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21ST CENTURY INNOVATIONS IN FOSSIL CEPHALOPOD RESEARCH involving the EVOLUTION TO VERTEBRATES Inovações no séc. XXI na investigação de fósseis de cefalópodes com evolução para vertebrados

http://rcfilms.dotster.com/arribas-ABALO-INFANT-CEPHALOPODE.jpg

http://rcfilms.dotster.com/arribas-ABALO-waste-ROSTRA.jpg

NOTE 1 – An inventory of scientific research about cephalopod fossils was made in 1999 (V International Symposium: Cephalopods - Present and Past - Abstracts - Vienna, 6-9th September 1999). It was an important contribution to the overwhelming number of studies and communications on the same subject that started circulating via Internet just at the beginning of 21st Century and proceeded all along its first decade. Attention was centered in Decapodiforms (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapodiformes) and particularly in Coleoidea (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleoidea) as far as they group Cephalopods. An icon was elected to illustrate this issue: a survivor, an infant soft-bodied creature from Antarctica plankton.

Um inventário de trabalhos científicos sobre cefalópodes fósseis foi feito em 1999 (V International Symposium: Cephalopods - Present and Past - Abstracts - Vienna, 6-9th September 1999). Foi uma contribuição importante para uma quantidade avassaladora de estudos e comunicações sobre o mesmo assunto que começou a circular via Internet logo no início do século XXI e que prossegui durante toda a primeira década. A atenção centrou-se nos Decapoliformes e particularmente nos Coleoidea (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleoidea) enquanto cefalópodes. Um ícone foi eleito para ilustrar a questão: um sobrevivente infantil de corpo mole do plâncton da Antártida.

NOTE 2 – On the upper layers, submitted to intensive erosion along millennia, Cephalopod remains would be seen attached to rocks or scattered on the soil. The ammonites were all of small size and the rostra as well. These ones displayed two different morphologies: non tubular compact rostra and others showing tubular cavities from the beak to the V-shaped opposite extremity where the fragmocone is implanted. Nowadays both may still be seen here, but much more fragmented. (see http://rcfilms.dotster.com/arribas_ABALO_TINY_FOSSILS_WASTE.pdf).

Nos estratos superiores, submetidos a erosão intensiva, via-se restos de cefalópodes embutidos nas rochas ou espalhados pelo chão. Todas as amonites eram de pequeno tamanho e os rostros também. Estes mostravam duas morfologias diferentes: rostros compactos não tubulares e outros com cavidades tubulares do bico até ao extremo oposto, em forma de V, onde se implanta o fragmocone. Podem ser vistos ainda hoje-em-dia, mas muito mais fragmentados (abrir o link acima).

INTRODUCTION - This text is due to the need we felt of giving substantiation to our certitude that the sea worm fossil found on the cliffs of the Peniche peninsula (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peniche,_Portugal) represents the “missing link” in the evolution from mollusks to vertebrates. This certitude was strengthen with the results of detailed research and reinforced by another: being certain that the fossil graveyard of the peninsula is a unique library, full with rare specimens full of unknown things of high interest for those who search for them. Este texto surge da necessidade de fundamentarmos a certeza de ser o verme encontrado numa das arribas de Peniche (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peniche) o elo que faltava na evolução dos moluscos para os vertebrados. Saiu a certeza reforçada depois da pesquisa que fizemos. Reforça-se ainda mais com outra: serem as jazidas fósseis da península de Peniche biblioteca única, cheia de exemplares raros repletos de coisas desconhecidas, de grande interesse para quem as procura.

SEA WORM FOSSIL: http://rcfilms.dotster.com/arribas_ABALO_JURASSIC_SEA_WORM.pdf SOFT BODIES AND HARD STONES: http://rcfilms.dotster.com/arribas_LINKS_por_ordem.pdf

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V-shaped extremity

http://rcfilms.dotster.com/arribas-ABALO-ROSTRUM-HOLLOW-2.jpg

http://rcfilms.dotster.com/arribas-ABALO-ROSTRUM-HOLLOW-MACRO.jpg

NOTE 3 – The number of tubular rostra that may be found in Peniche is more or less the same as compact ones. Tubes vary in size. The biggest ones, very fragile, measure nearly 2 cm in diameter and display a thickness of less than 1 mm. Its uniformity is too regular for us to admit this thickness was caused by erosion. The rostrum in the picture at left is broken in six sections, due to the effects of ambient temperature variations along time. This characteristic makes them different from smaller ones, thicker, more abundant here and much more common, together with those existing in distant places all over the world. They certainly belonged to animals of the same species, but we were unable to identify which one. The same happened with compact rostra. Compact rostra vary in size as well (many have minimal dimensions), but they do not measure more than about 3 cm in diameter. In conclusion, we think these data indicate that we are talking about rare specimens and may be also facing a unique and significant convergence of several unexplained facts, deserving attention and study, and that such effort may lead to unexpected acquisition of new knowledge. O número de rostros tubulares que se encontra em Peniche é mais ou menos o mesmo que o dos compactos. Os tubos variam de tamanho. Os maiores, muito frágeis, têm cerca de dois centímetros de diâmetro e uma espessura de menos de 1 milímetro. A sua uniformidade é regular demais para admitirmos ter sido causada pela erosão. O rostro da imagem aqui à esquerda está quebrado em seis segmentos devido ao efeito das variações de temperatura ambiente ao longo do tempo. Esta característica torna-os diferentes dos mais pequenos, mais abundantes e muito mais comuns em relação a outros semelhantes que existem noutras partes do mundo. Pertenciam com certeza a animais da mesma espécie, mas não conseguimos identificar qual. O mesmo sucedeu com os rostros compactos. Os rostros compactos variam também de tamanho (há muitos de diminutas dimensões) mas não têm mais de uns três centímetros de diâmetro. Em conclusão, pensamos que estes dados indicam tratar-se de espécimes raros e ainda que estamos perante uma convergência significativa e única de vários factos sem explicação, merecedores de atenção e estudo, e que tal esforço nos poderá levar à imprevisível aquisição de novos conhecimentos.

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http://rcfilms.dotster.com/arribas-ABALO-ROSTRUM.jpg

Great Britain (eastern coast) Sweden North of France

http://viewsofthemahantango.blogspot.pt/2015/03/belemnitella-mucronata-cephalopod-from.html

NOTE 4 – Detailed research made us understand that ammonites and tubular rostra like those from Peniche are common worldwide whereas compact non tubular rostra are rare. Despite being both common in nearly equal percentage here, compact rostra were found, in much lower percentage than tubular ones, in a few regions of the British Islands (eastern coast), north of France (rocks in Vendee Department https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e) and, with whitish colour (supposedly Belemnellocamax), at Ignaberga, in Sweden. http://www.maplandia.com/sweden/kristianstadt-lan/hassleholm-kommun/ignaberga-56-8-0-n-13-50 -0-e/ Compact rostra images like these may be found on the Web in several European countries.

Uma pesquisa exaustiva deu-nos a entender que amonites e rostros tubulares como os de Peniche são comuns em todo o mundo, ao passo que rostros compactos não tubulares são raros. Apesar de serem aqui ambos comuns em percentagem aproximadamente igual, rostros compactos só se encontra, numa percentagem muito inferior à dos tubulares, nalguns locais das costas das Ilhas Britânicas (costa leste) e do norte da França, na Vendeia (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendeia) e, de cor esbranquiçada (supostamente Belemnellocamax), em Ignaberga, na Suécia: ver link em inglês. Na Web aparecem imagens de rostros compactos de vários países da Europa. NOTE 5 – Our research unveiled unexpected historical facts as well concerning the outburst of scientific studies on Mollusks in the first decade of the 21st century, revealing trends, contradictions and confusion. We analyzed the chronology of such publications mainly using Wikipedia´s registers, since most scientists made up their minds to raise international awareness of their works with this efficient tool. Essa pesquisa revelou também factos históricos relativos a uma eclosão de estudos sobre Moluscos na primeira década do séc. XXI, revelando tendências, contradições e confusão. Analisámos a cronologia dessas publicações com recurso aos registos da Wikipédia, na medida em que a maioria dos cientistas resolveu chamar a atenção internacional para os seus trabalhos usando esta eficaz ferramenta.

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COLEOIDEA

NOTE 6 – The eruption took place with Coleoidea, proceeded among others with Nectocaris, Conobelus, Baculites, Hibomilites, Nectocaris, Orthocones and Megateuthis. In 2008 a crises took place and the chaos was generated with Belemnitela, a risen American star popularized by Morton (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_George_Morton). The climax would take place in 2009: Belemnella, Belemnotheutis, Belemnopsis, Teudopsis, Belemnopsis, Dimitobelus, Neohibolites, Passaloteuthis, Acanthoteuthis, Phragmoteuthis, Hibolites, followed by Asheaia in 2010. Revealing local aptitudes, all these characters were created by outstanding authors and tenaciously annunciated by reputed establishments from all over the world. Unexpectedly, the limelights went out in 2011, but new attempts for celebrity were made in 2012. A cheeky American starlet named Belemnitella Bulbosa was one of those that cheerfully waved for recognition beyond US borders together with Belemites, a star, the name awarded as genus among a number of homolog competitors from ordinary countries, saucily classified as such by some of their devoted citizens. A erupção começou com Coleoidea, prosseguiu, entre mais com Nectocaris, Conobelus, Baculites, Hibomilites, Nectocaris, Orthocones and Megateuthis. Em 2008 estalou uma crise e gerou-se o caos com Belemnitela, uma estrela americana ressuscitada e popularizada por Morton. 2009 foi o ano do climax: Belemnella, Belemnellocamax, Belemnopsis, Dimitobelus, Neohibolites, Passaloteuthis, Acanthoteuthis, Phragmoteuthis, Hibolites, seguindo-se Asheaia em 2010. Revelando aptidões locais, todas estas personagens foram criadas por destacados autores e tenazmente anunciadas por reputadas instituições de todo o mundo. Sem que ninguém esperasse, as luzes da ribalta apagaram-se em 2011, mas novas tentativas de celebridade ocorreram em 2012. Uma atrevida starlet norte-americana com o nome de Belemnitella Bulbosa foi uma das muitas que alegremente acenavam por reconhecimento para além das fronteiras dos seus países, juntamente com uma certa Belemnites, também americana, nome premiado como “género” entre os demais concorrentes estrangeiros oriundos de países secundários, assim orgulhosamente classificados por certos dos seus devotos cidadãos.

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CHRONOLOGY of cephalopod classifications in the first 15 years of the 21st century EOTEUTHOIDAE (2002) New genus. Marked morphological differences from all known fossil taxa. Affinities to some living families. http://www.geology.cz/bulletin/contents/art2003.02.157 http://www.geology.cz/bulletin/fulltext/10-kostak.pdf

NOT PICTURED AYSHEAIA (2002) “Aysheaia was a genus of Cambrian-aged soft-bodied, caterpillar-shaped fossil organisms with average body lengths of 1 - 6 cm.” (Wiki) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aysheaia http://paleobiology.si.edu/burgess/aysheaia.html http://www.lifebeforethedinosaurs.com/2011/08/aysheaia.html http://facweb.furman.edu/~wworthen/bio440/evolweb/cambrian/aysh.htm http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/284/1000/165 https://tanystropheus.wordpress.com/2010/05/20/burgess-shale-extravaganza-aysheaia/

IMAGES https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aysheaia#/media/File:Aysheaia_Walcott_1911.png http://burgess-shale.rom.on.ca/en/fossil-gallery/view-species.php?id=22 http://www.sonoma.edu/users/r/rank/BIO355_f04/burgess_shale_slides.pdf

NECTOCARIS PTERYX (2003) “Nectocaris pteryx is a species of possible cephalopod affinity, known from the "early Cambrian" (Series 2) Emu Bay Shale and Chengjiang biota, and the "middle Cambrian" (Series 3, Stage 5) Burgess Shale.” (Wiki) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectocaris http://www.bbc.com/news/10173293 http://www.wired.com/2011/07/nectocaris-what-the-heck-is-this-thing/ http://coo.fieldofscience.com/2010/05/nectocaris-largely-irrelevant-to.html http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v465/n7297/edsumm/e100527-08.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectocaris#/media/File:Nectocaris_59660.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Nectocaris_59660.jpg https://sites.google.com/site/kennethdebaetswebpage/home/paleontology-news/nectocarisandthecambrianshell-lesscephalopodmyth

NOTE – “The affinity of Nectocaris has been a controversial subject, and some scientists feel that it is still uncertain.”

HIBOLITES JACULOIDES (2003) “This eurythermal genus (Mutterlose, 1988) underwent an endemic evolution in the Boreal sea”: http://www.thefossilforum.com/index.php?/gallery/image/29979-hibolites-jaculoides/ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/EarthSci/people/mcarthur/Speeton%20Bels%20P3%202004.pdf

NOTE – No traces of phragmacone in some. Why?

COLEOIDEA (2004) Grouping of cephalopods containing all the various taxa popularly thought of as "soft-bodied" or "shell-less," i.e., octopus, squid and cuttlefish: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleoidea http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11709 http://tolweb.org/Coleoidea/19400 http://tolweb.org/onlinecontributors/app;jsessionid=63A449A9B5EDDA05E4D2F5AD4EDC185D?page=ViewImageData&service=external&sp=2276

CONOBELUS (2004) First nearly complete skeleton of the belemnite Conobelus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conobelus https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conobelus&action=history http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/OOE-GEO_21_0003-0018.pdf

PAPER http://www.nhm-wien.ac.at/jart/prj3/nhm/data/uploads/mitarbeiter_dokumente/lukeneder/2005/Lukeneder_2005_Conobelus.pdf

NOT PICTURED

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OTTOIA (2004) “Ottoia is a stem-group priapulid worm known from Cambrian fossils. Although priapulid-like worms from various Cambrian deposits are often referred to Ottoia on spurious grounds, the only clear Ottoia macrofossils come from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia, which was deposited 508 million years ago.” (Wiki) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoia Ottoia prolifica (a priapulid worm) http://paleobiology.si.edu/burgess/ottoia.html

Prehistoric ‘penis worms’ shed light on ocean ecology half a billion years ago http://www2.le.ac.uk/news/blog/2015-archive-1/may/prehistoric-2018penis-worms2019-shed-light-on-ocean-ecology-half-a-billion-years-ago

ARTICLES Scientists have compiled a 'dentist's handbook' of prehistoric penis worm teeth http://www.earthtouchnews.com/wtf/eerie-evolution/scientists-have-compiled-a-dentists-handbook-of-prehistoric-penis-worm-teeth

The macro- and microfossil record of the Cambrian priapulid Ottoia http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12168/full

Vagina Dentata Has Found Its Perfect Match: Penis Worm That Has Throat Teeming With Teeth http://www.dailytimesgazette.com/tag/ottoia-tricuspida/

Worm Fossils (related) http://www.fossilmuseum.net/fossils/Worm-Fossils.htm

VIDEOS http://burgess-shale.rom.on.ca/en/fossil-gallery/view-species.php?id=95 http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/01/02/cambrian-penis-worms-were-voracious-opportunists/ http://www.dailytimesgazette.com/tag/ottoia-tricuspida/

IMAGES http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2015-05/06/flesh-eating-penis-worms/viewgallery/346680

NOTE – Ottoia are “lazy” worms that didn’t evolve. They just adapted to new environments changing their basic anatomy. Despite the scientific interest of the teeth issue, their importance

In evolution appears to be very relative. BACULITES (2004) “Baculites ("walking stick rock") is an extinct cephalopod genus with a nearly straight shell, included in the heteromorph ammonites” (Wiki) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baculites http://woostergeologists.scotblogs.wooster.edu/tag/fossils/page/30/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baculites#/media/File:SouthDakotaBaculites.jpg

PAPERS (2007) http://www.carleton.edu/departments/GEOL/Resources/comps/CompsPDFfiles/2007/Penman2007.pdf http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3353&context=etd

NOTE – Having external shells, baculites are often confused with Orthocones (below). The classification of specimens of both groups is not always clear.

ORTHOCONE (2005) “An orthocone is a usually long straight shell of a nautiloid cephalopod. During the 18th and 19th centuries, all shells of this type were named Orthoceras, but it is now known that many groups of nautiloids developed or retained this type of shell.” (Wiki) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthocone http://seamonsters.wikia.com/wiki/Giant_Orthocone http://paleo-studies.tumblr.com/post/24723803201/walking-with-monsters-water-dwellers https://www.uky.edu/KGS/fossils/cephalopods.htm

PAPER http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-4983.00065/pdf

VIDEO (giant orthocone) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ON4355DruKc

MEGATEUTHIS GIGANTEA (2007) “The largest known belemnite species” (Wiki) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megateuthis_gigantea http://www.thefossilforum.com/index.php?/gallery/image/25755-megateuthis-gigantea-schlotheim-1820/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megateuthis_gigantea#/media/File:Megateuthis_1.JPG http://www.steinkern.de/steinkern-de-galerie/schwaebische-alb/megateuthis-gigantea-schlotheim-1820-12929.html Compact rostrum

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BELEMNOTHEUTIS (2008) “Belemnotheutis , as officially spelled, is an extinct coleoid cephalopod genus from the middle and upper Jurassic, related to but morphologically distinct from belemnites” (Wiki) “The fossil record has been rewritten — in 150-million-year-old squid ink. The discovery of the perfectly preserved ink sac of an inch-long cephalopod, a type of squid, has astonished palaeontologists.” (The Times – news. 2009) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belemnotheutis http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/science/biology/article1967432.ece http://blogs.nature.com/news/2009/08/drawing_with_ancient_ink.html http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6806-5_14#page-1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belemnotheutis#/media/File:Belemnotheutis_antiquus_by_SP_Woodward.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belemnotheutis#/media/File:Belemnotheutis_3d.jpg

BELEMNITELLA (2008) “Belemnitella was a squidlike animal, probably related to the ancestors of modern squids and cuttlefish. The shell was internal.” (Wiki) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belemnitella http://www.njfossils.net/Belemnite.html Belemnitella americana (Morton) https://sites.google.com/site/fossilsoftheeastyorkshirecoast/collections/belemnitella-mucronata http://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/2022312/DBB74C22E7D4B9BE5A1F3B874E85393C02923A87.html http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4629184 http://viewsofthemahantango.blogspot.pt/2015/03/belemnitella-mucronata-cephalopod-from.html

PAPER http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/bull45-01-11-21.pdf

BELEMNOTHEUTIS (2008) “Belemnotheutis, as officially spelled, is an extinct coleoid cephalopod genus from the middle and upper Jurassic, related to but morphologically distinct from belemnites” (Wiki) “The fossil record has been rewritten — in 150-million-year-old squid ink. The discovery of the perfectly preserved ink sac of an inch-long cephalopod, a type of squid, has astonished palaeontologists.” (The Times – news. 2009) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belemnotheutis http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/science/biology/article1967432.ece http://blogs.nature.com/news/2009/08/drawing_with_ancient_ink.html http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6806-5_14#page-1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belemnotheutis#/media/File:Belemnotheutis_antiquus_by_SP_Woodward.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belemnotheutis#/media/File:Belemnotheutis_3d.jpg

NOTE – The animal displays hooks instead of suckers on its arms. Some scientists say that belemnotheutis are belemnites. Extracting ink from rostra was already practiced by British painters in the 19th century, in consequence of Mary Annig’s findings (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Anning): http://fossilsandotherlivingthings.blogspot.pt/2010/01/paleontologist-mary-anning-deserved.html

BELEMNELLA (2008/9) “Belemnella is a genus of belemnite, an extinct group of cephalopods” (Wiki) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belemnella http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=15840 http://www.biopix.com/belemnella-occidentalis_photo-29347.aspx http://www.steinkern.de/steinkern-de-galerie/die-insel-ruegen/Belemnella%20occidentalis%20ssp.%20BIRKELUND,%201957.html http://www.njfossils.net/Belemnite.htm (Belemnitella americana - Morton) http://www.dgs.udel.edu/delaware-geology/delaware-state-fossil-belemnite http://louisvillefossils.blogspot.pt/2011/07/belemnitella-americana-new-jersey.html http://www.fossilguy.com/sites/canal/canal_col.htm https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2010AM/finalprogram/abstract_174485.htm

PAPER https://geojournals.pgi.gov.pl/agp/article/view/9701/8239 (2012) NOT PICTURED BELEMNELLOCAMAX (2009) “Belemnellocamax is a genus of belemnite, an extinct group of cephalopods.” (Wiki) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belemnellocamax https://www.flickr.com/photos/jarlen5/8593427214/ http://www.stenbutikken.dk/belemnellocamax-a-178.html http://www.ammonit.ru/foto/12714.htm https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belemnellocamax.jpg

NOTE – Concerning belemnellocamax, compact rostra are usually confused with tubular ones. Most of compact rostra images, besides those from Peniche https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peniche,_Portugal, may be found on the Web, from European shores related to the Atlantic formation during the Jurassic.

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TEUDOPSIS (2009) “Teudopsis is a genus of the coleoid cephalopod family Teudopsidae, known only from Lower Jurassic gladii. It has been reported from Alberta, Canada and Europe.” (Wiki) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teudopsis http://tolweb.org/Teudopseina/140241

ARTICLE http://www.researchgate.net/publication/232814578_Teudopsis_bunelii_Eudes-Deslongchamps_1835_(Cephalopoda_Coleoidea)_from_the_Upper_Toarcian_ironstones_of_Luxembourg

PAPERS https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app52/app52-575.pdf (2007) http://cephalopods.u-bourgogne.fr/8ISCPP_abstract_book.pdf (2010)

NOTE – Photo of a Teudopsis fossil (Wiki): despite of showing no traces of an annelid, the animal’s mouth displays inside it the presence of tinny black balls (cuttlefish eggs?) like those that we describe in the mouth of the annelid worm pictured in NOTE 3 at http://rcfilms.dotster.com/arribas_ABALO_JURASSIC_SEA_WORM.pdf

See detail for Teudopsis at http://rcfilms.dotster.com/arribas-ABALO- TEUDOPSIS-MOUTH.jpg. That’s why an evolutionary shift from our worm to Teupodsis might be admitted. See also HIBOLITES HASTATUS (bellow)

BELEMNOPSIS (2009) “Belemnopsis is a genus of belemnite, an extinct group of cephalopods.” (Wiki) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belemnopsis http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9781139680837&cid=CBO9781139680837A011&tabName=Chapter http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/1504/ http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02987983#page-1

PAPERS http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/56399/CG1504.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

http://www.tandfnline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00288306.1979.10422557

NOTE – The classification of Belemnopsis has been put in doubt since it is first named Belemnites sulcatus, also placed in the name Holcobeloides. NOT PICTURED DIMITOBELUS (2009) “Dimitobelus is a genus of belemnite, an extinct group of cephalopods.” (Wiki) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitobelus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitobelus#/media/File:The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Opalized_belemnites.jpg

THESIS http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/4906/2/02SectionA.pdf

NOTE – Some consider Dimitobelis a different genus from belemnites. Others include in this genus rostra with incompatible morphology.

NEOHIBOLITES (2009) Neohibolites is the first belemnite with a cosmopolitan distribution. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neohibolites http://www.ukfossils.co.uk/guides/belemnites.htm http://www.gaultammonite.co.uk/pages/link_pages/other_cephalopoda_link.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neohibolites#/media/File:Neohibolites_sp.,_opalized_belemnite,_Late_Early_Cretaceous,_Coober_Pedy_Formation,_Coober_Pedy,_South_Australia_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01937.JPG http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/earth/rock-minerals/earthlab/specimen/fossil.dsml?name=Belemnopsis%20blainvillei&Panel=12&Row=F&ColumnValue=3

PASSALOTEUTHIS (2009) “Passaloteuthis is a genus of belemnite, an extinct group of cephalopods.” (Wiki) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaloteuthis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaloteuthis#/media/File:Belemnite_at_bristol_museum_arp.jpghttp://deeptimetraveller.smugmug.com/keyword/passaloteuthis%20laevigata/i-Pfqwnkq http://www.ipernity.com/doc/288413/37607146

PAPER (2014) http://www.researchgate.net/publication/259011053_Early_Toarcian_(Jurassic)_belemnites_from_northeastern_Gondwana_(South_Riffian_ridges_Morocco)

NOTE – This genus is common in Europe. Some specimens were found in Morocco. Records are too sparse to allow conclusive analyses.

ACANTHOTEUTHIS (2009) “Acanthoteuthis is a belemnite genus, a squid-like cephalopod with an internal shell from the Late Jurassic Epoch, related to modern coleoids.” (Wiki) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthoteuthis

IMAGES https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthoteuthis#/media/File:Dans_l%27ombre_des_dinosaures_-_Acanthoteuthis_-_007.jpg

NOTE – There is scarce information about this item on the Web.

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PHRAGMOTEUTHIS (2009) “Phragmoteuthis is a genus of coleoid cephalopod known from the late Triassic to the lower Jurassic. Its soft tissue has been preserved; some specimens contain intact ink sacs, and others, gills. It had an internal phragmocone and ten arms.” (Wiki) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmoteuthis

ARTICLE http://tolweb.org/Octopodiformes/19405 (Vampire Squid and Octopos)

IMAGES http://www.holzmadenfossilien.de/inhalte%20fossilien/Phragmoteuthis%20conocauda%20001.html http://www.pbase.com/hajar/image/135641817

PAPERS http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00552.x/pdf (2006) http://www.geo.fu-berlin.de/geol/fachrichtungen/pal/eigenproduktion/Band_10/17_Reitner.pdf

HIBOLITES HASTATUS (2009) “Hibolites is a genus of belemnite, an extinct group of cephalopods.” (Wiki) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibolites http://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/2022312/2DF85B71F7B13940A51E44C7574E395088D91F8F.htmlhttp://louisvillefossils.blogspot.pt/2013/09/hibolites-hastatus-cephalopod-fossil.html http://www.fffotos.de/index.php/sammlungen/sammlungen-durchlicht-fotos/971-hibolites-hastatus

PAPER https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app06/app06-105.pdf (1961) IMAGES

http://www.granadanatural.com/ficha_fosiles.php?cod=214 http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Trachyteuthis http://gr.introne.com/galerie/callovian/imagepages/image13.html http://dept.sfcollege.edu/NatSci/PhysSci/jean.klein/fossils/belem.jpg http://louisvillefossils.blogspot.pt/2013/09/hibolites-hastatus-cephalopod-fossil.html

NOTE 1 –Two different genera of belemnites have been included by many under the name of Hibolites hastatsus. We are facing a contradiction (among others), illustrated by the pictures of the fossils at left. The first picture gives evidence to a shell inside which a mollusk is housed, showing outside it the head, several arms and two thin long tentacles. The animal would be able to quail into the shell for protection, such as does an orthocone (above). The picture below illustrates a belemnite whose cone-shaped body is partly inserted in a large phragmocone. The phragmocone is lodged in a rostrum (or shell?). Being much larger than the tubular structure which involves the creature’s body, its head wouldn’t fit inside it. May we conclude that the typical rostrum which is part of the internal organs

of belemnites is, in specific cases, no rostrum at all but a shell? May we also admit as reasonable that, in cases like this, an internal organ of an evolving genus turned into an external one keeping its basic features? What is the relevance of this hypothesis?

NOTE 2 – A lot of dispersed information about fossil findings circulates on the Web nowadays. When searching for data to elaborate this chronology we found the first photo at left, a Common’s image identified as the gladius of a Trachyteuthis https://en.wiki2.org/wiki/Gladius_(cephalopod). (Museum für Naturkunde Berlin) In truth, it represents a fragment of the posterior part of an annelid fossil. We were surprised, as it appears to be intimately related with the worm we describe here: http://rcfilms.dotster.com/arribas_ABALO_JURASSIC_SEA_WORM.pdf. NOTE 3 –The fragment contains, in its basic features, an anal zone similar to that of our worm but displays other features that appear to mean that the fragment represents an “improved” version of a predecessor: it is longer, more tapering, having a higher number of rings and, above all, having developed a soft extension around the anterior part of its body. A soft housing of a soft body (coat-shaped as with Canadaspis) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadaspis would have evolved into a hard one within mollusks of different genera. It is reasonable to admit that the same took place with worms like these.

If so, it is certain we are facing intricate and ambiguous issues needing more research and careful study. Still concerning these fossils, one may state, using amplified view for details, that both display identical debris in their digestive organs: tiny black balls that appear to be cuttlefish eggs. On the border of the anal appendage of this one, a delicate membrane emerged that would be used like a rudder: generation after generation, it would turn into a caudal fin. If so, an evolutionary project has been drawn. It would be genetically executed. BELEMNITELLA BULBOSA (2012) “Belemnitella bulbosa is a species of belemnite from the Late Cretaceous of North America. It is known only from two localities - the Pierre Shale and Fox Hills Formations.” (Wiki) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belemnitella_bulbosa

NOTE – Scarce information on the Web. NOT PICTURED

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BELEMNITES (2012) “Belemnites is a genus of an extinct group of cephalopods belonging to the order Belemnitida.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belemnites_(genus) http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/fossils/inverts/belem.htm http://www.ukfossils.co.uk/guides/belemnites.htm https://www.tonmo.com/community/pages/belemnites/ http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/fossils/belemnite.htm http://fossilidentification.weebly.com/belemnites.html

PAPER http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2009_M01/

VIDEO https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQECqmU9Iko

NOTE – The name Belemnite has two meanings: 1) the rostrum of an extinct mollusk and 2) the mollusk itself. In the plural, belemnites may refer to 1) a genus of mollusks, 2) a number of species, 3) a group of individuals and 4) a number of rostra. NOT PICTURED

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NEWS 2010 Oldest Soft-Bodied Marine Fossils Discovered (2010) http://www.livescience.com/6448-oldest-soft-bodied-marine-fossils-discovered.html “A discovery of a huge number of soft-bodied marine animal fossils is giving these critters a fair shake in the fossil record” (2010) “Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (around 490 million years ago). During this event, an explosion of marine animal life over a period of 25 million years occurred.”

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BELEMNITES & BELEMNITES (2012) “Because of their remarkably phallus-like shape, the Ancient Egyptians associated them with male fertility god Min. Mediaeval Scandinavians believed that elves used them as candles, while in England they were called Devil’s thunderbolts and were thought to have been formed during lightning storms.” http://www.conchsoc.org/MolluscWorld20/7 NOT PICTURED

THE PRIMORDIAL ROSTRUM (2012) “The internalization of the shell is the most important character that delimits the Coleoidea from nautiloid and ammonoid cephalopods.” PAPER http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dirk_Fuchs/publication/230844708_The_''rostrum''-problem_in_coleoid_terminology__an_attempt_to_clarify_inconsistencies/links/09e4150531be628805000000.pdf NOTE – What about soft bodies in soft shells? NOT PICTURED

BELEMNELLA OBTUSA (2015) New Lower Maastrichtian brachiopods (Gulpen Formation, Vijlen Member) from southern Limburg (The Netherlands) http://www.fffotos.de/index.php/kreidezeit/kreide-belemniten/1336-belemnella-obtusa

Belemnites from Ignaberga (Sweden) http://www.thefossilforum.com/index.php?/topic/36386-belemnites-from-sweden/ http://english.fossiel.net/sites/fossil_site.php?plaats=197

NOTE – The image shows three rostra very similar to those of Peniche. They have narrow fragmocones and no internal tubes. Were they tubular shells before getting compact rostra? Did the creatures living inside those shells move out one day and started involving them with tissues until the shells turned into interior compact organs of their bodies? If they were no shells, why are they so much similar to the tubular ones that were shells once? Why there are tubular rostra and compact ones? How different were their owners?

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SQUIDS & OCTOPUSES (2015)

The awful grandfather “Scientists have managed to re-create the appearance of a previously unknown fossil - a spiky creature thought to be the ultimate ancestor of the modern-day squid and octopus.” (Mail Online) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2153230/Discovered-The-128million-year-old-grandfather-modern-squid-octopus.html

NOTE – The animal, looking like Bacolites, takes cover inside a flexible shell coated with piercing horns. Are similar creatures still alive?

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BELEMNITES (identifying) http://fossilidentification.weebly.com/belemnites.html

MOLLUSCAN PALEONTOLOGY (2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_in_molluscan_paleontology

INTRODUCTION TO THE CEPHALOCHORDATA http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chordata/cephalo.html THE EARLY VERTEBRATES http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/cowen/HistoryofLife/CH07.html (CHAPTER 7, MY GEOLOGYP AGE, UCDAVIS) (http://ucdavis.edu/) ************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************

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EVOLUTION TO VERTEBRATES MYLLOKUNMINGIA (2003) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myllokunmingia

“Myllokunmingia is a basal chordate from the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan shales of China, thought to be a vertebrate, although this is not conclusively proven. It is 28 mm long and 6 mm high.” (Wiki) “The presence of earlier chordates among the Chengjiang, including Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia, appears to show that cuticle is not necessary for preservation, overruling the taphonomic argument, but the presence of tentacles remains intriguing, and the organism cannot be assigned conclusively, even to the vertebrate stem group. Its anatomy closely resembles the modern creature Branchiostoma.” Pikaia article (WIKI)

Fossils of vertebrate primeval fish found in China were reported and described by Chinese scientists in 2003, one year before the Wikipedia article on Pikaia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikaia was first published. This event would cause an increasing use of this medium as a tool for researchers (see Note 5).

The avalanche would cause on its turn a wave of contradictions and confusion which, for some, brought worries or resentment.

ZHONGJIANICHTHYS (2003) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongjianichthys

“Zhongjianichthys rostratus is an extinct basal chordate that lived in the Cambrian period, approximately 530 million years ago. It is sometimes regarded as an early fish, and therefore an ancestor to all vertebrates.” (Wiki) A PALENONTOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF VERTEBRATE ORIGIN by SHU Degan

Chinese Science Bulletin April 2003 Vol.48 Nº 8 725-735 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF03187041#page-1

This Wiki portrait shows that the creature is a chordate (not very smart). There are others, not so ugly, which are considered ancestors as well and appear to be not so dull.

HAIKOUELLA (2003) “Haikouella is a probable chordate from the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan shales of Chengjiang” (Wiki ) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikouella

County in Yunnan Province, China http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v402/n6761/abs/402518a0.html

HAIKOUICHTHYS (2003) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikouichthys

“Haikouichthys is an extinct genus of craniate (animals with notochords and distinct heads) believed to have lived 525 million years ago, during the Cambrian explosion of multicellular life” (Wiki) “Agnathan fish hold a key position in vertebrate evolution, especially regarding the origin of the head and neural-crest-derived tissue” (Nature) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6922/abs/nature01264.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/504776.stm

BBC news (shows Chengjiang location, where such fossils were found)

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LANCELET (2004) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelet

“The lancelets (from "lancet") — also known as amphioxi (singular, amphioxus) — comprise some 32 species of fish-like marine chordates in the order Amphioxiformes, with a global distribution in shallow temperate (as far north as Scotland) and tropical seas, usually found half-buried in sand” (Wiki)

CEPHALOCHORDATE https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalochordate

“Cephalochordata (from Greek: κεφαλή kephalé, "head" and χορδή khordé, "chord") is a chordatesubphylum defined by the presence of a notochord that persists throughout life. It is represented in the modern oceans by the Amphioxiformes (lancelets, also known as amphioxus). Along with its sister phylum Urochordata, Cephalochordata can

be classified as belonging to the taxon Protochordata (Wiki)

A primitive fish from the Cambrian of North America (cited by the NY Times, June 11, 2014): A Long-Ago Ancestor: A Little Fish, With Jaws to Come http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/12/science/a-long-ago-ancestor-a-little-fish-with-incipient-jaws.html?_r=0

ANATOMY https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelet#/media/File:BranchiostomaLanceolatum_PioM.svg

INTRODUCTION TO THE CEPHALOCHORDATA http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chordata/cephalo.html

NOTE: The worms above, classified by some as HIBOLITES HASTATUS (page 9), display a similar anatomy to Lancelet, which has developed a caudal fin such as the fossil specimen belonging to the Museum für Naturkunde. Anatomically similar to them in several respects, “our worm” shows no fin. This fact suggests it is older in timescale and originated an evolutionary shift of mollusks: a linage evolving to more sophisticated ones like squids and cuttlefish, which developed paired fins, and another evolving to fishes which developed vertebrae and caudal fins. PIKAIA (2004) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikaia “Pikaia gracilens is an extinct animal known from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia. Sixteen specimens of Pikaia are known from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they comprised 0.03% of the community. It resembles a living chordate commonly known as the lancelet and perhaps swam much like an eel” (Wiki)

“The presence of a creature as complex as Pikaia some 530 million years ago reinforces the controversial view that the diversification of life must have extended back well before Cambrian times - perhaps deep into the Precambrian.” (Wiki) “Surprisingly, a Pikaia lookalike still exists today, the lancelet Branchiostoma. This little animal was familiar to biologists long before the Pikaia fossil was discovered. With notochord and paired muscle blocks, the lancelet and Pikaia belong to the chordate group of animals from which the vertebrates have descended” (Wiki)

QUESTIONING Pikaia is most primitive vertebrate known http://sandwalk.blogspot.pt/2012/03/pikaia-is-most-primitive-vertebrate.html The Middle Cambrian fossil Pikaia and the evolution of chordate swimming http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390900/

NOTE – There are several versions of Pikaia (114 known fossils). There is controversy with them.

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MYXINIDAE (2004) https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxinidae

Early Jawless Vertebrates and Cyclostome Origins http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2108/zsj.25.1045 CNRS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique ARTICLES (2008) Panbiogeographical analysis of distribution patterns in hagfishes (Craniata: Myxinidae) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01859.x/ Early Jawless Vertebrates and Cyclostome Origins

http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2108/zsj.25.1045

ARANDASPID (2005) htts://Wikipedia.org/wiki/Arandaspida http:// tolweb.org/tree?group=Arandaspida “Arandaspida is a taxon of very early, jawless prehistoric fish which lived during the Ordovician period.” (Wiki) Arandaspida http://tolweb.org/Arandaspida/16907

MYXINIKELA (2007) “Les myxines (Myxinidae) sont une famille d'animaux aquatiques anguilliformes. Les myxine n'ont pas de mâchoire mais une paire de structures horizontales avec des dents entourée de 4 barbillons buccaux et 4 barbillons autour de l'orifice nasal” (Wiki FR)

Myxinikela siroka o fossil hagfish of the Pennsylvanian period (c. 300 million years ago) that resembled modern hagfishes (in English dictionaries) https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxinikela_siroka (in Portuguese) http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=102412&tree=0.1&syn=1

SACCORHYTUS CORONARIUS (2017) News, January 2017 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccorhytus

WIRED Your oldest ancestor was a sack-like creature with no anus http://www.wired.co.uk/article/oldest-ancestor-sack-anus “Unusually for deuterostomes, though, the animals appear to have had no anus, so the openings may have been used to both feed, and excrete water and waste. This mouth was disproportionately large for the creature's size, too, meaning it could have eaten other creatures”

Deuterostomes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterostome

Deuterostómios https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterostomia

Credit Simon Conway Morris / University of Cambridge

NATURE Meiofaunal deuterostomes from the basal Cambrian of Shaanxi (China) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature21072.html

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BBC Meiofaunal deuterostomes from the basal Cambrian of Shaanxi (China) http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-38800987?ns_campaign=bbc-three&ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=FACEBOOK&ns_linkname=dailydrop

PÚBLICO O que nos une a uma criatura do mar que existiu há 540 milhões de anos? https://www.publico.pt/2017/01/31/ciencia/noticia/o-que-nos-une-a-uma-criatura-do-mar-que-existiu-ha-540-milhoes-de-anos-1760272

NOTE – These news suggest that Saccorhytus coronarius is older in the evolution time scale than “our worm”. Such a possibility may only be valid if the first is a close ancestor of the second one. Another possibility is that Saccorhytus be the representative of a clade that hadn’t so much success as the one to which a creature that modeled molluscs and vertebrates belongs. Announcing that Saccorhytus is our oldest ancestor sounds like noise with a very weak signal. Sugerem estas novidades que o Saccorhytus é mais antigo na escala do tempo da evolução do que o “nosso verme”. Tal possibilidade só pode ser válida se o primeiro for um antepassado próximo do segundo. Outra possibilidade é ser o Saccorhytus representativo de um clade que não teve tanto sucesso como aquele a que pertence a criatura que modelou moluscos e vertebrados. Anunciar que o Saccorhytus é o nosso antepassado mais antigo soa a ruído com muito pouco sinal.

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RELATED:

SEA WORM FOSSIL

http://rcfilms.dotster.com/arribas_ABALO_JURASSIC_SEA_WORM.pdf http://rcfilms.dotster.com/arribas_ABALO_JURASSIC_CONGER_2.pdf

SEA ANNELID FOSSILS

http://rcfilms.dotster.com/ABALO-SEA-ANNELID-FOSSILS.pdf

at

SOFT BODIES AND HARD STONES http://rcfilms.dotster.com/arribas_LINKS_por_ordem.pdf

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Document created on August 14, 2015

Updated February 1, 2017 mail[at]ricardocosta.net