Nationalism in China, Turkey,

and IndiaSSWH17.D

Changes in ChinaSince 1644, China had been ruled by the Qing Dynasty. The nation was very closed to the rest of the world.

Many Chinese people began to believe that increasing technology, industry, and nationalism held the key for China’s future.

The leader of the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) was led by Sun Yat-sen

Sun Yat-senBorn into a poor farming family

Early Life Educated in Medicine at

an American college in Hawaii

Conversion to Christianity

While in Hawaii, Sun started the “Revive China Society.”

Sun Yat-senIn 1895, Sun tried to launch a revolt, but it failed. Sun was forced into exile for 16 years.

Changes in China’s society: Growing educated class The beginnings of the Chinese press

1911 – Armed revolts in China are caused by fights over railroad property. The Qing Dynasty collapses, and Sun heads home. He is elected Provisional President.

Sun Yat-senSun’s “Three Principles of the People:”

Nationalism – no more foreign control People’s Rights – democracy People’s Livelihood – financial security

“The Chinese people do not have national spirit. Therefore even though we have four hundred million people gathered together in one China, in reality, they are just a heap of loose sand.”

He was not able to achieve national unity, but his revolutionary influence on China was very powerful.

Mustafa Kemal in Turkey

After WWI, Turkey was the only remaining part of the Ottoman Empire. The Sultan had become very weak.

1922 – Kemal leads Turkish troops against Greek invaders.

After beating the Greeks, the Turkish nationalists overthrew the Sultan.

Mustafa Kemal1923 – Elected president of the New Turkish Republic.His goal was to modernize Turkey:

Separate the laws of the nation from the laws of Islam

Establish a law code based on European law

Grant political rights to women

Industrialize Turkey Western Clothing

He was given the name Ataturk – “Father of the Turks”

Indian NationalismIndians had served with the British in WWI, and in return India was to be moved towards independence. England did not keep this promise.

The Indian population began to resent English rule.

England enacted the Rowlatt Acts: gave British colonial government the right to imprison protesters for as long as two years without a trial.

Amritsar MassacreIn 1919 a group of Hindus and Muslims marched together to Amritsar to show support of Indian Nationalism

England had banned public meetings, and troops were ordered to fire into the crowd = 400 dead

Increased hatred of English rule = increase in Indian Nationalism

Mohandas GandhiBecame the leader of the Indian independence movementHis teachings merged thoughts from all of the world’s major religionsThe Indians gave him the name Mahatma – “Great Soul”

Mohandas GandhiFought injustice through “Civil Disobedience”

Boycotts Fasts Strikes Peaceful demonstrations

In 1935, England granted partial self-rule to India

Gandhi tried to get India to forget its religious differences, but conflict between Muslims and Hindus continued.

Mohandas Gandhi

Despite Gandhi’s efforts, India split into 2 nations in 1947:

India – Hindu Pakistan – Muslim

In 1948, Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu nationalist.