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Stages of Action ResearchStages of Action Research

EN. ISMAIL BIN HJ. ABDULLAHEN. ISMAIL BIN HJ. ABDULLAH

KETUA JABATAN R & DKETUA JABATAN R & DMPTBMPTB

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Stages of Action ResearchStages of Action Research

AccordingAccording toto KurtKurt LewinLewin ((19471947),), actionactionResearchResearch isis aa threethree--stepstep spiralspiral

processprocess of of ((11)) planningplanning whichwhichinvolvesinvolves reconnaissancereconnaissance;; ((22))takingtaking actionsactions;; andand ((33)) factfact--findingfinding aboutabout thethe resultsresults ofof thethe

actionaction.. ThisThis wholewhole threethree--stepstep spiralspiralprosesproses isis furtherfurther repeated,repeated, inin aa spiralspiralcockscrewcockscrew manner,manner, if if furtherfurtherresearchresearch isis deemeddeemed necessarynecessary..

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As per ZuberAs per Zuber--Skerrit (1990), a cycle ofSkerrit (1990), a cycle ofaction research is divided into four phasesaction research is divided into four phases::

plan,act,observe,reflectplan,act,observe,reflect; and then, in; and then, inthe light of this, plan for the next cycle. Thethe light of this, plan for the next cycle. Theplanning for the next cycle may arise if:planning for the next cycle may arise if:

The researcher wants to further refineThe researcher wants to further refine

his/her research.his/her research.

The previous action research failed toThe previous action research failed todeliver the expected results/changesdeliver the expected results/changes

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ActionresearchcyclebyZuberActionresearchcyclebyZuber--

Skerrit(1990)Skerrit(1990)

Act

Observe

Reflect

Plan

Act

Observe

Reflect

Revised Plan

Act

Observe

Reflect

Revised Plan

Identify problem

First Cycle

Second Cycle

Third Cycle

Figure 9.1

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someoftheusualtasks insomeoftheusualtasks ineachphaseoftheeachphaseofthe ZuberZuber--SkerritSkerrit modelmodel PlanPlan

Decide on topic/problem areaDecide on topic/problem area Explore topic / Find focus / Study existing dataExplore topic / Find focus / Study existing data Choose appropriate methods of data collectionChoose appropriate methods of data collection

Plan interventionPlan intervention ActAct

Take appropriate actionTake appropriate action Test hypothesesTest hypotheses

ObserveObserve Monitor effects of actionMonitor effects of action--takingtaking Record actionRecord action--takingtaking

ReflectReflect Analyze dataAnalyze data Reflect on findingsReflect on findings Identify implicationsIdentify implications

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ResearchmodelResearchmodel

(Eileen Ferrance,2000).(Eileen Ferrance,2000).1. Identification ofproblem area1. Identification ofproblem area

2.Collection and organization data2.

Collection and organization data3. Interpretating data3. Interpretating data

4. Taking action based on data4. Taking action based on data

5. Reflection (Evaluating the results)5. Reflection (Evaluating the results)

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Identify A Problem AreaIdentify A Problem Area

There are several criteria to consider beforeThere are several criteria to consider beforeinvesting the time and effort ininvesting the time and effort in

researching a problem. The questionresearching a problem. The questionshouldshould

be a higherbe a higher--order questionorder questionnot a yes/nonot a yes/no

be stated in common language, avoidingbe stated in common language, avoidingjargonjargon

be concisebe concise

be meaningfulbe meaningful

not already have an answernot already have an answer

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Gathering dataGathering data journalsjournals

individual filesindividual files

logs of meetingslogs of meetings

videotapesvideotapes

case studiescase studies

surveyssurveys

recordsrecords tests, reporttests, reportcards,cards,

attendanceattendance

selfself--assessmentassessment

samples of student work,samples of student work,

projects, performancesprojects, performances

interviewsinterviews

portfoliosportfolios

diariesdiaries

field notesfield notes

audio tapesaudio tapes

photosphotos

memosmemos

questionnairesquestionnaires

focus groupsfocus groups

anecdotal recordsanecdotal records

checklistschecklists

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Figure 9.2 ActionresearchFigure 9.2 ActionresearchmodelbyEileenFerrancemodelbyEileenFerrance

(2000)(2000)

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CIRICIRI--CIRIPTCIRIPT

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TUJUANPTTUJUANPT

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PRINSIPPRINSIP-- PRINSIPPTPRINSIPPT

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PERANANPERANAN

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PROSESPTPROSESPT