STAAR Flashcards 2013-2014

Everything you need to know about American history, but were

afraid to ask……..

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GPERS

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•Geography

•Political

•Economic

•Religious

•Social

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Eras of American

History to 1877

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•Exploration•Colonization•Declaration•Revolution•Constitution•Federalization•Jackson•Expansion•Reformation•Industrialization•Sectionalization•Division•Reconstruction

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Quick Map of the United

States

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Exploration of America: Which countries and

why?

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•Spain – gold, God, glory

•France – fish, fur, francs, friends (with Native Americans)

•Netherlands – fish, fur, faster route to Asia (Northwest Passage)

•Great Britain – money and stuff (raw materials)

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New England Colonies

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•G-hard rocky soil; long cold winters, short summers (MA, CT, RI, NH)•P-Mayflower Compact (self-gov’t), Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1st colonial constitution)•E-Manufacturing: ship building, mining, fishing; subsistence farming•R-Puritans

•S-Tight-knit communities; rules based on religion

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Middle or Mid-Atlantic

Colonies

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•G-balance of all seasons, coastal plains with fertile soil (PA, DE, NJ, NY)

•P-

•E-Manufacturing: ship building & Agricultural: staple crops/grains

•R-Quakers

•S-Close communities, individual freedoms, freedom of religion

go

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Southern Colonies

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•G-rich, fertile soil, excellent farmland (GA, SC, NC, VA, MD)

•P-Virginia House of Burgesses (representative gov’t)

•E-Agrarian (agricultural): cash crop farming on large plantations

•R-Baptists and Catholics

•S-Rich upper class of white landowners; poor lower class consisting mainly of slaves/indentured servants.

Columbus Discovering the New World (Supposedly)

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Jamestown, VA

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•1st permanent English settlement in North America

•1607

• in Southern colonies

•Leader: John Smith

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Plymouth, MA

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• Founded by Puritans (pilgrims) for religious freedom

•1620

•New England Colonies

•Leader: William Bradford

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Basis of Colonial

Government

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•Magna Carta (1215)-rule of law

•English Bill of Rights-citizens have individual rights

•Virginia House of Burgesses-representative government

•Mayflower Compact (1620)-self-government

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Mercantilism

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•Mother country (England) gets rich by monopolizing colonies’ trade

•Colonies sell raw materials ONLY to mother country

•Colonies can only buy finished goods from mother country

•opposite of free enterprise

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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade(Triangle Trade)

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•American colonies ship raw materials to England, rum and money to Africa

•Africa ships slaves and gold to the West Indies to work on sugar cane plantations

•The West Indies ship molasses, sugar, and slaves to the American colonies

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Free Enterprise

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•an economic system where businesses compete for profit from consumers

through supply and demand, with little government

interference

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First Great Awakening

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•a religious movement in which Christians believed they could speak directly to God

•focused on the power of the individual to break away from the group

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Colonial Culture

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•focuses on individuals and the picturesque

•art shows portraits

•music is for individuals

•clothing shows status

•games are for single winner

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Revolution Geography

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French-Indian War

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•1754-1763

•French & Native Americans vs. British & colonists

•Fighting over control of the Ohio River Valley

•AKA “Seven Years’ War”

•Ended by the Treaty of Paris, 1763

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Ohio River Valley

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•Fought over by French and British for fur trading & farming during the French-Indian War

•Borders:

•N-•E-•S-•W-

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Proclamation of 1763

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•Issued by British to American colonists

•Stated that the colonists could not move WEST of the Appalachian Mountains

•Attempt to protect the colonists from additional wars

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Albany Plan of Union

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•Plan by Benjamin Franklin to unite the 13 colonies together

•Visually represented by cartoon of a snake cut into pieces with the caption “Join or Die”

•Based on the Plan of Six Nations by the Native Americans

•1st political cartoon in colonies

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“No Taxation without

Representation”

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•Phrase created by James Otis

•Protested British taxes on the colonies, such as the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, & Tea Act, without the colonists having representation in England’s parliament

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Boston Massacre

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•Protest in Boston, MA over taxes

•British soldiers shot into a crowd of colonists, killing 5

•1st killed = Crispus Attucks

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Boston Tea Party

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•Protest in Boston, MA over the Tea Act/tea taxes

•Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams, dressed as Indians and dumped 342 crates of tea off ships into the Boston Harbor

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Intolerable Acts

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•British laws passed against the colonies, specifically Boston, in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party

•Meant to punish Boston

•“They’re UNBEARABLE!”

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1st Continental Congress

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•Meeting of colonial government representatives in which they decided to

•Boycott British goods

•Train a militia

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Battles of Lexington &

Concord

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•1st battles of the American Revolution

•AKA “The shot heard ‘round the world”

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2nd Continental Congress

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•2nd meeting of colonial government representatives

•Created the Continental Army, commanded by George Washington

•Wrote Olive Branch Petition•Ignored by King George III

•Decided to declare independence from Britain

•Quote: “Give me liberty or give me death”---Patrick Henry

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Thomas Paine

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•Author of Common Sense – urged colonists to fight for independence from Britain

•Author of The American Crisis – about patriotism and continuing to fight for one’s country

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Battle of Bunker Hill

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•Victory for British BUT they suffered heavy losses and did not gain much land

•Showed colonial troops were able to stand up against one of the strongest armies in the world

(they had a chance!)

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Declaration of Independence

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•Document declaring to the world that the American colonies are a ‘free and independent nation’

•Lists grievances against King George III

•Unalienable rights = life, liberty, pursuit of happiness

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1776

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•Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson

•Signed on July 4th, 1776 by 56 colonial representatives in Philadelphia, PA

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American Revolutionary

War

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•1775 – 1783

•Colonies = untrained for battle, shortages in weapons and food, patriotism, help from other countries, fighting on home turf, commander George Washington

vs.•Britain = more soldiers and money, well trained and supplied, hired soldiers, fighting overseas, poor leadership, hard to supply (should have won)

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Battles of the Revolution

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•Lexington & Concord – FIRST battles of the war•Bunker Hill – showed that the Colonies COULD FIGHT•Valley Forge – PA winter, Washington lost lots of troops•Saratoga – TURNING POINT OF THE WAR, France joined us•Yorktown – END of war, Lord Cornwallis surrenders to General Washington

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Treaty of Paris, 1783

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•Ends American Revolution

•Britain recognizes U.S. as a country•Britain gives up land in N. America•U.S. agrees to return property to Loyalists•New western boundary is Mississippi not Appalachians

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VIPs of the Revolution

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•Marquis de Lafayette = French, military and financial assistance•Bernardo de Galvez = Spanish, military assistance•Baron von Steuben = Prussian, military training•Comte de Rochambeau = French, military assistance•Haym Solomon = Jewish, financial assistance•James Armistead = African slave, spied on British

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Ideas for American

Government

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•Magna Carta (1215) – gov’t power is limited, trial by jury•English Bill of Rights (1689) – individual rights•John Locke – people are born with ‘natural rights,’ gov’t is a social contract•Charles De Montesquieu – three branches of gov’t , •Declaration of Independence (1776) – unalienable rights

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Articles of Confederation

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•1st Constitution of the United States – 1781 - 1787

•Strengths: Northwest Ordinance of 1787 as a way to create new states, some federal gov’t

•Weaknesses: no president or supreme court, no way to tax, weak federal gov’t, difficult to pass laws,

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Northwest Ordinance

of 1787

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•ONLY strength of the Articles of Confederation

•Established a method for creating new states and territories

•5,000 men = territory•60,000 citizens = state*

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Shay’s Rebellion

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•Led by Daniel Shay as a protest against taxes on corn

•Farmers marched on arsenal in Massachusetts

•Proved that the federal gov’t under the Articles of Confederation DID NOT WORK!

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1787

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•May – Sept.

•United States Constitution written

•Independence Hall, Philadelphia, PA

•Plan was to revise the Articles of Confederation

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Sample Government Question

The phrase, “We the People,” in the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution illustrates the idea that government power comes from its citizens. This idea is called

A. limited governmentB. socialismC. popular sovereigntyD. monarchy

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Great Compromise

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•Combination of the Virginia Plan (large states) and the New Jersey Plan (small states)

creates•Bicameral legislature-”two houses”

•Upper House=Senate/2 senators per state

•Lower House=House of Representatives/representation based on population of state

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3/5ths Compromise

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•Northern states wanted NO slaves counted for population

•Southern states wanted all slaves counted for population

Compromise: slaves would be counted as 3/5ths of a person for representation and taxation

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“We the people of the United States, in order to form a

more perfect union, establish justice, ensure

domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense,

promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our

posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for

the United States of America.”

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•Preamble to the U.S. Constitution

•Sets out six goals for the Constitution to accomplish

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Federalism

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•Principle of the U.S. Constitution

•Government power is divided between the national (federal) and state governments

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Limited Government

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•Principle of the Constitution

•Government is limited by the rule of law/Constitution

•Even the rulers (gov’t) have to follow the rules!

•From Magna Carta (1215)

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Separation of Powers

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•Principle of the Constitution

•Federal government is divided into THREE branches, each with their own defined powers:

•Legislative-Congress “makes laws”•Executive-President “enforces/enacts laws”•Judicial-Supreme Court “interprets the laws”

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Checks and Balances

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•Principle of the Constitution

•Each federal branch of gov’t can control (“check”) the powers of the other two branches

•Ex. Congress can pass a law that can be vetoed by the President; the President appoints Supreme Court justices that must be approved by Congress

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Popular Sovereignty

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•Principle of the Constitution

•Citizens give the government power through voting

•“People say what the government can do”

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Elastic Clause

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•“The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper”

•Government has the power to make new laws to govern the country as new situations arise with changing times

•Ex.

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Amending the Constitution

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•Amend = “change”

•27 Amendments (2012)

•Changes the way government works OR the rights allowed to states/individuals

•2/3rds Congress proposes and

•3/4ths state legislatures approve

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Federalists

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•FOR the Constitution

•Like: Strong federal government

•Led by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison

•Wrote the Federalist Papers (85 essays) in support of ratifying the Constitution

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Anti-Federalists

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•AGAINST the ratification of the Constitution

•Feared strong federal gov’t

•Wanted a Bill of Rights to protect citizens

•Led by: Thomas Jefferson, George Mason, Patrick Henry

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1st Amendment

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•Protects citizens’ Individual FREEDOMS

•Speech•Religion•Assembly•Petition•Press (John Peter Zenger)

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Grievances from

Declaration of Independence

(Amendments)

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•2nd Amendment – right to bear arms

•3rd Amendment – no quartering soldiers

•4th Amendment – unreasonable searches, search warrant

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Due Process of Law

(Amendments)

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•4th Amendment – search and seizure/search warrants•5th Amendment – rights cannot be taken away without due process = indictment by grand jury, double jeopardy, self-incrimination•6th Amendment – fair and impartial trial by jury of peers, lawyer•8th Amendment – bail, cruel and usual punishment

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Civic Virtue

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•Actively involving oneself in government by learning about our government, voting, participating in the legal process when called upon, etc.

•“doing what is best for the community”

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Citizenship

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•BIRTHRIGHT Citizen = born in the United States AND/OR parents who are U.S. citizens

•NATURALIZED Citizen = 18 years old, live in U.S. for 5 years, good moral character, swear an oath to the Constitution, understand U.S. history, read/write/speak English

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Rights and Responsibilities of U.S. Citizens

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•Responsibilities = obey laws, pay taxes, serve on a jury, attend school, personal and family support, testify in court, defend nation

•Rights = vote, stay informed, learn about government activities, volunteer to serve in the military

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WAJMaMAJ

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•Names of the first 7 presidents in order!

•Washington•Adams•Jefferson•Madison•Monroe•Adams (John Quincy)•Jackson

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George Washington

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•First president of the United States

•Set precedents of two terms, cabinet of advisors, “Mr. President”

•Dealt with Hamilton’s Economic Plan, Whiskey Rebellion

•Foreign policy of neutrality

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Alexander Hamilton’s

Economic Plan

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•First Secretary of the Treasury

•Included FOUR provisions:•Repay state and federal debt•Create a national bank•Introduce whiskey tax•Set a protective tariff (tax on imports) to protect American industries

•Opposed by Jefferson and Madison

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Washington’s Farewell Address

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•“Steer clear of foreign alliances” (neutrality)•“Avoid the accumulation of debt” (stay out of debt)•Be wary of political parties, as they will divide the nation (no political parties)

•Letter from Washington to citizens on his retirement

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John Adams

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•2nd President of U.S.

•First Vice-President

•Peaceful transition of power, despite contentious election

•Alien & Sedition Acts = challenged rights/citizenship of immigrants

•Served one term

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Alien & Sedition Acts

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•Alien Acts changed citizenship requirements from 5 years to 14 years and deported citizens of countries at war with U.S.

•Sedition Act punished any who published any criticism of the government

•GOAL: To decrease the size of the Democratic-Republican Party

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Federalist Party

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•Led by Alexander Hamilton

•Strong central/federal gov’t

•Loose interpretation of Constitution

•Economy based on industry

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Democratic-Republican

Party

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•Led by Thomas Jefferson

•Limited federal gov’t/states’ rights

•Strict interpretation of Constitution

•Economy based on agriculture (agrarian)

•Laissez-faire capitalism/gov’t not regulate or aid business

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Thomas Jefferson

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•3rd President of the United States

•Author of Declaration of Independence

•Democratic-Republican Party leader

•Acquired Louisiana Purchase during presidency

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Louisiana Purchase

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•Bought from France for $15 million

•Thomas Jefferson, President

•DOUBLED size of the United States

•Gave U.S. New Orleans and land west of Mississippi R. to Rocky Mountains

•Opened west to expansion

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Lewis & Clark Expedition

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•Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

•From St. Louis to Pacific Ocean

•Guided by Sacagawea

•Goals: Explore Louisiana Purchase, find water route to Pacific, bring back scientific and geographical information

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Marbury v. Madison

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•Established the principle of JUDICIAL REVIEW

•Chief Justice John Marshall declared that a law can be ruled unconstitutional

•John Marbury sued James Madison for federal court justice position

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James Madison

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•4th President of the United States

•Presided over the War of 1812

•Wrote Bill of Rights

•Known as Father of the Constitution for his note-taking during the Constitutional Convention

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19th Century United States

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War of 1812

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Fought between U.S. and Britain over American sovereignty as a country

•CAUSES: Impressments of American sailors by the British

•EFFECTS: U.S. preserved its independence

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Significant Court Cases

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•Gibbons v Ogden = federal gov’t can regulate interstate trade/commerce

•McCullough v. Maryland = based on the “elastic clause,” the federal gov’t had power to charter a national bank; Constitution is “supreme law of the land” (supremacy clause)

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Era of Good Feelings

75

•End of party conflict

•Surge of American nationalism and patriotism/pride

•Start of Henry Clay’s American System = roads and canals throughout American to build its infrastructure, including the Erie Canal

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Monroe Doctrine

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•Foreign policy by James Monroe

•Europe, stay out of the Western Hemisphere! (North and South America

•U.S. would oppose any attempts by European powers to establish new colonies or restore European rule to the Americas

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Missouri Compromise

77

•Compromise created by Henry Clay

•Slavery forbidden in Louisiana Territory north of the 36*30’ line of latitude

•Missouri = Slave•Maine = FREE

(MO is a slave, but ME is free!)

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Andrew Jackson

78

•Era of the Common Man and expansion of democracy

•Created the ‘spoils system’ (to the victor goes the spoils)

•“Jacksonian Democracy” = politics an activity of ordinary citizens

•7th President of the U.S.

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Nullification Crisis

79

•Tariff placed on imports, angering the South (Tariff of Abominations)

•S. Carolina argues that a state can nullify (‘cancel’) an unconstitutional law and threatened to secede

•Jackson responds with force

•Henry Clay proposes compromise that lowers the tariff

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Trail of Tears

80

•Result of Indian Removal Act, stating that tribes must move WEST of the Mississippi River (Oklahoma Territory)

•Five Civilized Tribes – Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee, Creek, Seminole

•¼ of 16,000 died on trail from starvation, exposure and disease

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Manifest Destiny

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•Belief that America had the God-given right to extend its borders to the Pacific Ocean

•Chosen to spread Christianity and democracy

•Also would provide national security and new economic opportunities

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Industrial Revolution

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•Movement from homemade to factory-made industries

•Started in Great Britain

•Began with Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, spinning jenny, and steam engine

•Allowed for rise of factory system and mass production of goods

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Interchangeable Parts

83

•Mass-produced items made in large quantities in factories, using standardized designs

•All parts are exactly the same, so can be used on any piece and replaced

•Made manufacturing easier, faster, and less costly

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Steam Engines

84

•Originally made by James Watt

•Made factory machines work faster

•Used in railroads to move trains along a track

•Steamboat = Robert Fulton’s The Clermont changed transportation

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Erie Canal

85

•Part of Henry Clay’s American System

•Manmade waterway connecting the Great Lakes with the Hudson River (New York City)

•360-mile canal

•Farmers could ship goods entirely by water

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Reform Movement

86

•Begun from the Second Great Awakening

•Belief that each person could “achieve salvation through good works”

•Included abolition, prison conditions, mental illness, education, temperance, and women’s rights

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Abolition

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•Movement to end slavery

•Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe, about slavery conditions, caused outrage

•William Lloyd Garrison’s newspaper, The Liberator, and speeches by Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, and Sojourner Truth contributed to the movement

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Temperance

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•Movement to end drinking alcohol

•Led by Dorothea Dix (also for prison reform and treatment for mentally ill

•Changed from moderation to total abstinence from alcoholic drinks to save health and family

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Women’s Rights

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•Seneca Falls Convention, New York 1848

•Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony and others campaigned for women to be treated fairly and equally

•Declaration of Sentiments: called on men not to withhold women’s rights, property, or right to vote

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North vs. South

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Causes of the Civil War

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Jefferson Davis

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Robert E. Lee

93

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Abraham Lincoln

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Ulysses S. Grant

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Major Battles of the Civil War

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Radical Reconstruction

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Moderate Reconstruction

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Reconstruction Amendments

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Homestead ActMorrill ActDawes Act

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