standard 4. impact on native americans during and after the civil war – the government encouraged...
TRANSCRIPT
Standard 4
Impact on Native Americans
• During and After the Civil War– The government encouraged westward settlement– Transcontinental RR brought more people– RR builders encouraged the killing of buffalo• Could ruin the tracks
– US government took land from tribes and forced NA onto reservations
– NA resisted (Wounded Knee) but lost their tribal lands and were forced to assimilate
Factors of Production
• Land– Resources
• Labor– People
• Capital– Money
• Technology– New Ideas
• Entrepreneurship– Risk to start a business
Natural Resources
1. Water2. Timber3. Coal4. Iron5. Copper
• Petroleum (Oil) Kerosene (stoves/lanterns)
Government Aid
• US gov’t wanted to promote businesses
• Dartmouth v. Woodward- 1819– Limited states’ power over
businesses
• Patent laws protected inventions• Gibbons v. Ogden- 1824
– US gov’t has the power to regulate interstate commerce (passes over state lines)
• Morrill Tariff- 1861– Higher tariffs placed on foreign
goods. – PROTECTION from foreign
markets.
Chinese Exclusion Act
• 1882• Prohibited most Chinese
from entering the United States
• Did not include:– Students– Teachers– Merchants– Tourists– Government Officials
• Take jobs from Americans
Capitalism
• Economic system• Private ownership of
property• Used the property to make
a profit for the individual or the corporation– Railroad– Steel– Lumber– Meat Packing– Coal
Railroads
• Transcontinental Railroad– Sea to sea
• 1890s– 200,000 miles
• Created new towns/markets
• Abuse– High prices
Steel
• Used coal to heat/melt iron Steel
• Bessemer Process– 1850– Injected air into molten iron– Removed carbon and
impurities– Made stronger steel
• Brooklyn Bridge (1883)• Skyscrapers• Railroads
Oil
1859• Edwin L. Drake• Used the steam engine
to drill for oil
Standard 4
Andrew Carnegie
• Carnegie Steel Company– By 1899, it produced
more steel than all of GB
• Vertical Integration – – Bought out suppliers– Controlled raw materials
& transport
John D. Rockefeller
• Standard Oil Company• Joined with competing
companies • Horizontal Integration – – Bought out or aligned
with competition– Control of oil market
Social Darwinism
• Evolution of human society
• Rich = God’s favor• Poor = lazy/inferior• Laissez Faire
Capitalism– “allow to do”– Economy controls itself– No government
regulation
Can’t beat ‘em, Join ‘em!
• Monopoly – complete control of industry– Production– Wages– Prices
• Trust Agreement- several similar businesses aligned together– Owners earn money off
each other's profit
Government Control
• Sherman Antitrust Act– 1890– Illegal to interfere with
free trade between states and countries
– Eventually failed
• Trusts/Monopolies were too powerful
• Government was too weak to enforce the law
Criticism of Capitalism
• “Robber Barons”- American capitalists of the late 19th c. who became wealthy through exploitation– Natural resources,
governmental influence, or low wages
• Corrupt business owners or Captains of Industry?
Captains of Industry
• Carnegie-– Gospel of Wealth- those
with vast wealth had the responsibility to use it for good• Libraries, university,
music, philanthropy
• Rockefeller-– Philanthropist- a person
who is concerned about human welfare
Changes for Women
• Invention of the typewriter and the telephone– New job opportunities– New conveniences in the
home
Standard 4
• Monday
Supply and Demand
• Supply- goods being sold– How much to sell?– What price?
• Demand- people buying goods– What to buy?– What price?
Supply and Demand
• Price Decreases Demand Increases Supply Decreases
• Price Increases Demand Decreases Supply Increases
Issues for Farmers
1800s• Steel plow/Mechanized
reaper– Improved production– Led to surplus of crops– Crop prices fell
• Farmers mortgaged land
• Railroads
Issues for Railroads
• Railroad Prices– High prices to transport
goods
• No competition to lower prices– Cost more $ to ship grain from the
Dakotas to Minneapolis by rail than from Chicago to England by boat
• Interstate Commerce Act– Attempted to regulate RR– Crossed over state lines – Federal issue
Farmers Reform
• Farmers started working together to improve their economic issues
1867• The Grange – provide a social
outlet and education for isolated farm families
1870s• Farmers’ Alliances – Fought
the railroad companies– 4 mil members organized
together
Populism
• “Movement of the People”
• Farmers• Laborers
Populist Party1892• Protect democracy from “Big
Business”– Popular election of senators
(highest % wins)– Secret ballots (prevent
intimidation)– Graduated income tax (more
money you make, the more you pay)
– 8 hr work day– Immigration restrictions
• Successful in the South and West
Election of 1896William Jennings Bryan William McKinley
Populist Party Republican
Farmers and Laborers Bankers and Businessmen
Bimetallism- paper money backed by gold and/or silver; increased the money supply available to the nation
Gold Standard- paper money backed by only gold; less money available; each dollar was worth more
Cross of Gold Speech- the gold standard was referred to as a “crown of thorns” and a “cross of gold” meant to hurt the common person
Front Porch Campaign- most of his campaign was spent near his home; gave speeches only to those who he knew would support him
• McKinley won the election• Most people did not like Bimetallism
• Tuesday
Working Conditions
• 6-7 days a week• 12 + hr days• No Vacation• No Sick Days• No Worker’s Comp. • Dirty• Poorly Ventilated (no air flow)• Low wages
Working Conditions
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory• NYC, March 25, 1911• Fire spread quickly through oil-soaked
machines• All but one door locked (prevent theft)• No sprinklers • 146 women died
Wages
1899• Children– $0.27 for 14 hr day
• Women– ~ $267 per year
• Men– $498
• Andrew Carnegie (Steel Mogul)– $23 million per year
Labor Unions
• Why?– Negotiate between workers and owners
• Issues:– Pay, Hours, Working Conditions
• Tactics:– Strikes, Boycotts, Marches
• Knights of Labor, Industrial Workers of the World, American Federation of Labor
Strikes and Outrage• Protest• Stop working until demands are met• Often replaced by “scabs”– Workers who crossed picket lines
Famous StrikesWhen Where Who Why
The Great Strike of 1877
July 1877 Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad Workers
2 Wage Cuts
The Haymarket Affair (Protest)
May 4, 1886 Chicago Chicago Citizens
Police Brutality
The Homestead Strike
June 29, 1892 Pennsylvania Steel Workers Wage Cuts
The Pullman Company Strike
Spring 1894 Indiana Railroad Workers
Wage Cuts
Mother Jones’ Child Labor March
1903 New York and Washington D.C.
Children and Workers
Child Labor
• Wednesday
Urbanization
• Growth of cities• Immigrants• Farm-hands– 1890-1910: 200,000
• Exciting• Vast cultural
experiences
Problems- Housing
• Live on outskirts of city • Rent cramped rooms• Tenements- multifamily
houses
Problems- Transportation• Mass Transit- Transport.
Systems– Move large #s of people– Fixed routes
• Street Cars (1873)• Subways (1897)
Problems- Water
• Public Waterworks– Supply water
• No indoor plumbing• Filtration (1870s)– Prevent cholera & typhoid
Problems- Sanitation• Horse manure• Sewage (human)• Air pollution• Garbage• Nasty living conditions
Problems- Crime
• Pickpockets• Thieves
Problems- Fire• Limited water supply• Wooden buildings• Candles & kerosene• Volunteer Firefighters• The Great Chicago Fire
v. The San Francisco Earthquake (pg. 471)
• Thursday
European Immigrants• 1870-1920• 20 million on East Coast• Western and Northern
Europe 1st
• Southern and Eastern Europe later
• Religious freedom (Jews)• Rising population• Lack of jobs/land
Chinese Immigrants
• 1851-1883• 300,000 on West Coast• Limited by Congress• Gold• Railroads• Farming• Mining
Japanese Immigrants
• 1898 – US annexed Hawaii• 1884-1920• 200,000 on West Coast• Wages
West Indies Immigrants
• 1880-1920• 260,000 in South East• Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico• Jobs
Mexican Immigrants
• Late 1800s-1930• 700,000 (7% of Mexican pop.)• Western states• Jobs• Political turmoil• Farming
• Friday
The Progressive Movement
• A movement of the middle class
• Objected to paying taxes to corrupt city governments
• Desired better city services
Muckrakers
• Journalists who wrote stories exposing abuse in government and big business
• Inexpensive newspapers and books
• Upton Sinclair– The Jungle– Exposed the meat
packing industry
The Women’s Suffrage Movement
• The right for women to vote• Elizabeth Cady Stanton• Susan B. Anthony• Carrie Chapman Catt
– National American Women’s Suffrage Association
• Alice Paul– National Women’s Party
• Led to the 19th Amendment– Women gained the right to
vote
Corruption
• Robber Barons– Wealthy entrepreneurs known
to be criminal – Forced employees to vote their
way
• Spoils System– Rewarded political supporters
with government positions– Pendleton Act and Civil Service
Commission• Required applicants to pass a
test when applying for an official position
• Promotions based on merit not connections or loyalty
Jane Addams
• “Mother of Social Work”• Hull House
– Chicago– Poor neighborhoods– Aided immigrants and
underprivileged citizens– Provided education, English
lessons, child care, etc.
• Wanted to stop child labor• Improve economic, social,
and living conditions in cities
Theodore Roosevelt• 1st president to give support to
the rights of workers• ‘Bully Pulpit’• Anthracite Coal Mine Strike of
1902– Forced owners to negotiate with
their workers in order to avoid a strike
• Interstate Commerce Act– Regulated Railroads
• Sherman Anti-Trust Act– “trust-buster”
• Pure Food and Drug Act• Meat Inspection Act• National Parkers
Woodrow Wilson
• Elected in 1912• Opposed big business and
government• Federal Reserve Act
– Oversee banking in the US– Control of money circulation
• Clayton Antitrust Act– Legalize strikes, peaceful
picketing, and boycotts
• 16th Amendment– Graduated income tax from
individuals and businesses
• 17th Amendment– Direct election of Senators
Bull Moose Party