SST PROJECT WORK( DRAINAGE )

Presented to : Mrs. Nirmal Kaur

Presented by : Pratyush Thakur

IX – B

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CONTENTSi. Introductionii. Indian system of drainageiii. Drainage patternsiv. Rivers and river systemv. Economic importancevi. Pollution vii.Actions & Remediesviii.Conclusions

INTRODUCTION

DRAINAGE

i. The term drainage describes the river system of an area.

ii. The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin.

iii. An upland which divides any 2 basins is known as water divide

INDIAN SYSTEM OF DRAINAGEThe drainage systems of

India are mainly controlled by the broad relief features of the subcontinent.

The two major groups are :-i. The Himalayan

Riversii. The Peninsular

RiversMost of the Himalayan

rivers are perennial while most of the peninsular rivers are seasonal.

DRAINAGE PATTERNSDendritic

drainage systemTrellis drainage

systemRectangular

drainage systemRadial drainage

system

DENDRITICDendritic drainage

systems are the most common form of drainage system.

In a dendritic system, there are many contributing streams.

Thus the name “dendritic” (derived from branches).

TRELLISAs a river flows along

a strike valley, smaller tributaries feed into it from the steep slopes on the sides of mountains.

These tributaries enter the main river at approximately 90 degree angles, causing a trellis-like appearance of the drainage system.

RECTANGULARRectangular

drainage develops on a strongly jointed rocky terrain.

The streams consist mainly of straight line segments with right angle bends

Tributaries join larger streams at right angles.

RADIALIn a radial drainage

system the streams radiate outwards from a central high point. 

Volcanoes usually display excellent radial drainage

On domes and laccoliths the drainage may exhibit a combination of radial and annular patterns.

RIVERS AND RIVER SYSTEMSA river along with its tributaries is called a river system.

The Himalayan Rivers :-

The Peninsular Rivers :-

The Indus River System The Narmada Basin

The Ganga River System The Tapi Basin

The Brahmaputra River System

The Godavari Basin

The Mahanadi Basin

The Krishna Basin

The Kaveri Basin

THE HIMALAYAN RIVERSThe Himalayan rivers are perennial and

they receive water from the melting of the snow glaciers.

These rivers have cut through mountains to make their way downstream.

They have long courses from their source to the sea.

They carry loads of silt and sand.

THE INDUSThe river Indus rises in

the Tibet. Flowing west, it enters India in J&K.

Several tributaries join it in the Kashmir region

The Indus plain has a very gentle slope.

With a total length of 2900 km the Indus is some of the longest rivers of the world

THE GANGAThe Ganga is fed by the

Gangotri glacier and joined by the Alaknanda at Devprayag in Uttrakhand.

The Ganga has many tributaries from the Himalayas.

The Ganga flows eastward till Farakka in West Bengal.

The length of the Ganga is over 2500 km.

THE BRAHMAPUTRAThe Brahmaputra lies

east of the Mansarovar lake.

It is longer than Indus and most of its course is outside India.

It is known the sorrow of Assam as it has a large volume and considerable amount of silt.

THE PENINSULAR RIVERSThe main water

divide in Peninsular India is formed by the Western Ghats, which runs from north to south close to the western coast.

The drainage basins of the peninsular rivers are quite small.

THE NARMADAThe Narmada rises in

the Amarkantak hills in Madhya Pradesh.

It flows to the west in a rift valley.

All of its tributaries are very short and join the main river at right angles.

THE TAPIThe Tapi rises in

the Satpura ranges in the Betul district of Madhya Pradesh.

It flows towards west like Narmada but it is smaller in size.

It also flows in a rift valley parallel to Narmada.

THE GODAVARIThe Godavari is the

largest peninsular river.

It rises from the slopes of the Western Ghats in the Nasik region.

It is about 1500 km long.

It is also known as the “Dakshin Ganga”.

THE MAHANADIThe Mahanadi

rises in the highlands of Chhattisgarh.

It flows through Orissa to reach the bay of Bengal.

The length of the river is about 560 km.

THE KRISHNARising from a spring

near Mahabaleshwar, the Krishna flow and reaches the Bay of Bengal .

Its drainage basin is shared by Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

It is about 1400 km long.

THE KAVERIThe Kaveri rises in

the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats an reaches the bay of Bengal in Tamil Nadu

It is 760 km long.Its basins drain

parts of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil nadu.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF RIVERSRivers have been of fundamental importance

throughout the human history.Water from the rivers is a basic natural

resource. Therefore settlements near water have become big cities.

Using rivers for irrigation, power generation etc – is of great importance in the ever growing economic India.

POLLUTION OF WATERThe growing domestic, municipal,

industrial and agricultural demand for water from rivers naturally affects the quality of water.

Heavy loads of untreated sewage and industrial effluents are emptied into the rivers .

This affects not only the quality of water but also the aquatic conditions of water.

ACTIONS AND REMEDIESWe can prevent pollution in river water in

many ways and some of them are as follows:1. not discharging untreated sewage and other

industrial waste water into rivers2. not quarrying sand in river beds which is a key

factor in river bank stability and erosion of banks We should create awareness among other

people. Farmers should use manure instead of fertilizers because fertilizers flow away with rainwater into rivers and caused great effect to aquatic species.

CONCLUSIONSRivers are the backbone of our life. We

simply cant do without them. So, we just have to take a decision and decide who are we going to be - The Savers or the Polluters.

Every person’s bit can help in any insignificant way . My help is spreading awareness. What is yours ?

Ponder and think Over it.

EVERY RIVER WANTS TO BE LIKE THIS