stages of urbanization economic foundations of local development module 1/b: urban and rural...
DESCRIPTION
33 Spread of urban culture in Europe 1600 B. C.: urban development also in Europe (via Asia, Egypt) 1600 B. C.: urban development also in Europe (via Asia, Egypt) 1000 B. C: global centre shifted to Europe (Athens, Rome) 1000 B. C: global centre shifted to Europe (Athens, Rome) Frontier of European urban culture spread to Northwest (towards the cooler climatic zone) Frontier of European urban culture spread to Northwest (towards the cooler climatic zone)TRANSCRIPT
Stages of urbanizationStages of urbanization
Economic Foundations of Local DevelopmentEconomic Foundations of Local DevelopmentModule 1/b: Urban and Rural development by sectorsModule 1/b: Urban and Rural development by sectorsAutumn term 2015/2016.Autumn term 2015/2016.CUB Department of Economic Geography and Futures StudiesCUB Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies
dr. Jeney Lászlódr. Jeney LászlóSenior lecturerSenior [email protected]@elte.hu
22
Late antique townLate antique town
3333
Spread of urban culture in Spread of urban culture in EuropeEurope
1600 B. C.: 1600 B. C.: urban urban development development also in Europe also in Europe (via Asia, (via Asia, Egypt)Egypt)
1000 B. C: 1000 B. C: global centre global centre shifted to shifted to Europe (Athens, Europe (Athens, Rome)Rome)
Frontier of Frontier of European urban European urban culture spread culture spread to Northwest to Northwest (towards the (towards the cooler climatic cooler climatic zone)zone)
4444
Roman EmpireRoman Empire
Period Rome Other townsKingdom 8th–6th cent. B.C
Young townCity wall, fortress on the Capitolium, bridge on Tiber (Tiberis)
Port-town: Ostia
Republic 509–31 B. C.
200 thousand citizens Towns on Italian roads too: Capua, Pompeii, Brindisium
Empire 31 B. C. – A. D. 476
Augustus: 1.1 mn (1.5–2 mn?) Architecture: Forum of Caesar, Palace of Augustus, Circus Maximus, Colosseum. Modern symptoms: crowded buildings, 3–5-storied tenement houses, rack rent. Building laws by Augustus: 21 m max height. Antecedents of exurbanization
Foundations of European cities: London, Paris, Vienna, Cologne, Regensburg, Budapest
5555
Constantinople Constantinople (Byzantine (Byzantine Empire)Empire) 350–800, Constantinople: largest town of the 350–800, Constantinople: largest town of the
worldworld– Link between the antique and the feudal urban Link between the antique and the feudal urban
developmentdevelopment– 330, Emperor Constantine the Great (Constantinus): 330, Emperor Constantine the Great (Constantinus):
Constantinople – seat of the Roman EmpireConstantinople – seat of the Roman Empire– Flourishing: under the age of Emperor Justinian (527–Flourishing: under the age of Emperor Justinian (527–
565) on the basis of global trading role (on the meeting 565) on the basis of global trading role (on the meeting of Europe and Asia)of Europe and Asia)
– Symbol: Hagia Sophia (built: 532–537)Symbol: Hagia Sophia (built: 532–537) Early Middle Ages: largest town of EuropeEarly Middle Ages: largest town of Europe
66
The feudal townThe feudal town
7777
Characteristics of the Characteristics of the European medieval feudal European medieval feudal townstowns 88thth–9–9thth cent.: initial feudal towns cent.: initial feudal towns On the basis of 3 types of rolesOn the basis of 3 types of roles
1.1. Role of defence: 9Role of defence: 9thth–12–12thth cent.: Pflaz/Palatinate – imperial cent.: Pflaz/Palatinate – imperial watchwatch--postsposts
2.2. Role of church: residences of bishops – religious seats with Role of church: residences of bishops – religious seats with castles (Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Passau, Basel, Lyon, Cologne)castles (Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Passau, Basel, Lyon, Cologne)
3.3. Role of trade: Wick – strengthened trading settlements Role of trade: Wick – strengthened trading settlements (Ipswich, Norwich)(Ipswich, Norwich)
– Where all roles are present Where all roles are present faster urban development faster urban development (Munster, Trier, Bruges)(Munster, Trier, Bruges)
Feudal towns: only in West EuropeFeudal towns: only in West Europe– Iberian Peninsula: Moor rule Iberian Peninsula: Moor rule Seville (not feudal) Seville (not feudal)– Southeast Europe: Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire Southeast Europe: Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire
Constantinople (between antique and feudal)Constantinople (between antique and feudal)– East Central & East Europe: feudalism just after Migration East Central & East Europe: feudalism just after Migration
PeriodPeriod
88
Evolution of modern Evolution of modern townstowns
99
1. Agglomerating 1. Agglomerating processprocess = clustering, knitting= clustering, knitting Also referred falsely to as urbanization, urban explosionAlso referred falsely to as urbanization, urban explosion
– Urbanization, but: whole process is referred to as urbanization Urbanization, but: whole process is referred to as urbanization agglomeration is the 1 agglomeration is the 1stst stage of the urbanization stage of the urbanization
– Urban explosion, but: instead of diverging (centrifugal) powers Urban explosion, but: instead of diverging (centrifugal) powers converging (centripetal) powersconverging (centripetal) powers
Absolute concentrationAbsolute concentration– Population of whole agglomeration: increases dynamicallyPopulation of whole agglomeration: increases dynamically– Initially just the city increases, later city and also the suburban Initially just the city increases, later city and also the suburban
zone increasezone increase City and its suburban zone coalesce / accreteCity and its suburban zone coalesce / accrete
– It is often followed by the enlargement of the city boundariesIt is often followed by the enlargement of the city boundaries Its concurrent: generated by the Industrial RevolutionIts concurrent: generated by the Industrial Revolution
1010
The spread of the The spread of the Industrial Industrial Revolution in Revolution in EuropeEurope
Diffusion of the Industrial Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution, agglomerating Revolution, agglomerating process: NW process: NW SE SE– Reverse way to the spread of the Reverse way to the spread of the
antique urbanization (SE antique urbanization (SE NW) NW)– 1818thth cent.: England cent.: England– Mid 19Mid 19thth cent.: West Europe cent.: West Europe– Turn of the 19Turn of the 19thth cent.: N-Eu, E- cent.: N-Eu, E-
Central-Eu, Northern part of S-EuCentral-Eu, Northern part of S-Eu– First half of the 20First half of the 20thth cent.: S-Eu cent.: S-Eu– Mid 20Mid 20thth cent.: E-Eu, Balkans cent.: E-Eu, Balkans
1111
Effects of Industrial RevolutionEffects of Industrial Revolution
Industrialization (→shifts in employment)Industrialization (→shifts in employment) Fordism: appearance of bigger producing units (→spatial Fordism: appearance of bigger producing units (→spatial
concentration of population)concentration of population) Rural Rural urban migration (→rapid urbanization)urban migration (→rapid urbanization) Factors:Factors:1.1. Overall demographic boomOverall demographic boom
– England 1750: 6 mn; 1850: 18 mnEngland 1750: 6 mn; 1850: 18 mn– France 1800: 27 mn; 1900: 39 mnFrance 1800: 27 mn; 1900: 39 mn– Germany 1800: 23 mn; 1900: 56 mnGermany 1800: 23 mn; 1900: 56 mn– Developing (3rd) World: nowadaysDeveloping (3rd) World: nowadays
2.2. ‚‚Push’ factor: rural labour surplusPush’ factor: rural labour surplus3.3. ‚‚Pull’ factor: urban labour demandPull’ factor: urban labour demand4.4. Changing technical background of urban planning Changing technical background of urban planning
(→metropolitan infrastructure)(→metropolitan infrastructure)
1212
Leading role of Europe in Leading role of Europe in the appearance of the the appearance of the modern citiesmodern cities184184
0019291929
Contemporary built-up Contemporary built-up areas of Greater-Londonareas of Greater-London
Europe becomes leaderEurope becomes leader– Towns over 100 th citizensTowns over 100 th citizens
1800:1800: Eu 21/ World Eu 21/ World 6565
1900:1900: Eu 148/ World Eu 148/ World 301301
Primacy of Great BritainPrimacy of Great Britain– First country where the First country where the
proportion of the urban proportion of the urban population: >50%population: >50%
LondonLondon– 1818thth cent.: first modern city cent.: first modern city
(over 500 th citizens) in (over 500 th citizens) in EuropeEurope
– 1919thth cent.: over 2 mn citizens cent.: over 2 mn citizens– 1850–1920: largest city of the 1850–1920: largest city of the
worldworld– 11stst megapolis (over 8 mn megapolis (over 8 mn
citizens) of the Worldcitizens) of the World
1313
Number of Europeans in the Number of Europeans in the rank of the 25 largest towns of rank of the 25 largest towns of the Worldthe World
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100év
léts
zám
year
1414
Advantages of agglomeratingAdvantages of agglomerating
From residential point of view: better quality of life (partly)From residential point of view: better quality of life (partly)– Rich supply of workplacesRich supply of workplaces– Higher incomesHigher incomes– Existence of educational and cultural institutionsExistence of educational and cultural institutions– Rich and better quality of housingRich and better quality of housing– Wide range of services (retail trade etc.)Wide range of services (retail trade etc.)
From economic point of view: higher productivity (positive From economic point of view: higher productivity (positive externalities) externalities) P. Krugman: new economic geography P. Krugman: new economic geography– Rich „quality” supply of labour-forceRich „quality” supply of labour-force– Availability for cooperationAvailability for cooperation– Innovation advantages (research etc.)Innovation advantages (research etc.)– Cheaper and better infrastructure (e.g. transport)Cheaper and better infrastructure (e.g. transport)– Closeness of marketsCloseness of markets
Antecedent: antique RomeAntecedent: antique Rome Modern cities: after the Industrial RevolutionModern cities: after the Industrial Revolution
– Spreaded from West Europe: London, ParisSpreaded from West Europe: London, Paris
1515
1850 előtt
1850-1900 között
1900-1950 között
1950 után
Europe, the craddle of the modern Europe, the craddle of the modern citycity
before 1850between 1850–1900between 1850–1900after 1950
Source of data: censusesSource of data: censuses
Earlier: ancient RomeEarlier: ancient Rome Modern city: after industrial revolutionModern city: after industrial revolution
– Spread from West-Europe: London, ParisSpread from West-Europe: London, Paris
1616
Evolution of the Evolution of the Budapest Budapest AgglomerationAgglomeration 1873: foundation of Budapest = Pest + Buda + 1873: foundation of Budapest = Pest + Buda +
ÓbudaÓbuda Early 20Early 20thth cent.: massive suburban development cent.: massive suburban development
– 1900–1907: build-up of tramlines to the suburban zone1900–1907: build-up of tramlines to the suburban zone– 1908: coming up the thought of creature of Greater 1908: coming up the thought of creature of Greater
BudapestBudapest– 1937: legal sphere of action of the Council of Public 1937: legal sphere of action of the Council of Public
Works spread also to the 22 suburban settlementsWorks spread also to the 22 suburban settlements 11stst January, 1950: foundation of Greater Budapest January, 1950: foundation of Greater Budapest Budapest AgglomerationBudapest Agglomeration
– 1970s: 44 settlements1970s: 44 settlements– 1997: 78 settlements1997: 78 settlements– Pest county (not the same)Pest county (not the same)
1717
„„Shadows” of Shadows” of agglomeration agglomeration processprocess
Inorganic, rapid, spontaneous Inorganic, rapid, spontaneous urban development urban development unwished negative byeffectsunwished negative byeffects– SlumsSlums– Overcrowding (back-to-back Overcrowding (back-to-back
dwelling houses)dwelling houses)– Lack of green areasLack of green areas– Pollution of environment (smog)Pollution of environment (smog)– Lack of public utilities Lack of public utilities
(sanitation)(sanitation)– Cholera epidemic – in 1832 Cholera epidemic – in 1832
London: 5000; Glasgow: 2800 London: 5000; Glasgow: 2800 victimsvictims
– CrimeCrime– Early 19Early 19thth cent., in slumming of cent., in slumming of
Liverpool: life expectancy at Liverpool: life expectancy at birth: 16 yearsbirth: 16 years
1818
Reactions of urban Reactions of urban planning on the planning on the crowdingcrowding New urban planning and architectural acts, lawsNew urban planning and architectural acts, laws Reaction of the urban architecture of the moReaction of the urban architecture of the modern eradern era
– 1933 Athens Charter – style of modern architecture1933 Athens Charter – style of modern architecture– Le Corbusier (1887–1965)Le Corbusier (1887–1965)– Spread upwards instead of dense horizontal built-up zones Spread upwards instead of dense horizontal built-up zones
+ more green area+ more green area Foundation of new townsFoundation of new towns
– West Europe (Great Britain, France, Finland, Sweden): West Europe (Great Britain, France, Finland, Sweden): „planned” suburbanization for the exoneration o„planned” suburbanization for the exoneration off the cities the cities
Cities: London (Hatfield, Milton Keynes), Paris (Cities: London (Hatfield, Milton Keynes), Paris (Cergy-Pontoise)
New Lanark (Robert Owen), garden city campaign (Ebenezer (Ebenezer Howard)Howard)
– Socialist countries: socialist towns for the goal of industrialization
1919
Suburbanization planned Suburbanization planned by urban planning: the by urban planning: the garden city campaigngarden city campaign
Garden city model of Garden city model of Ebenezer Howard Ebenezer Howard (1848–1928)(1848–1928)– 1885.: Garden Cities 1885.: Garden Cities
and Town Planning and Town Planning AssociationAssociation
– 1898.: „Garden Cities of 1898.: „Garden Cities of Tomorrow”Tomorrow”
2020
Main street of Welvyn, 32 km Main street of Welvyn, 32 km from Londonfrom London
Realized Realized garden garden cities cities north from north from London:London:– LetchwortLetchwort
h (1903)h (1903)– Welwyn Welwyn
(1920)(1920)
2121
Latter stages of the Latter stages of the modern urban modern urban development: sub-, dez-, development: sub-, dez-, re- and post-re- and post-suburbanizationsuburbanization
2222
2. 2. Suburbanization Suburbanization / exurbanization/ exurbanization Anglo-Saxon: exurbanizationAnglo-Saxon: exurbanization Relative deconcentrationRelative deconcentration
– Population number of total agglomeration increasesPopulation number of total agglomeration increases– Population number of city decreases, that of suburban Population number of city decreases, that of suburban
zone increases zone increases economic, social and urban structure economic, social and urban structure on agglomeration transformson agglomeration transforms
Outmigration of city dwellersOutmigration of city dwellers– SpontaneousSpontaneous– Directly towards the suburban zoneDirectly towards the suburban zone
Its phases:Its phases:– Early phase: outmigrants keep their urban workplace Early phase: outmigrants keep their urban workplace
commutingcommuting– Late phase: number of workplaces (industrial and Late phase: number of workplaces (industrial and
tertiary) decrease in the central city, increase in the tertiary) decrease in the central city, increase in the suburban zone (dezurbanization? suburban zone (dezurbanization? false statement) false statement)
2323
Suburbanization Suburbanization / exurbanization/ exurbanization Suburbanization of populationSuburbanization of population
– Insufficient housing supply and environment in central cityInsufficient housing supply and environment in central city– Development of transportation infrastructure Development of transportation infrastructure spatial spatial
separation of residential and working zonesseparation of residential and working zones Initial: public transport (local railways) Initial: public transport (local railways) radial radial
diffusiondiffusion– Later: cars, public roads: Later: cars, public roads: diffusion among radiuses as well diffusion among radiuses as well– Today: motorways Today: motorways radial diffusion again radial diffusion again
Developed countries: from 1920s to 1970sDeveloped countries: from 1920s to 1970s– Characteristics of East Central Europe: official restriction of Characteristics of East Central Europe: official restriction of
moving moving only from 1970s only from 1970s Result: population increase in cities slows down, than Result: population increase in cities slows down, than
decreasedecrease– But workplaces remain hereBut workplaces remain here
Suburban zone: mainly residential functions, Suburban zone: mainly residential functions, sparssparseellierier built-up, green areas built-up, green areas
2424
Later: moving Later: moving out of industry out of industry and services and services tootoo Ways of industrial suburbanizationWays of industrial suburbanization
1.1. moving outmoving out2.2. greenfield investmentsgreenfield investments– Its characteristics: high-tech industries (just in time) + Its characteristics: high-tech industries (just in time) +
supplierssuppliers Suburbanization of servicesSuburbanization of services
– Consumer-oriented branches with high interest for Consumer-oriented branches with high interest for spacespace
– LogisticsLogistics– Recreational activities (Disneyland)Recreational activities (Disneyland)– Office functionsOffice functions
Anglo-Saxon: counterurbanization – Brian Berry Anglo-Saxon: counterurbanization – Brian Berry (1976)(1976)– (Somebody understands falsely the industrial and tertial (Somebody understands falsely the industrial and tertial
suburbanization under the dezurbanization)suburbanization under the dezurbanization) Absolute deconcentrationAbsolute deconcentration
– Number of population workplaces of total agglomeration Number of population workplaces of total agglomeration decreases (from the early 1970s)decreases (from the early 1970s)
1970s, developed countries: change of global 1970s, developed countries: change of global economic paradigmeconomic paradigm– Modern urban and industrial regions became Modern urban and industrial regions became
unattractive for both the residents and the companiesunattractive for both the residents and the companies Initially USA, later West Europe: outmigration to Initially USA, later West Europe: outmigration to
more and more distancemore and more distance– Not only to the suburban zones, but also to the further Not only to the suburban zones, but also to the further
countrysidecountryside– Rapidly increasing population of some rural areasRapidly increasing population of some rural areas 2525
3. Dezurbanization / 3. Dezurbanization / counterurbanizationcounterurbanization
Population change in Ruhr area
Relative concentrationRelative concentration– Population number of total agglomeration decreasesPopulation number of total agglomeration decreases– Population number of city (especially the centre) increases Population number of city (especially the centre) increases
againagain Appearance of special ‚Urban Development Appearance of special ‚Urban Development
Corporations’ (UK) for the urban renewalCorporations’ (UK) for the urban renewal Spread of the enterprise form of public private Spread of the enterprise form of public private
partnership (PPP)partnership (PPP)– Clearing of the areaClearing of the area– Configuration of the public utilitiesConfiguration of the public utilities– Configuration of the transportation networkConfiguration of the transportation network– Selling the building plots, seeking for investorsSelling the building plots, seeking for investors
Early 1980s, Europe: 1Early 1980s, Europe: 1stst big urban rehabilitation big urban rehabilitation projectsprojects– Emblematic city: London (Dock Quarter: Canary Wharf)Emblematic city: London (Dock Quarter: Canary Wharf)– Later: Birmingham, Berlin, Hamburg, Amsterdam (Waterfront Later: Birmingham, Berlin, Hamburg, Amsterdam (Waterfront
Program), New York (Harlem), Budapest (Middle Ferencváros – Program), New York (Harlem), Budapest (Middle Ferencváros – Corvin Quarter)Corvin Quarter)
2626
4. Reurbanization4. Reurbanization
Population change in Ruhr area
2727
Population change of the Population change of the urban agglomerationurban agglomeration
Suburban zone
Agglomerating
process
Suburbanization
Exurbanization
Dezurbanization
Counterurb.
Reurbanization
Urban agglomeration
City
Concentration
Deconcentration
Concentration
2828
Stages of urban Stages of urban developmentdevelopment
Change of populationChange of population
CityCity Suburban Suburban zonezone
Urban Urban agglomeratioagglomeratio
nn1. Agglomerating 1. Agglomerating
processprocess IncreaseIncrease Decrease Decrease increaseincrease DecreaseDecrease
2. 2. Suburbanization / Suburbanization /
ExurbanizationExurbanizationIncrease Increase decreasedecrease IncreaseIncrease DecreaseDecrease
3. 3. Dezurbanization / Dezurbanization / CounterurbanizatCounterurbanizat
ionionDecreaseDecrease Increase Increase
decreasedecrease IncreaseIncrease
4. Reurbanization4. Reurbanization Decrease Decrease increaseincrease DecreaseDecrease DecreaseDecrease
Stages of urban development Stages of urban development according to the change of according to the change of populationpopulation
2929
Brief summary of the stages of Brief summary of the stages of urban developmenturban development It affects smaller crowds in timeIt affects smaller crowds in time
– Agglomerating: more millions, reurbanizatiAgglomerating: more millions, reurbanizatioon: a few n: a few thousands, postthousands, post--suburbanization: no significant movementsuburbanization: no significant movement
Leading, dominant continentLeading, dominant continent– Stages of moving inwards (agglomerating, Stages of moving inwards (agglomerating,
reurbanization): initially in Europereurbanization): initially in Europe– Stages of moving outwards (sub-, and dezurbanization): Stages of moving outwards (sub-, and dezurbanization):
initially in North Americainitially in North America Dynamics of the process:Dynamics of the process:
– Initially agglomeratingInitially agglomerating– Followed by suburbanizationFollowed by suburbanization– Later could be followed by dez-, re and post-Later could be followed by dez-, re and post-
suburbanizationsuburbanization More stages could coexistence parallel in citiesMore stages could coexistence parallel in cities Cities could be classify upon the dominant stageCities could be classify upon the dominant stage
– (Whole countries are classified falsely)(Whole countries are classified falsely)
Space-specific elements in Space-specific elements in the demographic process of the demographic process of the European citiesthe European cities
3131
Annaul average population Annaul average population change of cities from 1950schange of cities from 1950s
1.8
1.2
0.8
0.6
-0.2 -0.
1-0.
1 -0.1
-0.2 -0.
1
0.4
0.2
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
aktuálisan félmillió feletti városok 59 nagyváros
száz
alék
1950-19601960-19701970-19801980-19901990-20002000-2007
1001000
n
t
tn
PP
1950s: faster growth1950s: faster growth 1970s, 1980s, 1990s: decreasing population1970s, 1980s, 1990s: decreasing population After the turn of the Millennium: population increase againAfter the turn of the Millennium: population increase again
Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)Gazetteer (2007)
cities actually over half million residents
59 cities
3232
1950–19601950–1960
Source: calculations Source: calculations based on the data of based on the data of censuses and World censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)Gazetteer (2007)
Increase: almost Increase: almost everywhereeverywhere
Decrease: on the Decrease: on the British IslesBritish Isles
significant increase (0.5%<)moderate increase (0–0.5%)moderate decrease (–0.5–0%)significant decrease (>–0.5%)
3333
1960–19701960–1970
Source: calculations Source: calculations based on the data of based on the data of censuses and World censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)Gazetteer (2007)
Decrease spreads to Decrease spreads to West Central Europe West Central Europe (the Netherlands, (the Netherlands, Germany, Austria) Germany, Austria) tootoo
significant increase (0.5%<)moderate increase (0–0.5%)moderate decrease (–0.5–0%)significant decrease (>–0.5%)
3434
1970–19801970–1980
Source: calculations Source: calculations based on the data of based on the data of censuses and World censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)Gazetteer (2007)
Decrease spreads Decrease spreads further to Belgium, further to Belgium, France, North Italy, France, North Italy, North EuropeNorth Europe
Increase only on the Increase only on the lagging peripheries lagging peripheries (Ireland, (Ireland, Mediterranean, Mediterranean, socialist countries)socialist countries)
significant increase (0.5%<)moderate increase (0–0.5%)moderate decrease (–0.5–0%)significant decrease (>–0.5%)
3535
1980–19901980–1990
Source: calculations Source: calculations based on the data of based on the data of censuses and World censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)Gazetteer (2007)
Line of Iron Curtain Line of Iron Curtain appears in city growthappears in city growth
Decrease: developed Decrease: developed Europe (exp. North Europe (exp. North Europe: inner North–Europe: inner North–South migrationSouth migration
Increase: socialist Increase: socialist Europe (exp. Europe (exp. BBudaudappestest): more ): more restricted mobility, restricted mobility, lack of motorization lack of motorization and highwaysand highways
significant increase (0.5%<)moderate increase (0–0.5%)moderate decrease (–0.5–0%)significant decrease (>–0.5%)
3636
1990–20001990–2000
Source: calculations Source: calculations based on the data of based on the data of censuses and World censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)Gazetteer (2007)
Pattern radically Pattern radically turnedturned
Decrease: East Central Decrease: East Central Europe (besides Europe (besides suburbanization suburbanization international migration international migration too (e. g. Riga, Vilnius)too (e. g. Riga, Vilnius)
Increase again: Increase again: somewhere in somewhere in developed Europe developed Europe (mainly London): (mainly London): reurbanization + guest reurbanization + guest workersworkers
significant increase (0.5%<)moderate increase (0–0.5%)moderate decrease (–0.5–0%)significant decrease (>–0.5%)
3737
2000–20072000–2007
Source: calculations Source: calculations based on the data of based on the data of censuses and World censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)Gazetteer (2007)
Dominantly Dominantly increase: developed increase: developed EuropeEurope
Dominantly Dominantly decrease: East decrease: East Central EuropeCentral Europe
significant increase (0.5%<)moderate increase (0–0.5%)moderate decrease (–0.5–0%)significant decrease (>–0.5%)
3838
Clusters of cities according to Clusters of cities according to its population dinamics its population dinamics between 1950–2007between 1950–2007
220002000
219901990
219801980
219701970
219601960
219501950 )b - (a )b - (a )b - (a )b - (a )b - (a )b - (a),( baD
clustercluster numbernumber CitiesCities11 1717 Amsterdam, Vienna, Berlin, Birmingham, Brussels, Amsterdam, Vienna, Berlin, Birmingham, Brussels,
Dresden, Glasgow, Hague, Leeds, Leipzig, Lisbon, Liverpool, Dresden, Glasgow, Hague, Leeds, Leipzig, Lisbon, Liverpool, London, Lyon, Manchester, Rotterdam, SheffieldLondon, Lyon, Manchester, Rotterdam, Sheffield
22 1313 Bremen, Dortmund, Duisburg, Düsseldorf, Essen, Frankfurt, Bremen, Dortmund, Duisburg, Düsseldorf, Essen, Frankfurt, Gothenburg, Hamburg, Hannover, Helsinki, Paris, Gothenburg, Hamburg, Hannover, Helsinki, Paris, Stockholm, StuttgartStockholm, Stuttgart
33 22 Dublin, ValenciaDublin, Valencia44 33 Sofia, Vilnius, ZaragozaSofia, Vilnius, Zaragoza55 1313 Budapest, Bucharest, Cologne, Cracow, Lodz, Malaga, Budapest, Bucharest, Cologne, Cracow, Lodz, Malaga,
Palermo, Poznan, Prague, Riga, Seville, Warsaw, WroclawPalermo, Poznan, Prague, Riga, Seville, Warsaw, Wroclaw66 1111 Athens, Barcelona, Genova, Copenhagen, Madrid, Marseille, Athens, Barcelona, Genova, Copenhagen, Madrid, Marseille,
Milano, Munich, Napoli, Rome, TorinoMilano, Munich, Napoli, Rome, Torino
Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)Gazetteer (2007)
3939
Annual average population Annual average population change of the clusterschange of the clusters
1,2
-0,1
1,6
2,5
2,0
-0,4
2,8
0,6
-0,6
0,1
1,9
1,4
2,7
3,5
-0,1
-0,9
-0,4
-0,1
1,4
1,2
2,1
-0,1
-0,1
-0,1
-0,7
0,50,3
1,2
-0,1
0,2 0,3
-0,8
-0,5
0,4
-0,1
0,2 0,3 0,20,3
-0,2
0,6 0,6
-1,0
-0,5
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
EU 1 Nyugat-Európa 2 Nyugat-Közép-Európa
3 Dél-Európa 4 Kelet-Közép-Európa
5 Dublin, Valencia 6 Szófia, Vilnius,Zaragoza
klaszterek
száz
alék
1950-es évek1960-as évek1970-es évek1980-as évek1990-es évek2000-es évek
Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)Gazetteer (2007)
clusters1 West Europe
2 West Central Europe
3 South Europe
4 East Central Europe
6 Sofia, Vilnius, Zaragoza
1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s
4040
országhatár EU-határ 1. klaszter 2. klaszter 3. klaszter 4. klaszter 5. klaszter 6. klaszter
Geographic location of the Geographic location of the clustersclusters
Source: calculation based on the data of censuses and World Source: calculation based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)Gazetteer (2007)
stateborderEU-bordercluster 1cluster 2cluster 3cluster 4cluster 5cluster 6