperiencingintensificationandconsolidation,inordertoderivelevelsofhousingstressbaseduponabilitytomeetpost-housingneedsratherthansimplyhousingcost(Yates&Gabriel2006).Thismethodhasdrawbacksinthatitreliesupon“detailedanalysisofbothhousingandnon-housingconsumptionandexpenditurepatterns”(Smith2009),whichimposesamoreonerousrequirementfordatacollection,alongwithhighercomplexityandtimeconsumptioninitsimplementationthanothermethodsofmeasurement(Yates&Gabriel2006).AfurthermeasurementofhousingaffordabilityexploredintheParliamentaryLibrary’sbriefing(O’Flynn2011,p12)isthecomparisonofhousepricestoconsumerpricesorincomes.Theliteraturewidelyrecognisesthattherehasbeenadramaticincreaseinthedisparitybetweenhousepricesandhouseholdincomes,alongwithCPI,withinSydneysincethe1970’s,beingdemonstratedinFigure4below(O’Flynn2011,p12),whichshowsthatby2007medianhousepricesinSydneyhadclimbedtoapproximately$450,000withCPIat100.


F IGURE4 : HOUSEPRICES ANDCPI OVERT IME (O 'FLYNN2011)

Accessibility

ThefederalDepartmentoftheEnvironment’s(2011)StateoftheEnvironmentReport(SoE)identifiesthat“transport-relatedissuesareasignificantfactorintheliveabilityofcities”,andnotestherelevanceofthecurrentstateoftheroadnetwork,trafficcongestion,accesstoanduseofpublictransportinaffectingtheliveabilityofcities.Sydneyisheavilydependentonautomobileuse,with68.6%ofalltripsundertakenbycar(TransportforNSW2012).TherelativeaccessibilityofemploymentbycarcomparedwithheavyrailinSydneyisdisplayedbelowinFigure5.Thereisawidespreadliteratureonthenegativeimpactsofhighlevelsofroadcongestion,withsocialandeconomiccostsbeingaddedtoarangeoffactorsincludingdecreasedproductivity,poorerairqualityandpublichealthandincreasedincidencesoftrafficaccidents(VTPI2013;DepartmentofEnvironment2011;InfrastructureNSW2012,Cosgrove&Gargett2007).Intheirworkingpaper,CosgroveandGargett(2007,p13)estimatedthatthe2005levelcongestioncostswithinSydneywereat$3.5bn,toclimbto$7.8bnby2020ina‘noimprovement’scenario.Theprovisionofpublictransportreducesdependenceuponanddemandforautomobiletravel,andtheneedforroadwayandassociatedspacesuchasparking,freeingtheseareasformoreattractiveorproductiveuses,aswellasreducingenergydemand(DepartmentofEnvironment2011).Intensificationofareaswhichdonothaveadequateaccesstopublictransportwillinvariablyleadtogreaterproportionsofthepopulationbeingautomobiledependant,particularlysoiftheydonothaveaccesstocentresoremploymentwithinwalkingdistance.TherelativeaccessibilityofurbancentresandemploymentcanbederivedbyusingpopulationandemploymentforecastsproducedbytheBureauofTransportStatistics,whicharethenappliedtoatimetravelmatrix.


F IGURE5 : RELATIVE ACCESS IB IL ITY TOEMPLOYMENTBY CARORPUBLIC TRANSPORT(TRANSPORTFORNSW2012)

Parking

Theimpactsofintensificationuponparkingavailability,useandprovisionareinherentlytiedtobroaderaccessibilityconcernswithinalocalarea.

Schoolsandothereducationfacilities

ArangeofbenchmarksarediscussedinAustraliafortheprovisionofprimaryandsecondaryschools.Thedataoutputforbenchmarksprimarilytakestheformofaratioofstudentplacesrequiredforaportionofthepopulation,schoolagedstudents,ordwellingsinanarea,forexample,oneprimaryschoolforevery5,000population.Thereisconsiderablevariabilitybetweendifferentbenchmarksforprimaryandsecondaryschools.Table3summarisesthedifferentmetricsreviewedandhighlightsthedifferencebetweenmeasurementsandoutputs.Thisvariationpreventsmanybenchmarksfrombeingdirectlycomparable.Itisimportanttonotethattherequirementsforeducationinfrastructurevarybetweeninfillandgreenfieldareas.Thisisdemonstratedinthetablebelowwhencomparingthenumberofdwellingsrequiredforschoolsininfillandgreenfielddevelopments.


TABLE 3 . QUANTITATIVE BENCHMARKSFOREDUCATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Project/program Greenfield/infill Primaryschool Secondaryschool Benchmark

VictorianGrowthAreasAuthorityGuidetoSocialInfrastructurePlanning

Greenfield 1:10,000 1:10,000-30,000 Totalpopulation

GreenCircleSocialInfrastructureProvision

Infill 1:500 1:1,200 Studentpopulation

ACTDesiredStandardsofService

Unknown 1:7,500 1:30,000 Totalpopulation

Fisherman’sBendUrbanRenewalArea

Infill 1:10,000 1:40,000 Dwellings

DepartmentofEducationandCommunitiesAdvisoryNotes

Greenfield 1:2,000-2,500 1:6,000-7,500 Dwellings

QldSocialInfrastructureGuidelinesbenchmarks

Both 1:7,500 1:20,000 Totalpopulation

LeppingtonPrecinctStudyGreenfield 1:2,000 1:6,000 Dwellings

Someconsiderationhasbeengiventothestudentbodysizeofschools.Forinstance,theFishersBendUrbanRenewalAreainVictoriaassumesaprimaryschoolhascapacityfor450studentswhichahighschoolhasanassumedcapacityof1,100students.Thereislimitedinformationavailableregardingdifferenttypesofschools,forinstancewhenaselective(academic,sports,performanceetc.)schoolorspecialneedsschoolneedstobeprovided.BenchmarksfortheprovisionofCatholicandIndependentschoolsarealsolimited.Thesebenchmarksdonotconsiderthelandarearequiredfornewandexpandingschools.Thebenchmarksizeforanewschoolinagreenfielddevelopmentareais3hectaresforprimaryschoolsand6hectaresforhighschools(thesefiguresincludeopenspacerequirementsforschools,whichmaybemetbyco-locatingwithsportingfieldsforcommunityuses).TheselandareasareunrealisticforthemajorityofareasinSSROCwhicharehighlyurbanisedandhavehighlandvaluesconstraininglandacquisition.TheStateInfrastructureStrategyUpdate(2014)callsfortheintensificationofusesonexistingschoolsitesandlargerschoolsinurbanisedareastominimiselandacquisitioncosts,butdoesnotprovideanindicationofoptimalschoolsize.Somequantitativebenchmarkshavebeenutilisedforpreschooleducation.Thesebenchmarksarebasedonpopulationandrangebetween1preschoolforevery5,000population(aspertheACTDesiredStandardsofService)andoneforevery7,500population(aspertheQueenslandSocialInfrastructurePlanningGuideline).Tertiaryeducationfacilitybenchmarksrequireasignificantlylargerpopulation.OneTAFEcouldbetriggeredforevery150,000-500,000people.Thebenchmarksreviewedindicatedthatauniversitycampusmayberequiredforevery250,000people.

Hospitalsandotherhealthfacilities

ThemajoritySSROCfallsintotwolocalhealthdistrictsbytheNSWDepartmentofHealth,SydneyandSydneySouth-East.BankstownLGAfallsintotheSydneySouthWestLocalHealthDistrict.Thismayseethetypesandratesofserviceprovisiondifferbetweenlocalgovernmentareasindifferentlocalhealthdistricts.Differenthealthprioritiesandprofilesofpopulationmayalsobeidentifiedindifferenthealthdistricts,e.g.therateofsmokingmaydiffer.Thequantitativebenchmarksreviewedsuggestbetweenanadditional2and2.6publichospitalbedsshouldbeprovidedforevery1,000people.Thesebenchmarksareclosetotheaveragenumberofhospitalbedsper1,000peopleinNSW,whichis2.7(AIHW2014).Thebenchmarkof2.7publichospitalbedsforevery1,000isconsideredappropriateifaspecificnumberforthecurrentratioofpublichospitalbedsinSSROCisunknown.


AbenchmarkforthenumberofprivatehospitalbedstobeprovidedhasbeenconsideredbytheCityofGreaterGeelonginthedevelopmentoftheirbenchmarksforsocialinfrastructureprovision(1.7bedsper1,000people).Thisisinexcessofthe1.0bedsper1,000experiencedonaverageinNSW.Aswithpublichospitalbeds,itisconsideredappropriatetoadopttheaveragenumberforNSWifaspecificnumberforthecurrentratioofpublichospitalbedsinSSROCisunknown.Thereisgeneralconsensusamongthequantitativebenchmarksreviewedfortheprovisionofbedsinagedcarefacilities.Thebenchmarksreviewedsuggest88bedsper1,000ofthepopulationaged70andabove.ThisfigurehasbeenadoptedasthenationalprovisionstandardforAustraliabythethenDepartmentofHealthandAgingin2011.ThesocialinfrastructurebenchmarkspreparedbytheCityofGreaterGeelongsuggestthat40ofthesebedsareprovidedinhighcarefacilitiesandtheremaining48areprovidedinlowcarefacilities.TwobenchmarksconsideredthepopulationtriggerfortheprovisionofanewGP,howeverthebenchmarkschosenaresignificantlydifferent(1.48per1,000and1per4,000).IfanumericalbenchmarkisrequiredfortheprovisionofGPservices,itisrecommendedthatresearchbeconductedbySSROCtodeterminethecurrentratioofGPsopopulationinareaswheretheserviceisconsideredadequate.ItshouldbenotedthatdemandforhealthinfrastructureislikelytoincreaseasAustralia’spopulationages.Whilenotdirectlyrelatedtohealthinfrastructure,theimportanceofhealthybuiltenvironmentsshouldnotbeunderestimated.Healthybuiltenvironmentsprovideforphysicalactivity(inparticularactivetransport),encouragesocialinteraction,haveimprovedperceptionsofsafetyandingeneralpromoteimprovedhealthandwellbeing.Healthybuiltenvironmentscanassistinthepreventionofhealthproblemsandinparticularchroniclifestylerelatedillness.Thedevelopmentandencouragementofhealthybuildenvironmentscanassistinreducingdemandforhealthinfrastructureandcontributetotheliveabilityandamenityaprecinct.

Communityandculturalfacilitiesincludingchildcare

Communityandculturalfacilitiescoverabroadrangeofsocialinfrastructureitemsincluding:− Communitycentres− Libraries− Youthfacilities− Artgalleries− Museums− PerformingArtsCentre− SeniorsCentre− Childcarecentre(includinglongdaycare,familydaycare,occasionalcare)− PublicartIthasbeennotedthattheprovisionofcommunityinfrastructureinurbanrenewalareasisnotasstraightforwardasingreenfielddevelopmentsassomeserviceprovisionofvaryingqualitiesalreadyexists(Weston,2014).Furthermore,manycommunityinfrastructurebenchmarksrelatespecificallytogreenfieldareas,whichhaveadifferentdemographicandattractdifferentpopulationstoinfillareasandthereforemaynotbedirectlyapplicable(Weston,2014)


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ContactusCANBERRALevel6,[email protected]

HOBARTUnit2,5KingStreetBelleriveTAS7018+61(0)[email protected]

MELBOURNELevel5,[email protected]

SYDNEY209/[email protected]

ssroc liveability benchmark report

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