Standard 3

Regional and ideological differences leading to the Civil War and the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on

democracy in America.

3.1

• Political events and issues that divided the nation and led to civil war – Compromises reached to maintain the balance of free

and slave states

– The abolitionist movement

– The Dred Scott case

– Conflicting views on states’ rights and federal authority

– Emergence of the Republican Party

– Formation of the Confederate States of America

THE DIVISIVE POLITICS OF SLAVERY

• Over the centuries, the Northern and Southern sections of the United States developed into two very different cultural and economic regions

• There were also differences in geography and climate, as well as religious differences

THE SOUTH BEFORE THE WAR

• Rural plantation economy

• Relied on slave labor

• “Peculiar Institution” created tension

• Southerners feared the loss of slavery would mean loss of culture Family working the cotton field

on a Plantation

THE NORTH BEFORE THE WAR

• The North had a more diverse economy

• Industry flourished • The North openly

opposed slavery in the South and the new territories

• The North was more urbanized than the South

BOSTON HARBOR

SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES

• The issue of whether slavery in California and the West would be legal led to heated debates in Congress

• Gold rush led to application for statehood for California

CALIFORNIA BECAME A STATE IN 1850

The Abolitionist Movement • Though the abolitionist

movement ensured slavery would remain a national conversation, it did not significantly impact the actions of the national government

• The numerous petitions abolitionists sent to Congress were stopped by the ‘gag rule’ – Gag rule- a rule limiting or

preventing debate on an issue

The Abolitionist Movement • Though the abolitionist movement

involved whites and blacks in the North and the South, it was not extremely popular nor successful – William Lloyd Garrison’s The

Liberator was banned in the South – Most northerners were not

abolitionists – The Underground Railroad was not

very successful in the deep south – John Brown’s raid on Harpers’ Ferry

made slave owners determined to protect slavery and fearful of northern intentions

• Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin was successful at gaining support for abolition and resentment of the fugitive slave law

UNCLE TOM’S CABIN

In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe published her influential novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin

The book stressed the moral evil of slavery

Abolitionist protests increased

Author Harriet Beecher Stowe

Instant best seller sold 500,000 by 1857

Struggle for Power • Democracy expanded in

the US as new states entered the Union

• Expansion led to the greatest challenge to democracy and the Southern elite became increasingly determined to maintain slavery

Struggle for Power • As new western states applied for

admission to the Union, sectionalism increased as the divisions between the interests of the regions grew

• The struggle to maintain the balance of power between slave and free states in the federal government was rooted in the compromises at the Constitutional Convention – Equal representation of the states in the Senate – Representation based on population in the

House

• Due to increased immigration in the North and westward expansion, southern states were losing power in the House – This led Southerners to fight to maintain an

equal number of slave and free states in the Senate

Maintaining Balance • In 1820, the Missouri

Compromise was passed to regulate the states entering the Union in the Louisiana Territory

– Maine entered as a free state

– Missouri entered as a slave state

– The 36˚30’ line was established to divide the remaining territory

• North of the line was free

• South of the line was slave

Maintaining Balance • The annexation of Texas was

delayed for almost a decade because of the divisiveness of admitting another large slave state

• Northerners saw President Polk’s willingness to give up the 54˚40’ in Oregon, while provoking a war with Mexico over southwest territories as favoring slavery

Maintaining Balance • The Wilmot Proviso was

proposed to regulate the states entering the Union in the territories gained from the Mexican War – All states would be “free soil”, not

open to competition of slave labor with that of free white labor

• The Proviso passed in the House but was stopped in the Senate – This was further evidence to

southerners that they must maintain the balance of slave and free states in order to protect their ‘peculiar institution’

Maintaining Balance • The gold rush in 1849 sped the

population of California and its application for statehood as a free state – This would upset the balance in the Senate

• The Compromise of 1850 was passed to regulate the states entering the Union in the territories gained from the Mexican War – California entered as a free state – All other states would be determined by

popular sovereignty • Popular Sovereignty- a system in which the

residents vote to decide an issue

– Sale of slaves was prohibited in DC – A fugitive slave law was to be enforced by

the federal government • Fugitive slave law- designed to ensure that

escaped slaves would be returned into bondage

Maintaining Balance • The Kansas-Nebraska Act

overturned the Missouri Compromise’s 36˚30’ rule – Established popular

sovereignty in the region

• Pro-slavery and anti-slavery supporters rushed to Kansas to populate and fix votes – The confrontation turned

“Bleeding Kansas” into a battleground

• The violence that occurred led to the forming of the Republican Party

COMPROMISE OF 1850 • Southerners threatened

secession over issue • Henry Clay again worked

a Compromise • For the North: California

would be admitted as free state

• For the South: A more effective fugitive slave law

• Residents of New Mexico & Utah would vote themselves- “popular sovereignty”

CONGRESSIONAL DEBATE

FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW

• Under the law, runaway slaves were not entitled to a trial by jury

• Anyone helping a slave escape was jailed for 6 months and fined $1,000

• Northerners were upset by the harshness of the new law and often helped hide fugitive slaves

A HARSH FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW FURTHER INCREASED TENSIONS

UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

• Escape from slavery was dangerous and meant travelling on foot at night

• As time went on, African Americans and white abolitionists developed a secret network of people who would hide fugitive slaves

• “Conductors” would hide runaways in tunnels and even kitchen cupboards

HARRIET TUBMAN • One of the most famous

conductors was Harriet Tubman

• Tubman escaped slavery and vowed to help others do the same

• She made 19 trips back to South and freed over 300 slaves (Including her own parents)‏

HARRIET TUBMAN 1820-1913

Slavery and the Supreme Court • In 1856, Dred Scott, a slave who

had previously been taken north of the 36˚30’ line, sued for his freedom based on the conditions of the Missouri Compromise – The Supreme Court ruled against

Dred Scott declaring the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

• The Supreme Court determined that because slaves were property and the Constitution protected the right of slave owners to their property regardless of where they took their slaves – Congress could not make a law

restricting the expansion of slavery

Slavery and the Supreme Court • The Dred Scott decision split

the Democratic Party – Northern Democrats feared

that the Supreme Court, dominated by southern Democrats, might rule state laws against slavery unconstitutional

– This meant popular sovereignty would not be effective in restricting the spread of slavery

• This split allowed the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln, to win the election of 1860

Republican Party • The Republican Party’s

platform of free soil did not mean complete abolition of slavery – Free soil means stopping the

spread of slavery into territories

– Non slave-owning whites did not want to compete with slave labor in the territories

• With the election of Abraham Lincoln, many southerners began to fear slavery would be abolished throughout the country

Republican Party • Lincoln’s election in 1860 led southern

states to meet in a convention and pass articles of secession – They believed their rights as states were

being violated by the federal government

• Secessionists believed that Lincoln and the federal government would not allow slavery to expand into the territories – This would upset the balance of power

in the Senate, allowing for Congress to vote to abolish slavery

• To protect slavery, South Carolina secessionists led other southern states in seceding from the Union – The Confederate States of America was

formed and soon occupied federal forts that were located in the South

LINCOLN – DOUGLAS DEBATES • The 1858 race for U.S.

Senate in Illinois was hotly contested between Republican Lincoln and Democratic Douglas

• One of the most celebrated debates in history ensued as the topic was slavery in the territories

• Douglas favored popular sovereignty while Lincoln wanted a Constitutional Amendment

“THE LITTLE GIANT” VS. “HONEST ABE”

HARPER’S FERRY

While politicians debated the slavery issue, John Brown plotted a major slave revolt

On October 16, 1859, he led a band of 21 men, black and white, into Harpers Ferry, Virginia

He hoped to seize a large federal arsenal, but troops put down the rebellion

Brown was tried and executed

ARSENAL

BROWN

1860 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

• Republicans nominated Abe Lincoln while the Democrats split

• Lincoln won the 1860 election with less than half the popular vote and no Southern electoral votes

• The Southern states were not happy

LINCOLN MEMORIAL

3.2

• The Civil War and its impact on democracy

– Major turning points

– Impact of the Emancipation Proclamation

– Unequal treatment of African American units

– Geographic, economic, and political factors of the Union victory

– Defeat of the idea of secession

Split of a Nation • Secession challenged

democracy

• President Lincoln pledged to preserve the Union and democracy

• Confederates fired on federal troops stationed at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, SC

Influences during War • Economic Resources

– The Union had greater industrial capacity, miles of railroad tracks, manpower, and navy

– The Confederacy depended on “King Cotton” and Britain to provided manufactured goods and ships

• Strategy based on Geography – The Union’s Anaconda Plan included

splitting the South at the Mississippi River, taking the capital at Richmond, and blockading southern ports

– The Confederacy’s strategy was to seek support from Britain and defend their region until the North tired of the war

Influences during War

• Military Leadership

– South had an advantage in both military leadership and geography • Robert E. Lee effectively

moved the men and material via railroads between battle fronts in the East and the West

• Southerners were also more familiar with their home terrain

Influences during War • Political Leadership

– President Jefferson Davis was not able to get the Confederate states to effectively work together

– President Lincoln was able to articulate the purpose of the war as the preservation of the Union and retain sufficient public support to continue the fight despite military defeats • Emphasized a “government of

the people, by the people and for the people”

THE CIVIL WAR BEGINS: ******************************

• The first battle of the Civil War (1861-1865) was fought at Fort Sumter, South Carolina on April 12, 1861

• Soon after, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee seceded (Confederate states = 11)‏

• Virginia split on whether to leave Union (West Virginia formed)

NORTH HAD ADVANTAGES • The North and South

were not evenly matched

• The North had many advantages including;

• More people

• More factories

• More food production

• More railroads

• Better communication

SOUTH HAD ADVANTAGES

• The South had some advantages over the Northern forces

• First rate military leadership

• Highly motivated soldiers

• Only had to defend their land – not attack North

STRATEGIES • The Northern strategy

going into the war included a naval blockade, a plan to split the Confederacy by going down the Mississippi river, and capturing the Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia

• The South was content to have a defensive strategy

U.S.S. St. Louis, First Eads Ironclad Gunboat

THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN

First major bloodshed of the war occurred at Bull Run near Washington, D.C. – Summer 1861

This battle made Confederate General Thomas Jackson famous

Nicknamed “Stonewall Jackson” he inspired the Confederates to hold firm

Confederate victory boosted moral

ACTUAL PHOTOS OF BULL RUN AND GENERAL JACKSON

THE CLASH AT ANTIETAM

• Union General George McClellan confronted Confederate General Robert E. Lee in Antietam, Maryland

• The single bloodiest day in American history --- 26,000 died

• Lee and the Confederates retreated, McClellan did not follow- Lincoln fires him

BLOODIEST DAY IN AMERICAN HISTORY 9/17/1862

The Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln feared freeing slaves would

undermine the unity of the North by irritating the border states – Border states- slave states that did not

secede from the Union

• Emancipation was originally promoted as a ‘military measure’ against the Confederacy but it took on a greater role – Diplomatic- Britain could no longer

support the South due to opposition of slavery

– Political- the South had the chance to make peace and keep their slaves prior to the enactment of the Proclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation • The Proclamation did not

immediately free all slaves – Slaves in regions under Union control

and border states were not included – Confederate states were likely to ignore

President Lincoln

• Slaves fled to Union lines – African Americans were allowed to

enlist in the US Army – African Americans served in segregated

units under the command of white officers

– The 54th Massachusetts regiment attacked Fort Wagner in Charleston Harbor, SC

• Slaves were freed as their homeland was captured by Union forces

CONSCRIPTION ISSUES • Both sides dealt with

social unrest during the Civil War

• Both President Lincoln and Confederate leader Davis suspended Writ of Habeas Corpus

• Draft riots occurred in New York City as some thought draft process was unfair to the poor and immigrants

DEPICTION OF NEW YORK CITY DRAFT RIOTS

WE INTERRUPT THIS POWERPOINT FOR A COMPARISON BETWEEN ABE LINCOLN AND

JOHN KENNEDY

LINCOLN AND KENNEDY: A COMPARISON Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846. John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946. Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860. John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960. The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven letters. Both were particularly concerned with civil rights. Both wives lost their children while living in the White House. Both Presidents were shot on a Friday. Both were shot in the head. Lincoln's secretary was named Kennedy. Kennedy's secretary was named Lincoln. Both were assassinated by Southerners. Both were succeeded by Southerners. Both successors were named Johnson. Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808. Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908. John Wilkes Booth, accused of assassinating Lincoln, was born in 1839. Lee Harvey Oswald, accused of assassinating Kennedy, was born in 1939. Both assassins were known by their three names. Both names comprise fifteen letters. Booth ran from the theatre and was caught in a warehouse. Oswald ran from a warehouse and was caught in a theatre.

Booth and Oswald were both assassinated before their trials.

AFRICAN AMERICANS FIGHT FOR FREEDOM

• Although only 1% of the North’s population, by the end of the war 180,000 African Americans fought for the Union (10% of Union Army)‏

• However, they were segregated and earned lower wages

• See: Glory

SOLDIERS SUFFERED ON BOTH SIDES

• Heavy casualties on both sides were worsened by conditions on the field

• Disease, poor nutrition, and inadequate medical care were common features of the war

GETTYSBURG

DISEASE ACCOUNTED FOR 76% OF DEATHS IN CIVIL WAR

WOMEN WORK TO IMPROVE CONDITIONS

• While women were not in combat, 3,000 women served as Union nurses

• Clara Barton was a famous Union nurse

• Known as the “Angel on the Battlefield” she went on to form the American Red Cross after the war

THE NORTH TAKES CHARGE: ***********************************

** • In a small town in

Pennsylvania, the most decisive battle of the war was fought

• Gettysburg was a three-day battle fought in early July of 1863

• The Union had 90,000 troops under George Meade and the Confederates had 75,000 troops under General Lee

GETTYSBURG JULY, 1863

GETTYSBURG

• The three-day battle produced staggering losses: 23,000 Union soldiers and 28,000 Confederate soldiers were wounded or killed

• After the Confederate retreat, Lee gave up any hope of invaded the North and retreated

ROBERT E. LEE

GETTYSBURG ADDRESS • In November 1863, a

ceremony was held to dedicate a cemetery in Gettysburg

• Abe Lincoln spoke for less than two minutes, but inspired a nation with his address

• Some say his Gettysburg Address “remade America”

GRANT WINS AT VICKSBURG

• In the Spring of 1863 Union General Ulysses S. Grant fought to take Vicksburg, Mississippi

• Grant ordered two frontal attacks on Vicksburg

• He succeeded in splitting Confederate forces

U.S. GRANT MEMORIAL

CONFEDERACY WEARS DOWN • After the twin defeats at

Gettysburg and Vicksburg, the Confederate morale was destroyed

• Many Southern soldiers had deserted

• Grant and General Tecumseh Sherman were now in control of the Union Army

• They aimed to destroy the will of the Confederates

UNION GENERAL SHERMAN

SHERMAN’S MARCH

• In the spring of 1864, Sherman began his march southeast through Georgia to the coast

• His troops created a path of destruction as they burned homes, destroyed livestock and railroads

• After reaching the sea, his troops (included 25,000 former slaves) turned Northward

ELECTION OF 1864

• Despite the war, politics continued as the North held a presidential election in 1864

• While some Northerners were dismayed as to the length of the war and Lincoln was pessimistic about his re-election, he defeated General McClellan easily

DISGRUNTED GENERAL MCCLELLAN LOST 1864 ELECTION

SURRENDER AT APPOMATTOX

• On April 3, 1865, Union troops conquered Richmond, the Confederate capital

• On April 9, 1865 in a Virginia town called Appomattox, Lee and Grant met to arrange a Confederate surrender

• At Lincoln’s request the terms were generous

LEE SURRENDERS TO GRANT

DEADLY WAR BRINGS CHANGES

• The Civil War was the deadliest war in American history

• Over 620,000 died -nearly as many as all other U.S. wars combined

• The role of the federal government increased

• Economically the gap between North and South widened

U.S. CIVIL WAR 1861-1865

The Union armies had from 2,500,000 to 2,750,000 men. Their losses, by the best estimates:

360,222 Total

250,152 Disease, etc.:

110,070 Battle deaths:

The Confederate strength, known less accurately because of missing records, was from 750,000 to 1,250,000. Its estimated losses:

258,000 Total

164,000 Disease, etc.:

94,000 Battle deaths:

0.03% 210,274,081 1973 5% 58,152 Vietnam War

0.02% 159,725,011 1953 3% 36,516 Korean War

0.29% 141,745,184 1945 32% 405,399 World War 2

0.11% 103,262,929 1918 9% 116,516 World War 1

0.00% 73,565,688 1898 0% 2,446 Spanish-American

War

1.78% 35,000,846 1865 49% 624,511 Civil War

0.06% 21,966,171 1848 1% 13,283 Mexican War

0.03% 8,439,167 1815 0% 2,260 War of 1812

0.15% 2,963,726 1783 0% 4,435 Revolutionary

War

Deaths/ Population

Estimated Population

Year for Population Estimate

% of Total War Deaths

Deaths War

THE 13TH AMENDMENT

• Lincoln believed a Constitutional Amendment was needed to ensure freedom for slaves

• The 13th Amendment outlawing slavery was ratified in 1865

LINCOLN IS ASSASSINATED • On April 14, 1865 Lincoln

was shot in the head while attending a play in Washington, D.C.

• He was the first president ever assassinated

• His killer, John Wilkes Booth escaped, but was shot and killed later

• More than 7,000,000 Americans turned out to mourn -1/3rd of population The play was a British comedy called,

My American Cousin

Influential Battles • Fort Sumter

– Apr. 12, 1861 in S.C. – Confederate troops attacked

the Union fort

• Bull Run/Manassas – July 21, 1861 in V.A. – Confederates defeated the

Union

• Antietam – Aug. 29-30, 1862 in M.D. – Union defeated the

Confederates – 26,000 casualties

• Vicksburg – May 18- July 4, 1863 in M.S. – Union defeated the

Confederacy gaining control of the Mississippi River

• Gettysburg – July 1-3, 1863 in P.A. – Union defeated the

Confederacy over 3 days with 100,000 casualties

• Atlanta – July 22, 1864 in G.A. – General Sherman burned the

city to the ground

Influential Generals • General Ulysses S. Grant commanded the Union

forces and began the strategy of ‘total war’ – Total war- a war in which every available weapon is

used and the nation’s full financial resources are devoted

• General William T. Sherman’s ‘March to the Sea’ destroyed the South – Burning cities, farms and crops, destroying up

railroad tracks, killing livestock, and salting fields

• General Robert E. Lee commanded the Confederate forces and had a superior military knowledge – As the war progressed, the South lost their support

from Britain, faced dwindling supplies, and devastating losses

• General Lee surrendered to General Grant on April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia

Impacts of War • The outcome of the Civil War

had a profound impact on the course of democracy

– It preserved the Union while at the same time liberating an enslaved minority

• Even with the Union’s defeat of the Confederacy and the federal courts ruling secession null and void, the idea of states’ rights was never defeated

3.3 7 slides

• The effects of Reconstruction on southern states and the federal government

• Impact of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments on African Americans

Beginning of Reconstruction • Southern states suffered

devastating damage to factories, farms and transportation systems, and heavy loss of men – The federal government

believed it was the responsibility of individuals and state governments to rebuild southern infrastructure

• The goal of Reconstruction was to re-establish full participation of southern states in the Union

Beginning of Reconstruction • Reconstruction policies of

the federal government expanded democracy and significantly impacted southern society

– The federal government took an active role in protecting the rights of the freedman against the dominate white southern society

Radical Reconstruction • Southern actions “radicalized”

Reconstruction policy – Determined to retain their way of life,

despite the military defeat – States passed Black Codes to replace

slave codes – Former Confederate officers and

officials were elected to Congress – Citizens and vigilante groups engaged

in violence against the freedmen

• Congressional Reconstruction plan – Passed by the “Radical Republicans” – Split the former Confederacy into five

military districts – Enforced the Reconstruction

Amendments – Impeached President Andrew Johnson

Reconstruction Amendments • By amending the Constitution, Congress expanded democracy

to protect the rights of the freedmen – The 13th Amendment freed slaves throughout the US

• Southern states were required to recognized this before forming new governments

• Black Codes were passed to limit the rights of the newly freed slaves

– The 14th Amendment recognized the citizenship of African Americans • Overturned Dred Scott • Provided ‘equal protection’ and ‘due process’

– The 15th Amendment ensured the right of all male citizens to vote • Male citizens could not be denied based on ‘race, creed or previous

condition of servitude’ • Resulted in some African Americans being elected to state legislatures and

Congress

• Federal troops attempted to protect these rights against terrorist tactics of the Ku Klux Klan

Reconstruction Governments • White Republicans from the North

were known as ‘carpetbaggers’ by southern whites

• Southern-born ‘scalawags’ wanted to rebuild the South in cooperation with the Republican Reconstruction governments

• Newly enfranchised African Americans made up a majority state legislatures, just as they made up a majority of the population in some southern states

• State governments created social service programs and public schools to improve conditions for all people

Changes for Freedmen • The Reconstruction Amendments

allowed African Americans to create some social freedom

– Many left the plantations to look for sold family members, but most were unsuccessful and soon returned

– African Americans formed their own churches

– The Freedmen’s Bureau established schools for the former slaves who had been denied the right to an education under slavery

– Black colleges were established

Challenges for Freedmen • Freedmen made significant social

and political progress during Reconstruction, but they made little economic progress

– The Freedmen’s Bureau- • Helped negotiate labor contracts

between former slaves and landowners

• Provided a system of courts to protect the rights of former slaves

• Negotiated sharecropping agreements

– Sharecropping left former slaves in a position of economic dependence and destitution

3.4 4 slides

• End of Reconstruction

– Role of anti-African American factions

– Competing national interests

– Removal of federal protection for freedmen

– Jim Crow laws

– Voter restrictions

The End of Reconstruction • When the federal government

abandoned their role of protector, democracy was compromised and the rights of African Americans were limited by southern state governments – Anti-African American factions (Ku

Klux Klan) were organized to intimidate black voters in the South

– African Americans were able to vote only with the protection of federal troops

– There were never enough troops to protect African Americans from intimidation, violence, and lynchings

– The ‘Solid South’ would remain under the control of white Democrats until the Civil Rights Era

The End of Reconstruction • The nation’s interest shifted to the

corruption in the Grant administration, economic depression in the North, western settlement, and economic growth

• Reports of violence against African Americans made Northerners believe nothing would ever change in the South

• Resistance of southerners in granting equal citizenship to African Americans lessened the public and Congress’ resolve to protecting freedmen

• The disputed election of 1876 led to the Compromise of 1877 – Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was elected – Federal troops, and their protection, were

removed from the South – Officially ended Reconstruction

• The effect of Reconstruction was temporary and African Americans were left to fend for themselves

Post Reconstruction • Southern whites used race to drive

a political wedge between poor black farmers and poor white farmers

• Southern states passed laws requiring African American and whites to use separate facilities – Segregation was upheld by the

Supreme Court in the ‘separate but equal’ ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

– Negated the equal protection provision of the 14th Amendment

– African Americans were relegated to second class citizenship in a society that was separate but not equal

– Jim Crow Laws replaced black codes and restricted African Americans in the South

Post Reconstruction

• Poll taxes and literacy tests all but eliminated the effectiveness of the 15th Amendment – The grandfather clause assured that

whites who could not read or pay the tax were able to vote

• Sharecroppers and tenant farmers faced increasingly difficult economic conditions when cotton prices fell

• African Americans were discriminated against in hiring when textile mills opened in the late 1880s

• Many African Americans fell farther into poverty and some migrated to the cities of the North

3.5 4 slides

• Varied responses of African Americans to the restrictions imposed on them in the post-Reconstruction period

– Booker T. Washington

– W.E.B. DuBois

– Ida B. Wells-Barnett

African American Leaders

• African Americans responded to the restrictions placed upon them by the Jim Crow laws and their loss of the vote through poll taxes and literacy tests

• African American leaders emerged who were united in their determination to attain full citizenship but were divided as to the best strategy to pursue

• The strategies each advocated depended on personal background and the audience that each addressed

Booker T. Washington • Born a slave • Received an education during

Reconstruction • Founded the Tuskegee Institute

– Provided vocational training for African Americans

– Blue Collar: welders, blacksmiths, skilled laborers

– George Washington Carver developed new crops to aid poverty-stricken farmers while at the Institute

• Equality comes from contributing to the economy

• Did not speak openly against Jim Crow and Segregation

W.E.B. DuBois • Born free (north)

• Educated (PhD from Harvard)

• African Americans should gain educations that suit their talents – White Collar: doctors, lawyers,

professionals

• Opposed Washington’s strategy

• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) – Full social and political equality

• Popular in the black community, but not white

Ida B. Wells-Barnet • Born a slave

• Educated in a “freedom school” during Reconstruction

• Became a teacher and newspaper writer

• Forcibly removed from a railroad car and forced to sit in a colored-only car

• Outspoken and critical of Jim Crow

• Anti-lynching crusade – Considered a militant

• Raised awareness of the conditions for African Americans in the nation