stages of ar
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Stages of Action ResearchStages of Action Research
EN. ISMAIL BIN HJ. ABDULLAHEN. ISMAIL BIN HJ. ABDULLAH
KETUA JABATAN R & DKETUA JABATAN R & DMPTBMPTB
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Stages of Action ResearchStages of Action Research
AccordingAccording toto KurtKurt LewinLewin ((19471947),), actionactionResearchResearch isis aa threethree--stepstep spiralspiral
processprocess of of ((11)) planningplanning whichwhichinvolvesinvolves reconnaissancereconnaissance;; ((22))takingtaking actionsactions;; andand ((33)) factfact--findingfinding aboutabout thethe resultsresults ofof thethe
actionaction.. ThisThis wholewhole threethree--stepstep spiralspiralprosesproses isis furtherfurther repeated,repeated, inin aa spiralspiralcockscrewcockscrew manner,manner, if if furtherfurtherresearchresearch isis deemeddeemed necessarynecessary..
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As per ZuberAs per Zuber--Skerrit (1990), a cycle ofSkerrit (1990), a cycle ofaction research is divided into four phasesaction research is divided into four phases::
plan,act,observe,reflectplan,act,observe,reflect; and then, in; and then, inthe light of this, plan for the next cycle. Thethe light of this, plan for the next cycle. Theplanning for the next cycle may arise if:planning for the next cycle may arise if:
The researcher wants to further refineThe researcher wants to further refine
his/her research.his/her research.
The previous action research failed toThe previous action research failed todeliver the expected results/changesdeliver the expected results/changes
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ActionresearchcyclebyZuberActionresearchcyclebyZuber--
Skerrit(1990)Skerrit(1990)
Act
Observe
Reflect
Plan
Act
Observe
Reflect
Revised Plan
Act
Observe
Reflect
Revised Plan
Identify problem
First Cycle
Second Cycle
Third Cycle
Figure 9.1
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someoftheusualtasks insomeoftheusualtasks ineachphaseoftheeachphaseofthe ZuberZuber--SkerritSkerrit modelmodel PlanPlan
Decide on topic/problem areaDecide on topic/problem area Explore topic / Find focus / Study existing dataExplore topic / Find focus / Study existing data Choose appropriate methods of data collectionChoose appropriate methods of data collection
Plan interventionPlan intervention ActAct
Take appropriate actionTake appropriate action Test hypothesesTest hypotheses
ObserveObserve Monitor effects of actionMonitor effects of action--takingtaking Record actionRecord action--takingtaking
ReflectReflect Analyze dataAnalyze data Reflect on findingsReflect on findings Identify implicationsIdentify implications
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ResearchmodelResearchmodel
(Eileen Ferrance,2000).(Eileen Ferrance,2000).1. Identification ofproblem area1. Identification ofproblem area
2.Collection and organization data2.
Collection and organization data3. Interpretating data3. Interpretating data
4. Taking action based on data4. Taking action based on data
5. Reflection (Evaluating the results)5. Reflection (Evaluating the results)
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Identify A Problem AreaIdentify A Problem Area
There are several criteria to consider beforeThere are several criteria to consider beforeinvesting the time and effort ininvesting the time and effort in
researching a problem. The questionresearching a problem. The questionshouldshould
be a higherbe a higher--order questionorder questionnot a yes/nonot a yes/no
be stated in common language, avoidingbe stated in common language, avoidingjargonjargon
be concisebe concise
be meaningfulbe meaningful
not already have an answernot already have an answer
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Gathering dataGathering data journalsjournals
individual filesindividual files
logs of meetingslogs of meetings
videotapesvideotapes
case studiescase studies
surveyssurveys
recordsrecords tests, reporttests, reportcards,cards,
attendanceattendance
selfself--assessmentassessment
samples of student work,samples of student work,
projects, performancesprojects, performances
interviewsinterviews
portfoliosportfolios
diariesdiaries
field notesfield notes
audio tapesaudio tapes
photosphotos
memosmemos
questionnairesquestionnaires
focus groupsfocus groups
anecdotal recordsanecdotal records
checklistschecklists
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Figure 9.2 ActionresearchFigure 9.2 ActionresearchmodelbyEileenFerrancemodelbyEileenFerrance
(2000)(2000)
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CIRICIRI--CIRIPTCIRIPT
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TUJUANPTTUJUANPT
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PRINSIPPRINSIP-- PRINSIPPTPRINSIPPT
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PERANANPERANAN
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PROSESPTPROSESPT