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Prepared by:

State Council of EducationalResearch and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala.Website www.scertkerala.gov.ine-mail [email protected]

Government of Kerala Department of Education 2009

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GLOBESANDMAPSGLOBESANDMAPS

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Standard - EightSocial Science

112

The students of Government Moyans

Model Girls Higher Secondary School,

Palakkad walked through the roads in

the nearby surroundings with their

teacher and made an outline map of the

area. Their aim was to learn how the

geographical features of a particular

area could be represented on a sheet ofpaper.

They selected a road which was almost

straight. Observe how they have

marked the houses and establish-ments

on both sides of the road in the outline

map.

Which are the establishments marked

in the outline map?

In which direction of the school can

you find the homeo clinic?

Find out the directions with a magnetic

compass while you are walking

through the road and note them down

in the outline map you are preparing.

Also show the direction when you mark

the buildings, water pipes etc. using a

magnetic compass.

Measure the distance by foot as you

proceed through the road. For example,

N

S

EW

Prepare a similar outline map walking

along a road near your school with the

help of your teacher.

Symbols

Tuition Centre

Music School

Homeo ClinicHouse

School

Temple

Arts Society

Water pipe

Hindi School

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Chapter - EightGlobes and Maps

113

you can measure the distance to the

waterpipe in the road by foot. Note

down such details on a piece of paper.

Modify the outline map when youreturn to the classroom. Make use of

your own symbols.

Things to be noted

Buildings on both sides of the

road.

The proportionate size of buildings

and the distance in between.

Other roads

Direction

Display the outline map you have

prepared in the class.

The map prepared by incorporating the

geographical features on both sides of

a road or a path is known as a transit

map. Prepare a transit map of the area in

which your house is located.

Modern Maps

Given below is the map of Ceylon (the

present Srilanka) made in 1650. This

was made on a copper plate. Observethe map. Is the direction marked in it?

Compare the given map with that of

Srilanka in your atlas and mark the

directions in it accordingly.

The widely accepted method is to mark

the North direction on the top of the map.

History of Maps

After the industrial revolution the

European countries established colonies

all over the world. They began their

explorations in search of raw materials

and markets for their industrial

produces. Most of their journeys were

by road and as a result, modern

techniques of map making were

developed. Countries such as Englandand France regarded maps as their

The Map of Ceylon (1650)

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114

secret documents. During the war

period maps were used extensively.

Some international standards become

mandatory as maps began to be madeand used largely. Today, all the maps

have the north direction marked on top

of it. Similary, the symbols and colours

used in the maps have also been

internationally standardized.

Treasure hunt

The Social Science Club of the school

conducted a Treasure Hunt

Programme. Geethu and Gokul were

the members of the first group. The

teacher took them to the pillar near the

northern side of the gate and gave them

hints regarding the treasure hunt. A

tape and magnetic compass also were

given to them. The hints given were as

follows.

45 metres from here to the North, then 40meters to the West; again 40 metres to the

North and 80 mtrs. to the West. Next 150

metres to the South then 120 metres. to the

East and finally 60 metres to the North.

The children who moved accordingly

found the treasure placed under a tree.

Can you prepare the outline map of

the area that Gokul and Geethuwalked around?

You can use any suitable scale such as

1 cm to 10 mtrs. Include the following

details in the outline map already

prepared by you and convert it into an

outline map of the school compound.

Towards north a lab-cum-library

complex of 50 metres long and 6

metres wide.

A school building in the west, 80

metres long and 6 metres wide.

Another school building in the

South, 80 metres long and 6 metres

wide.

An office building in the East 40

metres long and 6 metres wide.

Two urinals-one in the North West

and one in the South West, 7 metres

long and 2 metres wide.

A garden and a flag-post in front

of the office.

A road in front of the school in

the North-South direction.Maps speak

We can get information regarding the

physical as well as man-made features

of an area by reading maps. After all, a

map is a collection of all such

information.

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115

Study the map and answer the following

questions.

How can you identify the

settlements given in the map? Which is the major river flowing

through the given area?

Are there any forests marked in

the map?

How are the agricultural lands

identified?

Let us measure the distance

You might have attempted to use the

ratio of distance between various

objects while preparing a transit map

and the outline map of your school

compound. The actual distance

between two points on the map and its

corresponding distance on the actual

ground exists in a ratio.

The scale of the given toposheet is1: 50,000. One unit in the map is

equivalent to 50,000 units on the actual

ground. For example, one centimetre in

the map represents an actual distance

of 50,000 centimetres or half a

kilometre. Apart from 1:50000 scale,

toposheets with 1:25000, 1 :250000,

1:1000000 scales are also prepared by

Survey of India. Toposheets were made

earlier in the scales 1: 63360 and

1: 12,5000.

Measure the length of the river using a

twine from the map.

................................. cms

Now, find out the actual length of the

river using the scale.

................................. Kms

Toposheet

A toposheet is a map in which the man-

made and natural features of a small

area are represented using suitablesymbols and colours.

The history of toposheets has close links

with military activities. Hence they were

known in England as Ordnance Survey

maps.

The use and possession of toposheets

containing information regarding

strategically important areas such as

administrative offices, atomic power

stations, dam sites and international

boundaries are restricted. They are

prepared after conducting elaborate

surveys. In India this work is carried

over by the Survey of India'. The

headquarters of Survey of India is in

Dehradun, the capital of Uttar khand.

A portion of a toposheet is given in thenext page. Observe it and fill up the

table given below.

Sheet No.

Scale

Year in which it

was published

Prepare a table of the natural and man

made features given in the map. Youcan make use of the index given in the

next page for filling up the gaps.

Man made Natural

Road River

.......................... ..........................

.......................... ..........................

.......................... ..........................

.......................... ..........................

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116

Toposheet(A Part of Sheet No. B958 )

76 32'E 76 36'E

1045'

1050'

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117

Index

58 B / 9 SECOND EDITION

In toposheets, farmlands are yellow in colour, forests are given

in green colour and water bodies are shown in blue colour.

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118

Details of selected items from the index

Index Colour Objects Represented

Brown

Blue

Black

Green

Green

Red

Red

Red

Red

Yellow

White

Green

BlueBlue

Black

Sandy surfaces andsand dunes

Perennial river

Non-Perennial

river

Dense forest

Open forest

Settlements

MetalledRoads

UnmetalledRoads

Tracks

Agricultural Lands

Fallow Land

Plantations

Perennial wells

Non-Perennial

wells

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119

Let us measure the height

There are three methods by which the

height of an area can be represented.

1. A black spot, along with the

number indicative of the height.

2. The symbol followed by a

number.

3. The letters, BM and the number

which shows the height.

A

These lines represent places of equal

heights above the mean sea-level. These

lines are called contours.

Now, look at the picture given below.

Picture B gives details regarding the

height and extent of the hill shown inPicture A using contours.

What is the maximum height of the

hill?

Find out the highest points in Picture

A and Picture B.

Given below is a method to understand

the shape of an area using contor lines.

100 m 100 m

220 m

B

The intervals of contours are less at

certain places whereas it is more at

some other places. What does this

indicate?

The intervals between contours are less

while representing steep regions and

are more for representing regions with

gentle slope. You would have understood how

toposheets are different from other

maps. Based on your understanding

prepare a note on toposheets.

Atlas

An Atlas is a collection of maps of

regions with different physical and

cultural features. Important rivers, cities,roads, hills, mountains, climate, forests

etc. can be understood from the Atlases.

Observe the atlas in your school. Atlas

maps depict the details of larger regions

in contrary to toposheets.

10 0

12 0

14 0

16 0

18 0

20 0

22 0

Heightinmetres

Contour Interval

10 0

20 0 22 0

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120

Preparations for a study tour

It was decided to conduct a study tour

from the school. Where to go? Students

suggested the names of various places.

The final list after the discussions are

given below.

Mahe Bengaluru

Bhopal Cochin

Chennai Mumbai

Madurai VisakhapatanamGoa

Locate the places with the help of an

atlas.

You may be able to find out the places

given above even without the help of

the index given in the atlas. But an index

is necessary when you have to find out

places which are less familiar to you.

The place index is given in the last

pages of the atlas.

If you want to find out where

Visakhapatanam is, go to the index and

search through the entries starting with

the letter, V (just like in dictionaries).

Some numerical values and alphabetswill also be added to the place names

such as 11 17 42 N 83 18 E.

The numerical value, 11, indicates the

page number in which the map is

given.

17 42N indicates the latitude.

83 18E shows the longitude.

Visakhapattanam can be found in

page number 11 of the atlas, where

the latitude, 17 42N and the

longitude, 83 18E meet.

There are other types of indexes given

in atlases too. Examine the atlas in your

school.

Is the atlas useful to find out the

tourist spots in Kochi? Why?

Can you find out the route from

Kochi to Visakhapatanam and

Chennai from atlas? Why?

Colour maps

Notice the physical map of India given

in the atlas. Different colours are used

to indicate the varying heights of places.

Find out the difference of height with

their corresponding colours given in the

index.

Given below are the names of some

capital cities in India. Find out their

height from the sea-level as given in the

atlas and coplete the table.

City Height in Meters

Thiruvananthapuram Between- -mtrs and- mtrs

BengaluruBhopal

Srinagar

Kohima

Which are the cities lying closer to

the sea level?

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121

Which city is located at a maximum

altitude from the sea-level?

Thematic Maps

You have learned about various types

of maps in this unit. For example,

toposheets contain more information

whereas the maps in an atlas focus on

certain particular themes only. Such

maps are known as thematic maps.

Look at the atlas and make a list of

various themes represented in them.

11 Jharkhand 338

12 Karnataka 275

13 Kerala 819

14 Madhya Pradesh 196

15 Maharashtra 314

16 Manipur 107

17 Meghalaya 103

18 Mizoram 42

19 Nagaland 120

20 Orissa 236

21 Punjab 482

22 Rajasthan 165

23 Sikkim 76

24 Tamilnadu 478

25 Tripura 304

26 Uttarkhand 159

27 Uttar Pradesh 689

28 West Bengal 904

Source: Census Highlights: Methodology and

India Coverage - Ashish Bose

Colour the boxes according to the

index given below.

Colour the states according to the

density of population as shown in

the boxes.

Index

Density of Population (Population per

square kilometre).

0 250

251 500

501 750

751 1000

Prepare a thematic map of India by

including the following details in it.

Sl. State Density

No. of

Population

1 Andhra Pradesh 275

2 Arunachal Pradesh 13

3 Assam 3404 Bihar 880

5 Chattisgarh 154

6 Goa 363

7 Gujarat 258

8 Harayana 477

9 Himachal Pradesh 109

10 Jammu & Kashmir 99

Physical

Map

PhysiographyPlaces ofvarying heights,rivers, heightsof mountainpeaks, hills etc.

Map Theme Elaboration

Political

Map

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122

India - Density of population

International boundary

National boundary

State boundary

Pakista

n

NepalBhutan

Bang

ladesh

Bay

ofB

engal

Arabian Sea

Srilanka

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123

Globes and mapsObserve the pictures given below

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124

Are globes and maps used for the

same purpose?

Stretch a thread from Lisbon, thecapital of Portugal, situated at the

western side of Europe on the globe,

to New Delhi.

Find out the names of the countriesthrough which the thread passes.

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125

Stretch a thread between Lisbon and

New Delhi in the world map given

in the Atlas.

Note down the countries through which

the thread passes.

Are the countries identified from the

globe and the map the same? If not,

what may be the reason? Discuss in

the class and make a note.

Compare the globe and map, based

on the hints given below. The difference in the size of the

latitudes from the equator to the

poles.

The difference in shape and

distances between the longitudes.

The size of the continents situated

in the equatorial and polar

regions.

Shapes of the arctic and the

antarctic regions.

The distance between the eastern

end of Russia, and the western end

of North America (Alaska).

Though globes are a replica of our

planet, maps are used more widely thanglobes. Why?

Which is more suitable -the map or

the globe- to find out information

regarding the following?

1. Your Panchayat

2. Taluk

3. State

4. The features of India.

Based on the activities mentioned

above make a comparison

between the globe and the map

and prepare a note. Now you are familiar with different

types of maps. Try to fill up the

following table.

MapLarge Area /Small Area

Transit map

Toposheet

Atlas map

Wall mapPanchayat map

The atlas and wall maps contain only

the important information regarding

large areas and therefore, they are

known as the small scale maps. The

transit maps, toposheets, and panchayat

maps contain all the detailed

information regarding smaller areas.Hence, they are known as large scale

maps.

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126

INDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION

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Chapter - NineIndustrial Revolution

127

You have already studied aboutvarious industries in the previousclasses. Which are the major industriesin your locality? What are the productsbeing manufactured there? How manyworkers are employed there? Whattype of energy is used to run themachines? What are the different

questions that come up in your mindwhen you think of industries?

We all know that even before theinvention of machines men hadproduced the necessary things requiredfor their living. There were many socialclasses in our country with their owncrafts and craftsmanship. For example,the blacksmith's work is a traditionalskill handed down throughgenerations. In olden days, only skilledlabourers worked as blacksmiths. Butgradually such jobs came to be donewith the help of machines. With theadvent of machines, the manufacture ofthings using iron has attained the statusof a large scale industry.

Many handicraft products are nowmanufactured in large factories. Find

out examples of such items andmake a list of them.

Agricultural tools.

Home appliances.

We will be discussing the origin oflarge scale industries in this unit.

Advent of Large scale Industries

During the 18th century, inventions inthe field of science and technologyhappened in and around Europe. Mostof these inventions were made use of

in industries. This increased the rate ofproduction. The resultant changes in thesociety are now known as IndustrialRevolution. Large scale industriesemerged all over Europe as a result ofthe industrial revolution.

As the mode of production changedfrom manual labour to mechanicalproduction, the factories began to becentres of large scale manufacturing

and industrial towns sprang up aroundsuch factories.

Let us examine the circumstances whichultimately led to the industrialrevolution.

Growth of Trade

European countries had traderelationships with many foreigncountries such as India. We havealready learned how the English EastIndia Company was formed and whattactics they used to earn great profit.

European countries had trade relationswith many other foreign countries

besides India.

England dominated the field of foreign

trade when compared to other

European countries.

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128

The English East India Company was

established in 1600 for conducting

trade with India. Captain Hawkins,

the representative of the companysought the consent of the Mughal

emperor Jehangir for trading with

India. The company established trade

centres in places such as Surat, Agra,

Ahmedabad, Massulipattanam and

Broach. Later, they started such

centres in Madras, Bengal and

Bombay. The British had got Madras

from the rulers of Chandragiri. WhenPrince Charles of England married a

Portugese princess, he got Bombay as

dowry which, later, he handed over

to the company. The company

bought villages in Bengal namely

Satnadi, Govindapuram and Kalighat

to build the city of Calcutta.

The British first attempted to capture

the political power over Bengal whichwas a rich and fertile region of India.

The companys representatives began

to misuse the right for trade which

they had got from the Mughal

emperor. They began to involve in

private trade without even paying the

tax which ultimately led to the Battle

of Plassey.

The English East India Company

had tough competition with the

French East India Company and the

Dutch East India Company. But their

wealth, naval power and efficient

leadership gave them an upper hand

and they began to flourish in the field

of trade.

Not only did England enjoy the

foremost position in the field of foreign

trade, they also enjoyed limitless

freedom in buying and selling goods

in their own country and in Europe.

Goods imported from foreign countries

were strictly prohibited in England.

Those who used foreign goods were

made to pay penalty. The English grew

rich because of external as well as

internal trade. This led to a rise in their

standard of living too.

The products manufactured in England

fetched markets both inside and

outside the country. This led to great

increase in production.

Population Growth

The Population of Europe had been

increasing tremendously since the 17th

century. Look at the table given below.

YearPopulation

(in millions)

1650 103

1750 144

1800 193

1850 274

1900 423

Source : Warter.F.Wilkoks, InternationalMigration

How can we connect the population

growth in Europe with the industrial

revolution? Discuss it in class.

Increased need for products

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129

Thread being spinned as a part of domesticproduction system

Inadequacy of the DomesticProduction System

The British merchants depended upon

the domestic production system to meetthe demand for goods. It was the rural

farmers, who produced these goods by

working at their homes. They were

basically farmers. During intervals in

their agrarian work, they engaged

themselves in the production of certain

other goods too. Textiles were the chief

items thus made. The capitalist, known

as the manager bought cotton and

distributed it among the workers. The

workers made clothes using handloom

and ratt. The manager sold these in the

market and made profits out of them.

In 1712, the steam engine which

could pump water from the

Newcomin Mines was invented. But

it couldn't be made use of in other

industrial enterprises. It was James

Watt who, in 1769, came forward with

a steam engine that worked with

steam power by moving a piston

within it forward and backward. He

also later invented the technology to

operate the weaving machine using

steam engine.

James Watt in his laboratory

production, made spinning easier. As

the process of spinning became fast, the

need for sufficient supply of threads

also increased. This paved the way forthe search of machines which could

make strong threads at a faster rate.

Thus, James Hargreaves invented the

Spinning Jenny which could make ten

threads at a time. The search for better

machines continued and new

inventions were made. Most of these

inventions were made by the common

craftsmen who were engaged in the fieldof textile production.

As the demand for textiles increased,

the domestic production system provedto be insufficient. As a result, to increase

production small workshops were

started. This marked the beginning of

the search for methods for making more

goods in less time and using less labour.

The Invention of Machines

Flying shuttle, the first machine

invented in the field of textile

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130

The manufacturing of machines

increased the demand for iron. Thus,

iron metallurgy became an industry.

The production and export of iron

increased tremendously. Textile dyeing

paved way for developments in the field

of chemical industry.

The growth of a particular industry

influences other industrial sectors

also. For example, industral sectors

are influenced by the growth of the

construction sector. Can you find out

similar examples?

Spinning Jenny

Find out how the inventions made

during the industrial revolution in

Europe proved helpful to the cotton

industry.

The early machines were all manually

operated. Later they began to be

operated with hydraulic power. But

hydraulic power could not operate

heavy machines. The invention ofsteam engine helped to overcome this

limitation.

Use of machines led to great increase in

textile production. Moreover, these

could be sold at much cheaper rates than

the hand-made ones. In the year 1760,

England exported cotton goods worth

2.5 million pounds. (British currency)By 1800, this rose to 5 million pounds.

The import rate of raw cotton also

increased. It was 2.5 million pounds in

1760 which rose to 22 million in 1787

and 366 million in 1837.

What were the reasons for the sudden

increase in the export of cotton goods

in the 1800s?

The Great Trade Fair of 1851

Queen Victoria of England

organised a grand industrial

exhibition in London in 1851. All the

newly invented machines such as theSpinning Jenny, Powerloom,

Locomotives, Telegraph, Telephone

and the Printing Press were

exhibited in the trade fair. Thousands

of people, including foreigners, were

attracted towards the exhibition.

Soon the technologies and

technicians of England were in great

demand all over the world. As aresult, the achievements of the

industrial revolution spread all over

the world.

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The Agrarian Revolution

The increasing demand for food

products and raw materials such as

cotton, necessitated progress in thefield of agriculture. In the beginning of

the 18th century itself acts were pased

in England for the distribution of land

to individuals. With this, even waste

lands began to be fenced and cultivated.

Small pieces of land were joined

together to form larger farm lands and

machines began to be used for

agricultural purposes. Wetlands were

converted into farmlands after drying

them up. New seeds and fertilizers

began to be used. Better breeds of cattle

increased meat production. Jute and

cotton began to be cultivated in large

plots of land.

How is the growth in industry and

agriculture interrelated? Discuss.

Mechanisation and scientific methodsled to great increase in agricultural

production; and the farmers who

accepted these grew richer. As small

farms were converted into larger ones,

the petty farmers who had worked there

were all evicted. This brought in

changes in the social relations. Some of

the former tenants turned into

agricultural labourers and many

became industrial labourers.

Is it possible for small farmers and

agricultural labourers to cultivate large

plots of lands with machines? Why?

How could the use of machines for

tilling and harvesting affect the

agricultural labourers? Discuss.

Find out and write down how the

changes in the field of production

affected small farmers and

agricultural labourers.

Industrial Capitalism

You have already studied in previousclasses about the requirements for

starting an industry.

A mode of production, where there is a

capitalist and labourers is called

capitalism. The capitalist invests

money required for production and he

owns the capital in the form of machines,

buildings and land. He buys the raw

materials needed for production. Thechief feature of capitalism is that in it

labourers are employed on wages and

they are made to work.

The labourer sells his labour power to

the capitalist. In return he gets his wages

and he lives on that.

With the advent of machines,

production was shifted from houses to

factories. The rich people of England

started investing huge sums of money

in big industries. Among them there

were many who had made profit from

business and others who had become

rich through agriculture. The situation

in England at that time was favourable

for investing money in industries and

making big profit.

Now, let us examine the factors which

have favoured the progress of

industries in England.

The Changing Outlook

The upperclass of England actively

promoted those who made money from

profitable enterprises. They believed

that making profit from trade and

industries was a blessed task.

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A female mine worker

England was rich with raw materials forthe industry such as iron and coal whichwere essential for industries. Easyavailability of raw materials motivated

people to invest money in theindustries. The factors that motivatedthe wealthy men of England to investin big industries are explained above.Such wealthy investors turned to be theindustrial capitalists. The very samepolicy was followed in the field ofagriculture and it gave rise toagricultural capitalism also.

How did industrial capitalism differfrom agricultural capitalism? Makenotes on it.

Interference of the Government

There was a stable government inEngland. Most of the members of theBritish Parliament were industrialists.The general policy of the BritishParliament was that encouragement toindustrial progress would lead thenation to progress. Legal documentsregarding the possession of land alsocame into existence which added to theconfidence of the industrialists andtradesmen. Transportation facilitieswere expanded; banks wereestablished to give financial aid toindustrialists. Export of goods tocountries like India and South America

was greatly encouraged. Corn laws werepassed to promote easy import andexport of food grains.

How did the governmentalinterference help industrial progressin England? Discuss.

Policies in favour ofindustrialisation

Transportation facilities.

The Plight of Labourers

The advent of large industries gave rise

to a class called industrial labourers.

Artisans who lost labour with thecoming of machines and petty farmers

who were evicted from land,flocked to

the factories in search of work. Besides

many who came to England from the

underdeveloped regions such as

Ireland and Scotland in search of job

also became industrial labourers.

The working conditions in the factories

were quite dangerous. The machines inthe factories lacked adequate safety

arrangements. The buildings were

narrow and not properly ventilated.

Women and children were made to

work for very low wages. Children were

put to work as chimney sweepers.

Often, very poor parents sold their

children as temporary factory workers

to the industrialists on a weekly basis.

Weekly markets were held for the saleand purchase of such children. Children

from the orphanages also were

abducted and sold as factory workers.

The women and children working in the

factories lost their health. Even feeding

mothers had to work at distant places

where there were no facilities to look

after their babies. Thus, the babies lost

their health; the rate of infant mortality

among the working class families of

England was very high in those days.

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We have seen the working

conditions of the labourers in Britishfactories in the 18th century. Howdifferent is it when compared to the

working conditions of the workers inour country today? Prepare a note onit.

Division of Labour and the ShiftSystem

The artisans and craftsmen of earliertimes had followed a system where eachcomplete product was made by a singleindividual. The factory system changed

it completely. Different labourers wereappointed for doing various worksrelated to the production of a singleproduct. For example, the manufactureof a wrist watch today requires thecombined effort of many workers tomake different parts of it, such as thedial, main spring, gem studded holes,diamond lever, screw etc. This createdtwo categories among the workers - the

skilled labourers and the unskilledlabourers.Such work as keeping thefactory clean and shifting goods from

one place to another etc, were done by

unskilled workers.

Visit an industry in your locality and

make a list of the skilled and unskilled

labourers working there.

How does a factory labourer differfrom a craftsman? Make a list of the

differences.

With long hours of continuous hard

labour in the factories, diseases like

arthritis and physical deformities

became common among workers.

Looking at the picture given above, can

you understand about the inhuman

miseries suffered by the mine workers?

What were the hardships undergone

by the workers of England?

Insecure working conditions

Child labour

Forced labour Unhealthy working atmosphere

Conduct a discussion in the class on the

points mentioned above.

Exploitation

The capitalist made maximum profit by

reducing the wages and by extending

the duration of work up to eighteenhours a day. Keeping apart gender

differences, all the workers were made

to work from early morning upto

midnight for weeks together. The wages

given to them were meagre and they

even had to pay penalty for the mistakes

committed while working. The workers

started to unite themselves against such

exploitations.

Handicraft Industrial labour

Ownership of means of

production

Has involvement in all the

stages of production

Labour alone is the asset

Has to do only the speci-

fied work

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As the large factories had to work day

and night, shift system was introduced.By ensuring the frequent availability oflabourers thus, the work in the factory

was never stopped.

As a result of shift system hugemachines were operated for 24 hours toincrease production and as a result,more production with less investmentbecame possible. For this the capitalistsemployed more labourers and madethem work day and night.

Prepare a list of the advantages and

disadvantages of the shift system.

Joint Ventures

Some industries such as the railway andshipping needed huge investmentswhich could not be met by a singleindividual. Besides, a person could notmanage such large enterprisesindividually. This situation gave rise to

joint ventures where more than one

person invested the capital. EnglishEast India Company was such a jointventure emerged under suchcircumstances.

We can see such joint ventures in ourstate too. Prepare a list of the jointventures in our state.

Bitter Competitions and theEmergence of Monopoly

Competition is a characteristic featureof capitalism. One of the major tacticsto destroy the opponent was to reducethe price of the product. But this causedgreat loss of profit to capitalists. In orderto avoid this, those who manufacturedthe same product formed a solidarity.These came to be known as trusts,cartels or syndicates. They further triedto destroy those who were not members

of their group using several tactics such

as blocking the availability of rawmaterials, using trade unions to blocksupply of labourers, blocking the traderoutes, freezing of loans and boycotting

the opponent companies. Thusdestroying those companies, who didnot join their group, great monopoliesarose.

We can see such competitions in theindustrial set up in our society too.For example, the emergence of manycompanies in the field of televisionmanufacturing has brought in heavy

competition in this field. Shall wehave a discussion on the merits anddemerits of competition among theindustries?

Growth of Telecommunication andTransportation

Better transportation facilities wereessential for the development ofindustries. John Mecadam made roads

It was George Stevenson who

invented the first train using steam

engine. The first ever train journey

started operating in England

between Liverpool and Manchester

carrying passengers and luggages in

1830.

The train invented by George Stevenson

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with firm surface at the beginning ofthe nineteenth century. Cobble stonesand mud were used earlier in roadmaking. This was later replaced with

tar. The newly invented steam ships andthe newly made canals provided betterwater transportation facilities. Iron railsand steam locomotives made a giantleap in the field of transportation.

Samuel Morse invented the telegraphin 1837. This invention was a milestonein the history of telecommunications asit ushered in a new era in this field.

Moreover, it paved the way forcommunication between trade centres allover the world.

How the development in the fieldsof transpor on and telecommunicationhelped in the growth of industries?

Growth of Industrial Cities

The growth of the factory systemattracted more and more people to the

industrial centres. The population ofindustrial centres in England, such as

Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield,Birmingham and Lancashire increasedmany fold within a short span of time.These areas that existed as underdeveloped villages before the IndustrialRevolution, gradully developed in tobig cities. As the cities began to bedensely populated it created certainhealth problems and environmentalproblems of which the poor factoryworkers were the chief sufferers. Mostof them lived in shacks in the nearbyslums of the factories where waste

materials were dumped. Dirty water

formed stagnant pools and drinking

water was scarcely available. The

workers lived in an environment made

dirty with domestic waste and human

excreta. Contagious diseases such as

A slum area

Sheffield

Burmingham

London

England

Manchester

LeadsLancashire

Scotland

France

The industrial centres in England

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136

Adam Smith

cholera, typhoid and tuberculosis were

common among the inhabitants of the

slums.

At the same time, rich upper classpeople such as the industrialists, money

lenders, higher officials and merchants

were all unaffected by the polluted air

and water as they lived in big mansions

far away from the industrial centres.

Feasts, and leisure trips on holidays

were their chief means of enjoyment.

They lived a life full of luxury and

merry making, as the hotels and theatres

were all built for them.

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru wrote

thus about the inequality which

existed in the Post Industrial

Revolution society in his Glimpses of

World History -

"...From its earliest days capitalism

emphasized the difference between the

rich and the poor. The mechanization

of industry resulted in much greater

production, and therefore it produced

greater wealth. But this new wealth

went to a small group only - the

owners of the new industries. The

workers remained poor. Very slowly

the workers' standards improved inEngland, largely because of the

exploitation of India and other places.

But the worker's share in the profits of

industry was very small....

Based on the points stated in the

textbook, discuss the irreparable gap

that the industrial revolution created

between the haves and have nots and

prepare a note of it.

New thoughts

The philosophers who lived in this

period had strong faith in the complete

freedom of the individual. Individuals

are all free and therefore, the

government has no right to interfere in

their affairs. To involve in trade and

industry is a matter of free choice for

the individual. The government is

solely entrusted with duties such as

protecting the country from foreign

attacks and safeguarding internal peace.

This theory was known as laissez

faire.(let alone) They also believed that

in a world of competition, it was the

privilege of the able and the powerful

to succeed. Only the profitable and

rewarding activities will survive, and

all the others will naturally die out.

Thinkers such as Adam Smith, David

Recardo, Malthuse, J.B. Say and J.S. Mill

shared such ideas.

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137

How did the new thoughts

prove helpful for the growth of

capitalism?

By justifying the capitalistmethod.

There have been many findings

that have influenced human life all

across the world. Conduct an

exhibition in disposition with

social science club after collecting

pictures and information

regarding great inventions andtheir consequent developments.

Conduct a seminar on the topic - 'The

impact of industries on the society'.

$

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138

LABOURMOVEMENTSLABOURMOVEMENTS

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Chapter - TenLabour movements

139

You have already seen how the working

class movements emerged as a result

of the Industrial Revolution in England.

We have also discussed the pathetic

condition of the factory workers in

those days and how they were subjected

to capitalist exploitation. There will be

factory workers in your place also.Other than factory workers what other

type of labourers are there in your

locality? List them.

Conduct a survey with the help of

your teachers regarding the nature of

their work, their working conditions

and wages.

What are the changes we can notice

in the lives of the workers of today

when compared with those of the

workers in England during the 18th

century? Discuss it in the class and

analyse the data collected.

The factory workers had been subjected

to severe oppression and exploitation

by the factory owners. Very risky and

unhygienic working conditions existed

in the factories. Trade unions emerged

when the workers started to voice their

protest against this. It was England,

where the Industrial Revolution started,

that became the birth place of trade

union movements.

With the formation of trade unions the

various unorganised protests raised by

the workers turned into an organised

movement. However the initial protests

were all suppressed by the government

which passed laws and regulations

harmful to the labourers.

Against the machines

The initial protests of the labourers

were against the machines because

they were considered as the symbol

of the owners of the factories. From

the 17th century onwards a series of

riots were carried out in different

parts of Europe. The agitators

destroyed the machineries. In order

to prevent the same, the Government

passed legislation with provisions

including death penalty. The first

organised movement against the

machines was the Ludite movement

in England. The British government

suppressed the movement using

armed force.

A picture of Ludite protest

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Peterloo massacre

In 1800, Government of England passed

the Combination Act. This Act intended

to ban the labourers from organisingthemselves. A mass protest of about

80000 labourers against this law was

held at St.Peter's field, Manchester,

England in August 1819. Police opened

fire on this peaceful gathering and this

resulted in the death of eleven workers.

This incident, known as the 'Peterloo

Massacre' turned out to be a significant

event in the history of trade unionmovements.

Various social organizations of England

continued to demand the withdrawal

of the 'Combination Act'. A section of

the rulers also supported their demand

and, as a result, the Act was withdrawn.

Subsequently, several worker groups

who had been working secretly came

to the forefront and continued theiragitation for improving the conditions

of labourers. Their aim was to get their

demands conceded. Still the

government and the factory owners

were adamant against these demands.

Chartist movement

The workers of England finally realized

that they could achieve their goal only

by strengthening the democratic

system. In England the right to vote was

not given to all. Only wealthy people

could become Members of the

Parliament. The Parliament did not

meet regularly. 'The London WorkingMen's Association' was formed in 1836,

by William Lovette. The association

submitted a mass petition, known as the

Charter, which consisted of six

demands. This was signed by 30 lakh

men and women. It contained demand

such as right to vote for all those who

have attained 21 years of age, the

introduction of the secret ballot system,annual meetings of the Parliament and

A meeting of the Chartists

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141

abolition of property criterion to

become members of Parliament. This

petition was rejected by the Parliament.

Agitations including strike werestarted. This is chartist movement. All

the opposition was brutally suppressed

by the government.

Are there any such movements today

which focus on social issues? Find

out.

By 19th

century the trade unionmovements had spread out to other

parts of Europe and America .

All are brothers

The workers of Paris in France formed

an association called the 'League of Just',

whose slogan was 'Fraternity of all'.

Later on, this organization came to be

known as the 'Communist League'. As

per the request of Communist League

Karl Marx and Frederick Engels wrote

the 'Communist Manifesto'. The

Manifesto called upon the workers of

all countries to unite. At the meeting

held at London in 1864, the

International Working Men's

Association was formed. This meeting

later come to be known as The

First International. The First

International was inaugurated by Karl

Marx. It declared that only by deliberate

efforts on the part of the workers could

free themselves from the exploitation of

capitalists and abolish exploitation for

ever.

Socialism

Socialism visualises a society

without any inequality and

exploitation. Saint Simon, Robert

Owen, Karl Marx and Frederick

Engels were the propounders of this

Karl Marx Frederick Engels

doctrine. Marx and Engels envisaged

that if inequality is to be wiped out

political power should come into the

hand of the labourers, private

property should be abolished and

production should be under public

ownership. The followers of this

ideology were known as the

Communists. Communist parties

were formed all over the world.

After the First International socialist

movements began to grow up all over

America and Europe.

The workers' day

A strike held by the workers of Chicago

in America in May 1886 is a landmark

in world history. The heavy burden of

work and inadequate wages, as well as

the long hours of work without any rest

led to the discontentment of the

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labourer. Workers who were made to

work for more than half of the day

suffered a lot. Therefore, the workers in

Chicago began to think about the needfor getting ample time for rest and

recreation. ''Eight hours work, eight

hours rest and eight hours recreation"

was the slogan raised by them. But the

factory owners were so adamant that

they decided to suppress the strike with

the help of the police. As the agitators

marched through the streets of Chicago,

the police opened fire on them. Somewere killed and many injured. This

made the agitation more severe. The

strike was put down and the leaders

were sentenced for capital punishment

under charges of illegal conspiracy.

But later the demands raised by the

workers of Chicago were conceded and,

as a result, the workers of all countries

began to enjoy eight hours labour, eighthours rest and eight hours recreation.

In order to commemorate the legendary

strike held by the workers in Chicago,

The statue commemorating the labourersstrike in Chicago

we now observe May 1 as the 'World

Workers Day'.

The Second International was held in

Paris in 1889 with a view to unite thetrade unions all over the world. The

delegates who participated in the

Second International reaffirmed the

demands of eight hours work and the

adult's right to vote. May 1 was

declared as the World Worker's Day in

the Second International. Dadabhai

Naoroji, one of the leaders of the Indian

National Congress, participated in the

Second International.

The beginning of trade unionmovement in India

It was during the British rule that

industries began to be established in

India. Railways, telegraph and

plantations also were started in this

period. The farmers and artisans who

lost their jobs due to the policies of theBritish government sought

employment in factories and

plantations. The hardships faced in

their life ultimately led to the beginning

of trade union movements in India. As

we have already seen in the chapter

titled "Different Faces of Resistance",

such labour movements took place in

India as part of the freedom movement.The workers of the Howrah railway

station, in Calcutta staged a strike in

1862 demanding reduction in work to

eight hours a day. It was the first

industrial workers' strike in India. The

Bengali daily 'Somprakash' reported

about it as: ''Recently, 1200 railway

workers at the Howrah Railway Station

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143

went on a strike. Though it is said that

the workers in the locomotive

department have only eight hours work

daily, their working time extends upto

ten hours. They are out on strike for

many days. The railway company must

concede to their demands otherwise

they will not get workers."

We have learned about the strike

staged by the workers in Chicago.

When compared to the Chicago

strike what is the significance of the

strike of the railway workers of

Howrah?

The textile workers of Ahmedabad

started a strike in 1918 with a demand

for increasing their wages. It was led by

the Ahmedabad Textile Labour

Association which was founded by

Mahatma Gandhi . The hike in the

prices of essential commodities

compelled the workers to demand for

50 per cent increase in their wages. As

the mill owners opposed their demands

Mahatma Gandhi started a hunger

strike and, as a result, the strike was

settled. According to the settlement , the

wages of the workers were increased by

35 percent.

The great Indian leader of the struggle

for independence Bal Gangadhar Tilak

who declared 'Freedom is my birth

right' was arrested by the British Police

on 24 July 1908 and sentenced for 6

years' imprisonment. Tilak's arrest

resulted in worldwide protest. "It was

a detestable punishment given to the

great Indian democrat" was the remarkmade by Lenin, the world famous

leader of workers. Workers all over

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144

India staged strikes and hartals to

protest against Tilak's arrest.

The strike staged by the workers inBombay is worth mentioning among

these. It was for the first time that

workers in India began to strike for

releasing a political leader. The foreign

dailies reported that this strike was a

sequel to the workers' awakening in

Europe. Almost all the factory workers

in Bombay participated in the strike.

Not only factory workers but mill

workers, shop workers and port

labourers also took part in it. About one

lakh workers participated in the

agitation. Many from the cities joined

the agitation. The police fired on them.

Compare and discuss the strike in

Bombay with those in Howrah and

Ahmedabad.

All India Trade Union Congress

The formation of the All India Trade

Union Congress was a milestone in the

history of Indian Trade Union

Movement. It was the first national

trade union in India. The first meeting

of All India Trade Union Congress was

held in Bombay in 1920 in which

representatives of trade unions from all

over the country took part. In his

presidential address, Lala Lajpat Rai

summered up the organisation's

objectives thus:

"... Indian labourers should lose no time

to organise itself on a national scale...

For the present, our greatest need in this

country is to organise, agitate and

educate. We must organise our workers,

make them class-conscious."

All India Trade Union Congress called

for the workers to unite as well as to

partake in the nationalist movement.

It is quite evident as to how the

government had tackled the rise of the

trade union movements. There were

some legislative moves which favoured

the workers. These included reducing

the working hours, restricting child

labour, special amenities for women

labourers, increasing the safety

measures at work places and giving

legal sanction for the formation of trade

unions. The Trade Union Act of 1926

legally permitted the working of trade

unions in India. As per the Industrial

Dispute Act 1929, the labourers couldapproach the court if there were

disputes regarding matters such as their

wages. However this led to great

protests.

What might have prompted the

government to make laws in favour

of the workers? Discuss.

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145

International

Labour Organisation (ILO)

The International Labour

Organisation was formed in 1919. Its

prime objective was to discuss the

problems faced by the labourers and

to find out legal solutions for them.

The organization has tried to improve

the living standards of the labourers,

to ensure job security, to abolish

child-labour and to conduct

awareness programme among the

labourers on their rights. As a result

of the activities of International

Labour Organisation (ILO) the

demand of eight hours labour was

established by law.

The Indian factory act of 1881

It was the first law for factory workers

in India. This law abolished child

labour below the age of 7. It is illegal

to engage children aged between nine

and twelve to work for more than

twelve hours. It also directed that

machines should be properly fenced

around to avoid casualities.

Collect news items regarding labour

strikes in our country and find out

their demands.

Increasing the wages

Improving the working

conditions.

Conduct a debate on the contemporary

relevance of trade unions.

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146

GREEN INDIAGREEN INDIA

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Chapter - ElevenGreen India

147

Traditionally India has been an agrarian

country. Agriculture is the

backbone of the Indian economy. More

than 50% of the population still live by

agriculture. A major share of our

national income is from agriculture and

its allied activities. Our climate, soil

and topography etc. are factors which

influence agriculture.

The agricultural scenario - beforeindependence

The Indian farmers have been

cultivating crops such as wheat and

rice, before the coming of the British.

They also cultivated cotton, jute,groundnut and sugarcane to serve the

needs of the villagers. The British

encouraged our farmers to reduce the

production of food grains and to

increase that of commercial crops

especially cotton, indigo and jute.

Why did the British encourage the

Indian farmers to enhance

production of commercial crops?Discuss on the basis of the lessons in

History.

It was during the British period that

commercialisation of agriculture

became widespread in India. This was

made possible by encouraging farmers

to replace food crops by commercial

crops.

What are the major factors behind the

commercialisation of agriculture in

British India?

Development of transportation

facilities

The spread of markets

Growth of industries

Increased demand for raw

materials

Export

Commercialisation of agriculture

What might have been the impacts of

commercialisation of agriculture?

Scarcity of food was the major outcome.This was the result of the spread of

commercial crops at the expense of food

crops.

In the previous units we have studied

how severe and widespread was the

famine in India and how the British

tackled it.

A poverty- stricken labourer

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The agricultural sector-afterindependence

Now, let us examine the steps taken bythe Government to stengthen the

agricultural sector after independence.

I am Amrindar Singh from the

Jaland har dist ri ct of Punjab.

Traditionally we are farmers who toil

in this fertile soil to earn a living. Wheat

is our principal crop. We also cultivate

rice, mustard and sunflower.

development of which sectors in our

country would have helped the farmers

to achieve this? Irrigation facilities

Mechanisation of agriculture

Use of pesticides and chemical

fertilizers.

Find out how such developments

helped to increase the production of

food crops such as wheat and rice

with the help of the tables given in

the next page. Present your

inferences in the class.

Agriculture through five year plans

The Five year plans introduced by the

Nehru Government after independence

aimed at the overall development of thecountry.

The thrust area of the First Five Year Plan

(1951-56) was the agricultural sector.

Eradication of famine and poverty was

its goals.

Our agricultural activities are greatly

dependent on the South-West Monsoon

(June-September) and the North-

East Monsoon (October-November).

Variations in rainfall adversely affect

the yield. Irrigation projects, big and

small, helped us to overcome such

difficulties. They also helped to make

dry lands suitable for cultivation.

All my family members work together

in the field. We get water to irrigate the

land from canals. Though it is a little

bit expensive, we make better yield by

using good seeds and quality fertilizers.

Besides, I am also using my own tractor

to till the field'.

We have read the experience of

Amrindar Singh from Punjab. Similar

achievements have been made by

farmers all over the country. The

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Rice production (1980 - 2004)

Year Farm land Production Productivity Irrigation facility

(million (million (kilogram/ (percentage)

hectares) tonnes) hectare)

1980 - 81 40.15 53.63 1136 40.7

1985 - 86 41.14 63.83 1552 42.9

1989 - 90 42.17 73.57 1745 46.1

1990 - 91 42.69 74.29 1740 45.5

1999 - 2000 45.16 89.68 1986 53.9

2003 - 2004 42.50 88.28 2077 Not available

Source: Economic Survey 2003 - 2004 Government of India (GOI)Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES)

Wheat production (1980 - 2004)

Year Farm land Production Productivity Irrigation facility

(million (million (kilogram/ (percentage)

hectares) tonnes) hectare)

1980 - 81 22.28 36.31 1630 76.5

1985 - 86 23.00 47.45 2046 74.6

1989 - 90 23.50 49.85 2121 80.3

1990 - 91 24.17 55.14 2281 81.1

1999 - 2000 27.49 76.37 2778 87.2

2003 - 2004 26.58 72.11 2713 Not available

Source: Economic Survey 2003 - 2004 Government of India (GOI)Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES)

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Discuss how irrigation projects

help the agricultural sector. Are there

any such irrigation projects in your

area?

The feudal system which existed in

India at the time of independence was

complicated. There were economic,

social and legal problems behind the

backwardness of our agricultural

sector. Economic backwardness, social

injustice and ignorance of laws were

stangling the Indian farmers.

How were the Indian farmers

exploited during the British

period? Find out the answer from

the previous chapters.

Land reforms were executed through

the five year plans. Regulating rent,

giving land ownership to the farmers

and redistributing the excess land

possessed by the landlords were some

of the objectives of the land reforms.

Discuss how land reforms introduced

by the Government of Kerala

influenced the agricultural sector of the

state.

Objectives of the first five year plan

To initiate rapid economic growth

To resolve the economic

imbalance.

To give high priority to

agriculture, irrigation and

generation of energy.

To give special emphasis on areas

such as transportation,

telecommunication and social

service. To increase the use of chemical

fertilizers

To bring about mechanisation of

agriculture

To increase the use of high

yielding seeds

To expand credit facilities

To practise modern methods of

plant protection.

To increase the use of pesticides

To fix support prices for crops.

Though the agricultural sector was

strengthened by this, the shortage of

food grains and raw materials remained

unresolved. Following this, various

programmes to strengthen the

agricultural sector were implemented.One among them was the Intensive

Agricultural District Programme. It was

started in 1960 and extended upto 1965.

This, along with the Intensive

Agricultural Zone Programme, was of

little help in resolving shortage of food

grains.

The Intensive Agricultural Zone

ProgrammeA group of agricultural experts from

America was invited to India in 1960

with the objective of increasing

agricultural production. The Intensive

Agricultural District Programme was

implemented in selected districts

according to the suggestions put

forward by them. In 1965, it was

extended to 114 districts in the country

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151

and was known as the Intensive

Agricultural Zone Programme.

The Green revolution

Green Revolution was a modern

agricultural strategy introduced by the

Government of India during 1966-67 in

order to increase agricultural

production.

High yielding seeds of Mexican Kuria

wheat and rice seeds developed at the

Manila Rice Institute (Philippines)

were used. They required more water

and pesticides. The farmers began to

use chemical fertilizers and pesticides

in large quantities for better yield. New

canals were made in villages. It was

during this period that borewells were

dug extensively. Soil testing centres and

agricultural education programmes

imparted knowledge of new

agricultural methods. The use of

tractors and motor-pumps also

increased and the banks began to make

agricultural loans available to the

farmers.

The new methods in agriculture

increased the yield of rice and wheat

and this made the country attain foodself sufficiency.

The changes brought about in

agriculture by the use of high yielding

variety seeds, chemical fertilizers and

machines are known as the Green

Revolution.

Information regarding the production

of food grains before and after theGreen Revolution in India is listed in

the table given in the next page.

Analyse the table and findout the

relation between the area of farmland

and agricultural production.

From the table you can understand

the growth in agricultural

production from 1965 - 66 to

White revolution

Just like the increase in food

production, the production of milk

and milk products in India hadincreased significantly during the

seventies. This is known as the White

Revolution. The milk co-operative

societies played a major role in it.

The growth of milk production has

provided job opportunities and a

permanent source of income for the

villagers. The Central Government

started a programme called the

Operation Flood in 1970. Operation

Flood aimed at increasing milk

production nationwide and thereby

increase the income of the milk-

producing village farmers. Another

major objective was to make milk

and milk products available to

consumers at fair prices. As part of

the project, milk co-operative

societies were formed all over the

country which helped in processing

and marketing milk and milk

products. Milk production increased

also because of the scientific rearing

and cross breeding of cattle.

The increase in milk-production

in India during the last three

decades has invited worldwideacclaim. Milk production has

increased five times in post-

independent India.

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152

1970 - 71. Compare this with the

growth in production from 2000 -

01 to 2005 - 06.

Problems faced by the Greenrevolution

The Green Revolution resulted in

increased agricultural production. But

it generated problems as well .

Use of pesticides and chemical

fertilizers changed the chemical

structure of the soil and destroyed the

microbes in it. It adversely affected the

natural enemies of pests and destroyed

the earthworms. The use of chemical

fertilizers and pesticides became

indispensable for increasing food

production.

The existing traditional seed varieties

became extinct and agriculture began

to concentrate on certain crops only.

For example, traditional paddy

varieties of Kerala such as Kuttalan,

Vattan, Thekkan and Cheruthoni. which

were grown earlier have now become

extinct. We have also dispensed withthe traditional practices followed earlier

in agriculture.

Farmers began to fall in debt because

of the use of expensive modern methods

of agriculture like new agricultural

tools, high yielding varities of seeds,

chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Job

opportunities were reduced due to

mechanisation. Such changes widened

Production of food grains, the area offarmlands (Over different periods)

Year Area Production

(million hectares) (million tonnes)

1950 - 51 97.32 50.82

1955 - 56 110.56 66.85

1960 - 61 115.58 82.02

1965 - 66 115.10 72.35

1970 - 71 124.32 108.42

1975 - 76 128.18 121.03

1980 - 81 126.67 129.59

1985 - 86 128.02 150.44

1990 - 91 127.84 176.39

1995 - 96 121.01 180.42

2000 - 01 121.05 196.81

2005 - 06 121.60 208.60

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153

the gap between states and different

sections of the society.

How did the Green Revolution affect

the socio-economic conditions of thefarmers? Make a regional enquiry

and prepare a note.

Find out the changes brought in by

Green Revolution in the field of

agriculture in your locality.

Diverse methods of agriculture

Excessive use of chemical fertilizers

changed the natural structure of soil.Farmers all over the world began to

search for new methods of agronomy

which resulted in the use of organic

manures and green manures. Bio-

pesticides like tobacco emulsion and

neem emulsion began to be used and

the natural enemies of the pests were

protected and encouraged.

The practice of cultivating different

crops in the same land at alternating

intervals is known as Crop Rotation.

There are other natural methods also

which are practised deliberatly by to

help increasing the natural fertility of

the soil.

Increasing food production to ensure

food security is the ultimate objectiveof the agriculture sector. It can be

achieved either through extension of

cultivable area or through increase in

productivity. Green revolution aimed

at achieving the latter. This led to search

for new alternatives.

Collect details of organic farming

from the farmers in your area and

prepare a note.

Agriculture and Globalisation

The World Trade Organisation (WTO)

came into existence on 1 January, 1995

with the intention of promoting free

trade. India started accepting the

policies of globalisation from the early

1990s. After becoming a member of

WTO, India accepted its bylaws and

accordingly opened up our market to

other countries. As a result, products

from various foreign countries began to

be imported to India. This brought infinancial benefits for many, but caused

serious set backs to the agriculture

sector of the country. Let us examine

how globalisation has affected the

agricultural scenario.

We know that the major crops of Kerala

are coconut, pepper and cardamom. As

part of globalisation, palm oil from

Malaysia, cardamom from Gautemala,

pepper from Vietnam and coconut from

Sri Lanka were imported. Though this

led to the strengthening of trade

relationships with these countries it

diminished the market of our products,

both externally and internally. Thus,

agricultural producers could not fetch

adequate prices in the market.

Find out how globalisation has

affected the agriculture sector and the

agricultural labourers. The points

listed below will help you.

Price of agricultural products

Job opportunities.

Technology.

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154

Conduct a seminar on 'The impact of

Green Revolution on the Indian

economy'.

Sub-topics

Food self sufficiency and green

revolution.

Problems created by the Green

Revolution.

New initiatives and their

challenges.

What suggestions do you have for

overcoming food deficit in Kerala?

Discuss the topic on the basis of

Green Revolution.

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H UMAN D EVELOPMENT I N

KERALA

H UMAN D EVELOPMENT I N

KERALA

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The state of Kerala came into existence

on 1 November 1956. After the

formation we could m ake a variety of

unique achievements in the socio-

cultural scenario. The steps taken by the

state governm ent, from time to time for

the betterment of the ed ucational and

socia l se t up, accentuated thedeve lopment o f Kera la . Al l these

measures have won global attention.

Among these, the achievements in the

field of land reforms, education, health

care and socia l jus t ice could be

highlighted.

The high rate of literacy in Kerala

formed the found ation of the social and

cultural developm ent in the state.

Built under the People's Planning

Programme

Built under the Kerala Development

Programme

You might have come across such

boards while travelling. They stand as

tes t imonies to the pr ocess o f

decentralization of power in Kerala.

As per the 73rd and 74 th

Amendments of the Constitution of

India, the Panchayati Raj and Nagara

Palika laws were implemented in

Ind ia . As a resu l t , ins tead of

centra l ized planning, power and

resource required for loca l

development w as thus handed over

to the three-t ier Panchayats and

Nagara Sabhas . This was a

remar kable in te rven t ion in the

history of development. As part of

decentralisation opportunity was

g iven to the people to make

sugges t ions on the k ind of

developmental programmes theywan t and the modes o f the i r

implementation. Achievements mad e

in the following areas are noteworthy.

e ffi ci en t p u b l ic d i st r ib u t io n

system

universal and free education

ba sic fa cilit ies for h ea lt hca re

Kerala serves as a mod el for other statesin the areas of l i teracy and

decentralization of power.

Kerala, wh ich is a comp aratively small

state in India, was scattered as p rincely

states during the British rule. Still, it

could make a significant advancement

in the f ie lds of public health and

education in a short span of time du ring

the post-independent period. But interms of economic development, the

state could not make similar progress.

Though the state was economically

backward, it could make a significant

progress in the social scenario w hich is

a peculiar developm ental experience of

Kerala . This has received much

attention in discussions related to the

development of nations, and Kerala is

viewed as a model for development.

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Chapter- TwelveHum an Development in Kerala

157

Institu tion/ Service/

Facilities Ben efits

Tarred Roads Makes Transportation

easier

In stitu tion / Service/

Facilities Ben efits

Hospitals M akes healthcare

possible

Development - Man and Wealth

Have you noticed the news headlines given above?

We have already got acquainted with the word 'development'. What does it

signify? Take a look at Table-1.

Table-1.

Part A Part B

Metalled roads Hospitals

Tarred roads Primary Health Centres

Street lights Educational institu tions

Industrial units Libraries

Agricultural fields Anganavadis

Trade units Public d istribution centres

Railway tracks

Dams

EconomicCrisis-

stagnation ofDevelopment

Lack of fun ds-Hospital

Developmen t Halfway

Indifferent Bureaucracy -

Developmental Fund s Lapsed

W h ich o f th e se in s tit u t io n s an d

facil i t ies are available in your

locality?

Did they ge t implemented in the

same period?

W h at w a s th e co n d it io n of yo u r

village with regard to those facilities

twenty five years back? Find out

from your elders.

Prepare a note on the topic 'My

Village - Then and N ow' and present

it.

From Table 1 identify the services/

benef i t s p rov ided by these

institutions/ facilities, and fill in

Table 2.

Table- 2

Part A Part B

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158

On an alyzing the facts in the table that

you filled in, what are your findings

regarding the following?

Is there any difference between theservices in Part A and Part B in

Table 2?

Which is more useful those in- Part

A or Part B? Why?

Is it the growth of items in Part A or

Part B that indicate development?

Discuss the topic 'Development in

my view' in groups. Prepare a noteand present it.

From the factors discussed above,

identify the ones that indicate the

development of a locality.

Based on this, list out the services and

facilities that are not available in you r

loca l i ty . Conso l ida te them and

submit in the form of a memorandumbefore the Panchayat au thorities.

Various perspectives of

development

Currently, there are various approaches

to development. The concept that the

development of a nation is the increase

in its material wealth and facilities has

been t rad i t iona l ly acknowledged .Based on this, nations are generally

divided as developed , developing and

under-developed.

The method of assessing development

using the indicator, rate of growth of

income has now undergone change.

The view that development could be

assessed only with more than one

indicator has gained strength. By the

1970s the tradit ional concepts of

development started changing. It was

genera l ly accep ted tha t the

achievements of a nation in areas likehea l th and educa t ion could be

considered as the basic indicators of

deve lopment . The Uni ted Nat ions

Development Programme (UNDP) gave

this idea due recognition. By 1990s the

steps taken by a nation to identify and

develop hum an resources were widely

app roved of. The resultant achievement

of that country in developing humanresources was considered to form the

basic indicators of development.

Based on th is, the rate of developm ent

of a nation is analysed accord ing to birth

rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, life

expectancy, literacy and per capita

income.

Literacy

Literacy is the ability to read and

write at least a short passage in

mother tongue.

Life expectancy

Life expectancy is the average

expected life of an infant.

Birth rate

Birth rate is the number of live

births per thousand people in a

year.

Death rate

Death rate is the number of deaths

taking place per thousand people

in a year.

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Chapter- TwelveHum an Development in Kerala

159

Infant Mortality Rate

Infant m ortality is the number of

dea ths o f in fan ts before the

completion of one year after birth

per 1000 live births.

Per Capita Income

Per capita income is the total

income of a nation during a year

divided by the total population of

that year.

Development - The Changing

Perspective

Development is the progress in the

standard of living of the people in a

country. The p rogress in factors such as

literacy rate, birth rate, death rate, infant

mortality rate, life expectancy and per

capita income is termed as 'human

development. The above factors are

called 'human developm ent ind icators'.

Among th ese ind icators, it is desirable

to have a low birth rate, low death rate,

low infant mortality rate and a high of

literacy rate, high life expectancy and

high p er capita income. When th is view

was generally agreed upon , the concept

of developed, developing and under-

developed nation became irrelevant.

The UNDP ranks the nations of the

wor ld ba s ed on the human

deve lopmen t and pub l i s h Human

Development Repor t every year .According to the Hum an Developm ent

Repor t-2007, Ind ia occu p ies 128th

position in the w orld.

Human Development - Kerala andthe National Average

Compare the status of Kerala in hu man

deve lopmen t ind ica to rs and the

national average based on the census

2001.

Look at Table - 3

What are the indicators in which

Kerala is better than the national

average?

Which ind ica tor shows a g rea ter

degree of variation?

We have noticed that Kerala has a

higher rate of advancement than thenational average in terms of human

development indic

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