stamping out procedures (domestic pigs) · stamping out procedures (domestic pigs) sixth meeting of...
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Stamping out procedures (domestic pigs)
Sixth meeting of the Standard Group of Experts on ASF in the Baltic and
Eastern Europe Region Vilnius, Lithuania – 28-29 November 2016
Jorgen M. Westergaard
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• Definitions
• Disease confirmation
• Epidemiology
• Killing
• Carcass disposal
• Cleaning and disinfection
• Repopulation
• Conclusions
OVERVIEW
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•OIE HANDYSTATUS II - Stamping out(S): Slaughter of all sick and contaminated animals with destruction of their carcases (by burying, incineration, etc.) followed by cleansing and disinfection of the premises
•FAO - Stamping out:eradication procedures based on quarantine and slaughter of all infected animals and animals exposed to infection
Definitions
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Stamping-out policy:
The Veterinary Authority eliminates an outbreak by:
(a) Killing of animals
(b) Carcass disposal
(c) Cleansing and disinfection
Definition- OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code
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African swine fever suspicion
•Disease investigation
•Supmission of samples to laboratory
•Movement restriction
•Epidemiological enquiry
•Premises to be sealed off
Veterinary Authority
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Eliminate an African swine fever outbreak
• Killing of pigs
• Disposal of carcasses and products
• Cleansing and disinfection
- -
Additional measures to Stamping-out
• Valuation of pigs
• Epidemiology and sample collection
• Disease reporting
Veterinary Authority
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• All pigs affected by African swine fever (ASF)
• Pigs suspected of being affected in the herd or in other herds which have been exposed to infection by direct animal to animal contact or by indirect contact likely to cause the transmission of ASF-virus
Which pigs shall be killed?
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Epidemiological inquiry Tracing
• TRACING BACK= origin of infection
• TRACING FORWARD= spread of infection
• To focus on: (INCUBATION PERIOD,
OIE , nature 4 - 19 days; Sus Scrofa 15 days) Date of
first
clinical
syntoms
Date of
restricting
measures
on farm
Origin of infection Spread of
infection to
other farms
Time
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Attention shall be paid to:
• Animal welfare
- Animals shall be spared any avoidable pain, distress or suffering during their killing and related operations
• Stunning methods
• Killing methods
• Standard operating procedures
• Depopulation action plan
• Person with certificate of competence
How shall pigs be killed ?
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Pigs - Stunning methods
Mechanical methods
Description Key parameters include
Penetrative captive bolt device
Damage of brain Position and direction of the shot
Firearm with free projectile
Damage of the brain Position and direction of the shot
Electrical methods A current generate a generalised epileptic form on:
Head – only electrical stunning
The electro-encephalogram (EEG)
Minimum current and voltage
Head-to-Body electrical stunning
The EEG and fibrillation or stopping of the heart
Minimum current and voltage
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Mechanical Stunning equipment
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Very good stun
Mechanical stun
Remember sinuses in large boars and sows
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Electrical Stunning equipment
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Electrode positions during manual stunning
Electrical stunning
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Pigs – Stunning methods
GAS Description Key parameters include
Carbon dioxide at high concentration
Anoxia Gas quality and concentration, exposure time, temperature
Carbon dioxide in two phases
Anoxia
Carbon dioxide associated with inert gas
Anoxia
Inert gas Anoxia
Other methods
Lethal injections Loss of consciousness
Type of injection and medicine used
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• Rate of induction of unconsciousness is related to concentration of gas
– Low concentrations require long exposure times
• Duration of unconsciousness is related to gas concentration and duration of exposure
• Prolonged exposure to high concentrations result in irreversible stun
– death in some animal
GAS
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• Injectable anasthetics include: Barbiturates; sodium pentabarbitol
INJECTABLE ANASTHETICS
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Monitoring stunning
Assessment Observations
Visual No rhytmic breathing
Visual Recumbency; carcass relaxed, jaw open and tongue hanging out
Visual No voluntary movements
Physical No corneal reflex when touching the eye
Physical A pin prick in the nose or an ear pinch should not produce a reaction
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• Pigs can only be killed after appropriate stunning (simple stunning)
• Simple stunning shall be followed as quickly as possible by a procedure ensuring death:
• Bleeding
• Pithing
• Electrocution
• Prolonged exposure to anoxia
Stamping out - Killing
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Killing - Electrocution
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Killing - Electrocution
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Killing – Electrocution
• Entrance
• Entrance
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Killing – Electrocution
• Exit
• Exit
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Killing of pigs during Classical swine fever epidemic
Killing – Electrocution
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Gassing of pigs
• Pig container
• Pig container
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Pig container
Gassing of pigs
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Killing methods, Baltic States , 2015
Country No. ASF outbreaks
Mechanical Electrical Gas Lethal injections
Dead at time of confirmation
Estonia 18
1 12 3 2
Latvia 10
9 1 2 1
Lithuania 13
2 10 1
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Depopulation - time Baltic States , 2015
Country No. Outbreaks
Depopulation date of confirmation
Depopulation date of Confirmation +1
Depopulation date of Confirmation +2
Depopulation date of Confirmation > 2
Estonia 18
4 6 4 4
Latvia 10
4 5 1
Lithuania 13
8 4 1
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Methods of priority – Environmental protection
Carcass Disposal
Licensed Incineration
Licensed Rendering
Licensed Landfill
Mobile on farm Air Curtain Burners
On Farm Pyres & Burial
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Incinerators
Carcass disposal
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Carcass disposal
• Leak proof truck
• Rendering plant
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Licensed landfill
Carcass disposal
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Burial site, 5 meter deep and 3 meter wide
2 meter 2 meter 1 meter
Carcass disposal
Soil to cover carcasses
Area for carcasses
Minimum distance to water level
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Carcass disposal
BURNING
• Building a Pyre
- Railway sleepers or Forestry Timber
- Straw
- Wood/kindling
- Coal
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Carcass disposal/BURNING
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Cleansing and Disinfection
Preliminary disinfection
Thorough cleaning Two final disinfections
and degreasing one week apart
Detailed guidelines Annex “ of Council directive 2002/60/EC
Disinfectants/Inactivations
- NaOH, 8/1000. 30 min.
- Hypochlorines – 2.3% clorine , 30 min.
- Formalin, 3/1000. 3o min.
- Ortho-phenylphenol – 3%, 30 min.
- Iodine compounds
- OIE Technical card
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Vectors not implicated Repopulation may start 40 days after completion of cleansing
and disinfection Repopulation procedures: (a) In open-air holding introduction of sentinel pigs; serological
test after 45 days; if no antibodies full repopulation (b) In other holdings as (a) or all pigs enter within 20 days and
undergo serological tests 45 days after arrival of last pig. - No pigs leave a holding before negative results of serology
Repopulation
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Repopulation Baltic Countries 2015
Country NO. Of ASF outbreaks
Holdings repopulated (Nov.2016)
Partly repopulated
Full Repopulated
Months after Compeltion of cleansing & disinfection
Estonia 18
5 5 2-12
Latvia 10
3 2 1 6-8
Lithuania 13
1 1 8
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Baltic Countries, 2015
• Cleansing & disinfection
• Repopulation
• Result:
• NO RECRUDESCENCE
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For some infectious animal diseases there are currently no alternative control methods than the Stamping out policy
A successful application of using Stamping out in domestic pigs calls for a good knowledge and resource with regard to - legal provisions
- Disease investigation and confirmation - Biosecurity measures - Epidemiology - Killing methods (animal welfare + logistic operational) - Carcass disposal - Cleansing and disinfection
Conclusion
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Thank you
Third meeting of the Standard Group of Experts on ASF in the Baltic and Eastern Europe Region
Moscow, Russia – 15-16 March 2016
N. Leboucq GF-TADs Secretariat