standard building code/technical standards bulletin

FEMA-297, 10192

CodeCompatibility

Report

Appendices A and B

a

Federal Emergency Management AgencyFederal Insurance Administraion

10/92Volume 2 of 3

APPENDIX A

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOCA NATIONAL CODESAND THE NFIP STANDARDS AND TECHNICAL GUIDELINES

3 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

BOCA National Building Code/NFIP Regulations for FloodplainManagement and Flood Hazard Identification (44 CFR 59.1,60.3 and 60.6) ..................... A-1

BOCA National Building Code/Elevated Residential Structures(FEMA-54) ........... A-9

BOCA National Building Code/Coastal Construction Manual(FEMA-55) ..................................... .......... A-14

BOCA National Building Code/Manufactured Homes Installationin Flood Hazard Areas (FEMA-85) ............................. A-37

BOCA National Building Code/Floodproofing Non-ResidentialStructures (FEMA-102) .A-42

BOCA National Building Code/Design Manual for RetrofittingFlood Prone Structures (FEMA-114) .A-48

BOCA National Building Code/Alluvial Fans: Hazards andManagement (FEMA-165) ................................... A-53

BOCA National Building Code/Manual for the Construction ofResidential Basements in Non-Coastal Flood Environments(MCRB) .A-54

BOCA National Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin:Wet Floodproofing (FEMA 85-1). A-68

BOCA National Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin:Foundation Wall Openings (FEMA 85-2) .. . A-71

BOCA National Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin:Breakaway Walls (FEMA 85-3) .. . A-72

BOCA National Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin:Wind Design Standards and the NFIP (FEMA 88-1) ............ A-73

A-i

TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED

BOCA National Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin:Flood Resistant Materials (FEMA 88-2) .................... A-74

BOCA National Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin:Free of Obstruction Requirement in Coastal High HazardAreas (FEMA 88-3) ................... A-75

BOCA National Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin:Protection of Elevator Equipment in Flood Hazard Areas(FEMA 88-4) .................. A-76

BOCA National Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin:NFIP Requirements for Below Grade Parking Garages in FloodHazard Areas (FEMA 90-2) .................................. A-77

BOCA National Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin:Non-Residential Floodproofing Certification Requirementsof the National Flood Insurance Program (FEMA 90-3) ....... A-78

BOCA National Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin:Installation of Manufactured Homes in Special Flood HazardAreas (FEMA 90-4) ......................................... A-79

BOCA National Fire Prevention Code/FEMA Documents ... ....... A-80

BOCA National Mechanical Code/FEMA Documents ..... i ......... A-81

BOCA National Plumbing Code/FEMA Documents ................. A-82

BOCA National Property Maintenance Code/FEMA Documents ..... A-85

A-ii

BOCA NATIONAL BUILDING CODE COMPARISON

NFDP Renlado. for Floodplain Mai ment andFlood Hazard Idetfication 44 CFR ML 603 & 606)

4 CFR 59.1 BCA~ak A~e An

Appurtenant Structure 201. FEMA definition relates to idental structures while BOCAuses the term relative to systems used to support equipmentAlthough not literally compatible, this term should not causeconflicts relative to the code requirements

Recommendation: None

44 CR 5.1

Base flood 2101.&l

ARAb~il

Both FEMA and BOCA descrbe the base flood as being a floodwith a one percent chance of being exceedd.


44 51

Basement 20L021OL63.1

Anablk

FEMA indicates basements to be entirely below grade whileBQAs definition would consider a portion below grade asconstituting a basement. Hower, both documents includerequirements for unoccupied spaces below the BFE which is thekey consideratiot See anabsis of 44 CFR 603 (c)(2) and (c)(3)for comparison of requirements.

Recommendatin: None

44 Cr 5.1

Breakaway wall 1109.42101.6.42

Both FEMA and BOCA require the wall to be capable ofbreaking away without effecting the structural integrity of thestructure.

Recommendation: Provide exception to BOCA Section 1109.4 to address breakaway walls. See alsorecommendation to 44 CFR 60.3 (e)(5).

A-1

Auak

Building-See structure 20LO FEMA definition distinguishes between flood plain requirementsand insurance coverage and also indicates the building is lwaIed'.

BOCA's definition of building" does not mandate a wall whileBOCA's definition of structure is something that is built orconstructed. Given the application of these terms in theirrespective documents there are no conflicts relative to BOCAand FEMA requirements.


Critical feature None

AnAbil

FEMA identifies this term as a key consideration in the floodprotection system while BOCA contains no definition. BOCAdoes not differentiate between key components and non-keycomponents but rather defines the required system performance.


A4CEL&

Development None

Anahis

FEMA definition indicates a man made change. BOCA does notdefine the term as it is not relevant to the application of thecode.


44 52.1 Ana s

Elevated buildings 210L63.1210L633210L6.4.1

FEMA contains presciptive requirements and attributes whichare used to evaluate whether a building is considered an elevatedbuilding. For purposes of EMA, an elevated building is one inwhich the floor elevation is above the ground level or theperimeter walls have sufficient openings to allow flood water inor the walls are breakaway. BOCA does not include a definitionbut rather contains prescriptive requirements for structures in Aand V zones which mirror the definition in FEMA. Also, theFEMA definition includes subclassifications of zones (e. A,AE, etc.) and zones such as B, C, X, and D while BOCArequirements only identify A and V zones.

Recommendation: FEMA should provide direction to the model codes concerning the need to include thesubclassification of flood zones versus the current zones found in the model codes.

Auabis

Existing consOn 103.0 FEMA definition is used to determine rates and is. a function ofa start of construction date relative to FIRM or 1/1/1975.BOCA would consider any structure eistin on the date ofadoption of the BOCA code as an existing structure.


Eitng structures -See existing construction

103.0 SO 'hng construction'


,44 CmR

Flood 21016

Aubzk

FEMA provides a definition which addresses the idiosyncradesof water over normally dry land including mud slides andsubsidence. BOCA's provisions do not define the term flood andsolely rely on the Flood Insurance Rate Map to determine theapplicability of the flood provisions BOCA does not addressmud slides or subsidence. The utility of this definition relativeto enforcing code requirements is not apparenL Reliance on themap is the key consideration.


Anahzi

Flood plain orflood prone areas

210L6 See %ood

Recommendatiow: None

A-3

44 CFR 59.1

Lowest Floor

BOCA Code U Aaa

210L6.3.1 This term as defined in FEMA relates to the term elevated2101.633 building, also defined in FEMA. This term references a210L6.4.1 basement which has been previously identified in this

comparison. The criteria which identifies how a space can beused and not be considered the lowest floor is similar to BOCAwith the key consideration being whether the space is used forhuman occupancy.


44 CFR 5.1

Manufactured home 201.0

Apis

FEMA's definition is consistent with BOCA's definition of"mobile unit.


44 CFR .l1 Au�

100-year flood -see base flood

ReCOmmendation: None

44mCFL cel1

Storm cellar

210L6.1

BOCA Code

- None - 0

See "base flood"

The term is not defined in BOCA since there are norequirements for this type of use.


44 OR 59.1 Ava~

Structure 201.0


44 CFR 59.1

Substantial improvement 2101.6.9

See wbuilding".

,Ana~~i

FEMA uses this term to identify when the construction equals orexceeds 50% of the market value. BOCA does not define thisterm since the requirements in BOCA are stated in 210L6.9 andalso require the entire structure to be upgraded if thereconstruction or restoration exceeds 50% of replacement cost.

Recommendation: FEMA to evaluate whether the criteria to determine compliance should be based on marketvalue or replacement cost".

A-4

iBOCA Cde

(b)(8) Manufacuredhome installation

21OL6.7 FEMA requires manufactured homes in Zone A to be installedto minmize damage by elevating and anchoring the structure.BOCA's requirements do not distinguish between manufacturedhomes versus site built and would also require the home to belocated above the BFE. Also BOCA would permit the ineither Zone A or V.

Recommendation: None. FEMA has indicated that these installations are not prohibited in either zone as aresult of a 1986 rule change.

44 S E603 BCA Q& bi

(c)(2) Elevation forresidential structres

211L63.110332101.69 -210L.622101.6,3210L6.4210L6.6

FEMAts provsons (Zone A) require the lowest floor (includingbasement) to be above the BFE. This is consistent with BOCA.Additionally, this section cites 'substantial improvements whichare defined based on a cost consideration for determiningapplicability. BOCA invokes the 50 percent replacement cost torequire the entire strucure to compl with the current provisions.Also, the FEMA requirements include subclassifications of zones(Le. Al, AE, etc.) while BOCA addresses these zones as ZoneA.

Recommendation: See 44 CFR 59.1 - Elevated building.

(c) (3) Elevation for non-residential structures

21OL63.121OL63.4103321OL622101.6321OL.6A2101.6.6

FEhA's provisions (Zone A) require the lowest floor (includingbasement) to be either above the EFE or the space designed tobe watertight This is, consistent with BOCA. However, FEMAcites substantial improvements - see discussion for FEMA(c)(2). Also, the FEMA requirements include subclassificationsof nes (ie. A 1, AE, etc, while BOCA addresses the zones asZone A.

Recommendation: See 44 CR 59.1 - Elevated buildings.

(c)(5) FloodOpenings

2101.633 FEAs provisions (Zone A), are requirements for enclosedspaces below the BFE and are consistent with BOCA However,FEMA cites substantial improvements - see discussion forFEMA (c)(2).


A-S

Anah1si

(e)(4) Pilings 2101.6.4.12101.6.11321OL6.62101.6.22101.63

FEMA's provisions (Zone V) require the lowest horizontalstructural member to be above the BFE with the foundationsystem of piles and columns to be designed to withstand theloads. This is consistent with BOCA. However, FEMA citessubstantial construction - see discussion for FEMA (c)(2).

Also, the FEMA requirements include subcasfications of zones(ie., V1, VE, etc.) while BOCA addressesthe zones and ZoneV. Both FEMA and BOCA require a design by a registeredprofessional.

Recommendation: See 44 CFR 59.1 - Elevated buildings

Aubmi44 CR 603

(e)(S) Breakawvay vvals 2101.6.4.12101.6.422101.6.113

FEMA's provisions (Zone V) require the lowest horizontalstructural member to be above the BFE with the space belowfree of obstructions or constructed of breakaway construction oropen lattice. This is consistent with BOCA with the exceptionthat FEMA provides a design safe loading resistance of 10-20psE BOCA does not provide this criteria. Additionally, FEMAcites substantial improvemets' - see discussion for FEMA(c)(2). Also, the FEMA requirements include subclassificationsof zones (ie, V1, VE, etc.) while BOCA addresses the zones asZone V. Both FEMA and BOCA require a design by aregistered design professional

Recommendation: FEMA should conduct the necessary research to support the 10-20 psf design loading forbreakaway walls. A system designed in this load range may breakaway under a desig wind condition. Uponresolution of this issue, it would then be appropriate to prepare a code change which reflects the results of theresearch as design criteria to be included in BOCA. See also 44 CFR 59.1 - Elevated buildings and FEMA-55Section 43.5.1.

4 CR f0

(e)(6) Fill 2101.6.43

AnabmiFEMA's provisions (Zone V) do not permit the use of fill forstructural support. BOCA does not include this imitation. Also,the FEMA requirements include subssifications of zones (i.e.V1, VE, etc) while BOCA addresses the zones as Zone V.

Recom endation It would be appropriate to propose a revision to BOCA to include this prohibition. See also44 CFR 59.1 - Elvated buildings

'44 CFR 60

A

Aulbik()(2)(i) Flood-proof valls

107.210.421OL63210L6.3.1210L63221OL633

FEMA provides criteria for local communities t evaluaterelative to granting requests for variances of residential buildingin Zone A. Included in this secdion is requirements, forbsements below the BFE to be flood proofed with watertitwalls desiped to resist flood waters BOCA requires residentialbasements to be located above the BEE The only exceptionsbeing basements not used for human occupancy. The BCcAcodes, however, provide for evaluating alternative methods andmaterial to that required by the code but do not providepresaiptie criteria. Any alternative approval must be shown tocomply with the intent of the code and approved by the localcode official.


(c)(2)(ii) Basementtop floor elevation

1033107.2107.4210L6321O0L63.1210L63.221L6.633

FEMA's variance riteria requires the top floor of the resideialbasement in Zone A to be no lower than 5 feet below the BFE.See analysis to 44 CFR 60.6 (c)(2)i).


A.ai2is

(c)(2)(iii) Fill 10331072107A2101.63210L63.12101632210L633

FEMA's variance criteria requires the surrounding grade to befilled around the residenta basement to above the BE in ZoneA. See anabsis to 44 CR 60.6 (c)(2)(i).


A-7

DC&QCo&d

(C)(2)Qv) Use ofregistered professional

Recomendation: None

44 CFI 60.6

(c)(2)(v) Building ispection

10331072107.42101.63210L63.1210L6332210L633210L6.113

109.0110.0

FEMA!s variance aiteria requires a registered professionalengineer or architect to design the sucture (Zone A). BOCArequires a registered professional only for V-Zones See anablsisto 44 CFR 60.6 (c)(2)(i).

FEMA and BOCA both require inspections to ascertaincompliance with the permit although BOCA's requirement isapplicale to all types of construction projects.

Rec mation None

AnAba

Elevated Residentl Structures (UEMA-54)

1207.2 FEMA requires conaete collars or bearing pad. BOCA requiresthe poles to be treated in accordance with AWPA Ca or C4.The wood foundation system shall be designed in accordancewith NFoPA TR7 and all lumber in accordance with AWPB-FDN.

Recommendatiot None

Pgs. 69-0Post Embedment

1207.10.1

BOCA and FEMA both require the depth of the embedment tobe below the frost line FEMA states that spedal loading suckas the forces from flooding, and debris which is carried ina floodbe taken into account when desiping.

FEMA cites prescriptive criteria for embedment of the posts andfor subsequent backfiL BOCA cites design criteria.

Recommendatiorn None

AmahbsiP. 75 Piers 12 0

21016.43FEMA reqrs that the piers resist the effects from horizontaland uplift loads due to wind and water as does BOCA. Concreteand brick piers shall be used when elevating 1-1/2 to 6' off theground. BOCA requires that plain concrete piers. be constructedin accordance with ACI 318 If steel shells are used, thethickness shall be a minimum of 1/4 thick BOCA also statesdwaeg spedcations&

Recmmendatiom None

A-9

P.68 Posts

ADai5k

FEMA states that footings shall be poured in place or rest onthe soil if the proper soil conditions exist. The footing size is afunction of the soil bearing load capacity. BOCA uses designconditions for analysis of placement and size. In addition BOCArequires that soils testing be done prior to the addition of afooting

Recommendation: FEMA should require a geotechnical report to ensure sufficient load bearing capacity of thesoil.

P.79 Shear Wallsand Floor Diaphragms

1109.4 FEMA requires that shear walls be used in parallel to braceagainst low-medium velocity flooding. Floor diaphragms should

- be aligned to resist horizontal forces Flood areas should includeadditional bracing for wind and rain conditions . EMA alsocites design guide Mesign and Construction Manual forResidential Buildings in Coastal High Hazard Areas'. BOCArequires that all buildings in flood hazard zones be designed toresist the hydrodynamic forces which occur in the area.


AubmiPgs. 84 and 85 1Pier Foundation Connections

.7032.11 FEMA allows the piers to be attached to the floor by metalstraps and bolts and offers diagrams describing the uses of piers.FEMA prescribes embedment of 12' for concrete piers and 16for masonry piers. BOCA designates 8' embedment for concretepiers and 15* for masonry. The BOCA code also prescris 2anchor bolts be placed from the end. FEMA and BOCA requireembedment which differs slightly.

Recommendation: This is a minor conflict, which if necessary, would require FEMA to conduct an evaluationof the relevant standards to determine if a 'correct' embedment can be ascertained.

P.88Concrete and WoodFlooring Systems

17032.4.1 FEMA requires that all members be tied and secured. Ends ofbeams shall rest or bend not less than 4 inches or be supportedby metal stirrups or hangers. BOCA requires that metalconnector straps shall be used for every other joist and wall studsshall be anchored.


A1-.0

P. 77 Piers 1205.01203.0

A

a

0

QCode&

P. 92Related DesignConsiderations

220l12101.6.82101.63.4

FEMA requires glass windows to be protected from wind andchanges in pressure. FEMA states that utilities shouid also beprotected or elevated and sanitary systems should be designed toalleviate discharge due to flooding. BOCA does not requireglass protection but relies on properly designed glass for thespecified loads BOCA also acknovledges utilityprotection/eletion and the need for properly designed sewagesystems. See also Anaysis of BOCA National Mechanical Code.


P.3BuildingMaterials

1701.11703±6170223(Supp.)1702.6318OL41802.31503321506.632106.6.6

FEMA identifies that preservativ treatment is required forwood, steel requires corrosion protection, adniliturcs arerequired for concrete to improve freeze-thaw and strengthFEMA does not provide specific recommendations to achieve thedesired results but rather includes names and addresses ofassociations to be contacted for guidance. See BOCA analysis toFEMA-54 Wood, Ste Concrete and Masonry and FEMA-55Sections 4.L2 and 4L4.

Recommendation: See FEMA-54 Wood, Steel, Concrete, and Masonry and FEMA-55 Sections 4.1.2 and 4Z1.4.

A-11.

AU

Anab2&

Pgs. 94 and 95Wood, Steel, Concrete andMasonry

Admixtures

180231702.6

1502.6

1503.1

140L11

BOCA requires that pressure treated wood shall conform withstandards AWPA C, 2 and C9 and AWPB-FDN.Preservatives to conform to AWPA P1, P2, P5, P8 and P9.Section 1802.3 states that steel shall be protected for exterior usewith a shop or field coat to prevent corrosion.

FEMA states that steel shall be protected for exterior use witha shop or field coat to prevent corrosion.

BOCA requires that admixtures, if used, shall followrequirements of ACI 318, ASTM C260, ASTM C618 and ASTMC989 depending on the type used. FEMA does not includerequirements for the use of admixtures.

BOCA cites that concrete shall be proportioned to provide theaverage compressive strength as prescribed by ACI 318, not lessthan 2500 psL FEMA does not include the standard.

Mortar shall comply with the requirements of ASTM C70.

FEMA states that wood shall be treated to resist fungus, insects,bacteria and rot In addition the treatment must be desgned tokeep water out. Steel should be painted and bolts should begalvanized. Concrete and masonry units should have surfacetreatments and should also include additives.

-A

Recommendation See FEMA-55 Section 4.1.2 Also, FEMA should consider referencing the applicablestandards for wood preservatives, concrete, and masonry.

928.0Pp. 95 and 96Insulation

BOCA states that when insulation is installed specific flamespread ratings and smoke developed ratings are required to beadhered to. A vapor retarder shall be installed on the warm sideof the building having a performance not exceeding 1. FEMArequires insulation exposed to flood conditions to beimpermeable and able to withstand submersion.


Glossary 1109.4 Hydrodynamic loads in Zones A and V shall be incorporatedinto the design of these buildings and structures. FEMA definedall te food zones in rlan to 100 yar floor. Hydrodynamicand hydrostatic loads are described without the use of equations


A- 12

P-i. 113-115

.

Pgs. 125 and 135PerformanceCriteria

f02.1110931109.4

BOCA relies upon the design calculations for all components ofthe str s. FEMA defined design loads, soil loads iting thaeach case should be dealt with indivdually and specificallyam la the code official


A-13

Coastal Construction Manual (FEMA-55)

4.1 Environmentalforces

Recommendation:

4.1.1 Wind

BOCA Code

2101.6.11109.4

Anaki

No differences

None

Auais

1112.0 Both FEMA and BOCA follow ANSI A58.1-1982. FEMA-55requires an importance factor of 1.11 for all structures whileBOCA's factor reflects ANSI A58.1 and requires a 1.05 factor fornon-essential facilities (ie, offices, residential) and buildings ofassembly with less than 300 people.

Recommendation: The provisions are compatible for certain types of buildings such as assembly buildings and essentialfacilities (hospitals, fire station, etc.) It is recommended that FEMA-55 revise its importance factor to correlate with ANSIA58.1-1.05 for all buildings other than essential facilities and assembly buildings with less than 300 occupants.

FEMA-55 BOCA Cote Anal

4.1.2 Salt air, moisture andwind-driven rain

1801.41802.3

BOCA and FEMA require structural steel work and formed steelmembers to be corrosion protected but BOCA does notspecifically address connectors.

BOCA references NFoPA NDS which requires galvanized sheetfor metal plate connector joints (8.103). BOCA requiresgalvanized steel connections when the frame is more than onestory in height and the studs are not continuous from the sill tothe roof. FEMA requires all connections to be corrosionresistant

Preservative treated wood fastener requirements similar

Flashing requirements similar.

FEMA acknowledges the effects of salt laden air on mortar butdoes not provide types of mortar which are acceptable. BOCAalso does not prescribe specific masonry mortar types formasonry exposed to salt laden air.

BOCA requires that exterior walls of alternative materials beweather-resistant but does not mention corrosion resistance.

A-14

1701.11703Z61704.1.1

1702.5.23(Supp)

21033.10

1402.6

2102.5

1503321506.63

2101.6.6

FEMA acknowledges the effets of concrete exposed to saltladen air but does noc provide citeria. BOCA prescibesminimum concrte properties (w/c, f c) for concrete exposed to

sea water. BOCA and FEEMA require ireased conacrete coverto reinforcement but neither stipulates the increase.

BOCA includes a general performance regulation which requires'All buildigs ... shall be constructed with materials resistant toflood damage...'.

RBcommendation: Both codes acknowledge the effects salt laden air and moisture have on building components FEMAand BOCA require corrosion resistant fasteners for pressure treated wood but neither provide definitive cieria formasonry or concete. It is recommended that FEMA include a general provision to address moistre protection andBOCA revise its current texl. Suggested language is: Constution materi, including connections, shall be resistantto water damage such that conditions of corrosion, deterioration or decay will not occur.

4.13 Water, waves & 1109.4debris

FEMA and BOCA require the structures to resist the imposedloads BOCA does not include design considerations for a 300.lb. object (debris) impacting the structure which is included inFEMA.

Recommendation: None. After consultation with FEMA, it was determined that a revision to the BOCA code wouldbe premature given the provision has, yet to be incorporated into NFP.

FEMA-55 1301 Qgde Aais

4.L4 lEffects of forces onhigher & largerstructures

109.4

108.12101.6.11.3

FEMA indicates applicability to residential structures up to 22feet above grade. BOCA requirements would be applicable toall building types which are properly designed to withstand thewater and wind forces. FEMA recommends the use of aqualfied architect or engineer for design (with no mention ofzone) while BOCA relies on state statutes and regulations todetermine if a registered architect or engineer is required to dothe design. BOCA does, however, require an engineer's orarchitects design for the foundation desig and breakawayenlosures for buildinp in high hazard zonre. (Zone V).

Recommendation: Registation laws for engineers and architects vary from state to state and FEMA should acknowledgethese laws. Addionally, the requirements for professional rgistration (V-zones) should be coordinated between NFIPand FEMA-55.

A-15

4.12 (cant.)

Aubmi4.2 Constution

MaterialsNone FEMA acknowledges the benefits/drawbacks of different

construction materials. BOCA does not providerecommendations as to the appropriate type of material to beused.


Aubmk4.21 Wood

4±1.1 Piling 1213.01214.012194)2101.6.43

No differencesA~


,FEMA-55

4.2.1.2 Main supportingmembers (beams)

1701.11702.62106.6.6

FEMA provides limited direction for the design of structuralbeams. BOCA references NFoPA NDS for the design of woodstructures with structural design required to meet the designloads.


Other woodconstructionmembers

BOCA Co2e

2106.6 FEMA does not require floor joists, studs, plates, etc., to bepreservative treated. BOCA requires all construction materialsfor structures in flood hazard zones to be resistant to waterdamage.

Recommendation: Main supporting members are critical to the structural integrity of a building but so are joists andother structural elements. It is not clear why FEMA only requires certain structural elements to be preservative treated.FEMA should revise its' criteria to include a requirement for pressure preserative treatment for all structural memberssubject to flooding.

A-16

4±13

4Z1A Wood preservatives 2106.6.6 FEMA requires wood to be pressure preservative treated but1702.63 does not provide eria. BOCA requires pressure preservative12192 treatment in accordance widh AWPA C and C9 for above grad

construction and AWPA C3, and AWPB MNl, Mf, M4 fortimber piles.

Recommendation: FEMlA should consider referencing the appropriate standards.

422 Masonry materialsand conaete

1402.6L1503321506.63

See comments to FEMA Section 4.12

Recommendation: See FEMA Section 4.-1.

Anais

423 Metals

423.1 Aluminum 19OLl FEMA recommends a 0.7 mil anodizing finish and/or vinylfinish for aluminum elements such as doors, windows, guttersand flahinp BOCA references AA-SAS30 and AA-ASM3S foraluminum used for structural purposes. No similar requirements.

Recommendation. See FEMA Section 4.12

423.2 Steel 1801.41802317025.23(Supp)

An

FEMA recommends the use of hot-dipped galvanig forstructural steel and the use of stainless seeL FEMArecommends regular inspection and maintenance of metal parts.BOCA requires hot-dipped galvanzd for fasteners used forpreservative treated wood. BOCA requires steel members to bepainted or provided with an approved corrosion resistant coating.No regular inspection parameters are stipulated in BOCA.

Recommendation: See FEMA Section 4.12

Ana1s

4233 Dissimmetals

None FEMA recommends that the use of dissimila metals be avoideddue to the potential for rapid corrosion.

Recommendation: This issue is. one of providing materials which are not subject to corrosion. See FEMA Section 4.12.

A-17

43 Designdetails

43.1 Foundations

Asab

1215.01217.01218.01219.0


fEMAE5

43.1.1 Soil conditions

Recommendation: FEl

120L11202.1120131213.1

FEMA cites advantages of different foundation systems andtypical design approaches BOCA does not providerecommendations for the appropriate type of foundation pile butrather provides criteria to be used to design the pile.

Aubmia

FEMA provides rules of thumb for evaluating soil conditions andcites the advantages and disadvantages of one soil type overanother. EMA includes a design table of pile capacities for 4different soil types and ncludes common foundation scenarios.BOCA requires a foundation analysis to determine the soilcapacity for pile foundations. Presumptive bearing values usedfor spread footings are provided in BOCA which range fromZOOO-12,000 psf for the different soils listed. BOCA relies on adesigned system to determine the structural acceptability of thebuilding foundation supported by the soil.

MA should require a geotechnical report to ensure sufficient load bearing capacity of the soiL

A-318

Aubi

43J.2 PilesPiletin

Piembedment

installation

1219.0121&0

1213.01214.02101.6.43

1215.01219.0

FEMA recommends minimum timber pile sizes and cites theadvantages of square vs. round piles. FEMA recommendsconcrte piles when higher capacityar longer lengths are needed.BOCA does not stipulate minimum timber pile sizes but ratherrelies on a design. BOCA specifies a minimum lateral dimensionfor precast concrete piles of 10f'. BOCA relies on a designedsystem to support the loads.

FEMA cites. the effects pile embedment has on the struduralcapacity of the pile. FEMA provides recommended pilepenetrations. BOCA does not stipulate inimum pileembedments, but rather relies on a design. BOCA requires pileembedment to consider scouring in hig hazard zones (V Zone)

FEMA provides details of typical methods to install piles.BOCA does not presaibe the installation details for piles withthe exption ;of cast-in-place concrelte piles.

Recommendation: FEMA require scour around piles to be evaluated for all pile installations while BOCA specificallycites scour for V Zones. It is recommended that BOCA include text for A Zones similar to that for V Zones relativeto scour.

FEMA-55 BOCA QdI Auinj

43.13 Posts None FEMA recommends that wood posts should not be used in VZone or A Zones subject to wave/scour. BOCA does notstipulate that wood posts should not be used but rather relies ona designed system.

Recommendation: It seems overly restrictive to preclude the use of a building material If adequately designed, woodposts should be considered acceptable. It is recommended that FEMA reax their recommendation of material types infavor of a designed sstem of material of the designer's choice when such materials can be shown to be suitable for theirintended use.

FEMiA- BOCAQ& AwbMI

43.L4 Piers 1212.01205.11209.0

FEMA recommends mtnimnm footing sizes and embedmentdepth BOCA does not presnibe minimum footing sizes, depth,or reinforcement but rather relies on a designed system.

Recommmntion None

EhiA- Analis

432 Framing None FEMA for information on.


A-19

4321 Framingmethods

None

Code Anaya

FEMA cites the different types of wood framing methods andthe benefits associated with one system over another. BOCAdoes not address the different types of construction (platform vs.pole) nor does it acknowledge the benefits associated with oneover the other. BOCA relies on a designed system.


43.2 Beams None FEMA cites the different types of wood beams (e, solid, built-up, glulam), preferred orientation (ie., parallel to flow), andsplice locations BOCA does not prescribe any requirements forthe beams but rather relies on a designed system.


432.3 Joistsandrafters


432.4 Subflooring

BOCA Code

1703.2.9 v FEMA recommends cross bridging for all floor joists located inthe velocity zone. FEMA and BOCA require bridging on 8centers. BOCA also requires bridging at the supports ifadequate lateral support is not provided. For Use Group R-2(ie, apartments) and R-3 (single family or multiple singlefamily) dwellings, bridging is only required when the joist depthexceeds 12 or the live load exceeds 40 pt.

BOCA Cdes .ubm

1702.1 FEMA recommends either 1x4 or ix6 boards laid diagonally overAppendix C joists or exterior type plywood following the guidelines of APA

Plywood Construction Guide. BOCA includes floor sheathingtables. FEMA stipulates an exterior glue for plywood whileBOCA requires exterior, waterproof type plywood in all exterioruses, but allows either interior type, moisture-resistant type, orexterior type in interior applications and does not stipulate gluebetween layers for plywood. FEMA stipulates annular ring nailsor deformed shank nails while BOCA's recommended fasteningschedule (Appendix C) permits common nails.

Recommendation: See FEMA-55 Section 4.1.2 and FEMA 882.

A-20

4325 Studs 170322170323Table 170212.5

FEMA acikowledges the common use of 24 or ;z wood studsat 16' o.c. and the increased use of metal studs configuredsimilarly to wood studs. BOCA does not presaibe wall material,but requires that bearing walls be designed to provide adequatesupport for the materials and to provide for transfer of all lateralloads to the foundation. BOCAk permits 2P stud spacing forbearing walls and 48 stud spacing for non-bearing walls. Othermatmum stud spacings are given dependent on the plywoodsheathingepal span rat Also, a single top plate may be usedonly if specific requirements are met.


43.6 Wall Sheathing 2103217032.8Table 1702.123

FEMA cites plywood as the tical sheathing material andpresalbes extnerior grade plwood of at least 15,/3T or 3/4' thickBOCA requires wall sheathing of any approved material.Plywood sheathing is required to be at least 5116" thick.Appendix C Attachment and fastening requirements are similar.

Reconmendatiorn None

4.32.7 Wall Bracing 17032.5 BOCA and FEMA require wall bracing but neither specifies aparticular method to be used. BOCA permits plywoodsheathing let-in bracing or any other approved eqalentwhereas FEMA recommends plywood.

Recommendati None

A-21

FEMA-55 BOCA Codes Aabi4328 Roof Detils 1702.12-1 The BOCA codes gives maximum span of roof sheathin1Roof Truses allowed Similar provisions are absent from FEMA.

Roof Construction1703.210 FEMA indicates typical considerations for roof design. BOCA1703210.1 requires that rafter spans comply with NFoPA Span Tables foi

Joists and Rafters and that plate connected roof trusses bedesigned in accordance with TPI Design Specifications for MetalPlate Connected Wood Truss and NFoPA NDS. Trusses mustalso be braced. Roof deck sheathing must be constructed of anapproved material

1110.4 BOCA requires that flat roofs be designed to support themaximum possible depth of water assuming all means of roofdrainage are blocked while FEMA does not include a similarrequirement.

1102.1 FEMA cites benefits of one roof configuration over another.BOCA does not acknowledge the benefits of one roof'configuration (gable, hip, etc.) over another, but rather relies onthe roof configuration to be designed to the appropriate loadingconditions CLe., wind, snow, and ponding). BOCA providesspecific design provisions for roof overhangs.

Recommendation. FEMA should consider including design tables for roof sheathing and also ponding provisions for theroof design. Alternatively, FEMA could reference the model codes for roof sheathing design tables.

A-22

FEhiA

4.3.3 Foundatira1 Bracing 1213.411.6

BOCA requires that all piles be designed such that lateralstability is provided in all direcions. BOCA does not requirebradng for the length of pile above grade (regardless of theheight) but rather sipulates that the pile is to be designed as acolumn to withstand the vertical (compression or uplift), andlateral (water/wind) loads. Bracing (nee braces, trusses, shearwalls) would be considered as a design option but is notmandated FEMA recommends bracing the piles but does notguarantee that this measure alone will make the structure stormresistanL110.4 BOCA requires that buildings located in flood-hazard andhigh hazard zones be designed to resist all hydrodynamic forces.21016.43 BOCA requires that all buildings located in highhazard nes be supported on pilings or columns and beadequately anchored to such.


AUbiia

433.1 Knee Braces 1213.41213.6

FEMA recommends that piles be braced BOCA requiresbracing of all piles but does not specify a particular method.


Anahis

433.2 Grade Beams 1213.41213.62101.632210L6.43

FEMA recommends the use of grade beams. BOCA permits butdoes not require the use of grade beams.


A-23

Aubz�

FEMA-55 AIas

4333 Truss Bra 1213.41213.6

FEMA prescribes the use of truss bracing systems when thestructure is elevated about 10' or more above grade. BOCArequires sufficient bracing but does not specify a particularmethod.


MAb

433A Shear Walls 2101.633210L6.4.2

FEMA acknowledges the use of shear walls. BOCA does no.,allow walls which structurally support the building to be locatedbelow the base flood elevation in high hazard zones.

Recommendation FEMA should revise their provisions to include the prohibition of shear walls and other walls whichare part of the structural frame below the BFE in V-zones.

FEMA-55 BCA Yes iAsam

43.4 Connections 2101.63.217011102.1

No significant difference.


Aubm

43.4.1 Roof to Wail 1112.2123

1701.12101.63.2

Appendix C BOCA requires that all structural members andconnections be of sufficient size or capacity to meet or exceedthe forces exerted upon them. ANSI AS8.1 (ASCE 7) is used asa referenced standard. BOCA does not include provisions forpositi Connection from the ridge line through interior studwalls to the foundation. FEMA determines the wind uplift forcefrom its own tables and states that toe-nailing alone may notprovide a sufficient connection.

Recommendatia. t is recommended that FEMA reference the desig values of ANSI A58.1-1982.

A-24

BOCA Codes

Anbia

43.42 Wall to Poor Joist 1112.1123170121OL632

BOCA requires connectons of suficent size and strength beprovided. FEMA prescrbes that plywood sheathing be well-anchored from the top plate of the stud wall to the floor joistsand band beams below.


FEMA-5 Anabmk

4 4343 floor Joistto Floor Beam

11111317OLl21OL63.2

Appendix C FEMA recommends the use of either metal or woodconnections to anchor joist to beams. BOCA uses theperformance oriented language and requires that all connectionsbe of sufficient size and capacity. The recommended fastenischedule (Appendix Q ackowledges 3 toe nails as a connection,however, this would be required to be confirmed by design.


Anam

4344 Floor Beam to Pile,Post, or Pier

1701.121L.32

FEMA recommends that wood piles be notched no more than5G% of the original bearing area BOCA relies an a designedsystem in accordance with accepted engineering practice andNFoPA NDS which is the referenced standard for woodconstruction. The flood-resistant construction provisions ofSection 2101.6 require the structural system to be anchored butthis design is left to the designer. BOCA, however does includepresive requirements for permitted boring, cutting andnotching (17032.1), bearing (17032.4) and anchorage of sillplates (1703.2.11). BOCA requires a 15 embedment of anchorbolts into gouted masonry while FEMA stipulates 16u.

Recommendation: FEMA should reference the design standard for wood, nam ely, NFoPA NDS-1986 with 1987 revisionsand 1988 Supplement - Design Values for Wood Construction.

1-25

43.5 Breakaway Walls 210L633210L6.4.22101.6.113

BOCA's requirements for enclosures below the base floodelevation are a function of the flood hazard zone (A vs V).Flood hazard Zone A structures with enclosed spaces are notrequired to have breakaway construction but are required to havea minimum amount of openings such that the space is designedto equalize the hydrostatic forces on the exterior by allowing theentry and exit of flood waters. Flood hazard Zone V structuresare permitted to have enclosed spaces provided the walls andpartitions are not part of the structural support of the buildingand are designed and constructed to breakaway or collapse.


OCA CodeAs , il

435.1 Breakaway WallDesignsScreeningLatticeWood Stud WallsMetal Stud WallsMasonry Walls

2101.633 BOCA requires that non-bearing walls below the BFE in flood-2101.6.4.2 hazard zones (A Zones) be equipped with sufficient opening to107.4 allow for entry and exit of fluid waters. FEMA does not

differentiate between these type walls in Type A and Type VZones. Also, FEMA states (p 445) that reinforced masonrywalls, due to their oading resistance creates an unusualcondition and therefore should be designed by a professionalengineer or architect This may be misleading in that all walls inV-zones require a design and not just based on constructionmateriaLFEMA regulations provide design considerations fordesigning breakaway walls. BOCA requires an engineer orarchitect to design the system (V-zones).

Recommendation: See recommendation to 44 CFR 603 (e)(5). Also, FEMA may wish to clarify that break-away wallsare alowed in A-zones provided the opening criteria is met This would also be a viable option under the alternateapproval provisions of BOCA.

A-26

4.35.2 Design C rations 11093 No difference.for Breakaway WaIls 1109.4Connections 1!12.0Working!limateStrength ofFastenerDistribution of Wall LoadsBracing Considerations

21OL6.42 BOCA requires openings in non-structural solid walls below the21OL633 BFE for buildings located in flood-hazard (A Zones). FEMA

does not have different recommendations for applications in A-Zones and V-Zonec

BOCA does not stipulate the breakaway force desip criteriawhile FEMA stipulates 20 psf less the wind force exceeds thisvalue. If the wind pressure exceeds this, value, FEMA requiresthe enclosure below the base flood elvadon to be designed towithstand the wind forces. BOCA does not include provisionsfor 'wave runup' or recommended foundation configurations.

FEMA expands on the distribution of wind and water loadsbelow the BFE and recommends design procedures to befollowed. BOCA does not promote one desip method overanother but requires that all load conditions be evaluated anddesigned for by a re~srered professional engineer or architect.See also FEMA Section 43.5

Recommendationt See recommendation for 44 CFR 60.3 (e)(5).

A-27

AnAbMil

Aubm

43.6 Utilities 210L652101.6.8

FEMA does not allow electrical distribution panels below theBFE. BOCA does allow placement of electrical componentsbelow the BFE as long as they are adequately protected and theprovisions of NFIPA 70 are meL

BOCA requires HVAC systems be protected from the entranceand accumulation of water. FEMA prescribes that duct work besloped and have emergency openings to allow drainage ofaccumulated water.

A.


43.7 Wind - and StormProtection of Interior

2202.1

Recondo None

F4MA.7. BOCA Codes

43.7.1 V,'idow Selection 2202.1

BOCA requires windows to be designed in accordance with thewind loads of ANSI A58.1-1982 for the loads associated witcomponents and cladding. BOCA does not require protectivewindow coverings.

FEMA recommends that individual panel widths be limited tothree feat and the maximua, open wall area (doors and windows)be 30%. BOCA does not limit the size of glazed panels as longas they can withstand the wind design pressures. BOCA onlylimits door and window percentages due to fire hazards and notwind considerations.


A-28

Analysi

43.72 Operable Shutters nlL FEMA strongly recommends some type of storm protection forglazed openings. BOCA does not require this type of windowcovering but rather relies. on the window to be designed for thewind load for the location in question.

Recommendation: FMA should determine the appropriate performance criteria for the shutters and stipulate whenA and what tpe of shutters are required. This could then be considered by BOCA.

43.73 Gable and Eave Vents 7091 BOCA has minimum size requirements for vents in enclosed roofspaces. FEMA identifies attic ventilation as an importantfeature. FEMA also mentions that many standard ventilationproducts are inadequate for coasl locations with wind-drivnrain. -


43.7.4 Roofing Material 2303.02304.02305.0

2306.0

Both FEMA and BOCA acknowledge the effects rain may haveon roof system and require some type of roof covering.However, FEMA does not provide specific material types.BOCA requires all roofs to be covered with approved coveringswhich will resis wind and raiL In addition to asphalt shinglesBOCA ackowledges the use of asbestos cement, clay or cementtile, metal, slate, wood and wood shakes. BOCA providesprescriptive installation requirements which addressunderlayment, fasteners, and permitted roof slopes. BOCArequires installation in accordance with approved manufacturer'sinstallation instructions.

BOCA requires that flashing be installed at all roof openings,gutters, intersections of wail and roof .and at change in roof slopeor direction. FEMA does not identify specific flashing locations.

Recommendation: FEMA should stipulate the locations which require flashing

A-29

Axaisi

43.8 Main PropertyMaintenance

1702.6.6

See Anabsis of BOCA National Property Maintenance Code.


1802.3.2 FEMA recommends that exposed steel be hot-dipped galvanizedBOCA requires exposed steel to be protected from exposure inot fabricated fIom approved corrosion-resistant or galvanizecsteel.

A

FEMA recommends that the underside of raised building(bems and joists) be covered with sheathing. BOCA leaves tht.specifics of the design up to the architect/engineer.


And

5.1 General DesignConsiderations -Ground LevelObstructions


FE

5.1 General DesignConsiderations-CorrosionProtection

2101.6332101.6.4.2

15033.51506.63

Both FEMA and BOCA do not Permit occupied spaces belowthe base flood elevation.

Auahi�



A-30

�abmis

5.1 General Design-WindConsiderations

110931109.4111.0

No sigificant difference.

Recommendation None

Auabzi&

52 Foundations - Piles 1213.1012 13.-I=l.0

BOCA .allows piles of any approved materials. The materialsand installation methods must comply with specific coderequirements.

Recommendation None

5.2 Foundations - OtherFoundations

M5.0 - 1212.0 FEMA recommends that strip' foundations be alignedperpendicular to the shoreline. BOCA requires footing designto be in accordance with the appropriate standard !(AWPA Q orC3, ACI 318) and does not require a specific orientation.

Recommendation: FEMA should consider referencing applicable standards for footing designs.

FEMA4-55

5.3 Slabs at Grade 1502.0-1506.01509.0

FEMA recogies a difference between essential (structural) andnon-essential (non structural) slab on grade. BOCA permits aminimum slab thiciness of 3 1/2 inches and requires a vaporbarrier under most instaltions. BOCA also references ACI 318concerning the materials, design and installation of concrete.

Recommendation: FEMA should consider referencing ACI 318 for siab on grade design.

FEMfA-55 ]BOCA Qtes. Anais

53 Grade Beams 1213.6 No significant difference.


A-31

Aa

5.4 Superstructure 1102.01305.0

FEMA provides a discussion of the basic elements of low-to-midsize and high rise construction (design loads, piles, pile capscolumns, beams, and shear walls). BOCA has no prescriptiverequirements for the type of construction materials used in astructure. BOCA does not indicate a benefit of one materiaover another but requires that all structures be designed for theappropriate loading conditions (wind, hydrostatic, hydrodynamic,etc.)

210L6.6 BOCA requires that buildings in high-flood or high-hazard zonesbe constructed of materials resistant to flood damage usingconstruction methods to minimize flood damage.


An~

5.5 Elevated Floors 1L02.0 FEMA cites reinforced concrete and precast concrete as typical1305.0 systems used for floor construction. BOCA does not require a

specific method of construction nor the use of specific materials.; C I BOCA requires that all structural components, connections and

system be designed for the forces exerted upon them.


Amsif

5.6 Exterior walls 1102.01305.0

See FEMA-55 Section 5.5 commentL

210L6332101.6.4.2

None

No difference

FEMA requests that all fasteners be determined by the designerand not left to the discretion of the installer. FEMArecommends that manufacturers installation standards andappropriate safety factors be applied to powder-activatedfasteners used with concrete. BOCA does not stipulateresponsibility or standards for these types of fasteners.

Recommendatim None

A-32

I

5.7 Re endationsUse of a DesignProfessional

108.12101.6.11.22101.6.1132101.633

FEMA recommends an experienced design professional to beresponile far mid-and h-rise desi BOCA requires alldesign for new construction work, alteration repair, expansion,addition or modification work involving the practice ofprofessional architecture or engineering be prepared byregistered professional architects. or engineers as certified by thestate in which the project is to be located All plans,specifcations and computations must be signed and sealed by theresponsible engineer or architect


-4 FERMA,-55

Appendix A - Design Tables

Figure A-1 Number of PilesRequired

Table A-1 Downward Loadsper Pile

Table A-2 Horizontal WimdLoads per PileTable A-3 MinimumEmbedment Depth of PilesTable A-4 MaximumUnbraced Height of PilesSupporting Breakaway Walls

Table A-4.1 Maximum,Unbraced Height of Piles

Table A-5 Uplift Loads perFoot of Wall

Table A-6 Uplift Loads perPile

Table A-7 Capacity of bit ofFloor Beam Connections

Table A-8 Concrete MasonryUnit Piers

Table A-9 Conrete PiersFigure A-Z Concete PierCross Section

Figure A-3 Grade Beams andSlabs

Table A-10 FastenerCapacities in Shear

Table A-f1 Fastener Schedulefor Breakaway Wals

1102.0110931109A21016.32210Lf6.43

FEMA provides loading and design tables to assist in the designof coastal construction. Appendices D and E provide rawcalculations and computer programs from which the alues inAppendix A were derived BOCA does not contain design andloading tables by which to design a structure. The performancelanguage of the code stas the minimum design requements

at mut be met by the design professional. BOCA referencesmany standards (ACI 318,. ANSI A58.1, NFoPA NDS, etc.) thatshall be used in the design of a building.


A-33

Appendix B -BraingB.1 Knee BracingB.2 Truss BracingB.21 DiagonalsB.2Li Lumber DiagonalsBZ1.2 Threadbar DiagonalsB.2.2 StrutsB3 Grade BeamsTable B-1 Horizontal WaterLoads per pile

Table B2 Loads ofTransverse Truss MembersTable B-3 Allowable Loadsfor Single 2-by-8 Diagonals

Table B4 Allowable Loadsfor Single 3-by-8 Diagonals


EM&-5

Appendix D - DesignEquations and ProceduresD.1 Procedure A-iDownward Loads per Pile

D2 Procedure A-2:Horizontal Wmd Loads perPile

D.3 Procedure A-3:Minimum embedment Depth

of PilesD.4 Procedure A-4:Maximum Unbraced Heightof Piles

D.5 Procedure A-4.1:Maximum Unbraced Heightof PilesSupporting Breakaway Walls

D.6 Procedure A-5: UpliftLoads per Foot of Walls

D.7 Procedure A-6 UpliftLoads per Pile

D.8 Procedure B:Horizontal Water Loads per

PileD.9 Procedure B2: LoadsTransferred to FoundationTruss Members

1102.01109.31109.41213.621OL6.3.221016.4.3

1102.01109.31109A1213.0210L6.3.22101.6.4.3

FEMA provides further discussion of bracing options and loadir-tables to assist in the design of coastaI construction. BOCA doenot prescribe specific methods or procedures to follow indesigning structural bracing. The performance oriented languageof the code requires that all structural members and connectionbe designed to withstand the forces exerted upon them. BOCreferences national standards (AC 318, ANSI A58.L, NFoPANDS etc.) to aid the designer.

FEMA compiles a series of basic design equations andprocedures to follow in the design of coastal construction Allvalues found in Appendix A were derived from these equationibased on the assumptions stated. These equations may be usedfor design in unique situations where the general assumptions donot hold true. Being a performance oriented code, BOCA doesnot prescribe specific design equations and procedures. Rather,the code requires that all structural members and connection bedesigned to withstand the forces exerted upon them. BOCAreferences many national standards to guide the designer Dmeasuring the code compliance of structures.

Recommendation: EMA should require a geotechnical report to ensure sufficient load bearing capacity of the soil.

A-34

Anabsia

Auabsis

Appendix G - Sample CoastalConstrudion Code

2. Purpose

3. Scope

4. Definitions

FEMA incorporates the discussions, insights andrecommendations found in Chapters 1 through 5 into enforceablecode language. is sample code is intended as a base whichlocal jurisdicions may amend to create their own coalconstrudion code as a supplement to the governing buildingcode.

100.02101.6

1002

201.0

No difference.

FEMA applies only to new construction, additions to, andimprovenents of single family, duplex, and multi-familyresidential structures.

FEMA defines terms relatie to flood provisions (ie. base flood,dead load, etc) which are compatible with the application inBOCA. However, BOCA does not define all the terms listed inFEMA.

5.. ElevationStandards

6. Determination ofLoading Forces

6.1 Water Loads62 Wind Loads

7. FoundationStandards

7.1 Pile FoundationDesign

2101.63.1210L6332101.6.4.1211.L6.4.2

1100.1

No differences

BOCA does not prescribe specific design procedures. BOCAidenfies minimum performance requirements of a strucure.

110931109.412.0,

110.12101.6321OL6.4120.0 - 122.0

1100.11213.0-MGn0

FEMA does not allow the use of spread footing and fill forstrunturl support puposes.

BOCA does not prescribe a specific method of pile desipn

72 ColumnFoundaion Design

8. AnchoringStandards

1212.0

2101.6.2

BOCA does not prescribe a specific method of pier design.

No difference

Recommendation. None

A-35

FEMA-55

8.1 Connectors andFasteners

8.2 Beam to PileConnectors

8.3 Floor and DckConnectors

8A Exterior Wail Connection

8.5 Ceiling Joist/RafterConnections

8.6 Projecting Members

9. Roof Sheathing

OCA Codes

Appendix C

None

2303.12304.02305.0

10. Protection of Openings

11. Use of Space Below the 2101.633Lowest Elevated Floor 2101.6.42

11.1 Breakaway Wall DesignStandards

11.2 Certification ofBreakaway Walls

12. Utilities

13.CertificationRequirements 1102.2

14. Reference Documents

Recommendation None

Anayi

FEMA does not permit toe-nailing as a principal method ofconnection. All metal connectors and fasteners are to bega5anazes

Refer to FEMA 55 Section 43.4.4 analysis.

Refer to FEMA 55 Section 43.43 and 4324 analysis.

Refer to FEMA 55 Section 4322 and 43Z6 analysis.

Refer to FEMA 55 Section 4328 analysis.

BOCA does not restrict the size of the eaves or other overhangs.

FEMA requires roof sheathing at least 1532 inch thick. Allattaching devices shall be corrosion resistant materiaL FEMAprescribes that roof be sloped as steeply as practicable.

Refer to FEMA-55 Section 43.7.1 and 43.72

BOCA does not prescribe specific design procedures forbreakaway walls.

Relocate to FEMA 55 Section 435, 43.5.1 and 435.2 analysis.

Relocate to FEMA 55 Section 435, 43.5.1 and 43.52 analysis.

Relocate to FEMA 55 Section 43.6 analysis.

Refer to FEMA 55 Section 5.7 analysis.

BOCA references ANSI A58.1-1982 as does FEMA.

A-36

Manufaured Homes. Installation inFlood Had Ar. aMA-M

2101.63.22101.6.432101.6.11.221OL6.113

FEMA has presciptive requirements on the use of fill materialto raise the elevation of the manufactured home. However,Secdion (e)(6) of 44 CFR 603 prohbits the use of structural fillin V zones. The requirements address the use of fill undervarious floodwater conditions and include site preparation and fillplacement BOCA requires that the bearing value of soils isestablished through testing.

BOCA requires that a registered professional architect orengineer provide plans and specifications, indicating that theproposed foundation desige will adequately resist any loadscaused by flooding which may cause flotation, collapse, orpermanen lateral movement of the structure, or which will scouror erode the soil mae rial FEMA limits the use of fills forelevating the manufactured home to areas where the floodwatervelocity will not eceed 10 feet per second (fps). BOCA doesnot address manmum floodwater velocity.

Recommendation: FEMA-85 and 44CFR 60.3 require coordination relative to the use of structural fill.

iFA AnahB_

Chapter m ElevatedFoundationsPiers (PM)

121FEMA states that the use of piers is inappropriate in areasubject to floodwater velocity. FEMAs requirements arespecification oriented. FEMA limits pier heih to 10 times leasthorizontal dimension; BOCA states masimum of 12 times leastdimension for other than single family structures and lightstructures. BOCA would rely on a desiged system inaccordance with the referenced standards.

Recommendation. This is a mnor conflict, whi, if necessary would require FEMA to conduct an evaluation of therelevant standards, to determine a correcC maximum pier height.

IEMA-85 2CIC& Codess AAUiA

C apter m Posts(pZ)

1207.22101.6322101L6.43

FEMA states some general requirements for the use of wood,steel, or concrete posts. BOCA says pole buildings shall bedesigned in an approved manner. The provisions of BOCA arenot geared to any spcific tWpe of structure but rather structuresin general. Poles shall be treated accordingly to AWPA a orC4 for decay resistance.


A-37

Chapter m levationon Fi

(Pd9)

1201.01202.01203.0

chapter m Pies(p.25)

1213.01214.01215.01216.01217.01218.01219.01220.0122LO21OL6A.3

AtAX

FEMA states that the use of piles is appropriate in area havinghigh floodwater velocities. Details are gien on how to drive thepile and how to increase lateral force resistance. BOCA providesdesign and driving requirements for different types of piles.


Chapter m HorizontalBeam (p.26)

1102.1 FEMA and BOCA both require that the loads associated withthe manufactured home are safely transferred to the foundationsystem.


Chapteril BracingElevatedFoundations(P.26)

1102.11213.41213.6

Both FEMA and BOCA require bracing to resist lateral loads.


Chapter m PerimeterEnclosure(p2 7)

210L6332101.6.422101.7.11

FEMA requires that the skirting around the manufactured homebe designed to yield under the forces of floodwaters and nottransfer loads to the foundation, BOCA requires the same.


A-38

Au~maiChapter 23 Anchoring

(P28)62031110931109.4

102101632210L6.7

FEMA expounds on the vanous methods available to anchor aManufactured home so it can resist wind forces. BOCA reliesupon the design and certification by an architect or engineerwithout specifying specific methods.

Recommendation None

.4 Chapter IV A FloodForcesand TheirApplication

1102.0- 1104.01n06.0 - 1107.0

11043 - 1109.411311.0 - 115.0

FEMA provides overvies of specific engineering calculationsused to determine the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forcesincluding impact from debris and scour due to movingfloodwater. Roof live load and wind load maps of the UnitedStates are also included. BOCA relies upon a professionalengineer or architect to design the strucure to support allapplicable loads in accordance with acceptable engineeringpractice. FEMA provides a roof load and wind zone map. Thesnow loads indicated in FEMA are higher than BOCA and thewind load map is also different from BOCA. BOCAs maps arebased on ANSI AS- - 1-982 (ASCE 7).

Recommendation: FEMA should update their wind and snow load maps to the latest currently published by ASCE.

A-39

smz

FEMA-85

Chapter IV B

-Anabmi

Evaluation ofElevatedFoundations

108.1Article L

120LO1202.01203.0

FEMA discussed the application of design loads to manufacturedI housing foundation systems. BOCA relies upon the registered

engineer or architect to design the structure to resist all requireddesign loads for all structures.

FEMA discusses the bearing values assoaates with various soils.BOCA contains simrila information.

108.11212.01406.0

108.11213.01214.01801.0

FEMA specifies pier dimensions and location of reinforcementbars for acceptable pier design for various design considerationsBOCA relies upon a system designed by a registered architect orengineer in accordance with the code and its referencedstandards.

FEMA provides information necessary for the design of pilefoundations to provide support for manufactured homes, and alsostates that a registered professional engineer should design thepile foundation under certain circumstances. BOCA relies uponan engineered design, but also provides details on pile-driving,Inadcmw snnicing etc.

Recommendation: None. The differences between FEMA and BOCA are related to the specification or performancenature FEMA and BOCA respectively.

FEMA-85 BOCA Codes Anahs

Chapter IV CBracing Support andConnections for ElevatedFoundations

108.11213.61214.11214.6

108.11102.11109.51113.111303.11701

FEMA provides design requirements and formulas fordetermining the size and location of lateral bracing andhorizontal support beams for posts and piles. BOCA requiresthat all bracing methods be designed by an engineer or architect.

FEMA provides design information for all connections. BOCArelies upon an engineered system using materials which have thenecessary properties and dimensions to support all loads.


A-40

Chapter IV DAdditional DesignConsiderations

80M18052.2101.6.8

FEMA indicates that an access and #gress path must be providedto allow evacuation and resc. BOCA's general egressrequirements address maintenance of exits, however, BOCAspecifically permits portions of the means of egress to be belowthe base flood elevation which would probably render the exitunusable.

Recomm endation: It is not clear how the recommendations found in FEMA would be implemented relative to providinga means of evacuation and/or rescue during a flood evenL In all likelihood, compliance with these recommendationswould preclude a structure from being built in an area prone to flooding.

F3EAabtBOC Code

113Article 12

FEMA provides formulas and equations for calculating loads forthe desig of structural mmbers. BOCA relies upon a designand supporing calculations prepared by a registered professionalenPeer or architeC and references nationally recognizedstandards to be used for the design of structural members madeof speific materials.

Recommendation: None. It is presumed that the registered engineer or architect will rely upon accepted engineeringpractice as does FEMA.

iFEMA5 BOCA Codes Anais

108162032101.63.221OL6.432101.6.7

FEMA provides design information for determining thenecessary anchorage for a manufactured home to resist buoyancyand drag forces cause by flooding. BOCA relies on a design andsupporting alculations prepared by a registered professionalengineer or architect

Recommendation: None. It is presumed that the registered engineer or architect will rely upon accepted engineeringpractice as does FEMA.

A-41

Appendix D

Appendix E

Floodgronfing Non-Residential Stuures (FEMA-102

FEMA-102 BOCA Q&A AnAb

Chapter IE. ContingentFloodproofingMeasures

107.4108.1210L63.4210L6.42

FEMA discusses the possibility of Utilizing specific contingentfloodproofing measures BOCA permits the use of suchcontingent floodproofing measures as flood shields and watertightdoors for buildings in A Zones only.

Recommendation None

f102

Chapter IF. Types ofContingentMeasures

107.4108.1210L6332101.63.42101.6.11.2

FEMA addresses the use of flood shields, watertight doors, andmoveable floodwalls BOCA permits these types of devices to beused in Flood-Hazard (A-Zones), but not in high-hazard (VZones).


Chapter m

Floodproofing DesignPermanent and ContingentMeasuresB. Elevation on Fill

120LO

1202.01203.0

am AnaLbsiFEMA has prescriptive requirements for the use of fill materialto raise the elevation of the manufactured home. However,Section (e)(6) of 44 CFR 603 prohibits the use of structural fillin V zones. The requirements address the use of fill undervarious floodwater conditions and include site preparation and fillplacement BOCA requires the bearing value of soils to beestablished through testing.

1224.0 BOCA requires that a registered professional architect or2101.63.2 engine provide plans and specifications indicating that the210L63.4 proposed foundation design will adequately resist any loads210L6.43 caused by flooding which may cause flotation, collapse, leakage,2101.6.6 or permanent lateral movement of the structure, or which will21016.1L2 scour or erode the soil materiaL FEMA limits the use of fills for2101.6.113 elevaing the manufactured home to areas where the floodwater

velocity will not exced 10 feet per second (fps). BOCA doesnot address maximum floodwater velocity.

Recommendation: FEMA-102 and 44 CFR 603 require coordination relative to the use of structural fill.

A-42

FEM1QZ

Chapter mC. Elevationon Post Pi Piers,or Walls

120721406.0'SO210L63.72101.6.432101.6.6

Ami,

F¶EMA stales some general requirements for the use of wood,steel, or concrete poss BOCA says pole buildinp sall bedesigned in an approved manner. Poles shall be treatedaccordingly to AWPA C2 or C4 for decay resistance.

Recommendation FEMA should include a reference to the appropriate reference standard for pressure preservativetreatment of wood.

EUL-lS BCA Qgdle Auaifk

1213.01214.01.215.01216.01217.012.01219.0

1220.0

1L

210.6.432101.6.6

FEMA states that the use of piles is appropriate in areas havinghigh floodwater velocities. Details are given on how to dri thepile and how to increase lateral force restnce. BOCA providesdesign and driving requirements for different materials and typesof piles. BOCA relies, upon material standards for pile materials.


Auahii

Piers and Walls 1205.01209.01212.02101.6.6

FEMA provides specifications for the minimum dimensions ofpiers BOCA specifies material standards and relies on anengineered design for piers.


Auainii

Bracing 1102.1213.41213.62101.6.6

FEMA specifies materials for bracing. BOCA requires bracingto be part of the engineered design.

Recommendatio None

A-43

Pls

FEMA-1Q

Maintenance . 210L6.6- 2101.6.9

aAnAb1i

FEMA requires that regular maintenance be performed ospecific materials used for elevating structures. BOCA statethat after a flood, the structure is permitted to be repaired to itsoriginal state and must always be inspected to obtain itscertificate of occupancy.

Recommendation: FEMA should evaluate how the provisions in FEMA-102 correlate with the NFIP requirementsrelative to substantial improvement:.

Chapter mfiD. WaterproofConstruction

Wall Strength

BOCA Codes Anabsis

108.1 FEMA provides design aids but requires a design professional t.accomplish the design. BOCA requires design by a registerecprofessional engineer or architect

108.1210L6Article 14Article 15

FEMA discusses the general principles involved with designqa masonry or concrete wall to resist flood loads, but defers to aregistered professional engineer or architect for the actual design,just as BOCA does.


Ma�

Floor Strengthand StructuralStability

108.1Article 15

FEMA states that cast-in-place concrete is the only mateniawhich can adequately resist hydrostatic uplift pressures. BOCP'relies upon a system designed by a registered professionalengineer or architect.


FEMA-1Q Axis

Counteracting ofHydrostatic Forces

108.112242.1122431224.41224.5Article 15

FEMA and BOCA address subsoil drainage as a method ofreducing hydrostatic uplift pressure. FEMA also provide!outlines of other methods such as the use of impervious cutoffspressure relief systems, and anchorage to reduce hydrostaticuplift pressures. BOCA specifies none of the above but reliesupon a system designed by a registered professional engineer oxarchitect.

Recommendation None

A-44

Waterproofing 107.410811224.4.2Article 14Article 15

FEMA addresses the use of impervious concte, sealants andmembranes BOCA specifies membrane protection for the walland an approved method for joints and penetrations, but themethod is subject to approval by the code officiaL


Watertight Cores 107.4108.1

FEMA includes this method of protection as an alternative towaterproofing the exterior walls. BOCA does. not directlyaddress this method of waterproofing.


AuaisisClosures, andFlood Shields

108.121OL63.4


FEMA provides details for construction, testing and storingeffective flood shields and closures. BOCA permits such floodshields and cls to be used in flood hazard zones (A Zones)only, and they must be designed by a registered professionalengineer or architect.

MabmisFloodwallDesign

108.12101.6.6Article 14Article 1S

FEMA provides the engineering basis for designing a stablefloodwalL BOCA relies upon a registered professional engineeror architect to design the floodwall.

Recommendation None

_ FhEMA-10

FloodwallMaintenance

PropertyMaintenance

See Anas4isto BOCA Property Maintenance Code.

Recommendatiou None

A-45

Auais

FEMA-12

Chapter IV C PloodprooflngUtilitis

2101.6.52101.6.8

The requirements of FEMA and BOCA are similar. FEMAdescribes prescriptive approaches to protecting utilities, andBOCA relies upon the design of a professional engineer orarchitect to achieve the desired results


FEMA-102

Appendix B Glossary Article 2

Anab96BOCA does not contain the terms in Appendix B of FEMA,with the exception of backflow preventer and structure",BOCA's definition of backilow preventer is siilar to FEMAbut EMA defines structure' as a walled and roofed building(or tank) and BOCA's definition is that which is built orconstructed"


Appendix DFloodproofingPerformanceCriteriaB. Design Loads

1102.0110931109.42101.6.12101.632210L6.43210L6.6210L6.11

Aubmis

FEMA describes in detail the loads on a structure caused byfloodwaters BOCA provides information for determining theappropriate snow, live, wind, and seismic loads, but does notaddress the calculation of floodwater loads.

Recommendation. FEMA should provide data for determining floodwater depth and velocity for use in hydrostatic andhydrodynamic load calculations. If no such data exists, a research effort should be undertaken to establish such data asthe basis to develop specific hydrodynamic design loads for incorporation into the model codes.

-d

A-46

J.

Ana�

Appendix DPerformance Criteria

Article 112101.6.3221OL6.432101.6.52101.6.62101.6.821O16.11

FEMA addresses load combinations and construction techniques,as well as designin for te effects of floodwates FEMArequires that continuous ligting and operation of otheremergency equipment be made available in some structuresduring and after a flood. FEMA provides specific performancecriteda for all building systems, BOCA relies upon a desipprepared by a registered professional engineer or architectBOCA stipulates that the equipment must be above the BFE orif below, than it must be designed to resist the flood waters andremain operational Both FEMA and BOCA require thesanitary sewer system to be designed to prevent sewage fromdischarging during a flood.

Recommendaiiot None

A-47

Dsiu Manual for Retrofitting Flood Prone Structures (UEMA114'

FEMA-114 BOCA Cc

3.5 Elevation Onto Extended 1112.3.Foundation System 1113.4

1109.31206.1210L6..322101.6.4.3

FEMA states that footings and foundations shall be able towithstand the loading due to flooding. This may necessitate theeisting foundation to be upgraded. The foundation should bevented with 1 square inch of opening for every square foot offloor area of the enclosure. Foundations shall also have arodent barrier, extended backfill and in some cases, breakawaywalls FEMA does not differentiate between the A-zonerequirements and -zone requirements. BOCA states thatfoundations shall be designed for all loads imposed on thefoundation. Section 1109.3 states that all foundations andfootings subjected to water pressure shall be designed for auniform distributed uplift equal to the full hydrostatic pressure.

Recommendation: FEMA requires a revision to clarify when openings to equalize flood waters are required (A zones)versus breakaway walls (V zones).

FEMA-114

3.12 Technical Design Criteria- Extended Wall Foundations

Awbi

1109.41500.1

FEMA requires walls to be extended to provide the necessaryresistance to flood waters impacting elevated walls. Bonding ofextensions to existing walls requires a clean wall surface whichis free from dirt, debris and loose particles. Hydrostatic andhydrodyamic impact and dead loads shall be considered.BOCA Section 1500.1 BOCA references the concrete standard,ACI 318 and 1109.4 requires elevated structures and componentsto be designed to resist hydrodynamic forces in A or V Zones.


3.13 Technical Design Criteria- Anchorage of Superstructureto Foundation

2101.6322101.6.4317032.11

Anchor bolts of a 1/2 diameter with a maximum spacing of 4feet and an embedment depth of are required by FEMA.BOCA's embedment depths are 8" (concrete) and 15' (groutedmasonry). The total reaction force due to hydrostatichydrodynamic and/or impact loads must be transferred throughanchor bolts into the supporting system. FEMA permitsexpansion anchors as a equivalent means of anchorage. BOCAincludes performance criteria which requires the anchors toresist floatation, collapse or lateral movement. However,BOCA's anchorage provision for wood specifies that theanchorage must resist wind uplift and the maximum spacing is8 feet.

,A

Recommendation: BOCA should revise the provisions of Section 1703.211 to reference the design as being capable ofresisting both uplift and lateral forces due to flooding (and wind). See also FEMA-54 - Pier Foundation Connections.

A-48

FEMA-114

3.14 Technical Deep Criteria 1212.0- Open Foundans 12130

FEMA defines piers as verial structural members with a heightto least-lateral dimension of less than 3. Columns, defined byFEMA, have a height to least lateral dimension of 3 or more.Piles are defined as long slender structural members embeddedto support loading BOCA does not define the terms and theheight to the thickness ratios presclbed by BOCA for piers areused to desip the structural element in accordance with thereferenced conrete or masonry standard.

Recommendation: None. Differences between FEMA and BOCA text are due to presaiptive requirements versusperformance requirements which result in comparable levels of performance.

E114 BOCK' Yes Abs

64L 62, 63 Floodwalls 1 l.110.111094

FEMA specifies that a floodwall is to be designed based on thetype of flooding expected, erosion potential, possible obstructionsand impact on flooding of adjacent property. Accordingly,closures must be constructed and drainage shall be provided for.Also, FEMA states that floodwalls shall have a water collectionsystem and the soil should be evaluated for it's ability to supportthe loads imposed and seepage. BOCA also requires a soil testand does not specifically state floodwalls as an option but relieson a designed system to resist the loads.


UFM&114 Ahmis

65 Technical Design Criteria 1109.41102.1

Building Code Requirements for Conacete Masonry Structures& ACI 531-70 are listed as standards in FEMAL This sectionalso includes many design considerations for the design offloodwalls, BOCA relies, on the 1988 edition of ACI 530 anddoes not provide specifics but rather relies on a designed systemto withstand the loads.

Recommendation: FEMA should update to the latest referenced standard for masonry - ACI 530/ASCE 5-8.

Mabii

110931109.41.1

FEMA ctes that closures, (temporary or permanent) are usedfor openings such as doors and windows. BOCA Sections11093, 1109.4 and 1223.1 require buildings to be constructed inareas where flooding occurs to resist the hydrostatic andhydrodynamic loadings but does not require presaiptiverequirements for the openings.


A-49

iEM&11±

7.1 and 7.2Closures

A.

EM&11

73Low ProfileClosures

Permanent110931109.41.11224.4


FEM&-114

7.4 ClosureConstruction

materials

FEMA requires that permanent floodwalls be built to protecvarious opening in the budding These floodwalls shall be builof brick or concrete and be constructed tight to the structure.Sealants may also be required for seepage. BOCA states thatthe walls exposed to possible hydrostatic pressure conditionshall be waterproofed with two-ply hot-mopped felts not lesthan 6 mIl polyvinyl chloride, 40 mil polymer modified asphalt,6 mil polyethylene or an approved material. BOCA does notrequire closures for the openings but if provided, the design o;the wall would be based on the hydrostatic and hydrodynamitforces in accordance with accepted engineering principles

Aaami

and 1109312.11109.41224.4

FEMA requires that the construction of closures for openingsare required to resist the flood pressures incurred. The closureshould be made watertight through the use of neoprene andrubber. See Section 73 for BOCA analysis.


FEMA-11

7.6 Technical Design Criteria

Ads

110931223.11109.4

FEMA stipulates that the closure must resist hydrostatic,hydrodynamic and impact loading. Formulas for stress andstrain are provided. In addition the Plywood DesignSpecification was cited as a reference. See Section 73 forBOCA analysis.


E:EM&4

8.1 and 8.2Sealants

1224.01109.4

FEMA states that based on an investigation from the US. ArmyCorps. of Engineers, buildings may tend to float or structuralelements buckle if constructed of brick or masonry and the flooddepth is 2-3 feeL Impact loads caused from debris should alsobe considered in addition to uplift loading. BOCA does notidentify potential problem scenarios but rather relies on adesigned system.


A-5O

8.3 Sealing Techniques 130611224.01109.4

AnalysiFEMA describes the proper construction for waterproofing brickfaced walls. FEMA a describes the possible uses ofpolyrrethanes. Drainag systems are also desaibed. BOCAdoes not provide any sealing techniques but rather relies on adesiped system.


Amhis

84 Closures

-'a

110931109.41224.0

FEMA states that closures used for retrofitting typicaly includea waterproofing gasket in conjunction with a reinforced doorjamb. Shields can also be used for window BOCA does notprovide prescriptive methods for constructing closures but ratherrelies on a designed system.


FM-114

85 Design details, 1109.31109.41224.0

FEMA cites studies of the performance of block walls underhydrostatic pressure and indicates the need for a structuralengineer to design the system. Again BOCA requires all designsto be done through accepted engineering practice.


FE-IS

8.7 Technical Design Criteria 1224.52i10m0100.0

FEMA states that etng basements may require additionalreinforcing when subjected to the forces of soi and water.Foundation walls consisting of concrete shall conform to therequirements of AC 318. Anchorage of the foundation as wellas drainage systems should be anald by an engineer. BOCArequires foundation walls to be designed to resist the imposedloads and also references ACI 318.


EEMA-114

9.1, 9 9.3, 9.4Protection of Utilitie

2101.65 Both BOCA and FENiA discuss precautions required to preventdamag to utilities such as gas and electrical service. Suchtechniques include installation of utility connections above theflood level. Utilitis within the building basement may beshielded with floodwalls or suspended from platforms.


A-51

9.5 Utility Relocations to 2101.6.5Fisting Space

FEMA states that relocation of the utilities is another optionwhich the homeowner may take. This would also be an optionunder BOCA but is not stated as such.


9.6 Utility Relocations to NewSpace

210L6.5 FEMA indicates that utilities may be stored in an elevated roomif there is not an area within the residence which is available.ITis would also be an option under BOCA as well but is notstated as such


FEMA-114 ADI�10.4 Floating Structures None FEMA identifies a unique type of structural approach to

floodproofing - a floating structure. This structure is permittedto rise and fall with the floodwaters but is restrained from lateralmovent. Utility connections are made with flexibleconnections. BOCA does not indicate provisions for this type ofstructure but as a performance code, this would be permitted asapproved by the code official.


FEMA-114 AuskysAppendix CForces

1109.4 FEMA provides design equations for hydrostatic pressure,buoyancy, hydrodynamic pressure, etc., coupled with examples.BOCA relies on a design system in accordance with acceptedengineering principles.


-4

A-52

Almaias Haad adMaemn(FA167

WinIdaw andDoors

2101.6.42IOl6.4.2

FEMA recommends that windows and doors not be used on theaphill side of the strutre; but if they are, they should bereinforced to strengthen resistance against debris andhydrodynamic forces. BOCA does not contain specificrequirements for alluvial fan flooding but this tpo of flooding isusually included in high-hazard zones (V Zones). BOCArequires that spaces below the base flood elevation are not usedfor human occupancy and must be constructed to allow the wallsand partitions to break away under the forces of wind and waterloads.

Recommendation: BOCA does not currently address flooding due to alluvial fans, per se, which occurs mostly at the basei of mountain fronts in the Western United States (as stated on page 1 of FEMA-165). Because alluvial fan flooding has

not been shown to be a relevant problem in areas governed by BOCA, it is recommended that no change be made tothe National Codes.

A-53

P.10 #6

AllyialEwn Haadsad WAM-15

Manual for the Construction of Residential Basements in onka A Flood Envirogmae (MCRBI

lAl Unreinforcedblock

110931009.41222.0Article 14

FEMA provides a general description of unreinforced masonrybasement walls (8-10" thick) and also recommends they only bused for minimal loadings.0 BOCA includes requirements fathese walls (mortar, minimum thickness, etc.), references ACI530/ASCE88, and requires a system designed to resist imposedloads.

Recommendation: FEMA should reference the masonry design standard, ACI 530/ASCE-88 and should reconsider itsrecommendation that masonry be used only for minimal loadings" when the system is properly designed.

MCRB BOCS Code Anabsis

.A.2 Reinforced andgrouted block

110931109.41222.0Article 14

FEMA provides a general description of reinforced masonrbasement walls. See Analysis to MCRB TEAl.

Recommendation: See MCRB Section IAL.

IILA3 Unreinforced concrete 110931109A1222.0Article 15

FEMA provides a general description of unreinforced concretbasement walls (8"). BOCA includes requirements for these walls(fP, admiures, placing etc.), references ACI 318.1-89 andrequires a designed system.

Recommendation. FEMA should reference the plain concrete design standard, ACI 318.1-89.

MCRB BQCA Cod uinf

IIA-4 Reinforced concrete 110931109.41222.0Article 15

See Analysis to MCRB IUA.3. Additionally, BOCA referencesAC 319.

Recommendation: FEMA should reference the reinforced concrete design standard, ACI 318-89.

MCRIB

MA.5 Stonecrlbbingplanking

and 110931109.4lm24

FEMA acknowledges the past use of rubble stone but does notprovide criteria for use. BOCA requires a designed system.

RecommendatiaL None

A-54

III.A.6 Treatedfoundations

wood 110931109.41r3

FEMA indicates a lack of data for wood foundations underflooded conditions. BOCA references, NFoPA TR7 for woodfoundation systems.

Recommendatiorn: FEMA should review the referenced standard NFoPA TR7-87 to determine applicability to floodedconditions.

MRB BOCA Code

A III.A.7 Variations offoundations

110931109.41t0Article 14Article 15

FEMA summarizes the differences/benefit of partially reinforcedmasonry, unreinforced masonry, plain concrete and reinforcedconcrete. BOCA requires a designed system.


Auabmi

ULIA.8 Excavation andbackfllling

FEMA provides general guidelines for excavation and backring4Both FEMA and BOCA require the foundation to be below thefrost depth and the soil to be capable of supporting the loads.

110951201.1

=11202.11205.11206.11206.2


IIIA.9 Formwork 1505.o Both FEMA and BOCA require the formwork to be designedand construaed to withstand the imposed loads and to preventleakage of cement paste.

Recommendation None

lL.B.1 Basement slab 110931509.1

FEMA cites a 4 concrete slab thickness for basement slabs andacknowiedges the use of 3 and ess. FEMA also cites the use(but does not mandate) wire mesh. BOCA requires a 3 slabthickness with no requirement for mesh but would require theslab thickness to be verified as adequate if subjected tohydrosttic pressures.

Recommendatiot None

A-55

Ami -

m.B.2 Structural basementslab

110931509.1

FEMA requires a 6 inch slab with rebar for 'undrained systems'and 4 inch slab with wire mesh for 'drained systems.' BOCAdoes not include requirements for a *drained versus undrained'systems but rather relies on a designed system to resisthydrostatic loads.


Aui�ELB3 Footing U093

1109.41206.112093

FEMA cites a typical wall footing as 8 by 16 inches andstipulates a depth below frosL BOCA requires a minimum 6inches thiness for single family houses with the width based onthe allowable bearing pressure. BOCA's 6 inch minimum wouldrequire the footing thickness to be verified as adequate ifsubjected to hydrostatic pressures. BOCA also requires a depthbelow frost.


AunmiUIB.4 Underdrain system(sumps and pumps)

110931109.41224.0

FEMA cites the benefits of a gravel collector" adjacent to thebottom of the foundation wall but does not require drain tile.FEMA states that tile, if used, should be 4'W in diameter withopen joints or perforated pipe. FEMA requires an adequateoutlet (sump, sewer, gravity, etc.). BOCA requires a groundwater table investigation. If hydrostatic pressure will not occur,BOCA requires dampproofing' and cites dampproofingmaterials and the need for a foundation drain. If hydrostaticpressure exists, BOCA requires 'waterproofing' and citeswaterproofing materials. It should be noted that in flood proneareas, BOCA requires the residential basement to be above theBFE if used for human occupancy and therefore the provisionsfor dampproofing and waterproofing are only intended to abatethe hazards of ground water.

Recommendation: The FEMA MCRB Manual discusses the design and construction of residential basement wallssubjected to hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads (Le. below the BFE). The BOCA code does not permit the water-resistant design option for residential structures with floors usable for human occupancy below the BFE-this option isacceptable for all uses except residentiaL FEMA NFIP 44 CFR 603 (c)(2) also requires 'residential structures...(includingbasements) to be elevated to or above the base flood leveL.."-unless a variance is granted in accordance with NFP 44CFR 60.6. Therefore, FEMA should clarify the use of the MCRB with respect to residential basements used asoccupiable spaces.

MCRB AnAbosU.B.5.a Ground surfaceslope-site investigation

12242 FEMA and BOCA require an evaluation of the ground watertable.


A-56

lfl.BEb Grading and surfacedrainage

248

AuA

FEMA requires the grade to be sloped 6 inches in 10 feet fromthe basement wall and splash blocks (3 feet) to direc rain waterfrom downspouts. BOCA also requires draiage from thefoundation but does not prescribe the slope or details.


AnabiaA m.B.6 Seepage quantities 1453 FEMA contains a typical flow analysis procedure to size the

sump and pump. BOCA requires the drainage system todischarge into an approved system but does not provide a basisfor the desig. See also Analysis of BOCA National PlumbingCode.


MCi AuaIIIB.7-a Penetrations 224.43

2101.652101.6A

FEMA requires penetrations to be pressure sealed and utilityservices (ept water and snitary sewer) to enter the houseabove the BFE. BOCA requires service utilities to be above theBFE or proteced and capable of resisting the imposed loads. Seealso Analysis. of BOCA National Plumbing Code.


M

IILB.7.b Cracks and joints Article 15

Aas

FEMA states problems of concete racking due to shrinkageand areas of stress concentations. FEMA ninreomedations to reduce cracking limiting slump, ypes ofaegte, placement, consolidation, air e rining admintures,curmig reidforem nt, and joints (control, isolation andconruion). BOCA relies on a reference to AC 31;88, andreferenced standards for cement and aregate (see Analsis toFEMA-54, pages 94-95). BOCA prescibes fq air entrainmentfor freeze thaw only, miing requirements, curing requirementsconcrete acceptance citeria, cover to reinforcement, etc. BOCAdoes not include requirements for control or isolation joints - thisis left up to the designer.

Recom FEMA should consider referencing the applicable standards for concrete.

3-57

AAM

M.B.7.c Waterproofg

Recommendation None

EIIB.8 Plumbing subsystems

None

2101.652101.6.8

See Analysis to Sections MIB.4 and M.B.6

Anaag

FEMA recommends a smp pump size. FEMA and BOCArequire plumbing materials to be capable of resisting the loaFand require back flow prevention. See Analysis to BOCANational Plumbing Code.


M.B.9 Anchorage 110931109.42101.63.2

FEMA provides an example for determining the forces due tcflood waters and requires the structure to resist such forcesBOCA also requires adequate anchorage but provides noexample.

Recommendation: See MCRB Section V3.1.

II.B.10 Concrete construction 1504.0practices

Both FEMA and BOCA provide requirements for placement olconcrete although FEMA's provisions are more in general termswhile BOCA provides definitive specific requirements.

Recommendation: See MCRB Section IlLB.7b

Aaas

E1B.11 Block constructionpractices

Article 14 FEMA provides general requirements for masonry constructionwhile BOCA references ACI-530/ASCE 5. Both FEMA andBOCA require either type M or type S mortar.

Recommendation: See MCRB Section MA.L

AMabla

M.C.L.a-Ld Soil loads 110931109.41201.1

FEMA provides guidelines for soil classification (sand, silt, clay)to determine lateral pressures and includes a design example.FEMA also acknowledges expansive soils, permeability andsaturation of soil but provides no criteria. BOCA only requiresa soils report to determine the properties of the soil in order forthe designer to anticipate the conditions of use and designaccordingly.


A-S5

4

HMCLe Erosion 122A

AahabsFEMA addresses the use of vegetation and proper drainage toavoid erosion. BOCA also requires measures to be taken toprevet soil erosion but does not provide criteria.

Rmmenda: None

MCRB

11091LMLI

n1) )

Anuail

FEMA discusses the different types of soil materials - clays,cohiesionless soils, and cohesive soils as, they relate to lateralearth pressures. FEMA provides presumptive desige equivalentfluid weights for different soil types. BOCA requires soil testingand the test results to be used in the determination of theapprpriate equivalent fluid weigL It should be noted that theempirical foundation wall requirements in BOCA are based ona masimum equivalent fluid weih of 30 pcf.


Awam3LC.2 Water table None FEMA relates the water table to soil stresses.


Auahbls

IILC.3 Superstructure loadsand buoyancy

1U02.1110411106.01107.0110931110Mi0

FEMA provides a desigx eample to calculate the gravity load ofthe dwelling on the supporting soil (superstrudure andbasement) and compares this load to the force of buoyancy dueto the water table. This is used to determine the anchoragerequirements for buoyancy. BOCA does not provide examplesbut rath relies on a dsigned system. Upon cursory review ofthe FEMA design example, it would be consideredunconservatve to include live loads (10 psf first floor) in thebuoyancy calculations due to the fia that these loads may notalways be present which may lead to an unconservativeanchorage design.

Recommendation: FEMA should review the calculations relative to the inclso of live load in buoyancy considerations

I.CA.d Flood velocity 1109.4 FEMA and BOCA require flood welocity waters to be consideredin the design

Recommendalim- None

A-59

M.C.1i Backfill

An~i

.C4.Ce Sediment 2101.6.52101.6.6

* FEMA cites the problems caused to contents and equipment ducto flood water-deposited sediment. BOCA requires placement omechanical and electrical systems above the BFE or to beprotected. BOCA includes a general requirement for buildings tobe constructed of materials resistant to flood damage.


MCRfl

M.C.41 Rate of rise

AnaWS

1102.11109311009.42101.63.2

FEMA recommends that rate-of-rise information be consideredin the design. BOCA does not specifically acknowledge thisconsideration but this would fall under the general requiremenifor a design to resist flooding.


An,

M.CA.g Hydraulic relations 1102.1110931109.42101.63.2

FEMA cites design considerations of flood water velocity,erosion, sediment, depth, and watershed hydrology. BOCA doesnot specifically acknowledge these considerations but this wouldfall under the general requirements for a design to resistflooding.

Recommendation: FEMA should study the conditions of flood water velocity, erosion, sediment, depth, and watershedhydrology in order to provide a comprehensive set of requirements for inclusion in ASCE 7.

MCB BOCA Code Aavi

II.C.5 Debris, wind, impact, Article 11 FEMA states that the designs indicated in the manual would notsnow, ice, and other live loads 2101.6 be effected by conditions of wind, snow, ice and other live

loads', but debris and impact may be severe. The manual doesnot address debris considerations. BOCA requires all structuresto be evaluated for all loading conditions.

Recommendation: The basis for FEMA's assertion that loads other than impact and debris will not "appreciably alter thedesigns recommended' requires substantiation. Additionally, the manual takes the position that debris is not consideredbut other documents such as FEMA-54 (pages 69-70) and FEMA-55 (Section 4.13) require this type of loading to beevaluated. FEMA needs to clarify the effect this has on the use of the manual.

MCRB

V.A.2.a Building model, 12232dimensions and loading

AnabaFEMA presents a classic model of equivalent fluid design asapplied to foundation walls. BOCA requires that walls bedesigned to resist the pressure of the retained material.

Recommendation None

A-60

VA.2b Structnral anaysis,model

1m2 FEMA presents a calculation method for calulating the lateralload capacity of a residential basement walL BOCA requirescalculations without spedfying the method of calculation

Recommendati: Noe

Anhsi

V-4.2.c.L concrete

Structural plain p 1.2.21=2

FEfA presents tabular values for plain concrete basement walsBOCA provides a prescriptive method for sizing basementfoundation walls of plain concrete for unbalanced heights up toT-C' with a mialum equivalent fluid pressure of 30 pd, beyondeither parameter walls must be designed by structural analysis.

ecoendtion: None

VA.2d Reinforced concrete1500.1

Recommendation: See MCRB Section fA4

VA2c Plain masonry block 1222=

14002

FEMA presents tabular values for ultimate strength design ofreinforced concrete basement walls. BOCA requires walls to bedesged to resist the unposed loads. BOCA requires structuralmembers of rinforced concrete to be desind in accordancewith Ad3 31&

Ana

FEMA provides a calculation method and design values drawnfrom the 190 UBC and NCMA TEK 34 respectively. BOCAprescribes the size of a masonry basement wall with up to 7 ofunbalanced height and 30 pf mamum equivalent fluid pressure.Beyond those parameters Section 1232 requires calculationsbased on masonry design stresses in accordance with ACI 530.

Recommendation: See MCRB Section JLA.1.

Absi

VA2.f Reinforced masonry 1232block 14002

FEMA provides a calculation method and design values forreinforced masonry block walls. BOCA requires such walls to bedeigned to resist the imposed loads and relies on design stressescontained in the referenced standard, ACI 530.

Recommendation See MCRB Section EIA.L

A-61

VAg Flood waters abovegrade

1109312232

FEMA contains an analysis of lateral loads imposed by floodwater above grade level in addition to soil loads. BOCA requirethe design to the resist loads, which specifically includehydrostatic loads due to flooding. See Analysis to MCRB SectionIILB.4.


Anai

V A 2.h Slab thickness 1109312232

FEMA provides an analysis of the slab thickness necessary toresist buoyancy loads. BOCA requires design to resist hydrostaticloads.

At

Recommendation FEMA presents an oversimplified view that a 6 inch thick reinforced slab is adequate (rebar size andplacement not desaibed). FEMA should either provide a series of prescriptive design solutions for a broad range ofconditions or simply require structural calculations in accordance with the current edition of Aa 31889.

BDCA-Code

VA2i Structural slab design 1500.1

Recommendation: See MCRB Section fflA.4.

FEMA provides a derivation of a structural floor slab design toresist hydrostatic loads. BOCA references ACI 318-89 forstructural slab design.

AnAA~

V.B.1 Weir level load 110931224.4

FEMA assumes maximum head of 5 ft. above floor elevation onbasement wals. BOCA requires that structural components resistall hydrostatic loads. See Analysis to MCRB Section JI.B.4.

Recommenati on: FEMA should provide a comprehensive list of hydrostatic design loads for inclusion in ASCE 7.

V.B.2 Buoyancy 110931224.4

FEMA discusses the 5 ft. maximum assumed head as a practicalcut-off." BOCA simply requires design to resist anticipatedbuoyancy loads for each specific project under consideration. SeeAnalysis to MCRB Section mB.4.

Recommendation: See MCRB Section V.B.1

V.B.3 Slab bending 1109.31500.1

FEMA describes the assumption that the span length of the slabis limited to % the width of the house. BOCA requires a slabdesign in accordance with ACI 318-89 to resist imposed loads.

Recommendation: See MCRB Section 1A4.

A-62

4

M~~~~RS ~~~Antb

VB.4 Wal loads 11093 FEMA stts that a hydrostatic load is assumed to be acting onwalls. BOCA requires walls to be desid to resist allhydrostaic loads. See Analysis to MCRB Section M.BA.


Anhi

V.BS Water infiltrationprotection

224.4 FEMA stats the need to prevent waxer infiltration in basemens.See Anysis to MCRB Section L.B.4.


Anti

V.B5.a Drained or sumpsystem

12431224.61224.7

FEMA discusses the drained system. BOCA providesrequirements for subsoil draiag systems, foundation draigpLacement of hckfil and site grading See Anals to MCRBSection ILB.4.


Anti

VB5.b Undrained or bargesystem

109.31224.4

FEMA desarbes details of water-tight basement construction.BOCA requires proper structua design, penetrati protection,and use of waterproofing materials. See Analsis to MCRBSection ILB.4.


VII. Allowable bearingpressures

Both FEMA and BOCA provide presumptive soil bearing values.


VIL Allowable soil pressuresbeneath footings

123L1120131202.1

FEMA provides, soil pressures as a function of footig design andsurchar. BOCA provides presumptive bearing values orrequires soil testing to determine the actual bearing values.

Recommendadm None

A-63

hiM

VEIIA a Sil and waterloading

AdaFEMA provides a table containing the weight of saturated soiltypes. BOCA states where equivalent fluid weight of soils exceeds30 p, foundation walls shall be designed by analysis.


VIIIA.2.c Waterproofingsystems

1224.41224.51224.61224.7

FEMA ilustrates drained and undrained systems. BOCAcontains provisions for either system. See Analysis to MCRBSection I.B.4.


VEIIA2d Wall design

BOCA Code

110931224.4.2

FEMA illustrates the design of a reinforced masonry block wallBOCA requires basement walls to be designed to resisthydrostatic loads. See Analysis to MCRB Section B.4.


MCRB

VIIA.?e Slab design 1224.4.1 FEMA illustrates slab design. BOCA requires floors to bedesigned and constructed to resist hydrostatic loads.


VIII.B. Acceptable walldesigns

FEMA provides design curves for various wall types whichallow the determination of the allowable height of hydrostaticloading. BOCA requires walls to be designed to resist thepressure of the retained saturated soil.


MCRB

VIH.B.1 Structural plainconcrete wall

BOCAode ; u

1m 2.2 FEMA provides "design curves" for unreinforced concrete walls.BOCA requires walls to be designed to resist imposed loading inaccordance with ACI 318.189.

Recommendatin See MCRB Section MA.3.

A-64

IT"?

Auabza

VM.B2 Reinforced concrete 150.1wall

FEMA provides design curve? for reinforced concrete walls.BOCA requires design in accordance with ACI 318.

Recommendation: See MCRB Section lLAA.

Ana&iVIII.B.3 Unreinforced 14003masonry block wall

FEMA provides, design curves for unreinforced concretemasonry walls. BOCA references AC 530.

Recommendation: See MCRB Section IIA.1

VMIB.4 Reinforced masonry 14002block walls

FEMA Provides desiga curve for reinforced conacrete masonrywaIls. BOCA refeences ACI 530.

Recommendation: See MCRB Section 13A.2.

MC"B AnahmiVI.B.5 Buoyancy wall 11093

1224.42FEMA provides lustrative examples of walls designed to bracethe basement floor slab against hydrosratic loads. BOCA requiresthe slab to be designed to resist such loads, which could includeconsideration of the mitigatin effects of such supplementalstructural elemens. See Analysis MCRB Secion ELBA.4.


AnabmlaVfLC Reinforced concreteslab

124.4.1 FEMA provides 'design curew for undrained system floor slabs.BOCA requires. design for imposed loads.


Vffi.D.1 Control joints 1Z4.43 FEMA provides details of wall and floor control joints. BOCArequires all joints and penetrations to be water tight Controljoints (if any) are located at the diseretion of the designer.


A-65

VIII.D.2 Sump pump 122453underdrain

Ana

FEMA provides details of typical underslab drainage sumldetails. BOCA requires an approved drainage system complyingwith the BOCA National Plumbing Code. See Analysis to BOCANational Plumbing Code.


MCRB BOC& Code

VIII.D.3.a Waterproofed 11093undrained slab and wall 12244system

FEMA provides illustrations of design details of undrainetbasement wall and oor systems. BOCA requires waterproofingand design to resist imposed hydrostatic loads. See Analysis t(MCRB Section EOLB.4.

Recommendation None

VIII.D.3.b Waterproofeddrained slab and wall system

1224-5

A lah,

FEMA provides illustrative details of drained slab and wallsystems. BOCA requires dampproofing in conjunction witlsubsoil drainage systems. See Analysis to MCRB Section EI.B.4


MCRB

VM.D3.c Slab/wall footingjuncture

2101.63.2 FEMA provides details of connections between slabs, footingand walls. BOCA requires structural systems to be designecconnected and anchored to resist flotation, collapse, or lateraimovement.


Anbsi

HvdraulicLEIdrologicManual

I.B.4 Flood Velocity 1109.4 FEMA offers an analytical method for computing velocity loadion structures based on a wind load analogy. BOCA requiresdesign to resist hydrodynamic loads.

Recommendation: FEMA should develop a table of hydrodynamic loads for inclusion into ASCE 7.

A- 66

-d

-

Hvdralic/ E *kfl Mani

LBM Sediment


21Ol6.62101.65

See Anaysis to MCRB Secion ILC4.e.

A-67

Technical Standards Bulletin (fEMA 85-1)

Intentionalinternal flooding

210L63.2210L633

BOCA & FEMA both provide for evaluation of pressure byallowing for the entry and exit of flood waters.


BOCAe Aab

Protection goals 2101.633 BOCA provides for the equalization of hydrodynamic forces andprotection of mechanical and electrical systems and: waterresistant materials, as does FEMA. FEMA also speaks toprotection of contents which are outside the scope of the BOCACodes.


FEMA &:1 ARAWAStructural features 210L63.2

210L6332101.6.52101.6.6

In addition to the above, BOCA provides for foundationanchorage to resist flood loads. FEMA considers all the above aswell as referencing specific materials which can be acceptedunder their texL


FEMA 81 Ana�Building activityand use

210L633 BOCA limits spaces below base flood elevation to uses notinvolving human occupancy. FEMA says to consider the use ofsuch spaces carefully as they are designed to be flooded.


FEMA 85-1 AnAs

Foundations 210L63.21109.4

BOCA requires foundations to be designed to resisthydrodynamic and buoyancy forces, as does FEMA.

49

dation: None

A-68

K

Recommen

1109.4 -2101.4210L6.6

BOCA requires design to resist hydrodynamic loads. FEmArequires careful detailing of wall assemblies to mitigate effects offlood


1109.42101.42101.6

Same as above, except FEMA emphasizes surface deteriorationdue to f r thaw action on porous surfacs.


Anah-siInterior walls 1109.4

2101.421OL6

Same as above


As

Interior wall finss 210.63321OL6.6

BOCA maks no explicit provision to evaluate finishes intendedto be periodically submerged. FEMA requires finishes towithstand immersion for 60 hours without damage.

Recommendation: Add performance based text to Section 2101.6.6 to reflect the FE.MA requirement.

2101.633.2101.66

Same as above

Recmmmendation: None. The preceding recommendation will provide the needed correlation.

FEAU1 BA Cod Ausi

Ceilings & Roofs 2101.63221L6.633

FEMA requires water-resistant finishes relief vents andanchorage of the roof structure. BOCA does not providespecifically for relief venting of air trapped by rising flood waters,but general provisions of 2101.632 require design to resist Astructural loads and stresses resulting from flooding


A-69

Cay walconstruction

Solid wallconstruction

FEMA j1

Floors

Building EnvelopePenetrations

2101.6.3.3210L6.6

FEMA requires materials to resist flooding and high humnditsAdditionally, FEMA address needs for protective screens aimpact resistant glazing and vents in multiple glazed windowsBocA provides general performance based text in 2101.6.Awhich speaks to the overall issue.

Recommendation None

FEMA 81

Electrical System 2101.6527003

FEMA essentially desires that the portion of the electrical systemsubject to flooding be designed for same. BOCA references th,National Electrical Code which, in turn, provides detailesrequirements for wet locations.'


Anasis

HVAC 2101.65 FEMA requires HVAC equipment to be elevated above the bastflood level as does BOCA. BOCA also requires the duc.insulation to be elevated above the base flood elevation. See alsoAnalysis of BOCA National Mechanical Code.

Recommendation None

A-7 0

Technical Standards BIetin (FEMA `-2)

Au1�Flood Forces 11093

1109.42101.63.221OL63.4

FEMA addresses hydrostaic, hydrodynamic & buoyancy forces,as does. BOCA.


.v FEMiA

Openings Design Criteria 210633107.4

FEMA requlres. two openings wih a total area not less than 1square inch for every square foot of enclosed area subject toflooding to equalize pressure as does BOCA. FEMA and BOCA,would also permit an approved alternative degn. BOCA alsorequires the design to be performed by a registered professionalarchitect or engineer.


A-72.

Anabmi

Wind and Water Forces 1109.41112.0210L6.42

FEMA references ANSI A58.1, 1982 for wind loads. BOCAreferences ASCE 7, 1982, the same document by another naneFEMA requires break-away walls to resist wind loads but fail uresponse to combined wind and hydrodynamic loading. BOCArequires all structures to resist such loads except for coastal high-hazard zones where break-away walls are permitted.

Recommendation: Modify Section 1109.4, Hydrodynamic loads to reference Section 2101.6.42

FEMA 83.BOCA Code Aavi

Design Approach 1109A FEMA provides specific criteria for evaluating break-away'walls. BOCA requires structural elements be designed to resishydrodynamic loads except in coastal high-hazard flood zone,where break-away walls are required to resist wind loads but notwind and water loads acting simultaneously.

Recommendation: See above

Design Consierations 108.11109A1213.11213A1213.51213.61214.614002140031401.111702.1170321802.12101.6.422101.6.43

FEMA addresses the materials and connectors used in break-away walls and provides specific details FEMA also addressesthe effects of 'scour on embedment depth for piles, use of gradebeams and orientation of floor beams/joists relative to directionof force from wave action as well as bracing of piles,as does BOCA. BOCA provides for the structural analysis of allstructural elements including break-away walls, but does noiprovide for specifics of break-away wall action or design, relyingon professional certification of the adequacy of such designs.

Recommendation See recommendation for Wind and Water Forces. Additionally, please note that the 8th sentence under'Masonry walls' in 85-3 is probably incorrect for most conditions. This sentence states Once the pins fail, the wall willcantilever with the reinforcing bars at the bottom of the wall, providing additional resistance to failure until the wall'scapacity is reached What is more likely, is that a load sufficient to cause the failure, in shear, at connecting pins at thetop of the wall, cm be expected to result in an immediate failure, in bending, at the bottom. We therefore recommendedthis statement be deleted or modified.

A-72

Technical Standards Bulletins aFMAL53)

Technical Standards Bletin amA 581)

W-md design standards &the NFIP

1123.1U13.0201.6.12101.63.12101.6.4.12101.6.432101.6.42

FEMA restricts construction in areas subject to 100 year flood (1percent chac per year). FEMA requires elevation of the lowesthorizontal structural member above base flood elevation incoastal bigh-hazard flood zones FEMA requires consideration ofthe simultaneous effect of wind and water loads in such areas,relying on ANSI A58.1, L92 to determine wind loads. BOCA isconsistent with these provisions. FEMA does, not address theresistance of structures to seismic loads. BOCA requires seismicloading appropriate to geographical location to be considered.

Recoendaion: None

A-73

Technical Standards Bulletin (FEMA 882Z

Flood Resistant Materials

BOCA Code ja

2101.6 FEMA provides for the review of all permits for construction w210L6.6 a flood zone as weil as requirements for flood resisa

construction, so does BOCA. FEMA defines flood resistantmaterial and provides a preliminary list of materials classified asto their perceived resistance to the effects of flooding. BOCAaddresses this material evaluation by referencing applicablematerial standards for certain construction materials

Recommendation. FEMA should conduct the necessary research to indicate in 88-2 which of the materials referencedby Section 210L6.6 of the BOCA National will withstand direct and prolonged contact with flood waters withoutsustaining significant damage. The criteria by which significant damage is assessed is especially important to establish.Such information can then provide- a technical basis for proposed changes to the model codes which will establish aregulatory basis for requiring flood damage resistant material. Modify 2101.6.6 to add a performance criterion for floodresistant materials such as referenced under 'What Constitutes Flood Damage Resistant Material' in 88-2.

A-74

A

21016.4.12101L6.4221OL6.432101.6.113

FEMA prohibits elements of the structure located below theBFE except for slabs, pile caps, and bracing and except asspedficaliy analyzed and certified by a professional engineer orarchitect. BOCA is entirely consistent with these provisions.


AMWA

Obstructions outside theperimeter of the coastal

J building

210L6.4221OL6.43

FEMA discsses the effect of potential obstructions adjacent tobuildinp on the hydrodynamnic loads which such buildings mustbe designed to resist BOCA simply limits such adjacentstructures to incidental storage of portable or mobile itemsreadily moved in the event of a storm BOCA requires piles tobe adequately embedded to resist combined water and windloads despite scour of soil strata surrounding the piling.

Recommendation None

Anahi

Obstructions attached to butoutside the building perimeter

2101.63.1 FEMA sates that any 'construction item" such as a swimmingpool, deck, or accessory structure attached to a coastal buildingmust be above the BEE or constructed with non-supportngbreak-away wals. BOCA permits only means of egress, incidentalstorage and parking to be located below the BFE. Attachedstructures must either be incidental storage readily moved in theevent of a storm or constructed of break-away walls andpartitions


A-7 5

t=r IA Q I* i..d.A~tV~C z)IuaLdaL tA &LJWL* I IL4.Ll0T. a .L S J0:

Lower area oions

T'nr-TC4 4 : 70-a~l II -"

Technical Standards Bulletin (FMA 8')

Protection of elevatorequipment in flood hazardareas

210L6.5 FEMA recommends that elevator equipment be located abovethe BFE or be water-resistant Further, elevators should be

. interlocked to ensure that the cab automatically stays above floo4water. BOCA requires all mechanical/electrical equipment to bplaced above the BFE or protected to prevent water entering theequipment or system during floods up to the BFE.

Recommendation Add a subsection to 26062 "Emergency operation of elevators" to require elevators to automaticall-move to a predetermined level above the BFE in the event of flooding.

A-76

: - :

. . . .

. .

D

- . . .

Technical Standards Bulletin (90-2)

N1FI requirements forbelow grade parkinggarages in flood hazardareas

21OL6.3A2101.6A

Aab

FEMA generally does not permit below grade garages in floodhazard areas. Below grade parking is not permitted in V-zones.Similaly,, floodproofing is not permited in V-zones. Belowgrade parking is permitted in A-zones for non-residetialbuili. provided the building is floodprofed to the BFE.FEMA permits enclosed parng areas. uder residential andnon-residential structures elevated on piers or piles as long asenclosing wails are desigeed as break-awaywak BOCA likewisedoes not permit residential uses below the BEE, but spcificallydoes provide for garages. BOCA prescribes the options of floodproofing or break-away walls.


A-77

Technical Standards Bulletin (90-3)

Non-residential Iproofing certifiarequirements ofNational Flood IProgram

Dlood, 1109.3Ition 1109.4the 210L6.L1Insurance 2101.63.1

2101.63.22101.63A2101.63.52101.6.52101.6.62101.6.82101.6.11

-Anais

FEMA requires flood zones to be determined by the floodinsurance rate map. FEMA permits flood proofing of non.residential uses only. Such structures must resist hydrostatic anchydrodynamic loads which are specified. FEMA requiresprotection of utilities (plumbing, mechanical, electrical).Professional certification is required. BOCA is consistent witdthese requirements.


A-78

Technical Standards Bulletin (904

Insallation of manu-factured homes in specialflood hazard areas

120.46203.12101.62101.63.22101.6.432101.65210L6.72101.6.9

FEMA requires manufactured (mobile) homes to be placed sothat the lowest floor is either above the BEE, or placed on 36tpiers (above grade), or in an eisting park. FEMA descibes,various foundation/anchorage methods and speaks to soil bearingcapacity and proper embedment of piles to resist scour. FEMArequires that any encroachments into a floodway be certified thatsuch encoachment would not raise the BFE. Such provisionswhich presaibe acceptable land use are outside the scope of theBOCA Code. BOCA requires manufactured housing to bedesigned and built to resist the same flood forces. as site built,which doesn provide for 36 piers and/or placement below theBFE for residential occupancies..

Recommendation: To create separate and conflicting performance requirements for factory-built structures simplybecausethey are not constructed on-site is contrary to BOCA's code development history and resulting policy on this matter.Therefore, no recommendation is made to carry FEMA's separate treatment of manufactured housing into BOCA codetext. Recommendation is made however, to revise BOCA Code Section 6203.1 to refer to flood forces and/or referenceSection 2101.6.7 of the BOCA Code.

A-79

BOCA NATIONAL FIRE PREVENTION CODE COMPARISON

BOCA Codes

P. 93 Building Materials F-2806.4F-2806.8

FEMA identifies that corrosion protection is required forstructures constructed of steel. BOCA requires corrosionprotection and also includes the reference standards (STI stiP.or ULC S603.1-M) for protection of underground tanks.

Recommendation: See BOCA National Building Code Comparison recommendation to FEMA-54 - Building materials.

Appendix D Part (6d) F-28Q6.4 FEMA requires fuel tanks to be above the design flood level oranchored and protected to resist floodwater (buoyancy, velocitiand impact) forces. The anchorage system must have a safet3factor of 15 against flotation. BOCA requires anchorage toresist hydrodynamic and hydrostatic forces also.


44 CFR 59.1, 603 and 60.6, FEMA-55, 85, 114, 165, Manual for the Construction of Residential Basements in Non-Coastal Flood Environments and the Technical Standards Bulletins do not include provisions which require correlationwith the BOCA National Fire Prevention Code

A-80

BOCA NATIONAL MECHANICAL CODE COMPARISON

Elevated Residential Structures (FEMA-541

P.93Utilities andequipment

M-301.12Mechanical M-305.4

M-703.1M-805.6M8062M-906AM-9072

BOCA provides for flood-proofing of plenums, undergroundducts, piping, underground tanks and fuel oil equipment FEMArequires HVAC equipment to be elevWated above base flood levelas does BOCA. See also analysis. to BOCA National PlumbingCode.


Manufactured Home hnstallation in flood- Hazard Areas FEMA-5

FU~~hiAX BQCod a

Chapter IV AdditionalDesign Considerations

M-405.1M-703.1M-805.M-806hI-906.4M-907.2

Both FEMA and BOCA require that mechanical and plumbingsystems be protected from exposure to floodwaters or designedto resist floodwater forces.


Technical Standards Buetins (FMA 81)1

FEMA-1 ,Aa

HVAC M-30L12M-305.4M-703.1M-80i6M-8062M-906.4M-9072

BOCA provides for flood-proofing of plenums, undergroundducts, piping underground tanks and fuel oil equipment. FEMArequires HVAC equipment to be elevated above base flood levelas does BOCA BOCA does not provide for pop-out-panels toallow pressures to e in ducts subject to flooding requiringinstead prohibition against water entering or accumulating in thesystem.


44 CFR 59.1, 603 and 60.6, FEMA-55, 102, 114, 165 and Manual for the Construction of Residential Basements in Non-Coastal Flood Environments do not include provisions which require correlation with the BOCA National MechanicalCode

a-a8

A

BOCA NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE COMPARISON

Elevated Residential Structures (FEMA-54

P. 93Utilities and MechanicalEquipment

P-308.6P-500.6P-602.6P-1106.3P-1502.3P-1604.8P-1604.9P-1605.1

FEMA states that sanitary sewer and on-site waste disposasystems should be designed to prevent sewage or waste fromdischarging during a flood or tank from becoming buoyantBOCA contains general performance criteria which mandateprotection for all piping, ks and equipment


Manufactured Home Installation in Flood Hazard Areasm M -)

E 85 .BOCA Codc .Aai

Chapter IV DAdditional DesignConsiderations

P-308.6P-500.6P.602.6P-1502.3P-1604.8P-1604.9P-1605.1

FEMA states that waterproofing joints and connections and usingbackflow preventers for all piping beneath the design flood levelmay be necessary, and to consult local codes. BOCA requirethat all piping and joints be designed to resist hydrostatic an.hydrodynamic forces. Wells for potable water must have coversand casings which are located 1 foot above the base floodelevation or are sealed to resist flood forces.


FRoodroofin Non-residntal Structures (FEMA102)

EMA-102 4OCA Code i

Chapter IV CFloodproofing Utilities

P-308.6P-500.6P.602.6P-11063P-15023P-1604.8P-1604.9P-1605.1

FEMA states that waterproofingjoints and connections and usingbackilow preventers for all piping beneath the design flood levelmay be necessary, and to consult local codes. BOCA requiresthat all piping joints be desiged to resist hydrostatic andhydrodynamic forces. Wells for potable water must have coversand casings which are located 1 foot above the base floodelevation or are sealed to resist flood forces.

Recommendatiow Noe

A-82

-

MEML-1

Appendix DPerformance Cria

P-308.6P-50.6P.602.6P-11063P-L503P-1604.8P-1604.9P-1605.1

FEMIA states, that sanitary sewer and on-site waste disposalsystems should be designed to prevent sewage or w-aste fromdischarging during a flood. Systems that must remain inoperation during a flood should be provided with a holding tankto accommodate 150% of the demand. Potable water suppliesshould be designed to prevent contamination from floodwater.Bacif low prevention should be provided for potable water linesand storm and sanitary sewer lines. BOCA requires all pipingand joints to be designed to resist hydrostatic and hydrodynmicflood forcs. Requirements are simila for wells used to providepotable water.

i Recommendation: None

Manual for the Construction of Residential Basements in Non-Coastal Flood Environment aMRoB)

MCRB BOCA Code .unf

LB.5.b Gradingand Surface Drainage

P-11 FEMA requires the grade to be sloped 6 inches in 10 feet fromthe basement wall and splash blocks (3 feet) to direct rain waterfrom downspous BOCA also requires drainage from thefoundation but does not prescibe the slope or details.


MCRB

IILB.6 Seepagequantities

P-8042P4043

FEMA contains a typical flow analysis procedure to size thepump and sump. BOCA requires a designed system with inputfrom the sump pump manufacturer.


AmaJyi

lEl.B.7a Penetrations P-308.1P-308.6P-309.1P-500.6P-602.6P-1503

FEMA requires penetrations to be pressure sealed and utilityservices (except water and sanitary sewer) to enter the houseabove the BFE. BOCA requires sleeved penetrations withapproved caulking. BOCA requires the piping to be capable ofresisting the imposed loads.

Recommendatiot None

A-83

EOL.B.8 Plumbing P-308.6 Fems P-309.1 E

0 P-500.6 hP.602.6 bP.804.2 aP.8043P-10032P-1502.3


VIIID.2 Sump pump and P.804.2underdrain P-8043

EMA requires backflow valves at sanitary sewer outlets whileIOCA requires that all piping and joints be designed to resistHydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces. BOCA's requirement forackwater valves is not a function of flood prone areas but rathera general requirement for backwater valves to be installed whereixtures are subject to backflow from the public sewer.

ce MCRB Section EILB.6.


44 CFR 59.1, 603 and 60.6 FEMA-55, 114,165 and the Technical Standards Bulletins do not include provisions whichrequire correlation with the BOCA National Plumbing Code.

A-84

.e

BOCA NATIONAL PROPERTY MAINTENANCE CODE COMPARISON

Coasta Construdio Manual EF-551

Anaha

438 Maintenance PM-30PM-302-1PM-3023PM-601.4

Both FEMA and the BOCA National Property MaintenanceCode require structural members to, be maintained free ofdeterioration, eterior walls and roof to be weatherproof,chimneys to be in good repair, windows to be free of cracks, andmechanical equipment to be maintained in safe workingcondition BOCA does not require yearly inspections (as doesNFIP) but rather provides the code offidal with the authorizationto inspect when deemed appropriate.

i Recommendation: None.

Floodpwrfing Non-Residential Structures -FEiMA-1

Floodwall Maintenance PM-3023 Both FEMA and BOCA require that structural members bemaintained to properly resist the design loads.


44 CFR 59.1, 603 and 60.6, FEMA-54, 85, 114, 165, Manual for the Constuction of Residential Basements in Non-Coastal Flood Environments, and the Technical Standards Bulletins do not include provisions which require correlationwith the BOCA National Property Maintenance Code.

A-85

APPENDIX B

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SBCCI STANDARD CODESAND THE NFIP STANDARDS AND TECHNICAL GUTDELES

37

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Standard Building Code/NFIP (Regulations for Floodplain Managementand Flood Hazard Identification) . ............................................... B-1

Standard Building Code/Elevated Residential Structures (FEMA 54) ......... .. 4........ I 3 4

Standard Building Code/Coastal Construction Manual (FEMA 55) ....................... B-9

Standard Building Code/Manufactured Home Installation In FloodHazard Areas (FEMA 85 . ..................................................... B-26

Standard Building CodelFloodproofing Non-Residential Structures (FEMA 102) .... 8........ B-29

Standard Building Code/Retrofitting Flood-Prone Residential Structures (FEMA 114) .... ..... B-33

Standard Building Code/Alluvial Fans: Hazards and Management (FEMA 165) . . ............ 8-36

Standard Building Code/Manual for the Construction of ResidentialBasements in Non-Coastal Environs (MCRB) ...... 8............................... B-37

Standard Building Code/Technicat Standards Bulletin: Wet Foodproofing No. 85-1 .... ...... B-45

Standard Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: FoundationWall Openings, No. 85-2 .84................................8...................... B4

Standard Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Breakaway Walls, No. 85-3 .......... B-49.

Standard Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Wind Design Standardsand the NFIP, No. 88-1 ............. 8.......................................... B-50

Standard Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Flood Resistant Materials,No. 88-2 ................................................... ......... B-51

Standard Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Free of ObstructionRequirements in Coastal High Hazard Areas, No. 88-3 .............................. B-52

Standard Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Protection of ElevatorEquipment in Flood Hazard Areas, No. 884 . ........................................ B-53

Standard Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: NFIP Requirements for BelowGrade Parking Garages in Flood Hazard Areas, No. 90-2 ............ 8.......... B-54

Standard Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Non-Residential FoodproofingCertification Requirements of the National Flood Insurance Program, No. 90-3 ..... ........ B-55

Standard Building Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Installation of ManufacturedHomes in Special Flood Hazard Areas, No. 90-4 .................................. B-56

B-i

TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED

Standard Mechanical Code/NFIP (Regulations for Floodplain Management and FloodHazard Identification) ........................................................ B-57

Standard Mechanical Code/Elevated Residential Structures (FEMA 54) ............... B-58

Standard Mechanical Code/Coastal Construction Manual (FEMA 55) ........... .... B-60

Standard Mechanical Code/Manufactured Home Installation In Flood Hazard Areas(FEMA 85) .......... B-61

Standard Mechanical Code/Floodproofing Non-Residential Structures (FEMA 102) . B-62

Standard Mechanical Code/Retrofitting Flood-Prone Residential Structures (FEMA 114) . B-64

Standard Mechanical Code/Alluvial Fans: Hazards and Management (FEMA 165) . B-66

Standard Mechanical Code/Manual for the Construction of ResidentialBasements in Non-Coastal Flood Environs (MCRB) ........................... a ..... B-67

Standard Mechanical Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Wet Floodproofing No. 85-1 . B-68

Standard Mechanical Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Foundation Wall Openings,No. 85-2 . B-69

Standard Mechanical Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Breakaway Walls, No. 85-3 . B-70

Standard Mechanical Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Wind Design Standardsand the NFIP, No. 88-1 . B-71

Standard Mechanical Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Flood ResistantMaterials, No, 88-2 . B-72

Standard Mechanical Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Free of ObstructionRequirements in Coastal High Hazard Areas, No. 88-3 . B-73

Standard Mechanical Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Protection of ElevatorEquipment in Flood Hazard Areas, No. 884 . B-74

Standard Mechanical Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: NFIP Requirements forBelow Grade Parking Garages in Flood Hazard Areas, No. 90-2 . B-75

Standard Mechanical Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Non-Residential FloodproofingCertification Requirements of the National Flood Insurance Program, No. 90-3 . B-76

Standard Mechanical Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Installation ofManufactured Homes in Special Flood Hazard Areas, No. 904 . B-77

B-ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED,

Standard Gas Code/NFIP (Regulations for Floodplain Management and Flood HazardIdentification) ................ B............................................. B-78

Standard Gas Code/Elevated Residential Structures (FEMA 54) ........................ B-79

Standard Gas Code/Coastal Construction Manual (FEMA 55) ................ 6......... B-81

Standard Gas Code/Manufactured Home Installation In Flood Hazard Areas (FEMA 85) .... B.. -82

Standard Gas Code/Floodproofing Non-Residential Structures (FEMA 102) ..... ........... B-3

Standard Gas Code/Retrofitting Flood-Prone Residential Structures (FEMA 114) .......-..... s-8

Standard Gas Code/Alluvial Fans: Hazards and Management (FEMA 165) ......... 6 ...... B-87

Standard Gas, Code/Manual for the Construction of Residential Basementsin Non-Coastal Flood Environs (MCRB) .......... 8............................... B-88

Standard Gas Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Wet Foodproofing No. 85-1 .... ......... B-89

Standard Gas CodefTechnical Standards Bulletin: Foundation Wall Openings, No. 85-2. B-90

Standard Gas CodeiTechnical Standards Bulletin: Breakaway Walls, No. 85-3 .... ......... B-91

Standard Gas Code/Technical Standards Bufletin: Wind Design Standards andthe NFIP, No. 88-1 ............ . B-92

Standard Gas Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Flood Resistant Materials, No, 88-2 ....... B-93

Standard Gas Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Free of Obstruction Requirementsin Coastal High Hazard Areas, No. 88-3 .B. . ...................................... B-94

Standard Gas Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Protection of Elevator Equipmentin Flood Hazard Areas, No. 88-4 ........... .................................... B-95

Standard Gas Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: NFIP Requirements for BelowGrade Parking Garages in Flood Hazard Areas, No. 90-2 .............................. B-96

Standard Gas CodejTechnical Standards Bulletin: Non-Residential FloodproofingCertification Requirements of the National Flood Insurance Program, No. 90-3 . ............ B-97

Standard Gas Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Installation of ManufacturedHomes in Special Flood Hazard Areas, No. 90-4 ................................... B-98

B-ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS CONlINUED

Standard Plumbing Code/NFIP (Regulations for Floodplain Management and FloodHazard Identification) .............. o ........................................ B-99

Standard Plumbing Code/Elevated Residential Structures (FEMA 54) .................... B-100

Standard Plumbing Code/Coastal Construction Manual (FEMA 55) ...................... B-102

Standard Plumbing Code/Manufactured Home Installation In Flood Hazard Areas (FEMA 85) . B-1 03

Standard Plumbing Code/Floodproofing Non-Residential Structures (FEMA 102) .......... .. B-1 04

Standard Plumbing Code/Retrofitting Flood-Prone Residential Structures (FEMA 114) ....... B-106

Standard Plumbing Code/Alluvial Fans: Hazards and Management (FEMA 165) .......... .. B-1 08

Standard Plumbing Code/Manual for the Construction of Residential Basementsin Non-Coastal Flood Environs (MCRB) ............................ B-1 09

Standard Plumbing Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Wet Floodproofing No. 85-1 .... ..... B-110

Standard Plumbing Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Foundation Wall Openings, No. 85-2 .. 8- 1

Standard Plumbing Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Breakaway Walls, No. 85-3 .. B-112

Standard Plumbing Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Wind Design Standards andthe NFIP, No. 88-1 ........... . .. B-113

Standard Plumbing Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Flood Resistant Materials,No, 88-2 .... I - B-114

Standard Plumbing Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Free of ObstructionRequirements in Coastal High Hazard Areas, No. 88-3 ............ ......... B-1 15

Standard Plumbing Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Protection of ElevatorEquipment in Flood Hazard Areas, No. 88-4 ..................................... B-116

Standard Plumbing Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: NFIP Requirements forBelow Grade Parking Garages in Flood Hazard Areas, No. 90-2 ...... ................. B-1 17

Standard Plumbing Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Non-Residential FloodproofingCertification Requirements of the National Flood Insurance Program, No. 90-3 .... ......... B-118

Standard Plumbing Code/Technical Standards Bulletin: Installation of ManufacturedHomes in Special Flood Hazard Areas, No. 90-4 ................................... B-1 19

B-iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS CONINUED

Standard for Floodplain Management/NFIP (Regulations for Floodplain Management-and Flood Hazard Identification) . . ....................................... 8...... B-120

Standard for Floodplain Management/Elevated Residential Structures (FEMA 54) ....-....... B-123

Standard for Floodplain Management/Coastal Construction Manual (FEMA 55) .... ......... B-126

Standard for Floodplain Management/Manufactured Horne Installation In FloodHazard Areas (FEMA 85) . ..................................................... B-139

Standard for Floodplain Management/Floodproofing Non-Residential Structures (FEMA 102) ... B-141

Standard for Floodplain Management/Retrofitting Flood-Prone ResidentialStructures (FEMA 114) . ..................................................... B-143

Standard for Floodplain Management/Alluvial Fans: Hazards and Management (FEMA 165) .. B-146

Manual for the Construction of Residential Basementsin Non-Coastal Flood Environs (MCRB) ......... ................................... B-147

Standard for Floodplain Management/Technical Standards Bulletin: WetFloodproofing No. 85-1 . ..................................................... B-152

Standard for Floodplain Management/Technical Standards Bulletin: FoundationWall Openings, No. 85-2. 5................... ......................... . -155

Standard for Floodplain Management/Technical Standards Bulletin: BreakawayWalls, No. 85-3 ......... B-156

Standard for Floodplain Management/Technical Standards Bulletin: Wind DesignStandards and the NFIP, No. 88-1 .............................................. B-157

Standard for Floodplain Management/Technical Standards Bulletin: FloodResistant Materials, No, 88-2 ............. ..................................... B-158

Standard for Floodplain Management/Technical Standards Bulletin: Free oFObstruction Requirements in Coastal High Hazard Areas, No. 88-3 ..................... B-159

Standard for Floodplain Management/Technical Standards Bulletin: Protection ofElevator Equipment in Flood Hazard Areas, No. 88-4 ................................ B-160

Standard for Floodplain Management/Technical Standards Bulletin: NFIP Requirementsfor Below Grade Parking Garages in Flood Hazard Areas, No. 90-2 ..................... B-161

Standard for Floodplain Management/Technical Standards Bulletin: Non-ResidentialFloodproofing Certification Requirements of the National Flood InsuranceProgram, No. 90-3 ............................................................ B-162

Standard for Floodplain Management/Technical Standards Bulletin: Installation ofManufactured Homes in Special Flood Hazard Areas, No. 90-4 ........................ B-163

B-v

STANDARD BUILDING CODE (SBC) COMPARISON

NFIP (Reaulations for Foodplain Managernent and Flood Hazard Identification) (44 CFR 59.1, 60.3. and 60.6)

59.1 - Definitions

NFIP

Appurtenant StructureBase FloodBreakaway WallCritical FeatureDevelopmentElevated SructureExisting ConstructionExisting StructuresFloodFloodplain or Flood-Prone AreaLowest FloorManufactured Home100-year FloodStorm CellarSubstantial mprovement

SBK

1209 NFIP contains definitions which only apply to floodplainmanagement. SC does not address flcodplain management.This is addressed in the SBCCI Standard for FloodplainManagement.

Recommendation: None since NFi? addresses only flood-prone areas.

NFP sac

202BasementBuildingStructure

The definitions of 'basement are compatible. The definitions of

'building/structure' are similar but NFIP requires the building tohave walls and a roof while SBC only requires the building tobe used for sheltering its occupancy.

Recommendation: None since NFIP only applies to enclosed' buildings.

603 - Floodplain Management Criteria for Flood-Prone Areas

NFIP

60.3(b)(8) Manufactured HomeInstallations

SaC

H105.3 NFIP requires manufactured homes to be installed to resistflotation, collapse, and lateral movement to minimize flooddamage in addition to anchoring requirements for wind. SBCrequires only anchorage for wind.

Recommendation: on* since SBC does not address flotation as a force. Appendix H should reference the SBCCI

Standard for Floodpalan Management.

NFIP

60.3(c)(2) Elevation for ResidentialStructures

SBC

N/A NFlP requires the lowest floor of residential structures to beelevated to or above the base flood level in A-zones. SBC

does not address floodplain management. This is addressed in

602.1, 604.2, and 800 of the SBCCI Standard for Floodplain

Management

Recommendfion: None.

B-1

NFIP

60.3(c)(3) Elevation for Non-Residential Structures; Flood-ProofWalls for Non-Residential Structures

SBC

N/A NFIP requires the lowest floor of non-residential structures to beelevated to or above the base flood level or flood-proof the-structure that is below the base flood level. SBC does notaddress floodplain management. This is addressed in 602.1and 604.4 of the SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.

Recommendation: None.

NFIP

60.3(c)(5) Flood Openings

SBC

NFIP requires fully enclosed areas below the lowest floor, otherthan basements, to be provided with flood openings to equalizehydrostatic flood forces. SBC does not address floodplainmanagement. This is addressed in 602.2 of the SBCCIStandard for Floodplain Management.


NFIP

60.3(e)(4) Pilings

SBC

N/A NFIP requires structures in V-zones to be elevated to or abovethe base flood level and anchored to resist flotation, collapse,and lateral movement due to the effects of wind and waterloads acting simultaneously. SBC does not address FloodplainManagement. This is addressed in 801.1 and 801.3 of theSBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.


- NFIP

60.3(e)(5) Breakaway Walls

Recommendation. None.

NFIP

60.3(e)(6) Fill

SBC

N/A NFIP requires areas below the lowest floor to be free ofobstruction or constructed with nonsupporting breakaway walls,open wood lattice, or insect screening intended to collapseunder wind and water loads. SBC does not address FloodplainManagement. This is addressed in 801.4 of the SBCCIStandard for Floodplain Management.

SBC

N/A NFIP prohibits the use of fill material to support building withinflood-prone areas. SBC does not address floodplainmanagement. This is addressed in 801.5 of the SBCCIStandard for Floodplain Management.


B-2

60.6 - Variances and Exoeptons

NFIP

60.6(c) (2) OR Floodprod Walls60.6(c)(2) (ii Basement Top of Floor

Elevation60.6(c)(2)(ii) Fill60.6(c)(2)Qv) Use of a Registered

Professional60.6(c) (2)(v) Building Inspection

SBC

N/A NFIP requires the basement area, together with utilities andsanitary facilities, below the floodproofed design level, to bewatertight with walls that are impermeable to the passage ofwater without human intervention. NFIP permits the basementfloor to be up to five feet below the elevation of the base flood.NFIP permits the area surrounding the structure to be protectedby fill material to or above the elevation of the base flood.NFIP requires the floodproofing measures to be certified by aregistered professional engineer or architect. NFIP requires theauthority having jurisdiction to verify that the provisions of thestandards are satisfied. SBC does not address floodplainmanagement. This is addressed in Chapter 4, 600.1, 604.2,80.2, 801.5, 900.3, and 900.4 of the SBCCI Standard forFloodplain Management.


B-3


Elevated Residential Structures (FEMA 54)

FEMA 54

Posts (Page 68)

SBC

N/A FEMA 54 addresses the use of wood, concrete, or steel postsas the foundation to elevate residential structures. Generalcommentary is made about installation, handling, and lateralresistance. SBC does not address post foundations but doesaddress pile foundations in 1303 through 1311 and containsspecific requirements for eight types of piles. Pile foundationsare covered on pages 72-75 of FEMA 54.

Recommendation: FEMA 54 should combine post foundations and pile foundations into one section with moreprescriptive requirements.

FEMA 54

Post Embedment (Pages 68-70)

SBC

N/A

A4

FEMA 54 provides general requirements for hole depth, endbearing, hole size, and backfilling of posts. SBC does notaddress post foundations but does address pile foundations in1303 through 1311 and contains specific requirements for eighttypes of piles. Pile foundations are covered on pages 73-75 ofFEMA 54.


FEMA 54

Post Anchorage (Page 71)

SBC

N/A FEMA 54 provides general requirements for anchorage of postfoundations. SBC does not address post foundations but doesaddress pile foundations in 1303 through 1311 and containsspecific requirements for eight types of piles. Pile foundationsare covered on pages 72-75 of FEMA 54.


FEMA 54

Piers (Page 75)

SBC

N/A FEMA 54 describes the suitability of pier foundations and typesof pier foundations which are suitable for the flood areas withlow velocity and minimal erosion. SBC does not addresssuitability of any type of foundation system.


B-4

A

FEMA 54

Brick and Concrete Masonry Piers(Pages 75, 76)

SBC

1405.61702.2.1

FEMA 54 provides minimum reinforcing, minimum dimensionalrequirements, maximum height, spacing, and recommendedshape. FEMA 54 requires the piers to be filled with concrete.SBC bases the height on least dimension and whether the pieris filled with concrete or not SBC does not require reinforcing.FEIVA permits the maximum spacing to be 8 ft or 12 ft. SBCpermits only 8 ft unless an engineering analysis is performed.Sections 1405.6 and 1702.2.1 of SBC is for conventionalconstruction with light loads and locations in noncoastal areas.

Recommendation: FEMA 54 and SBC are in general agreement, however FEMA 54 provides more detailed requirements.FEMA 54 should provide reason for 12 ft spacing of piers in the direction parallel to the floor joists.

FEMA 54

Concrete Piers (Page 77)

SBC

Chapter 13 FEMA 54 provides a general description and discussion ofpoured-in-place concrete piers. FEMA 54 and SBC requiresfoundations to be based on a structural analysis.

Recommendation: None since both basically require the foundation to be based on a structural analysis.

FEMA 54

Pier Footings (Page 77)

SBC

1302.4 Both FEMA 54 and SBC require the footing sizes to be basedon the properties of the soil.


FEMA 54

Shear Walls and Floor Diaphragms(Page 79)

SBC

t1I FEMA 54 addresses the use of plywood shear walls and floordiaphragm to brace plies or post foundations. SBC requiresthe structure to be of sufficient strength to support the loadsand forces encountered.

Recommendaton: FEMA 54 should address the use of shear walls and floor diaphragms as a method of bracing butshould permit the building designer to choose the method.

FEMA 54

Pier Foundation Connection(Pages 84, 85)

SBC

1201, 1408.3,1706.1

FEMA 54 addresses anchorage of platform framingconstruction to pier foundations. SBC requires the structure tobe of sufficient strength to support the loads and forcesencountered. SBC addresses continuous wal foundations andnot pier foundation anchorage. Sections 1408.3 and 1706.1 ofthe SBC is for conventional construction with light loads andlocations in noncoastal areas.

Recommendation: FEMA 54 should provide wind load values or forces for which the anchorage is adequate.

B-5

FEMA 54 SBC

Floor Beams (Page 86, Paragraph 2) 1706.2, 1705.1 FEMA 54 provides a general discussion of built up floor beams,(nailing, location of splices, and size.) SBC provides moredetail for nailing and location of splices. Chapter 17 of the SBCis for light frame conventional construction having light loadsand located in noncoastal areas.

Recommendation: FEMA 54 should provide better nailing and splice location requirements.

FEMA 54

Cantilevers (Pages 86, 87)

SBC

1701.2 FEMA 54 describes a cantilevered beam with generaldiscussion of why cantilevers are used. FEMA 54 provides a'rule of thumb' for the length of the cantilever. SBC requiresthe design of wood members to conform to good engineeringpractice. Chapter 17 of the SBC is for light frame conventionalconstruction having light loads and located in noncoastal areas.

Recommendation: FEMA 54 should delete the rule of thumb" or add better guidance for the design of the cantilever.

FEMA 54

Floor Beam to Floor JoistConnection

(Page 88)

SBC

1201, 1701.2 FEMA 54 requires positive connection between the floor joistsand floor beams with a general discussion of the connectionand connectors. SBC requires the design of the woodmembers and their fastenings to conform to good engineeringpractice. Chapter 17 of the SBC is for light frame conventionalconstruction having light loads and located in noncoastal areas.


FEMA 54

Figure 4.48, Protective Utility Shaft(Page 92)


FEMA 54

Mechanical Equipment(Page 93, Paragraph 2)


SBCA

N/A FEMA 54 requires protection of utility connections. SBC doesnot address utilities. This is addressed in 602.5 of the SBCCIStandard for Floodplain Management.

SBC

N/A FEMA 54 requires the mechanical equipment to be elevatedabove the expected floodwaters. SBC does not addressmechanical equipment. This is addressed in 602.5 of theSBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.

B-6

4

FEMA 54

Septic Tanks (Page 93, Paragraph 3)

SBC

N/A FEMA 54 requires septic tanks to be fioodproofed to preventthe tank from rising out of the ground as well as to preventagainst discharge of effluent. SC does not address septictanks. This is addressed in 602.7 of the SBCCI Standard forFloodplain Management.


FEMA 54

Building Materials (Pages 93, 94)

SBC

N/A FEMA 54 requires protection of the building materials whichmay be exposed to floodwaters. SC does not addressexposure to flood waters.


FE 54

Wood (Page *94)

SBC

1703

Anas

FEMA 54 requires wood exposed to the elements to bepreservative treated. SC requires the wood to be 'naturallydurable wood' or preservative-treated wood.'

Recommendaiorn FEMA 54 should include 'naturally durable wood."

FEMA 54

Steel (Pages 94, 95)

SBC

1503 FEMA 54 addresses the need for galvanization of steel exposedto the elements to prevent corrosion. SC requires allstructural members of cold-formed steel to be protected againstcorrosion with an acceptable shop coat of paint, enamel, orother approved, protection.

Reconmendation None.

FE 54

Concrete and Masonry (Page 95)

SBC

Chapter 14 FEMA 54 addresses the need to increase the durability ofChapter 16 reinforced concrete and masonry by the use of chemical

additives and coatings. SC does not address increase ofdurability but requires compliance with the appropriate ANSI,ASTM, AC], and NCMA standards.

Recommendation None.

FEMA 54

Insulation (Pages 95, 96)

SBC

N/A FEMA 54 addresses the need for insulation on the exposedfloor of an elevated residence. SBC does not addressinsulation. This is addressed in the CABO Model Energy Code.


3-7

FEMA 54

Glossary (Pages 113-115)

SBC

1209 FEMA 54 contains definitions of terms which are relevant tofloodplain management. SBC references the SBCCI Standardfor Floodplain Management.


FEMA 54

Performance Criteria (Page 125-135)

SBC

Chapter 12 FEMA 54 addresses performance criteria used to designbuildings to withstand the design flood (1) without causingunacceptable risks to its occupants or to adjacent propertyowners, (2) without causing unacceptable health hazards to itsoccupants, or (3) without sustaining damage of unacceptablemagnitude. SBC requires every building to be of sufficientstrength to support the loads and forces encountered, withoutexceeding in any of the structural elements, the stressesprescribed in the Code.

-9

Recommendation: FEMA 54 should include snow and seismic loads. The use of the phrases unacceptable risks",'unacceptable health hazards, and unacceptable magnitude' are too subjective.

A

B-8


Coastal Construction Manual (FEMA 55)

FEMA 55

4.1 Flood Frequency(Page 4-1,Paragraph 4)

SaC

1209 FEMA 55 addresses the wave crest elevation that would bepresent during the base (100 year) flood. SBC does notaddress floodplain management. SC references SBCCIStandard for Floodplain Management.


FELEA 55

4.1.1 Wind* (Page 4-1, Paragraph 6 & 7

Page 4-2, Figure 4-1,Page 4-3, Paragraph 2 & 3,Page 4-6)

SBC

1205 FEMA 55 references the procedures of ANSI A58.1-1982 fordesign with particular emphasis placed on elevation of the roofabove grade and high wind pressures at the corners of thehouse, at and under roof eaves, and at the peak of the roof.SBC permits ASCE 7-1988 (formerly ANSI, A58.1-1982) todetermine the wind: forces but also provides the actual velocitypressure psf), use factors, and coefficients to address thehigher wind pressures at the corners, at and under roof eaves,and at the peak of the roof.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should update reference to ASCE 7-1988.

FEMA 55

4.1.2 Salt Air, Moisture, andWind-Driven Rain(Pages 4-7, 4-8)

SBC

1713

Anaysis

FEMA 55 provides general discussion of the hazards of salt air,moisture, and wind-driven rain on wood, bolts, nails, andconnectors. SC requires wood subject to damage fromdecay and termites to be naturally durable or pressure treated.Chapter 17 of the SEC is for light frame conventionalconstruction having light loads and located in noncoastal areas.

-1. Recomndation: SBC should address corrosion.

FEMA 55

4.1.3 Water, Waves, and Debris(Page 4-8, Paragraph 4)

SBC

1201 FEMA 55 addresses the impact loads exerted on the piles asthe result in the movement of debris (fences, porches, stairs,utility poles, etc.) FEMA 55 has provided for the collision of a300 pound object moving at surface water velocity anddecelerating over a maximum distance of 0.5 ft. SBC requiresthe building to be of sufficient strength to support the loads andforces encountered without exceeding in any of its structuralelements, the stresses prescribed in the Code. SBC alsorequires the structural system to be able to sustain localdamage or failure with the overall structure remaining stable.

Recommendation- None since both address the issue of damage only from different directions: FEMA - prescriptive, SBC- performance.

B-9

: SBC.

4.1.4 Effects of Forces on Higherand Larger Structures(Page 4-9)

1201, 1205 FEMA 55 discusses the higher wind forces, uplift andoverturning with respect to the height of the building. SBCrequires buildings to be of sufficient strength to support theloads and forces encountered. 1205 of SBC provides velocitypressures (psf) and coefficients which address the height of thebuilding above grade.

Recomnendation FEMA 55 should provide velocity pressures (psf) for varied wind speeds and building height.

FEMA 55

4.2 Construction Materials(Page 4-9)

SBC

Chapters 13, FEMA 55 provides a general discussion of the types of15, 16 and 17 construction materials (wood, steel, concrete) and their use in

the coastal environment. SBC provides requirements for theuse of these materials in any environment. Chapter 17 of theSBC is for light frame conventional construction having lightloads and located in noncoastal areas.


FEMA 55

4.2.1.1 Pilings (Wood)(Pages 4-9, 4-10)

SBC

1309 FEMA 55 provides general comments on the use of woodpilings (species and decay resistance). SBC addresses theASTM standard, preservative treatment, and allowable stressesfor round timber piles.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should provide additional information such as ASTM standard preservative treatment andallowable stresses of timber piles.

FEMA 55

4.2.1.2 Main Supporting Members(Beams, Wood)(Page 4-10)

SBC

1706.2 Both FEMA 55 and SBC address the use of built-up beams andTable 1705.1 girders. FEMA 55 provides general nailing requirements and

splice location. SBC provides specific nailing requirements andsplice location. Chapter 17 of the SBC is for light frameconventional construction having light loads and located innoncoastal areas.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should provide more specific nailing and splice details.

FEMA 55

4.2.1.3 Other Wood ConstructionMembers(Page 4-10)


SBC

1703.1.1.3 FEMA 55 does not require preservative treatment ofmiscellaneous wood members but highly recommends it. SBCrequires wood subject to decay to be a naturally durablespecies resistant or pressure treated.

B-10

FEMA 55

FEA 55

4.2.1.4 Wood Preservatives(Page 4-10)

SBC

1701.4.6 FEMA 55 requires wood members to be treated to resist insectinfestation, dry rot decay fungi, and the effects of exposure tosalt air and water and provides general discussions of woodpreservatives. SBC requires wood which is subject to decayand termites to be preservative treated and provides a list OfAWPA standards.

Recommendation FEMA 55 should list some of the AWPA standards.

FEMA 55

4.2.2 Masonry Materials andConcrete(Page 4-1 1)

Sac

Chapter 14 FEMA 55 addresses the general use of masonry and concreteChapter 16 in the coastal environment. SC provides reference to ASTM,

ACI, and NCMA standards along with mixing, placing,formwork, embedded items, details of reinforcing, etc.

Recomrendatin FEMA 55 should add references to ACI 318 and ACI/ASCE 530.

FEMA 55

4.2.3.1 Aluminum(Page 4-1 1)


FE 55

4.2.3.2 Steel(Page 4-11)

SBC

Chapter 28 FEMA 55 addresses the problem of corrosion of aluminum inthe coastal environment. SBC addresses the use of aluminumstructurally in buildings and references aluminum standards.

SB __

Chapter 15 FEMA 55 addresses the problem of corrosion of unprotectedsteel shapes and anchoring devices (nails, bolts, etc.) and theneed for regular inspection, maintenance, and replacement ofcorroded metal parts. SC requires the design of steelconstruction to comply with the appropriate standards. SBCdoes not address corrosion in coastal environments.

Recommendaion SBC should address corrosion protection in coastal areas.

FEMA 55

4.23.3 Dissimilar Metals*(Page 4-11)

SaC

NIA FEMA 55 addresses the corrosion which occurs whendissimilar metals are placed in contact with each other (brassscrews and aluminum frame). SC does not address dissimilarmetals.

Recommendatiorn None.

FEMA 55

4.3.1 Foundations (Design Details)(Pages 4-11, 412)

SBC

Chapter 13 FEMA 55 recommends foundation types which are suitable forsupporting elevated structures in coastal high hazard areas.SBC permits any type of foundation provided it is designed.This is addressed in 801.1 of the SBCCI Standard forFloodplain Management.

Recommendation: None since FEMA 55 is prescriptive and SBC is performance oriented.

B- I

FEMA 55

4.3.1.1 Soil Conditions(Pages 4-12, 4-13)

SBC

1302.2, 1302.3 Both FEMA 55 and S8C address the need to determine thequality of the soil for foundation purposes. FEMA 55 providescommentary type information also.


FEMA 55

4.3.1.2 Piles(Pages 4-13 to 4-18)

SBC Analy

1303, 1304 FEMA 55 provides general information on types of piles, theneed for sufficient pile embedment, and methods of pileinstallation. SBC requires a foundation investigation and reportwhich will include recommended pile type, driving criteria,installation procedures, pile load test requirements, durability ofpile materials, and designation of bearing strata.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should emphasize that type of pile, pile depth, and method of installation should be based onthe soils investigation.

FEMA 55

4.3.1,3 Posts (Wood)(Page 4-18)

SBC Analysis

N/A FEMA 55 explains that wood posts are not recommended inareas subject to wave forces and/or scour and erosion. SBCdoes not address post foundations but does address pilefoundations in 1303-1311.

Recommendation FEMA 55 should combine post foundations and pile into one section with more prescriptiverequirements.

FEMA 55

4.3.1.4 Piers(Pages 4-18 to 4-20)

SBC

12011405.6

FEMA 55 addresses the use of piers to elevate structures andthe need for reinforcing and anchorage to the footing in Vzones and coastal A zones. FEMA 55 also provides generalconstruction guidelines. SBC requires that an appropriatestructural analysis be performed for the piers. SBC providesmaximum height to the least dimension ratio for unreinforcedmasonry piers.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should clarify that the reinforcing, footing size, and grade beam size should be based on thedesign forces.

FEMA 55

4.3.2.1 Framing Methods(Pages 4-20, 4-21)

SBC

1701.2.517061707.4

Both FEMA 55 and SBC address platform framing and poleconstruction. FEMA 55 addresses pole construction andprovides commentary on the types of construction. Chapter 17of the SBC is for light frame conventional construction havinglight loads and located in noncoastal areas.


B-12

FEMA 55

4.3.2.2 Beams(Pages 4-21, 4-22)

SBC

1706.2 FEMA 55 addresses the preferable direction of floor beams toTable 1705.1 reduce the impact force of the storm water. FEMA 55 and SBC

address built-up beams and solid members. FEMA 55mentions "glulan beams. SBC provides nailing requirementsfor the built-up members. Chapter 17 of the S8C is for lightframe conventional construction having light loads and locatedin noncoastal areas.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should provide nailing requirements for built-up members.

FEMA 56

a, 4.3.2.3 Joists and Rafters(Page 4-22)

sac

1706.3 The title of the section in FEMA 55 is joists and, rafters butrafters are not addressed. FEMA 55 describes manufacturedwooden -beams, recommends cross bridging for all floor joistslocated in the V-zone, and describes typical cross bridgingmethods. SC does not address manufactured wooden -beams and only requires bridging or blocking if the depth tothickness ratio exceeds six or the design live load in excess of40 psf. Chapter 17 of the S: is for light frame conventionalconstruction having light loads and located in noncoastal areas.

Recommendation. FEMA 55 should delete the reference to rafters or add information on rafters.

FEMA 55

4.3.2.4 Subflooring(Pages 4-22, 4-23)

SBC

1706.6 Both FEMA 55 and SBC permit the use of lumber and plywoodsubflooring. 880 also permits the use of particleboardsubfloors. FEMA 55 recommends the use of plywood withexterior glue and annular ring nails or deformed shank nails.FEMA 55 recommends nailing and gluing of plywood withtongue-and-groove joints to avoid the need for blocking and toproduce a stronger diaphragm. SBC permits the use ofcommon, annular, or spiral thread nails with no mention ofgluing. SBC provides minimum thickness, span of subfloor,and nail spacing. Chapter 17 of the S80 is for light frameconventional construction having light loads and located innoncoastal areas.

Recommendadon: The provisions are compatible. FEMA 55 should provide some recommended nail spacing and -spans.

-t FEMIA 55

4.3.2.5 Studs(Page 4-23)

SBC

1707.1.11707.1.2

Analy

FEMA 55 recognizes that 2x4 wood studs at 16 inches oncenter are commonly used and permits 2x6 wood studs andmetal studs. SBC addresses the use of wood studs based onlateral unsupported stud height, spacing of studs, and numberof stories. Chapter 17 of the SB is for light frameconventional construction having light loads and located innoncoastal areas.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should address sizing of studs including number of stories which the stud supports or limitsfor the use of 2x4 studs.

B-13

Ads

FEMA 55

4.3.2.6 Wall Sheathing(Page 4-23)

SBC Anali

1707.2, 1201.1 FEMA 55 provides the minimum thickness and nail spacing forplywood wall sheathing for two cases 1) structures elevated notmore than 10 ft and 2) structures elevated more than 10 ftabove grade. SBC lists approved methods of wall bracing andrequires the structure to be designed for the loads and forcesencountered. Chapter 17 of the SBC is for light frameconventional construction having light loads and located innoncoastal areas.

Recomndon: FEMA 55 should provide additional information addressing the wind speed in addition to height abovegrade.

FEMA 55 ISBC

4.3.2.7 Wall Bracing(Page 4-24)

1707.2, 1201.1 Both FEMA 55 and SBC permit the use of let-in diagonal woodbracing, diagonal boards, and plywood. SBC also permitsparticleboard, fiberboard, and gypsum sheathing. SBC alsorequires the structure to be designed for the loads and forcesencountered. Chapter 17 of the SBC is for light frameconventional construction having light loads and located innoncoastal areas.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should combine 4.3.2.6 Wall Sheathing and 4.3.2.7 Wall Bracing into one section andaddress the design requirements for the wall bracing method chosen.

FEMA 55

4.3.2.8 Roof Details(Pages 4-24 to 4-27)


FEMA 55

4.3.3 Foundation Bracing(Pages 4-27 to 4-29)

SBC

N/A FEMA 55 discusses the use of trusses, gable roofs, hip roofs,flat roofs, gambrel roofs, roof overhangs and porches and theirperformance in high wind conditions. SBC does not providedetails or discuss performance of specific designs.

SBC AnI &MhM

1201.11303

- FEMA 55 addresses the need for bracing wood foundationpiles. SBC requires the wood foundation system to bedesigned for the loads and forces encountered.


FEMA 55 SBC

4.3.3.1 Knee Braces 1201.1(Page 4-29) 1303

FEMA 55 recommends the use of knee braces for woodfoundation piles even though bracing may not be needed.88 requires the wood foundation piles to be designed for theloads and forces encountered.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should emphasize that the wood foundation piles should be designed for the additionalmoment introduced into the pile from the knee brace.

B-14

FEMA 55

4.3.3.2 Grade Beams(Pages 4-29, 4-30)

SB0

1201.11303

FEMA 55 emphasizes the need for lateral support of the piles atthe ground line. SBC requires the piles to be designed for theloads and forces encountered.

Recommendadton FEMA 55 should emphasize the need to design the grade beams to assure that they are actualyproviding lateral support of piles.

FEMA 55

4.3.3.3 Truss Bracing(Pages 430, 4-31)

SBC

1201.11303

FEMA 55 recommends the use of truss bracing of the pileswhen the structure is 10 ft or more above grade and the designwind speed is 100 mph or greater. SBC requires the piles tobe designed for the loads and forces encountered.

Reconmendadon FEMA 55 should emphasize the need to design the bracing members.

FEMA 55

4.3.3.4 Shear Walls(Page 4-31)

SBC

1201.1 FEMA 55 addresses only reinforced concrete or reinforcedmasonry shear walls. SC requires the structure to bedesigned for the loads and forces encountered.

Recomwmndadon FEMA 55 should address wood shear walls for wood pile foundations.

FEMA 55

4.3.4 Connections4.3.4.1 Roof to Wall4.3.4.2 Wall to Floor Joists4.3.4.3 Floor Joist to Floor Beam(Pages 4-31 to 4-35)

sac

1201.1 FEMA 55 provides commentary type language for connectionsbut does require the anchorage to be sufficient to withstand theanticipated forces. FEMA 55 provides commentary typelanguage for roof to wall, wall to floor joist, and floor joist tofloor beam connection and requires, the connections to bedesigned in high wind speed areas. SC requires the structureto be designed for the loads and forces encountered.

Recommendaion: None since both FEMA 55 and SBC require sufficient connection.

FEMA 55 S60

4.3.4.4 Floor Beam to Pile, Post,or Pier

I& (Pages 4-35 to 4-40)

1201.1 FEMA 55 provides commentary type language and typicaldetails for floor beams to pile, post, or pier connections, butpermits other methods provided they are designed. SBCrequires the structure to be for the loads and forcesencountered.

Reconmendadon: FEMA 55 should provide some design values or wind speeds for which the connections areappropriate.

B-1S

FEMA 55

4.3.5 Breakaway Walls4.3.5.1 Breakaway Wall Designs4.3.5.2 Design Considerationsfor Breakaway Walls(Pages 4-41 to 4-49)

SBC

N/A FEMA 55 permits breakaway walls to enclose the space belowthe lowest elevated floor and provides commentary typelanguage for different types of breakaway walls. FEMA 55provides breakaway wall designs and details for screening,lattice, wood stud walls, metal stud walls, and masonry walls.FEMA 55 provides the design process for breakaway walls andcommentary type language for wind forces, water forces,working/ultimate strength of fasteners, distribution of wall loads,and bracing considerations for breakaway walls. SBC does notaddress breakaway walls. This is addressed in 801.4 of theSBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.


FEMA 55

4.3.6 Utilities(Pages 4-50 to 4-52)

SBC

N/A FEMA 55 requires the protection of utilities from the potentialdamage from flooding and wave impact. SBC does notaddress utilities. This is addressed in 602.5 of the SBCCIStandard for Floodplain Management.


FEMA 55

4.3.7 Wind and Storm Protectionof Interior(Page 4-52)

SBC

N/A FEMA 55 provides commentary on the need to protect thebuildings from glass breakage in order to prevent waterdamage. SBC does not address glass breakage; it requiresthe windows to be designed as components and cladding orbe considered an opening."


FEMA 55

4.3.7.1 Window Selection(Pages 4-52, 4-53)

SBC

1205 FEMA addresses the importance of window selection to reducewater infiltration. SBC requires the windows to be designed ascomponents and cladding or be considered an opening." SBCdoes not address water infiltration.

Recomnmendation FEMA 55 should address the design of the windows for the wind load pressures.

FEMA 55

4.3.7.2 Operable Shutters(Pages 4-53, 4-54)

SBC

1205 FEMA 55 addresses the need for shutters to protect againstwave and wind action. SBC requires the windows to bedesigned as components and cladding or be considered an'opening." SBC does not address the use of shutters.

Recommendation: FEMA should address the need to design the shutters for the wind load pressures.

B-16

FEMA 56

4.3.7.3 Gable and Ease Vents(Page 4-54)

Sc

1205.11708.7

FEMA 55 addresses the vulnerability of vents to wind and wind-driven rain and emphasizes the importance for the carefulselection of attic ventilators in order to assure that they willwithstand the wind loads. SBC requires ventilation of the attic

space based on a ratio of free ventilating area SBC requiresparts of the building to be designed to withstand theappropriate wind loads. Chapter 17 of the SBC is for lightframe conventional construction having, light loads and locatedin noncoastal areas.

Recommendaionc None since FEMA 55 and SBC both require the design of the vents to withstand the appropriate wind

loads.

FEMA 55

4.3.7.4 Roofing Materials

(Page 4-54)

SBC

1205.1 FEMA 55 emphasizes the need to use self-sealing, heavyweightshingles to avoid the possible loss of roofing material in highwinds. SBC requires all parts of the building to be designed towithstand the appropriate wind loads.

Recoumendation: FEMA 55 should emphasize the need to have a roof covering designed to withstand the uplift from the

wind. SBC should emphasize that the roof covering should be designed to 1205.

FEMA 55

4.3.8 Maintenance(Pages 4-54, 4-55)

SBC

NIA FEMA 55 emphasizes the need for maintenance of all parts ofbuildings exposed to the coastal environment because of theaccelerated deterioration. SBC does not address maintenancebut does require repairs or rehabilitation to comply with therequirements of the SBC for new construction.

Recomendaiorn None.

FEMA 55

5.1 General Design Considerations(Pages 5-1, 5-2)

SBC

1201.11607.6.3

FEMA 55 prohibits enclosure for habitation below BFE mid-riseand high-rise structures in coastal high hazard areas. SBCdoes not address this issue. This is addressed in 602.3 of theS8CCI Standard for Floodplain Management. FEMA 55 andSBC require thicker concrete cover over reinforcing steel toprovide added corrosion protection of the reinforcing steel incorrosive environments or severe exposure conditions. SBCrequires compliance with ACl 318 and the minimum cover in1607.6. FEMA 55 addresses the need to design for wind andwater forces. SBG requires the structure to be sufficient tosupport the loads and forces encountered.

Recommendaion: FEMA 55 should address snow and seismic loads.

8-17

FEMA 55

5.2 Foundations(Page 5-2)

SBC

1303 FEMA 55 emphasizes the need for pile foundations that areembedded deeply to provide a safety margin against scour.FEMA 55 lists the common types of piles asprecast/prestressed concrete, cast-in-place concrete, steel, andtimber. FEMA 55 shows a typical pile/pile cap/column/gradebeam detail. FEMA 55 permits strip footings and matfoundations in zones of reduced velocity and wave action.SBC does not address scour. SBC requires foundations to bedesigned and installed on the basis of a foundationinvestigation. SBC provides standards for all of the types ofpiles listed in FEMA 55.


FEMA 55

5.3 Slabs at Grade(Pages 5-3, 5-4)

SBC

1303, 1608 FEMA 55 suggests that slabs supported on soil are thin(minimum of 4 inches thick) with minimal reinforcing in the formof welded wire fabric and are expected to be lost in the event ofa storm. SBC requires the minimum thickness of 3 1/2 inchesand does not require welded wire fabric. FEMA 55 alsoaddresses the use of designed slabs and grade beams tolaterally support the pile foundation system. SBC permits theengineer to design the foundation system.

Recommendation: The minimum slab thickness in FEMA 55 should be changed to 3 1/2 inches and delete therequirement for welded wire fabric.

FEMA 55

5.4 Superstructure(Pages 5-4 to 5-7)

SBC

N/A FEMA 55 provides commentary type language and typicaldetails of the superstructure of a building. This includescolumns, beams, slabs, and shear walls. SBC is aperformance code and not a commentary.


FEMA 55

5.5 Elevated Floors(Pages 5-7, 5-8)

SBC

Chapter 16 FEMA 55 provides commentary type language for elevatedconcrete floors. FEMA 55 addresses one-way and two-wayslabs, perimeter beams, and the transfer of lateral forces to thepile foundation. SBC requires structural members of reinforcedconcrete to be designed and constructed in accordance withChapter 16 and ACI 318.


B-18

A

FEMA 55

5.6 Exterior Wall Systems(Pages 5-8, 5-9)

SBC

1201.1 FEMA 55 provides commentary type language on exterior wailsystems of masonry or metal studs and the fastening methodof the wails. FEMA 55 and SBC require that the walls bedesigned to resist the lateral forces encountered.

Recommendaion: None since both requires the walls to be designed for the lateral forces encountered; however, FEMA55 should address seismic loads.

FEMA 55

5.7 Recommendations(Page 5-9)

SBC

103.2.3 FEMA 55 requires mid-rise and high-rise structures to bedesigned by a 'design professional.' SBC requires a designprofessional, to design all structures three stories or more highand structures 5000 sq ft or more in area

Recommendaion: None since both require a design professional.

FEMA 55

Appendix A Design TablesFigure A-1 number of piles requiredTable A-i downward loads per pileTable A-2 horizontal wind loads per

pile in 80 mph windsTable A-S minimum embedment

depth of pilesTable A-4 maximum unbraced

height of piles in 80 mphwinds and flood forces

Table A-t maximum unbracedheight of piles supportingbreakaway walls

Table A-5 uplift loads per foot ofwall in 80 mph winds

Table A-6 uplift loads per pile in 80mph winds

Table A-7 capacity per bolt of floorbeam connections

Table A-8 concrete masonry unitpiers

Table A-9 concrete piersFigure A-2 concrete pier cross sectionFigure A-3 grade beams and slabsTable A-IC0 fastener capacities in

shearTable A-11 fastener schedule for

breakaway walls(Pages A-1 to A-47)

SBC:

Chapters 12,13, 14, 15, 16,and 17

FEMA 55 provides design tables. SC is a performance codeand not a specification type code. Chapter 17 of the SBC is forlight frame conventional construction having light loads andlocated in noncoastal areas.

Recomendation: None.

B-19

Appendix B - Bracing Chapters 12,B.1 knee bracing 13, 14, 15, 16,8.2 truss bracing and 17B.2.1 diagonalsB.2.1.1 lumber diagonalsB.2.1.2 threadbar diagonalsB.2.2 strutsB.3 grade beamsTable B-1 horizontal water loads per pile

in 80 mph windsTable 8-2 loads of transverse truss

membersTable B-3 allowable loads for single 2x8

diagonalsTable B-4 allowable loads for single 3x8

diagonals(Pages B-1 to B-15)

FEMA provides various recommendations and details forbracing methods. SBC is a performance code and not aspecification type of code. Chapter 17 of the SBC is for lightframe conventional construction having light loads and locatedin noncoastal areas.


FEMA 55

Appendix D - Design Equations andProcedures

D.1 Procedure A-1: downward loads perpile

D.2 Procedure A-2: horizontal wind loadsper pile

0.3 Procedure A-3: minimum embedmentdepth of piles

D.4 Procedure A-4: maximum unbracedheight of piles

0.5 Procedure A-4.1: maximum unbracedheight of piles supporting breakawaywalls

D.6 Procedure A-5: uplift loads per footof walls

D.7 Procedure A-6: uplift loads per pileD.8 Procedure B-1: horizontal water

loads per pileD.9 Procedure 8-2: loads transferred to

foundation truss members(Pages D-1 to D-32)


FEMA 55

SBC

N/A FEMA 55 contains design equations and procedures which areneeded to evaluate individual designs. SBC is a performancecode with design being based on good engineering practice.

SBC

G-2. Purpose 101.2(Page G-1)

FEMA 55 states that the purpose of the Coastal Code is toprovide minimum standards for the design and construction ofresidential structures in Coastal High Hazard Areas and wherewave action can be expected. SBC is declared remedial and isintended to secure the beneficial interests and purposes of theCode which are public safety, health and general welfare.

Recomnendation: None since the intent of both FEMA 55 and SBC is to provide minimum requirements for structures.

B-20

SBCFEMA 55

Both FEMVA 55 and SC apply to new construction and-improvements or additions to existing structures. FEMA 55permits improvements up to 49% of the market value of thestructure without compliance with the Coastal ConstructionCode but the SBC requires all improvements to comply with theCode.

Recommendation: Since market value is a variable based on location, economy, etc., FEMA should require compliancefor all improvements since noncompliance of any part of the structure makes the entire structure out of compliance.

FEMA 55

G4. Definitions(Pages G-2, G-3)

SBC

202 FEMA 55 contains only definitions which are related to coastalconstruction. SC contains definitions which are applicable toall types of structures and occupancies in any location. Deadload, grade, live load, and structure have similar definitions.

Recomnendaton: None.

FEMA 55

G-5. Elevation Standards.(Page G-3)

SBC

N/A FEMA 55 prohibits new construction or substantialimprovements from being seaward of an established setbackline and requires it to be elevated above the BFE. SC doesnot prohibit construction in any location. This is addressed in801.6 of the SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management

Recommendatorn None since! these types of requirements are local specific and should addressed on the local level.

FEMA 55

G-6. Determination of LoadingForces

G-. 1 Water LoadsG-6.2 Wind Loads(Page G-3)

SBC

1201.11205

Both FEMA 55 and SBC require the structure to be of sufficientstrength to support the loads and forces encountered. FEMA55 references ANSI A8. 1- 982 for the wind load provisions.SBC contains a basic wind speed map, use factors., velocitypressures, and coefficients for wind design. SBC also permitswind design based on ASCE 7-88.

- Recommendaion: FEMA 55 should update reference to ASCE 78.

FEMA 5

G-7. Foundation Standards(Page GA)

SBC

Chapter 12 Both FEMA 55 and SBC require the foundations to be designedChapter 13 to support the loads and forces encountered.

Recommend auion FEMA 55 should address snow and seismic loads.

B-21

FEMA 55

G-3. Scope(Page G-2)

Sac

101.3101.5

FEMA 55

G-7.1 Pile Foundation Design(Pages G4, G-5)

SIBC

Chapter 12 FEMA 55 requires the pile spacing to pile diameter ratio to notChapter 13 be less than 8:1 with a maximum spacing of 12 ft while SBC

requires the minimum center to center spacing of piles to benot less than twice the average diameter of a round pile norless than 1 3/4 times the diagonal dimension of a rectangularpile. FEMA 55 provides minimum embedment of foundationpiles based on mean sea level and BFE while SBC requiresembedment to be based on a foundation investigation. BothFEMA 55 and SBC requires the piles to be analyzed as acolumn for the unsupported length. FEMA 55 providesdimensional criteria for round and square wood piles. SBCreferences the appropriate ASTM standard. FEMA 55 requiresthe minimum compressive strength of the concrete forreinforced concrete piles to be 5000 psi while SBC requiresonly 4000 psi. The reinforcement requirements for reinforcedconcrete piles are the same for both FEMA 55 and SBC.FEMA 55 lists three methods of pile installation. FEMA 55provides commentary type language for methods of bracingpiles to resist the horizontal forces while SBC requires the pilesto be designed for the horizontal forces which are encountered.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should emphasize that pile spacing and embedment should be based on the foundationinvestigation. FEMA 55 should reduce the minimum compressive strength of the concrete for reinforced concrete piles to4000 psi, since 4000 psi has been a building code requirement since 1980.

FEMA 55

G-7.2 Column Foundation Design(Page G-5)

SBC

1201.1Chapter 131405.6

FEMA 55 requires reinforcing of masonry piers or poured-in-place concrete piers. SBC requires piers to be designed forthe forces encountered.


FEMA 55

G-8. Anchoring Standards(Page G-5)

SWC

1201.1 FEMA 55 requires anchorage to prevent flotation, collapse, orpermanent lateral movement during the base flood concurrentwith the 100 year design wind velocity. SBC requires everystructure to support the loads and forces encountered. SBCdoes not address flotation. This is addressed in 601.1 and801.1 of the SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should address snow and seismic loads.

FEMA 55

G-8.1 Connector and Fasteners(Page G-5)

SBC

1201.1 Both FEMA 55 and SBC require the connectors to support theloads and forces encountered. FEMA 55 does not permit toenailing. FEMA 55 requires metal connectors and fasteners tohave corrosion protection.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should not prohibit toe nailing if the connection is adequate for the calculated loads. SBCshould address corrosion protection of metal connectors.

B-22

FEMA 55

G-8.2 Beam to Pile Conrctions(Pages G-5, G-6)

SBC

1201.1 FEMA 55 provides prescriptive requirements for the beam topile connection. SBC requires the structure to support theloads and forces encountered.

Recommendaion:- FEMA 55 should permit the designer to design the connection.

FEMA 55

G-8.3 Floor to Deck Connections(Page G-6)

SBC Analys

12D1.1 FEMA 55 provides prescriptive requirements for the connectionChapter 17 of floor joists to floor beam/girders, cross bridging, subfilooring,

and attic flooring. SBC permits connections to be designedand subflooring to any material permitted by Chapter 17.Chapter 17 of the SBC is for light frame conventionalconstruction having light loads and located in noncoastal areas.

Recommzendatiorr FEMA 55 should permit the designer the leeway to meet performance requirements.

FEMA 55

G-8.4 Exterior Wall Connections(Page G-6o

SBC

1201.1 FEMA 55 provides prescriptive requirements for the exterior wallChapter 17 connection. SBC permits the designer to design the exterior

wall connection. Chapter 17 of the SSC is for light frameconventional construction having light loads and located innoncoastal areas.

Recommendaidorn FEMA 55 should permit the designer the leeway to meet performance requirements.

FEMA 55

G-8.5 Ceiling Joist/RafterConnections(Page G-6)

SBC

1201.11708

Both FEMA 55 and SBC requires a continuous tie across thebuilding and the joist and rafters securely fastened at theirintersection. FEMA 55 requires metal or wood connectors atalternate ceiling joistirafter connections to the wall top plate andblocking in gable roofs. Chapter 17 of the SBC is for lightframe conventional construction having light loads and locatedin noncoastal areas.

Recominendadon: FEMA 55 should permit the designer to design the connection.

FEMA 55

I0-8.6 Projecting Members(Page G-6)

SBC

1201.1

Analysis

Both FEMA 55 and SBC require cantilevers and projectingmembers to be designed to support the loads and forcesencountered.

Recommendaiorm None.

B-23

FEMA 55

G-9. Roof Sheathing(Pages G-6, G-7)

SBC

1708 FEMA 55 requires the roof sheathing to be a minimum of 15132inch thick plywood. SBC also permits particleboard of 3/8 inchthickness. FEMA 55 requires corrosion resistant fasteners andthe application of waterproof industrial adhesive to all bearingsurfaces of plywood used in the sheathing of comers, gableend, or roof overhang. FEMA 55 also provides commentarytype language addressing the roof slopes and construction atpoints of discontinuity of the roofing surface. Chapter 17 of theSBC is for light frame conventional construction having lightloads and located in noncoastal areas.

Recommendation FEMA 55 should permit particleboard roof sheathing provided it is of the appropriate strength.

FEMA 55

G-10. Protection of Openings(Page G-7)


FEMA 5

G-1 1. Use of Space Below theLowest Elevated Floor(Page G-7)

SBC

1205.1.42703.3

SBC

N/A

Both FEMA 55 and SBC require exterior openings to bedesigned to withstand the appropriate wind loads.

FEMA 55 prohibits the use of the space below the BFE to beused for any other purpose than parking storage or buildingaccess. SBC does not prohibit the use of the space below theelevated floor. This is addressed in 602.3 of the SBCCIStandard for Floodplain Management.


FEMA 55

G-11.1 Breakaway Wall DesignStandards(Page G-7)

SBC

N/A FEMA 55 provides the design requirements for breakawaywalls. SBC does not address breakaway walls. This isaddressed in 801.4 of the SBCCI Standard for FloodplainManagement.

Recommnendarion: None.

FEMA 55

G-1 1.2 Certification d BreakawayWalls(Pages G-7, G-8)

SBC

N/A FEMA 55 permits breakaway walls which are designed with awall strength in excess in that permitted in 11.1 provided thedesign profession certifies that the wall will fail under waterloads less than those that would occur during the base floodand the elevated portion of the building will not be subject todamage due to the effects of wind and water loads actingsimultaneously. SBC does not address breakaway walls. Thisis addressed in 801.4 of the SBCCI Standard for FloodplainManagement.


B-24

4q

&k

FEMA 55

1-12. Utilities(Page G-8)

SBC

N/A FEMA 55 requires the utilities to be elevated above the BFEand backflow valves for sanitary sewer and storm drainagesystems which have openings below the BFE. SBC does notaddress utilities. This is addressed in 602.5 of the SBCCIStandard for Floodplain Management


FEMA 5S

0-13. Certification Requirements(Page G-8)

s50

103.23 FEMA 55 requires new and substantial improvements to bedesigned by a registered professional engineer or architectSBC requires design by a professional engineer or architect forall group A, E, and I occupancies., structures three stories ormore high, and structures 5000 sq ft or more in area This isaddressed in 401.3 and 801.7 of the SBCCJ Standard forFloodplain Management.

Recommendation FEMA 55 should provide parameters for which sections 7 and 8 are appropriate (wind load, heightabove grade, sic.).

FEMA 55

0-14. Reference Documents(Page G-8)

S80

Chapter 3 FEMA 55 references ANSI A58.1-1982, Shore Protection Manualby the Department of the Army, and the Coastal ConstructionManual by FEMA. SBC does not reference any of thesedocuments.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should update reference to AS CE 7-88.

B-25


Manufactured Home Installation In Flood Hazard Areas (FEMA 85)

Chapter III Elevation and Anchoring Techniques

FEMA 85 SBC

Elevation and Anchoring Techniques N/A(Page 19)


FEMA 85

Elevation on Fill(Pages 19-20)

FEMA 85 provides general techniques which are used toelevate a manufactured home in riverine or coastal floodingareas. SBC does not provide techniques but does provideperformance requirements for piers, piles, and foundations.This is addressed in 600, 601, 603, and 604 of the SBCCStandard for Floodplain Management.

SBC

Chapter 13 FEMA 85 provides commentary and prescriptive type languageon the use of earth fill to elevate a manufactured home. FEMA85 prohibits the use of fill material in areas subject tofloodwaters having a velocity greater than 10 fps and where itwill constrict the flow of floodwaters and cause increased floodelevations or velocity. SBC requires foundations to be built onundisturbed or properly compacted fill material. SBC doesaddress floodplain management. This is addressed in 603.3and 801.5 of the SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.


FEMA 85

Elevated Foundations(Pages 21-28)

SBC

Chapter 13 FEMA 85 addresses structural techniques, such as piers, posts,H105 piles and similar structural arrangements, to elevate a

manufactured home above the flood level. FEMA 85 providesprescriptive requirements for these structural techniques whileSBC provides performance type of requirements. Both FEMA85 and SBC requires the foundation to be designed for theanticipated forces. SB6 has prescriptive requirements in H105for piers up to 80 inches in height. SBC has prescriptiverequirements in 1405.6 similar to FEMA 85 for masonry piers.SBC does not address post foundations.


FEMA 85

Anchoring(Pages 29-31)

SBC

1201.1H105.3

Both FEMA 85 and SBC require tie-down and anchoringsystems to resist the lateral and uplift forces resulting fromwind. FEMA 85 provides commentary type language anddescriptive details. SBC contains minimum number of ties andanchors based on the length of manufactured home.

Recommendation: FEMA 85 should address minimum number of ties and anchors.

B-26

4*

Chapter IV Design of Elevated Foundations

FEMA 5

Design of Elevated Foundations(Page 33)

SBC

Chapter 12 FEMA 85 presents an overview of flood-induced loads, tablesof calculated forces, governing design equations and specifictechnical information which can be used to determine anappropriate elevated design for a manufactured home with themanufactured home complying with HUD's ManufacturedHome Construction Safety Standards. The wind loads andsnow loads in FEMA 85 and, SBC are very different.

Recommendatiorn FEMA 85 and HUD's MHCSS should update the wind and snow loads to ASCE 7-88. FEMA 85 shouldaddress seismic loads.

FEMA 85

A. Flood Forces and TheirApplication(Pages 34-45)

SBC Analys

Chapter 12 FEMA 85 addresses the hydrostatic forces, lateral forces,buoyancy forces, hydrodynamic forces, impact forces due towater-borne objects, and scour. SBC does not address 'waterforces' but does require every structure to be of sufficientstrength to support the loads and forces encountered.

Recommendationr None.

FEMA 85

B. Evaluation of ElevatedFoundations(Pages 45-58)

SBC Analysi

Chapter 12 FEMA 85 provides commentary type language in addition toactual design tables and details. S3;C is a performance codeand does not provide design tables and details. SC requiresevery structure to be of sufficient strength to support the loadsand forces encountered and permits the designer to choosethe technique.

Recommendauion: None.

FEMA 85 SBC

C. Bracing Support and Connections Chapter 12for Elevated Foundations(Pages 58-68)

x Recomnendation Ne.

FEMA 85

D. Additional Design Considerations(Pages 68-70)

SBC

NIA

FEMA 85 provides design procedures, tables, and detailsneeded to design bracing and connections. SBC is aperformance code and requires the structure to be of sufficientstrength to support the loads and forces encountered.

FEMA 85 addresses the setup jacking), utility service,mechanical systems, and access/egress during floodingaround the manufactured home. SBC does not address theseissues.


B-27

FEMA 85

Appendix D - CalculatlonalProcedures for Elevated FoundationDesign(Pages 89-97)


FEMA 85

Appendix E - Buoyancy and DragForces(Pages 99-101)

SBC

N/A FEMA 85 contains actual design procedures and formulaswhich were used as a basis of the manual. SBC is aperformance code and does not contain engineering analysisprocedures.

SBC

Chapter 12 FEMA 85 addresses the forces from buoyancy and dragcaused by the floodwaters. FEMA 85 contains design tablesfor vertical tie forces based on home width and water depth.SBC does not address flood water forces but does require thestructure to have sufficient strength to support the loads andforces encountered.

Recomnendaion: None.

B-28


FloodDrooflna Non-Residential Structures FEMA 102

Chapter I Introduction

FEMA 102

I.E. Contingent FloodproofingMeasures

.F.1 Flood ShieldsLF.2 Watertight Doorsl.F.3 Movable Floodwalls(Pages 8-13)

SBC

NfA

Analysis

FEMA 102 addresses the use of contingent floodproofingmeasures that require some type of installation, activation, orother preparation immediately prior to the occurrence of aflood. These measures include flood shields, watertight doors,and moveable floodwalls. S does not addressfloodproofing. This is addressed in Chapter 9 of the SBCCIStandard for Floodplain Management.

Recommendion: None.

Chapter III Foodproofing Design Permanent and Contingent Measures

FEMA 102

1l.8. Elevation on Fill(Pages 37-38)

SBC

N/A

Analysis

FEMA 102 addresses the use of fill material to elevate thebuilding to protect it from flood damages. FEMA 102 containscommentary type language on the design and maintenance ofthe fill material. SBC does not address floodplain management.Floodplain management is addressed in the SBCC Standardfor Floodplain Management.

ReconmmndaiDon: None.

SBCFEMA 102

Il.C.2 Posts(Pages 3940)

Chapter 13 FEMA 102 addresses the elevation of the structure on 'post'foundations by showing details and design charts. SBC doesnot address post foundations but does address pilefoundations.

Reconmndation: FEMA 102 should combine post foundations and pile foundations into one section.

FEMA 102

Ill.G.3 Plles(Pages 4044)

SBC An

Chapter 13 FEMA 102 provides commentary type language describing thegeneral length, maximum design load, application, advantages,disadvantages, typical elevation, and typical cross section.SBC requires pile foundations to be designed and installed onthe basis of a foundation investigation and report.

Recomnwndion: FEMA 102 should emphasize that the length and maximum design load is based on the foundationinvestigation and report.

B-29

Analysis

FEMA 102

III.C.4 Piers and Walls(Pages 43-46)

SBC

1405.6 Both FEMA 102 and SBC limit the height of filled masonry piersto a maximum of ten times their smallest dimension. FEMA102 provides details of a brick pier, reinforced concretemasonry pier, and reinforced concrete pier, along withcommentary type language.


FEMA 102 SBC

Table ll-1 Minimum Requirements 1405.6for Reinforced Piers 1411(Page 46)

FEMA 102 provides the minimum pier size, minimum footingsize, pier spacing, and useful elevation range but does notcontain the reinforcing requirements. SBC referencesACI/ASCE 530 for reinforced masonry.

Recommendastion FEMA 102 should clarify the soil bearing capacity was used for the minimum footing size and thedesign loads used for the minimum pier size.

FEMA 102

III.C.6 Maintenance(Page 47)


FEMA 102

lll.D Waterproof ConstructionIII.D.1 IntroductionIII.D.2 Wall Strength(Pages 48-51)

Recommendation- None.

FEMA 102

III.D.3 Floor Strength andStructural StabilityIII.D.4 Counteracting ofHydrostatic Forces

(Pages 51-54)

SBC

N/A

SBC

N/A

SBC

1312

A

FEMA 102 addresses the need to perform maintenance onposts, piles, piers or wall based on the frequency of theflooding. SBC does not address maintenance of foundations.

FEMA 102 addresses floodproofing of a structure to preventfloodwaters from reaching its interior. SBC does not addressfloodproofing. This is addressed in 401.2 and Chapter 9 of theSBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.

Analyi

FEMA 102 addresses floodproofing of a structure by the use ofa concrete slab or impervious cutoffs, or subsurface drainageto resist the hydrostatic uplift pressures. SBC does notaddress floodproofing. This is addressed in 401.2 and Chapter9 of the SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management. SBCaddresses waterproofing of enclosed spaces below finishedground level when hydrostatic pressure conditions exist.


B-30

A<

FEMA 102

I11.0.5 Waterproofing(Pages 55-58)

SBC

1312 FEMA 102 addresses techniques of waterproofing concrete andmasonry walls by the use of high-quality concrete, sealantmaterials, and/or impermeable membranes. SBC addresseswaterproofing by the use of a 'waterproofing' material. FEIVA102's waterproofing is to protect the interior from floodwaterswhile SBC's waterproofing is to protect the interior fromgroundwater conditions Floodproofing is addressed in 401.2and Chapter 9 of the 58CC] Standard for FloodplainManagement.

Recommendaion None.

FEMA 102

111.D.6 Watertight Cores(Pages 58-59)

SBC

NIA FEMA 102 addresses the technique of creating a 'watertightcore' around expensive items which are located together in asmall part of the building when it is not feasible to waterproofthe exterior walls. SBC does not address watertight cores.

Recovmmendaion None.

FEMA 102

Ill.D.7 Closures and Flood Shields(Pages 60-72)

sac

NA FEMA 102 addresses the use of closures and flood shields toprotect against floodwater intrusion into the structure. SBcdoes not address floodproofing.


FEIAA 102

II.E. Floodwalls and LeveesIII.E.5 Floodwall Design(Pages 8045)

SBC Anaysis

Chapter 12 FEMA 102 provides commentary type language on differenttypes of floodwalls (permanent floodwalls, gravity walls,cantilever walls, and movable walls). SC does not specificallyaddress floodwalls but does require every structure to be ofsufficient strength to support the loads and forces encountered.

Recommendadion None.

FEMA 102

III.E.7 Floodwall Maintenance(Page 8)

SBC

NfA FEMA 102 addresses the need to annually inspect floodwalls.SBC does not address the need for inspection of existingstructures.

Recomnendaiom None.

FEMA 102

?V. Other Floodproofing MeasuresIV.C. Floodproofing Utilities(Pages 99-104)

SBC

N/A FEMA 102 addresses methods to prevent flood damage toexterior utilities. SBC does not address utilities orfloodproofing. This is addressed in 602.5 of the SBCCIStandard for Floodplain Management.

Recomnerdadion None.

B-31

FEMA 102

Appendix B Glossary(Pages 161-166)

SBC

202 FEMA 102 contains definitions addressing floodplainmanagement. SBC does not address floodplain management.Floodplain management is addressed in the SBCCI Standardfor Floodplain Management.


FEMA 102

Appendix D FloodproofingPerformance Criteria

Appendix D.B Design Loads(Pages 182-186)

SBC Analy

Chapter 12 FEMA 102 lists the type of loads which the floodproofedstructure may be subjected. SBC requires the structure to be ofsufficient strength to support the loads and forces encountered.

Recommendation: None since both FEMA 102 and SBC require the structure to be designed for the loads and forcesencountered. SBC should address hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, and buoyance forces in floodplain areas.

FEMA 102

Appendix D FloodproofingPerformance Criteria

Appendix D.C PerformanceCriteria

(Pages 187-193)

SBC

N/A FEMA 102 contains performance criteria which represents theobjectives that should be achieved in the design offloodproofed non-residential structures and service systems.SBC does not address floodplain management. Floodplainmanagement is addressed in the SBCCI Standard forFloodplain Management. SBC is a performance code.

Recommendation: None since both FEMA 102 and SBC address performance.

B-32

A


Retrofitting Flood-Prone Residential Structures (FEMA 114)

FEMA 114

3.5 Elevation Onto ExtendedFoundation Walls(Pages 46-49)

SBC

101.5Chapter 12Chapter 13

FEMA 114 addresses the method of elevating the structure by-increasing the foundation wall height. When this is done,consideration must be taken for the additional load imposed onthe footings and the foundation wall. SBC requires alterationsto comply with the Code. SBC requires the structure to be ofsufficient strength to support the loads and forces encountered.SBC does not address floodplain management. Floodplainmanagement is addressed in SBCCI Standard for FloodplainManagement.

Recomwendafiorn None.

FEMA 114

3.12 Technical Design CriteriaExtended Wall Foundations(Pages 61-63)


FEMA 114

3.13 Technical Design CriteriaAnchorage of Superstructure toFoundation(Pages 63-67)

Recommendatiorn None.

SBC

1201.1

Analysi

Both FEMA 114 and SBC require the foundation system withthe increased foundation wall height to be of sufficient strengthto support the loads and forces encountered.

SBC

1201.1 FEMA 114 provides design details for the anchorage of theChapter 17 superstructure to the foundation system. SBC is a performance

code and does not provide design details.

FEMA 114

3.14 Technical Design Criteria0. Open Foundations

(Pages 67-68)

SBC

'1201.1Chapter 13

FEMA 114 describes three types of open foundation systems(piers, columns, or piles) and requires them to be designed forthe loads encountered. SBC also addresses piers, columns, orpiles and requires them to be designed for the loads and forcesencountered.

41 Recommendadon FEMA 114 should address seismic loads.

FEMA 114

6.2 Considerations (Floodwalls)(Pages 111-114)

SBC

1201.1

Analysis

FEMA 114 addresses the use of floodwalls to protect structuresfrom flooding and emphasizes that tremendous forces arecreated by high water levels and velocities. SBC does notaddress floodwalls but does require structures to be designedfor the loads and forces encountered.

Recommendauonv SBC should address hydrostatic, hydrodynamic and buoyance forces in floodplain areas.

B-33

is

FEMA 114

6.3 Construction Techniques andMaterials (Floodwalls)(Pages 115-119)

SBC

N/A

Analysis

FEMA 114 addresses techniques and types of materials for theconstruction of floodwalls. SBC does not address floodwalls orfloodplain management. Floodplain management is addressedin the SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.


FEMA 114

6.5 Technical Design Criteria(Floodwalls)(Pages 121-129)

SBC

Chapters 12,13,14,15 and16

FEMA 114 contains design criteria for floodwall design whichaddresses materials, soils, loads, overturning resistance, slidingresistance, and actual foundation dimensions. SBC is aperformance code which requires structures to be designed towithstand the loads and forces encountered. SBC providesreference to material specifications in the materials chapters.


FEMA 114

7.2 Considerations (Closures)(Pages 133-134)

SBC

N/A FEMA 114 addresses the use of closures (covering openingssuch as doors, windows, driveways, etc.) to act as shields tokeep water away from the residence or entering the residence.SBC does not address floodplain management. Floodplainmanagement is addressed in SBCCI Standard for FloodplainManagement.


FEMA 114 SBC

7.3 Low Profile Permanent Closures7.4 Closure Materials andConstruction7.6 Technical Design Criteria(Closures)(Pages 133-142)

N/A FEMA 114 addresses the use of closures (covering openingssuch as doors, windows, driveways, etc.) to act as shields tokeep water away from the residence or entering the residence.SBC does not address floodplain management. Floodplainmanagement is addressed in SBCCI Standard for FloodplainManagement.

4


FEMA 114

8.2 Considerations (Sealants)8.3 Sealing Techniques8.4 Closures (Sealants)8.5 Design Details (Sealants)8.7 Technical Design Criteria(Sealants)(Pages 145-156) .

SBC

N/A FEMA 114 addresses the sealing, making watertight, or dryfloodproofing of the structure to prevent the entry of waterduring low level flooding. SBC does not address floodplainmanagement. Floodplain management is addressed in theSBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.


B-34

A

FEMA 114

9.4 Permanent Protecve Measures(Utilities)

9.5 Utility Relocations toExisting Space

9.6 Utility Relocations to NewSpaces(Pages 160-165)

SW

NIA FEMA 114 addresses permanent protection of a structure'sutility system. SBC does not address utilities. This isaddressed in 602.4 and 602.5 of the SBCC] Standard forFloodplain Management


FEMA 114

9.8 Storage Tank Anchorage(Page 166)

SBC

N/A FEMA 114 addresses the need for proper anchorage of tanksto prevent their flotation from the buoyancy forces. SBC doesnot address buoyancy forces.

Recommendaion None.

FEMA 114

10.4 Floating Structures(Pages 176-1T7


FEMA 114

Appendix C - Forces(Pages 197-207)

SBC

N/A FEMA 114 permits -floating structures' as a method offloodproofing. SBC does not address 'floating structures.'

SBC Analy

Chapter 12 FEMA 114 addresses hydrostatic loads, hydrodynamic loads,impact loads, and wind loads. FEMA 114 also providesdefinitions, application and methodology for design. SBCrequires design for all forces encountered but does not providemethodology. Section 900.4 of the SBCCI Standard forFloodplain Management addresses hydrostatic andhydrodynamic loads.

Recommendation FEMA 114 should update the wind speed maps to the latest editions and address snow and seismicloads. SB should address hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, and buoyancy forces in floodplain areas.

B-35


Alluvial Fans: Hazards and Manaaement (FEMA 165)

FEMA 165

Windows and Doors(Page 10)

SBC ,

N/A FEMA 165 prohibits openings on the uphill side of the structureto prevent debris and flood water from entering the building.SBC does not prohibit the location of openings except for fireprotection requirements. SBC does not address floodplainmanagement. Floodplain Management is addressed in theSBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.


B-36

STANDARD BUILDING CODE (SBCI COMPARISON

Manual for the Construction of ResEdential Basements in Non-Coastal Flood Environs (MCRB)

Chapter III Basement Construction

A. Construction Types - Walls

MCRIB

111. A.1 Unreinforced Block(Page 13)

SBC

1302.6.21403.614041405

MCRH provides commentary type language for minimumthickness, lack of reinforcing, and the lack of resistance tolateral pressures. SC provides minimum thickness offoundation wails based on type of wall construction and depthof unbalanced fill.

e-1 Recomnendation: None.

MCRB

III.A.2 Reinforced and GroutedBlock(Pages 13, 14)

Sac

1302.6.214101411

MCRB provides commentary and prescriptive type language forminimum thickness, vertical and horizontal reinforcing, bondbeam, and the capacity to resistant lateral loads. SBC providesminimum thickness, specification for mortar and grout,construction requirements for both low-lift and high-lift groutedconstruction, etc. SBC requires reinforced masonry to conformto the provisions of ANSI A41.2 or ACI/ASCE 530.

Recomrnendarion: MCRB should reference ANSI A41 .2 and ACIIASCE 530.

MCRB,

III.A.3 Structural Plain Concrete(Page 14)

sBc

1302.6.21601.1.21 603.2

VCRB provides commentary and prescriptive type language forminimum thickness, lack of reinforcing, minimum compressivestrength, and limits on resistance to lateral pressure. SCprovides minimum thickness of foundation walls based on typeof wall construction and depth of unbalanced fill.


'. MCRB

1I.A.4 Reinforced Concrete(Pages 14, 15)

SIC

1601.1.1 MCRB provides commentary and prescriptive type of languagefor minimum thickness, reinforcing, and ability to resist lateralloads. SBC requires structural members of reinforced concreteto be designed in accordance with ACI 318.

Recommendazion MCRB should reference ACI 318.

MCRB

III.A.5 Cut Stone, Rubble Stone,and Cribbing and Planking.(Page 15)

SBC

1402.51403.21407.5

MCRB provides commentary pe language and will notconsider them any further because they are not commonplace.SBC provides minimal requirements such as minimumcompressive strength, minimum thickness, etc.


B-37

MCRB

III.A.6 Treated Wood Foundations(Page 15)

SBC

1302.8 MCRB explains that sufficient research is not available ontreated wood foundations under flooded condition,s therefore,they are not included in the MCRB. SBC requires woodfoundations to comply with the provisions of NFoPA TechnicalReport No. 7.


MORB

III.A.7 Variations(Pages 15, 16)

SBC

N/A MCRB provides commentary type language for partiallyreinforced masonry, unreinforced masonry, reinforced masonry,structural plain concrete, and reinforced cast-in-place concretewalls. SBC does not provide commentary language.


MCRB sac

III.A.8 Excavation and Backfllling 1302.1.1(Pages 16-18) 1302.1.3

1302.1.51302.31312.41608

Both MCRB and SBC require all organic material to beremoved from the foundation excavation, the footings to bebuilt on undisturbed or property compacted soil, the bottom ofthe footing to be below the depth of frost penetration,foundations on expansive soils to be a mat or raft foundation,and backfill to be placed in lifts and compacted in a mannerwhich does not damage the waterproofing or foundation wall.


MCRB

III.A.9 Formwork(Pages 18, 19)

SBC

1606.11606.2.4


B. Other Construction Features.

MCRIB

IIl.B.1 Basement Slab(Page 19)

50

1608

Both MCRE and SBC require the forms to be substantial andsufficiently tght to prevent leakage of mortar, properly bracedto maintain position, and removed in such a manner as not todamage the concrete.

MCRB states that basement slabs are typically between 3 and 4inches thick, with and without steel wire reinforcement. SBCrequires a minimum slab thickness of 3 1/2 inches and doesnot require wire reinforcement.


B-38

111.B.2 Structural Basement Slab(Pages 19, 20)

SBC

1601.1.11608

MCRB provides commentary type language on the use of astructural basement slab to resist water pressures up to 5 feetabove the bottom of the slab for an 'undrained system' and aconventional slab for a 'drained system.' SBC requiresstructural members of reinforced concrete to be designed andconstructed in accordance with ACI 318. SC requires thethickness of floor slabs to be a minimum of 3 12 inches thick.

Recommendaton: None.

MORB

11.8.3 Footing (Foundation)(Page 20)

SBC

1302.1.31302.4.2

Both MCRB and SBC require the bottom of the footing to bebelow the depth of frost penetration. MRB provides a typical'size of a footing. SC is a performance code and does notprovide any minimum footing size.

MORB

111.8.4 Underdrain System-Sumpsand Pumps(Pages 20-23)

SBC

1312.11312.2

Both MCRB and SBC require waterproofing where hydrostaticpressure conditions exist, however MCRB containscommentary type language. MCRS also addresses the use ofa sump pump in addition to the waterproofing.


MCRB

[11.3.5a Grand Surface Slope -Site Investigation(Pages 23, 24)


MCRE

lIl.B.5b Ground Surface Slope -Grading and Surface Drainage(Pages 24, 25)

Sac

NIA

Sac

1302.1.69302.1.7

MCRB provides commentary type language addressing siteinvestigation of the soil to determine the drainage methodneeded to maintain a dry basement.

Both MCRB and SBC require the finish grade to slope awayfrom the foundation for drainage. Both MCRB and SBC requireprovisions to be made to prevent soil erosion and divert wateraway from the foundation.


MCRE

111.8.6 Seepage Quantities(Pages 2541)

SBC

NIA

AdMCRB provides a 'flow net analysisr to determine if thedrainage system is feasible. SC is a performance code anddoes not provide sample calculations.


8-39

A Recommendation: None.

MCRtB

IlI.B.7a Penetrations, Cracks, Joints,and "Waterproofing' - LUIityOpenings(Page 31)


MCRB

IlI.B.7b Penetrations, Cracks, Joints,and Waterproofing - Techniquesthat Lessen Cracking in Concrete(Pages 31-34)


MCRB

II.B.7c Penetrations, Cracks,Joints, and "Waterproofing -"Waterproofing, Basements(Pages 34, 35)


MCRB

III.B.8 Subsystems (Plumbing)(Pages 35, 36)


MCRB

III.B.9 Anchorage(Pages 36, 37)

SBC

1312.2.4

SBC

N/A

SBC

1312.11312.2

SBC

N/A

Both MCRB and SBC require penetrations through walls to bewatertight.

MCRB provides commentary type language addressing crackcontrol. SBC is a performance code and does not providecommentary.

Both MCRB and SBC address waterproofing. MCRBaddresses the use of drains. sumps, and pumps. SBCaddresses the use of waterproofing' on the basement wall.

None. The SBC does not address plumbing.

SBC

1408.3 MCRB provides alcula; ;o determine the anchorage1706.1 requirements. MCRB - es a minimum of 12 inch anchor

bolts spaced a maximum of 8 ft anchored into 2 block coursesor 16 inches with a minimum of 2 bolts per plate. SBC requiresa minimum of 1/2 inch anchor bolts spaced a maximum of 6 ftembedded at least Winches in concrete or 8 inches intomasonry units.

Recommendation: The MCRB should be changed to comply with current model codes.

MCRB

III.B.10 Some Concrete ConstructionPractices(Pages 37-46)

SBC

1602.616051607

Both MCRB and SBC contain provisions for handling anddepositing concrete, consolidating concrete, cold weatherconsiderations, additives lacing reinforcement, etc. However,MCRB also contains cc. -entary type language.


B-40

iIL.B.11 Some Block ConsructionPractices(Pages 47-50)

Recomnendation: None.

C. Loads

MCR

III.C.1 SoilI.C.1.a Sand, Sift, Clay

lll.C.1.b Expansive Soilslll.C.1.c Permeabilityiii.C.1.d Saturation(Pages 50-57)


MCOB

111.0.1 SoilIlI.C.1.e Erosion

sac

Sac

1302.21302.3

anChapter 14 MCRH contains commentary type language addressing ways to

improve the waterproofing quality of concrete masonry walls.SBC contains minimum requirements for all types of masonryconstruction.

MCRB contains commentary type language on soil types,expansive soils, permeability, and saturation. MCRB contains

sample calculations for nonexpansive and expansive soils.SBC contains provisions for soils investigation and expansivesoils.

MCRB addresses methods of inhibiting erosion by soiltreatment, seeding, and mulching. SBC requires provisions tobe made to prevent soil erosion from roof runoff by directingwater away from the foundation.


SC

1302.1.6

MCtB

III.C.1 SoilIlI.C.1.f Backfill MaterialRelated to Lateral Pressures(Pages 58-63)


MOMB

11.C.2 Water Table-r (Page 63)

Recommendation. Non.

MCRB

111.C.3 Superstructure Loads andBuoyancy(Pages 63-71)

Recomendain None.

Sac

1312.4

Sac

N/A

SBC

N/A

MCRB provides commentary type language addressing lateralpressures exerted from backfill material. SBC simply requiresthe backfill material to be placed in such a manner so as not to

damage the foundation wall.

None. The SBC does not address the water table.

MCRB contains sample calculations to determine thesuperstructure loads imposed by buoyancy. SBC is aperformance code and does not provide sample calculations.

3-41

MCRB

IlI.C.4.d Flood WateM - Velocity(Pages 72, 73)

SBC

N/A MCRB provides commentary type language addressingincreased structural damage which may result from the highvelocity of flood waters. SBC does not address flood waters.

Recommendaion None.

MCRB

IlI.C.4.e Flood Waters - Sediment(Pages 73, 74)


MCRB

IlI.C.4.t Flood Waters - Rate of Rise(Page 74)

SBC

N/A MCRB provides commentary type language addressing floodwater deposited sediment. SBC does not address sedimentdeposited by flood waters.

SBC

N/A MCRB provides commentary type language addressing the rateof rise of flood water causing unequal loading on basementwalls which could cause damage to the wall. SBC does notaddress rate of rise of flood waters.


MCRB SBC

IlI.C.4.g Flood Water - Hydraulic/ N/AHydrologic Relations(Pages 74, 75)

MCRB references a separate Hydraulic/Hydrologic manualwhich could be used to evaluate a site (i.e. for velocity of floodwaters, erosion, sediment, flood water depth, and watershedhydrology).


MCRB SBC

III.C.5 Debris, Wind, Impact, Snow, Chapter 12 MCRB states that other than debris and impact loads; wind,Ice, and Other Live Loads snow, and ice are not considered to alter the designs in the(Page 75) MCRB. SBC requires every building to be of sufficient strength

to support the loads and forces encountered.

Recommendation. MCRB should include wind, snow, and seismic loads.

B-42

-4

Chapter V Basements in Floods

MCtB;

V.A. Structural DesigVAnalysisV.A.2. Designs, Methods, andTablesV.A.2.a Buflding Model, Dimensions,and LoadingV.A.2.b Structural Analysis Model(Wall)V.A.2.c Structural Plain Concrete.V.A.2.d Reinforced ConcreteV.A.2.e Plain Masonry BlockV.A.2.f Reinforced Masonry BlockV.A.2.g Flood Waters Above GradeV.A.2.h Slab Thickness (Based onBending)

V.A21 Structural Slab Design(Ultimate Strength Design)(Pages 88-114)

SIBC

N/A MCRB contains sample, structural calculations. MCRB refers tothe UIBC in V.A.2.e and V.A.2A. SBC is a performance codeand does not provide sample calculations.

Recommendation: MCRB should not reference a single model code. MCRB should reference only national consensusdocuments.

MCRB

V.B. Soil/Water Load PhilosophyV.B.1 Weir Level LoadV.B.2 BuoyancyV.B.3 Slab BendingV.B3.4 Wail LoadsV.B.5 Clay vs. Sand or Drain andSump vs. Sealed 'Barge

V.B.5.a Drained or Sump SystemV.B.5.b Undrained or Barge System(Pages 114-126)

Recvmmendawiorc None.

VII Appendices

MCRB

Appendix A - Soils DaAllowable Bearing Pressures(Page 164)Allowable Soil Pressures BeneathFootings(Page 166)


SBC

N/A MCRB contains commentary type language addressing thedesign philosophy of the lateral pressures exerted by soiland/or water loadings. SC is a performance code and doesnot contain commentary ype language.

N/A MCRB contains allowable bearing pressures for various soiltypes. SBC is a performance code. SBC relies on a soilsreport to determine the allowable bearing.1capacity.

3-43

Vil. Builders Guide

A. IntroductionA.2.a Soil and Water Loading onWall Cross-Section(Page 198)A.2.c Waterproofing" Systems(Page 206)A.2.d Wall Design(Page 209)A.2.e Slab Design(Page 211)B. Acceptable Wall DesignsB.1 Structural Plain Concrete(Unreinforced)

B.2 Reinforced ConcreteB.3 Unreinforced Masonry BlockB.4 Reinforced Masonry BlockB.5 Buoyancy Wall(Pages 212-239)C. Acceptable Slab Designs(Pages 240-246)D. Acceptable Control Joint Designs,Underdrain, Waterproofing' andSeals

D.1 Overview and Control JointsD.2 Sump, Pump, and Underdrain(for Drained System)

D.3 Waterproofing" and SealsD.3.a Undrained Slab and WallSystemD.3.b Drained Slab and Wall SystemD.3.c Slab/Wall/Footing Juncture(Pages 247-262)


MCRIB

Hydraulic/Hydrologic ManualI. Introductionl.B Flood Watersl.B.4 Velocityl.B.5 Sediment(Pages 7-9)

Recommendatioan None.

SBC

N/A MCRB contains details and design charts for wall design, slabdesign, control joints, sumps, and/or waterproofing. SBC is aperformance code and does not contain details or designcharts.

MCRB contains commentary type language addressingincreased structural damage which may result from the highvelocity of floodwaters and floodwater deposited sediment.SBC does not address floodwaters.

SBC

N/A

B-44


Technical Standards Bulletin: Wet Floodproofina, No. 85-1

No. 85-1 provides a definition of wet foodproofing and explainsthe justification for this type of floodproofing. SBC does notaddress floodproofing. This is addressed in Chapter 9 of theSBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.

No. 85-1

II. Protection Goals(Page 2)

SBC

NIA No. 185-1 explains that wet floodproofing consists of protectionof the structure, protection of interior finishes, protection ofmechanical and electrical systems, protection of majorequipment and machinery, and protection of contents. 8Cdoes not address loodproofing. This is addressed in Chapter9 of the SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.


No. 85-1

III.B. Structural Features(Pages 4-5)

SBC

N/A No. 85-1 addresses the superstructure materials as far asdurability, resistance to the deterioration caused by floodwaters,and water resistance. SBC does not address floodproofing.This is addressed in Chapter 9 of the S9CCI Standard forFloodplain Management.


No. 85-1

1ll.C Building Activity and Use(Pages 5&)

SBC

NIA No. 85-i addresses the need to determine the feasibility of wetfloodproofing based on building activity and use. SB0 doesnot address floodproofing. This is addressed in Chapter 9 ofthe SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.


No. 85-1

IV.A.1 Foundations(Page 6)

SBC

NA

Ana1

No. 85-1 emphasizes the importance of the need to investigatethe influence of hydrologic and hydraulic conditions on thefoundation design when wet floodproofing is used. SBC doesnot address floodproofing. This is addressed in Chapter 9 ofthe SBCCi Standard for Floodplain Management.


B-45

No. 85-1

1. Definition(Page 1)

SBC

NIA

Reco mnendaion: None.

No. 85-1

IV.A.2 Cavity Wall Construction(Pages 6-7)

SBC

N/A No. 85-1 addresses the need to drain the cavity space at a rateapproximately equal to the flood rate. SBC does not addressfloodproofing. This is addressed in Chapter 9 of the SBCCIStandard for Floodplain Management.


No. 85-1

IV.A.3 Solid Wall Construction(Pages 7-8)

SBC

N/A No. 85-1 addresses the need for the interior and exterior walcladding to be relatively impervious to prevent the intrusion ofthe floodwaters into the wall. SBC does not addressfloodproofing. This is addressed in Chapter 9 of the SBCCIStandard for Floodplain Management.


No. 85-1

IV.A.4 Interior Walls(Page 8)

SBC

N/A No. 85-1 emphasizes that the criteria for cavity wall and solidwall construction applies to interior walls. SBC does notaddress floodproofing. This is addressed in Chapter 9 of theSBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.


No. 85-1

IV.A.5 Interior Wall Finishes(Page 8)

SBC Analysis

N/A No. 85-1 addresses the need for the interior finishes to be ableto withstand inundation for a minimum of 160 hours withoutdamage, not be subject to deterioration from chemicals in thefloodwaters, and capable of being easily cleaned. SBC doesnot address floodproofing. This is addressed in Chapter 9 ofthe SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.


No. 85-

IV.A.6 Floors(Pages 8-9)

SBC

N/A No. 85-1 addresses the need for floor systems to be capable ofwithstanding the hydrostatic pressure generated by a waterlevel differential of two feet between the exterior and interior ofthe structure. SBC does not address floodproofing. This isaddressed in Chapter 9 of the SBCCI Standard for FloodplainManagement.


B-46

No. 85-1

IV.A.7 Ceiling and Roofs(Page 9)

SBC

N/A No. 85-1 addresses the need for the ceiling materials to be of atype to withstand prolonged exposure to moisture andhumidity. SBC does not address floodproofing. This isaddressed in Chapter 9 of the SBCCI Standard for FloodplainManagement.


No. 85-1

IV.A8 Building EnvelopePenetrations(Page 10)

SBC

N/A

A fRecommendation: None.

No. 85-1

IV.A.9 Electrical System(Pages 10-11)

SEC

N/A

Analysis

No. 85-1 addresses the need for building penetrations (doors,louvers, vents, skylights, etc.) to be capable of resistingdamage for a minimum of 160 hours of inundation, beessentially nonporous, and be conducive to easy cleaning.SBC does not address floodproofing. This is addressed inChapter 9 of the SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.

An*

No. 85-1 addresses the need to prevent vulnerable electricalcomponents from coming in contact with the floodwaters. SBCdoes not address loodproofing. This is addressed in 602.5and Chapter 9 of the SBCCI Standard for FloodplainManagement.


No. 85-1

IV.A. 10 HVAC(Pages 11-12)

SBC

N/A No. 85-1 emphasizes that the key protective measures forHVAC equipment is elevation and enclosure. SBC does notaddress protection of HVAC equipment from floodwaters. Thisis addressed in 602.5 and Chapter 9 of the SBCCI Standard forFloodpiain Management.


B-47


Technical Standards Bulletin: Foundation Wall Openinas. No. 85-2

SBC

1201.1 No. 85-2 provides commentary type language on flood forces(hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure) and formulas todetermine these pressures. SBC requires the structure to be ofsufficient strength to support the loads and forces encountered(wind, water, seismic, snow).

Reconmendation. No. 85-2 should address snow and seismic loads.

No. 85-2

Openings Design Criteria(Pages 4-6)

SBC

1302.6.3 No. 85-2 provides the design criteria to size the openingsneeded to allow floodwaters into an enclosure for the purposeof equalizing hydrostatic pressures. SBC only addresses crawlspace openings needed for ventilation. This is addressed in

- 602.2 of the SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.


B-48

No. 85-2

Flood Forces(Pages 1-3)


Technical Standards Bulletin: Breakaway Walls. No. 85-3

No. 85-3

II. Wind and Water Forces(Pages 2-3)

SBC

1201.11205

No. 85-3 addresses wind and flood water loads. SBC requiresevery structure to be of sufficient strength to support the loadsand forces encountered. SC does not specifically addressflood water forces but does address wind, snow, and seismicloads. No. 85-3 references the building codes or ANSI A58.1-1982 for information on wind loads. SBC references ASCE 7-88 in addition to providing a wind load map, velocity pressuresand coefficients.

Reconvnndazion: No. 85-3 should update reference to ASCE 7-88 and address snow and seismic loads.

No. 85-3

Ill. Design Approach(Page 4)

SBC

1201.1

Analysb

No. 85-3 requires the breakaway wall to be designed towithstand at least 10 psf but no more than 20 psf. SC doesnot address breakaway walls. SBC requires the structure to bedesigned for the loads and forces encountered. Breakawaywalls are addressed in 801.4 of the SBCCI Standard forFloodplain Management.


No. 89-3

IV. Design Considerations(Pages 4-10)

SBC

N/A No. 85-3 provides commentary type language and details forvarious types of breakaway walls. SC does not addressbreakaway walls. SC requires the structure to be designed forthe loads and forces encountered. Breakaway walls areaddressed in 801.4 of the SECCI Standard for FloodplainManagement.

* Recommendaon: None.

B-49


Technical Standards Bulletin: Wind Design Standards and the NFIP. No. 88-1

Both No. 88-1 and SBC address wind loads. No. 88-1 containsa reference to ANSI A58.1-1982. SBC references ASCE 7-88 inaddition to containing a wind speed map, velocity pressuretable, and coefficients for wind load design. SBC requires thestructure to be of sufficient strength to support the loads andforces encountered.

Recommendation: No. 88-1 should update reference to ASCE 7-88 and address snow and seismic loads.

A'

B-50

No. 88-1

Pages 1-5

SBC

1201.11205


Technical Standards Bulletin: Food Resistant Materials, No. 88-2

No. 88-2 SBC Analysis

Pages 1-7 N/A No. 88-2 provides data and guidance to determine materialsresistant to flood damage and how the material should beused to improve a structure's ability to withstand flooding. SBCdoes not address flood resistant' materials. This is addressedin 602.4 of the SBCC Standard for Floodplain Management.

Recommendon: None.

B-51


Twhnir-l Qtmnrlarrk RiIlatin' ra nf Cthttn ertinn Panmiiramant in noetnl inh WlOnrrt4 roa Mef R-R

No. 88-3

Lower Area Obstructions(Pages 2-4)

SBC

1201.1 No. 88-3 prohibits the construction of anything; exceptbreakaway walls, open wood latticework, or insect screening;beneath the lowest horizontal structural member in V zones.SBC does not prohibit construction provided is of sufficientstrength to support the loads or forces encountered. This isaddressed in 602.3, 800.2 and 801.4 of the SBCCI Standard forFloodplain Management.


No. 88-3

Obstructions Outside the Perimeterof the Coastal Building(Pages 4-6)

SBC

1201.1 No. 88-3 requires structures outside the perimeter of the coastalbuilding to be anchored to resist flotation, collapse, and lateralmovement due to the combined effects of wind and waterloads. SBC requires structures to be of sufficient strength tosupport the loads and forces encountered. SBC does notaddress flotation. This is addressed in 801.1 of the SBCCIStandard for Floodplain Management.

Recommndation: None.

No. 88-3

Obstructions Attached to ButOutside the Building Perimeter(Page 6)

SBC

Chapter 1 No. 88-3 explains that anything attached to the building isconsidered part of the building and has to meet the samerequirements as the building. SBC requires every building orstructure to comply with the Code.

Reconmendation: None.

B-52

. ve - -.l I-cx voca *uex Iw~~x* I xvv - -- lwx --- , ovul l| 1. .l I -- ;lcx I I^ X -n Cuba .Al Va WMV

STANDARD BUILDING CODE (SBq COMPARISON

Technical Standards Bulletin: Protection of Elevator Equipment in Flood Hazard Areas, No. 884

No. 88-4

Recommendations(Page 3)

SBC

N/A

Analsis

No. 88-4 recommends that the elevator-related hydraulicequipment and elevator-related electrical equipment be locatedabove the BFE. No. 88-4 recommends that electricalequipment that cannot be placed above the BFE to be of waterresistant models. No. a8-4 recommends that the elevator cabautomatically stay above flood waters by interlocking thecontrols with loar switches in the elevator shaft SBC doesnot address floodplain management Floodplain managementis addressed in the SBCCI Standard for FloodplainManagement.

Recommendawion: None.

B-53


Technirl S1tanrisqr4- Rillatin NFIP Mani iramante,,||| _*w.w 1~uW .r Ir- -vlwu -VI WUIUW %Al aiUW rr n 'll K'. InI rIHOWu rfzldU Areas.

NO. U-2

SBC Analysis

N/A No. 90-2 provides a summary of the National Flood InsuranceProgram (Regulations for Floodplain Management and Flood;Hazard Identification) requirements for below grade parkinggarages in flood hazard areas. SBC does not addressfloodplain management. Floodplain Management is addressedin the SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.

No. 90-2

Pages 1-4 -


B-54

fn~r Rapl-, 4r"Z-lo 0-.4,ir- :-enr brl- . A L--_ -A a


Technical Standards Bulletin: Non-Residential Floodproofing Certification Requirements of the National FloodInsurance Program. No. 90-3

No. 90-3 SBC

Pages 1-6 N/A No. 90-3 provides a summary of the National Flood InsuranceProgram (Regulations for FlodpIlain Management and FloodHazard Identification) requirements to obtain certification byfloodproofing the non-residential structure. No. 90-3 alsoprovides the forces that the structure would be subjected towhen the structure is subjected to the base flood. SBC doesnot address floodplain management. Floodplain managemertis addressed in the SBCCI Standard for FloodplainManagement.

Recomnwndadon: None.

B-55


Technical Standards Bulletin: Installation of Manufactured Homes in Special Flood Hazard Areas, No. 90-4

No. 90-4 SBC

Pages 3-19 Appendix H No. 90-4 provides a summary of the National Flood InsuranceProgram (Regulations for Floodplain Management and FloodHazard Identification) requirements which affect the placementof manufactured homes in flood hazard areas. SBC addressesmanufactured home tiedown requirements based on hurricaneand nonhurricane zones. SBC does not address floodplainmanagement. Floodplain management is addressed in theSBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.

Recocmndaton None.

B-56

STANDARD MECHANICAL CODE (SMC) COMPARISON

NFIP (Reoulations for Foodplain Management and Flood Hazard Identificaticn) (44 CFR 59.1, 60.3. and 60.6)

NFIP

59.1 Definitions60.3 Floodplain ManagementCriteria for Flood-Prone Areas

Recommendazion: None.

60.6 - Variances and Exceptions

NFIP

60.6(c)(2)i) Food-Proof Wall

NIA

SWC

302303

None. These sections of NFIP do not address mechanicalequipment or its installation.

NFlP requires the basement area, together with utilities andsanitary facilities below the floodproofed design evel, to bewatertight with walls that are impermeable to the passage ofwater without human intervention. The SM allows underfloorinstallation but does not specify minimum elevations forequipment. This is addressed in 6021.2, 602.5, and Chapter of the SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.

Recommendaion The SMC should be revised to reference the SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management

NFIP

60.6(c)(2) (Id Basement Top ofFloor Elevation60.6(c)(2)(iii) Fill60.6(c)(2)(Gv) Use of a RegisteredProfessional

60.6(c)(2)(v) Building Inspection

Recommendarion: None.

N/A None. NFIP does not address mechanical equipment or itsinstallation.

B-57



FEMA 54 SMC

Design and Construction Guidelines N/Apostspost embedmentpost anchoragepiersbrick and concrete masonry piersconcrete pierspier footingsshear walls and floor diaphragmspier foundation connectionsfloor beamscantileversfloor joist to floor beam connection

(Pages 68.88)

Recomwndation None.

FEMA 54

Figure 4.48 Protective Utility Shaft(Page 92)

SMC

607607.3.1.5

None. These sections.of FEMA 54 do not address mechanicalequipment or its installation.

FEMA 54 requires fuel piping serving an elevated structure tobe on the leeward side of post/columns or enclosed in aprotective shaft. SMC requires piping to be supported andprotected against physical damage.

Recommendation: None since both address the issue of damage only in different directions. FEMA - prescriptive SMC -performance.

FEMA 54


SMC

302303

FEMA 54 requires all mechanical equipment to be elevatedabove expected flood waters, with indoor componentspreferably installed in attics. The SMC allows attic installationbut does not specify minimum elevations for equipment.

Recommendaion These sections of the SMC should be revised to reference the SBCCI Standard for FloodplainManagement.

FEMA 54 SMC

Mechanical Equipment Ch. 5(Page 93, Paragraph 2) Continued 504.2

FEMA 54 requires air ductwork to have emergency openings atlowest elevations and a minimum slope on horizontal duct runsto allow drainage. The SMC requires that ducts be suitablyprotected when placed in locations where they may be subjectto damage.

Recommendation: None since both address the issue of damage only in different directions. FEMA - prescriptive SMC -performance.

B-58

FEMA 54

Septic Tanks(Page 93, Paragraph 3)


FEMA 54

Building MaterialsWoodSteelConcrete and Masonry(Pages 93-95)


FEMA 54

Insulation(Pages 95, 96)

SMC

NIA

SMC

N/A

SWC

506610

The SMC does not address septic tanks.

None. These sections of FEMA 54 do not address mechanicalequipment or its installation.

Analysis

FEMA 54 requires underfloor exposed pipes to be insulatedwith impermeable or inexpensively replaced insulation.Inexpensive insulation is not defined in FEMA. The SMCrequires air duct in nonconditioned areas to be insulated andpiping to be insulated for personal protection and forcondensation control. This is addressed in 602.4 and 602.5 ofthe SBCCI Standard for Flcodplain Management.

Recommendation: Change FEMA 54 to address insulation of exposed ductwork.

FEMA 54

Glossary(Pages 113-115)

Recommendadion None.

FEMA 54

Performance Criteria C.2 (1.3)'Protection Against UnnecessaryDamagW(Page 134)

V Recommendation None.

SMC

INI/A

SIMC

None. The Glossary section of FEMA 54 does not addressmechanical equipment or installation.

Analysis

607, 607.3.1.5, See previous sections. This is only a recap.302, 303,Oh. 5, 504.2

B-59


Coastal Construction Manual FEMA 55)

FEMA 55

Chapter 4 -Structural DesignSection 4.3.6 Utilities(Pages 4-50 to 4-52)

SMC

Ch. 3607607.3.1.5302303

FEMA 55 requires all mechanical equipment to be elevatedabove BFE, and fuel piping be on the leeward side ofcolumns/piers or enclosed in shaft. The SMC allows atticinstallation of equipment, but does not specify minimumelevations for equipment. The SMC requires fuel piping to besupported and protected from physical damage.

Recommendation: (1) For equipment location - the SMC should be revised to reference the Standard for FloodplainManagement (2) for fuel pipe protection - None both address the issue only in different directions. FEMA - prescriptiveSMC - performance

FEMA 55

Ch. 5 - Larger Structures(Pages 5-1 to 5-9)Appendix A - Design Tables(Pages A-1 to A47)Appendix B - Bracing(Pages B-1 to B-15)Appencix D.- Design Equationand Procedures

(Pages D-1 to D-32)


FEMA 55

Appendix G 'Sample CoastalConstruction Code,12. Utilities

(Page G-8)

SMC

N/A

SMC

302303

Anatysis

None. These sections of FEMA 55 do not address mechanicalequipment or its installation.

Analysis

FEMA 55 requires all mechanical equipment to be elevatedabove expected floodwaters. The SMC allows suchinstallations, but does not specify minimum equipmentelevations.

Recommendation: The SMC should be revised to reference the Standard for Floodplain Management.

V

B-60


Manufactured Home Installation in Flood Hazard Areas, (FEMA 85)

FEMA 85

Chapter il Elevation andAnchoring Techniques

(Pages 19-31)Chapter IV Design of ElevatedFoundations(Pages 33-70)Appendix D Calculationa]Procedure for ElevatedFoundation Design(Pages 89-97)Appendix E Buoyancy and DragForces(Pages 99-101)

Recomnendatiorn None.

SMC

N/A None. These sections of FEMA do not address mechanicalequipment or its installation.

B-61


Floodproofing Non-Residential Structures (FEMA 102)

FEMA 102

Ch. I Introduction(Pages 8-13)Ch. III Floodproofing DesignPermanent & Contingent Measures

(Pages 37-72, 80-88)


FEMA 102

Ch. IV Other FloodproofingMeasuresC. Utilities(Pages 99-105)

SMC Analysis

N/A None. These sections of FEMA 102 do not addressmechanical equipment or its installation.

SMC

302303

308

FEMA 102 requires mechanical equipment to be elevatedabove BFE or "floodproofed". Floodproofing entails a watertightenclosure, with all penetrations into the building pressuresealed. The SMC allows such installations, with proper accessand clearance to combustibles.

FEMA 102 requires mechanical exhaust fans discharging belowthe BFE to be protected by flood shields. The SMC requiresexhaust to discharge outdoors at a point where it will not causea nuisance or 10 ft above a public walkway.

Recommendation: (1) Revise SMC to reference the Standard for Floodplain Management (2) Revise FEMA 10.2 toreference the locally adopted model code for installation clearances.

FEMA 102 SMC Analysis

Appendix B Glossary,(Pages 161-166)Appendix D "FloodproofingPerformance Criteria"Parts B and D

(Pages 182-193)


FEMA 102

Appendix D FloodproofingPerformance Criteria"Part C Performance CriteriaCriteria #6 HeatingAir-Conditioning & Ventilation(A) Location

(Page 192)

N/A

SMG

302303

None. These sections of FEMA 102 do not addressmechanical equipment or its installation.

FEMA 102 requires that all mechanical equipment be installedabove BFE, or be enclosed in water-tight rooms. The SMCallows elevated or enclosed installation but requires access andclearance to combustibles.

Recommendation: (1) Revise FEMA 102 to reference the local model codes for access and clearance. (2) Revise SMC toreference Standard for Floodplain Management

B-62

FEMA 1

Appendix D 'FoodprooingPerformance Criteria!Part C 'Performance CriteriaCriteria #6 Heating, Air-Conditioning and Ventilation(B) Heating and Air Conditioning

(Page 192)

SMC

607 FEMA 102 requires that fuel systems below the BFE beequipped with automatic shutoff valves activated by risingwater. The SMC would not require or prohibit such valves.

306.2 FEMA 102 requires all heating equipment be vented to a levelabove BFE. SMC requires vent/chimney termination 3 ft aboveroof and 2 ft higher than any portion of the roof within 10 ft.

Recommendador Revise S MC to reference Standard for Floodplain Management. -

FEMA 102

Appendix D 'FloodproofingPerformance CriteriaPart C 'Performance Criteria'Criteria #6 HeatingAir-Conditioning & Ventilation

(! Ventilation(Page 193)

SMC

307308Ch. 5

Ch. 5

510

FEMA 102 requires all ductwork located below BFE to slope todrainage openings. The SMC does not require conditioned airducts to slope.

FEMA 102 requires all ductwork located below BFE to beanchored against floodwaters. The SMIC requires adequatesupport per SMACNA.

FEMA 102 requires all penetrations of the building envelope byair ductwork to-have a closure assembly. The SMC requiresfire dampers at certain firewalls.

Recomendation: The SMC should be revised to reference Standard Floodplain Management.

FEMA 102

Appendix 0 'FloodproofingPerformance CriteriaPart C Performance Criteria,Criteria #6 HeatingAir-Conditioning & Ventilation(0) Fuel Tanks and Unes

(Page 193)

WCa

607 FEMA 102 requires fuel tanks and lines to be located aboveBFE or anchored and protected from floodwater velocity/surgewith a fact of safety of 1.5. The SMC allows installation of fuelstorage tanks either inside or outside buildings but does notaddress uplift forces. The SMC states that the piping shall beprotected from physical damage.

Recommendaton: Th SMC should reference tank location, uplift forces, and the Standard for Floodplain Management.

FEMA 102

Appendix 0 'FloodproofingPerformance CriteriaPart C 'Performance CriteriaCIteria #7 "Plumbing Systems,

(Page 193)


WC

NIA None. This appendix of FEMA 102 does not addressmechanical equipment on its installation.

B-63



FEMA 114

Ch. 3 Elevation(Pages 46-49, 61-68)Ch. 6 Floodwalls(Pages 111-129)Ch. 7 Closures(Pages 133-142)Ch. 8 Sealants(Pages 145-156)


FEMA 114

Ch. 9 Protection of Utilities9.4 Permanent Protective Measures(Pages 160-163)

SMC

N/A None. These sections of FEMA 114 do not addressmechanical equipment or its installation.

Analysis

FEMA 114 requires utility connections to be above flood level,shielding for basement appliances, elevated installation forexterior appliances, suspension for underfloor equipment, andanchoring for fuel storage tanks. The SMC allows these typesof installations but requires minimum clearances tocombustibles and access which is ignored by FEMA 114.

SMC

Ch. 3

Recommendation: (1) Change FEMA to reference locally adopted model codes for clearances to combustible materialsand minimum access (2) change the SMC to reference the Standard for Floodplain Management.

FEMA 114

Ch. 9 Protection of Utilities9.5 Utility Relocation toExisting Space

(Pages 163-164)

SMC

Ch. 3 FEMA 114 addresses relocation of mechanical equipment fromthe basement to upper levels or attics. The SMC allows attic orcloset installation as an option, but specifies minimumclearances and access.

Recommendation: Section 9.5 of FEMA 114 should be revised to reference minimum clearances for heat producingappliances according to local model codes.

FEMA 114

Ch. 9 Protection of Utilities9.6 Utility Relocatios toNew Space

(Pages 164, 165)

SMC

Ch. 3 FEMA 114 addresses relocation of mechanical equipment to anewly constructed space. The SMC allows equipment rooms,but specifies minimum clearances and access.

Recommendation: Section 9.6 of FEMA 114 should be revised to encourage obtaining a building permit for newconstruction/alterations. t should also reference model codes for minimum clearance to combustibles and access toequipment.

B-64

1

FEMA 114

Ch. 9 Protection of Utilities9.8 Storage Tank Anchorage(Page 166)

SMC

607 FEMA 114 requires anchorage of fuel storage tanks. The SM:allows installation of fuel storage tanks inside or outsidestructures, but does not specifically address uplift forces.

Recounendatiow Revise the SMG:: to reference the Standard for Floodplain Management and add a section on fuel tankanchorage.

FEMA 114

Chapter 10 Special Situations(Pages 176, 177)

x Appendix C Forces(Pages 197-2D7)

Reconunedafion: None.

WMC

NIA None. These sections of FEMA 114 do not address,mechanical equipment or its installation.

B-65



FEMA 165



SMC

N/A None. This page of FEMA 165 does not address mechanicalequipment or its installation.

B-66


Manual for the Consruction of Residential Basements in Non-Coastal Flood Environs (MCRB)

MCRB

Chapter [IU. Basement Construction(Pages 13-75),Chapter V. Basements in Floods(Pages 88-126)Chapter Vil Appendix A - Soils Data(Pages 164, 166)Chapter VIII Builder's Guide(Pages 198, 206, 209, 211-262)Hydraulic/Hydrologic Manual(Pages 7-1 0)

Recommendationi None.

SMC

NIA None. MCRB does not address mechanical equipment or itsinstallation.

B-67


Technical Standards Bulletin: Wet Floodproofinc. No. 85-1

No. 85-1

DefinitionProtection GoalsConsiderations for Applicability(Pages 1-6)


No. 85-1

IV. Guidelines for ImplementationA.1 FoundationsA.2 Cavity Wall ConstructionA.3 Solid Wall ConstructionA.4 Interior WallsA.5 Interior Wall FinishesA.6 FloorsA.7 Ceilings and RoofsA.8 Building Envelope PenetrationsA.9 Electrical Systems(Pages 6-11)


No. 85-1

IV. Guidelines for Implementation4.A.10 HVAC(Page 11)

SWc

N/A None. These sections of No. 85-1 do not address mechanicalequipment or its installation.

SMC


No. 85-1 requires mechanical equipment to be elevated orenclosed for protection. The SMC allows enclosedinstallations, but does not specify minimum elevations forequipment.

SLC

302303

Recommendanon: The SMC should be revised to reference the Standard for Floodplain Management.

B-68


Technical Standards Bulletin: Foundation Wall Oveninos. No. 85-2

No. 85-2


Recomnwndadon: None.

No. 85-2

It Openings Design Criteria(Pages 46)

SMC

NIA

SMC

302303

Analss

None. This section of No. 85-2 does not address mechanicalequipment or its installation.

Analysis

No. 85-2 gives sizing criteria for foundatlon wall openings usedto equalize hydrostatic pressures. The SMC addresses crawlspace access opening size only where mechanical equipmentis installed there. This section of FEMA really doesn't addressmechanical equipment installation.

Recommendatrn: None.

B-69


Technical Standards Bulletin: Breakaway Walls, No. 85-3

No. 85-3

II. Wind and Water Forces1ll. Design ApproachIV. Design Considerations(Pages 2-10)


SMC


B-70


Technical Standards Bulletin: Wind Design Standards and the NFIP, No. 88-1

No. 8-1 SMC Anais

Pages 1-5 N/A None. These pages of No. 8a-1 do not address mechanicalequipment or its installation.


B-71


Technical Standards Bulletin: Flood Resistant Materials. No. 88-2

No. 88-2 SMC

Pages 1-7 N/A None. These pages of No. 88-2 do not address mechanicalequipment or its installation.

Reconendation: None.

B-72


Technical Standards Bulletin: Free of Obstruction Requirement in Coastal High Hazard Areas. No. 88-3

No. 88-3

Lower Area ObstructionsObstructions Outside the Perimeterof the Coastal BuildingObstructions Attached to ButOutside the Building Perimeter(Pages 2-6)

Recomm Sndorrv None.

sC

NIA

Analysis

None. These pages of No. 88-3 do not address mechanical,equipment or its installation.

B-73

STANDARD MECHANICAL CODE (SMC): COMPARISON

Technical Standards Bulletin: Protection of Elevator Equipment in Flood Hazard Areas, No. 884

No. 88-4

Recommendation #1Page 3

SMC __

Ch. 3 No. 88-4 requires location of elevator equipment above baseflood elevation. The SMC allows such installation but does notspecify minimum equipment elevations.

Recommendation: Revise the SMC to reference the Standard for Floodplain Management.

B-74

STANDARD MECHANICAL CODE (SMq COMPARISON

Technical Standards Bulletin: NFIP Requirements for Below Grade Parking Garages in Flood Hazard Areas,No. 90-2

No. 90-2 SMC Anasis

Pages 14 N/A None. These pages of No. 90-2 do not address mechanicalequipmPent or ts installation.

Recommendion None.

B-75


Technical Standards Bulletin: Non-Residential FloodDroofina Certification Requirements of the National FloodInsurance Program. No. 90-3

No. 90-3

Section D-2(Pages 1-6)

SMC

Ch. 3

Analysis

No. 90-3 requires all utilities to be (1) Above BFE or (2)completely watertight, or (3) completely enclosed by thebuilding's watertight walls. The SMC allows such installationsbut requires clearances and access to equipment.

Reconmendation. Revise No. 90-3 to reference the local model codes for clearance to combustibles and access toequipment.

VI

B-76


Technical Standards Bulletin: Installation of Manufactured Homes in Special Flood Hazard Areas. Nc 90-4

Na. 90-4 SWM Analysis

Pages 3-19 NIA None. These sections of No. 90-4 do not address mechanicalequipment or its installation.


B-77

STANDARD GAS CODE (SGC) COMPARISON

NFIP (Regulations for Fodplain Management and Flood Hazard Identification) (44 CFR 59.1, 60.3. and 60.6)

NFIP

59.1 Definitions60.3 Floodplain ManagementCriteria to Flood-Prone Areas


60.6 - Variances and Exceptions

NFIP

60.6(c)(2)(i) Flood-proof Walls

SGC

N/A None. These sections of NFIP do not address gas-firedequipment.

SGC

Chapter 4 NFIP requires the basement area, together with utilities andsanitary facilities below the floodproofed design level, to bewatertight with walls that are impermeable to the passage ofwater without human intervention. The SGC defers to the SMCfor access and clearance, but does specify minimumcombustion air and venting criteria. Utility location andfloodproofing are addressed in 602.1.2, 602.5, and Chapter 9 ofthe SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.

Recommendation: The SGC should be revised to reference the SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.

NFIP

60.6(c)(2)(ii) Basement Top of FloorElevation

60.6(c)(2)(lii) Fill60.6(c)(2)(iv) Use of a RegisteredProfessional



SGC

N/A None. NFIP does not address gas-fired equipment.

B-78

Al


Elevated Residential Structures FEMA 54Bi

FEMA 54

Design and Construction Guidelinespostspost embedmentpost anchoragepiersbrick and concrete masonry piersconcrete pierspier footingsshear walls and floor diaphragmspier foundation connectionsfloor beamscantileversfloor joist to floor beam connection(Pages 68-88)


FEMA 54

Figure 4.48 Protective UtilityShaft(Page 92)

SGC

N/A

SGC

Ch. 3308

Aralysis

None. These sections of FEMA 54 do not address gas-firedequipment.

FEMA 54 requires gas piping serving an elevated structure tobe installed on the leeward side of post/columns or enclosed ina protective shaft. The SGC requires piping to be supportedand allows a shaft enclosure.

Recommendation: The SGC should be revised to reference the Standard for Floodplain Management.

FEMA 54


SeC

Ch. 44024

FEMA 54 requires all gas-fired mechanical equipment to beelevated above expected flood waters with indoor componentspreferably installed in attic. The SCC defers to the SMC foraccess and clearance, but does specify minimum combustionair and venting criteria. Ductwork is covered in the SMC.

Recommendation: (1) Revise FEMA to caution that fuel-fired equipment must be installed to local codes (2) Revise SGCto reference the Standard for Floodplain Management.

FEMA 54


Recommendationv None.

SeC

N/A

Analsis

None. The S:C does not address septic tanks.

B-79

FEMA 54



FEMA 54



FEMA 54



FEMA 54

Performance Criteria C. 2 (1.3)'Protection Against UnnecessaryDamage,

(Page 134)


SGC

N/A

SGC

N/A

SGC

N/A

SGC

Ch. 3, 308Ch. 4, 402.4

None. These sections of FEMA 54 do not address gas-firedmechanical equipment.

None. The SGC does not address insulation.

None. The Glossary section of FEMA 54 does not addressgas-fired mechanical equipment.

See previous sections on FEMA 54. This is only a summary.

B-80


Coastal Construction Manual (FEMA 55'

FEMA 55

Chapter 4 - Structural DesignSection 4.3.6 Utilities

(Pages 4-50 to 4-52)

SGC

Ch. 3, 308,Ch. 4, 402.4

AnaWsis

FEMA 55 requires all gas-fired equipment to be elevated aboveexpected flood water and gas piping to be installed on theleeward side of posts/columns or enclosed in shafts. The SGCdefers to the SMC for access requirements, but does specifyminimum combustion air and venting. The SCC requirespiping to be supported and would allow the shaft.

Recommendation: (1) For elevation - revise the SGC to reference the Standard for Floodplain Management. (2) For fuelI supply - revise FEMA to reference model codes for installation.

FEMA 55

Ch. 5 Larger Structures(Pages 5-1 to 5-9)Appendix A Design Tables(Pages A-1 to A-47)Appendix B Bracing(Pages B-i to B-1)Appendix D Design Equations andProcedures

(Pages D-1 to -32)


FEMA 55

Appendix G'Sample Coastal Construction Code'12 Utilities(Page G-8)

SGC

N/A

Analysis


SGC

Cih. 4

Analysi

FEMA 55 requires all gas-fueled mechanical equipment to beelevated above flood waters. The SGc allows elevatedinstallations but also requires minimum combustion air andventing criteria.

Recommendaniont () Revise SGC to reference the Standard for Floodplain Management. (2) Revise FEMA 55 toreference local model codes for installation.

B-81


Manufactured Home Installation in Flood Hazard Areas (FEMA 85)

FEMA 85

Chapter III Elevation andAnchoring Techniques(Pages 1941)Chapter IV Design of ElevatedFoundations

(Pages 33-70)Appendix D CalculationalProcedure for ElevatedFoundation Design

(Pages 89-97)Appendix E Buoyancy and DragForces

(Pages 99-101)


SGC

N/A

Analysis


B-82

STANDARD GAS CODE (SGCq COMPARISON

Floodproofina Non-Residential Structures FEIMA 102)

FEMA 102

Ch. I Introduction(Pages 8-13)Ch. I Floodproofing DesignPermanent & Contingent Measures

(Pages 37-72, 8048)

Recommendarv None.

FEMA 102

Chapter V Other Floodproofing& Measures

C. Utilities(Pages 99-105)

SGC

N/A

SGC

402611

611

Analysis


FEMA 102 requires gas-fired mechanical equipment to beelevated above BFE' or floodproofed.' Fioodproofing entailsa watertight enclosure for equipment with all penetrations of thebuilding envelope pressure sealed. The SGc allows equipmentenclosure with proper access. Adequate combustion air andproper venting.

FEMA 102 requires exterior gas natural draft vents below BFEto be protected by flood shields. The SGC allows very limitedexterior venting.

Recomnendadionr (1) Revise the SC to reference the Standard for Floodplain Management. (2) Revise FEMA 102 toreference the locally adopted model code for installation criteria.

FEM 102

Appendix B Glossary,(Pages 161-1,66)Appendix D FloodproofingPerformance CriteriaParts B and D

(Pages 182-192)

'IVf Recomnendation None.

FEMA 102

Appendix D 'FloodproofingPerformance Crieria

Part C 'Performance CrerirCriteria #6 HeatingAir-Conditioning andVentilation

(A) Location(Page 192)

SGC

N/A

SGC

Ch. 4402.4

Analysis

None. These sections of FEMA 102 do not address gas-fuelappliances.

Analysis

FEMA 102 requires that all gas-fired mechanical equipment beinstalled above FE, or be enclosed in water-tight rooms. TheSGC allows elevated or enclosed installation but specifiesminimum combustion air and venting.

Rcomndadrion (1) Revise SGC to reference Standard of Floodplain Management. (2) Revise FEMA to referencelocally adopted model codes for installation requirements.

B-83

FEMA 102

Appendix D FloodprootingPerformance Criteria'Part C 'Performance Criteria'

Criteria #6 HeatingAir-Conditioning & Ventilation

(B) Heating and Air Conditioning(Page 192)

SGC

Ch. 4Ch. 5Ch. 6

608.3

FEMA 102 requires that gas delivery systems installed belowBFE be equipped with automatic shutoff valves, activated byrising water. The SGC would not require or prohibit suchvalves.

FEMA 102 requires all gas heating equipment be vented to alevel above BFE. The SGC requires natural draft gas vents toterminate at least 2 ft above roof and 2 ft above any portion ofthe roof within 10 ft.

Recommendation. Revise SGC to reference Standard of Floodplain Management.

FEMA 102

Appendix D FloodproofingPerformance Criteria'

Part C Performance Criteria'Criteria #6 HeatingAir-Conditioning & Ventilation(C) Ventilation(Page 193)


FEMA 102

Appendix D 'FloodproofingPerformance Criteria'

Part C Performance Criteria'Criteria #6 HeatingAir-Conditioning & Ventilation(D) Fuel Tanks and Lines(Page 193)

SGC

N/A

SGC

Ch. 3Ch. 9

Ventilation ductwork is addressed in the SMC.

Anat

FEMA 102 requires fuel storage tanks and lines to be locatedabove BFE or anchored and protected against floodwaters by afactor of safety of 1.5. The SGC does not address uplift forceson storage tanks.

Recommendation: Revise SGC to reference Standard of Floodplain Management and address buoyancy forces onstorage tanks.

FEMA 102

Appendix D 'FloodproofingPerformance Criteria

Part C 'Performance CriteriaCriteria #7 "Plumbing Systems'(Page 193)

Recommendatin: None.

SGC

NIA

Analysis

None. The SGC does not address plumbing.

B-84


Retrofitting Flood-Prone Residential Structures (FEMA 1 14)l

FEMA 114

Ch. 3 Elevation(Pages 4649, 61-88)Ch. 6 Floodwalls(Pages 111-129)Ch. 7 Closures(Pages 133-142)Ch. 8 Sealants(Pages 145-156)


FEMA 114

Ch. 9g Protection of Utilities9.4 Permanent Protective Measures(Pages 160-163)

SGC

N/A

Analysis


SGC

Ch. 4Ch.

Analysis

Section 9.4 of FEMA 114 requires utility connections to beabove flood level, shielding for basement appliances, elevatedexterior appliances, suspension for underfloor equipment andanchoring of fuel storage tanks. The SGC allows suchinstallation but requires adequate combustion air and venting.

Recommendaion Revise SGC to reference the Standard for Floodplain Management.

FEMA 114

Ch. 9 Protection of Utilities9.5 Utility Relocation to ExistingSpace

(Pages 163, 164)

SaC

Ch. 3 4,5 and 6

Analysis

Section 9.5 of FEMA 114 addresses relocation of equipmentfrom the basement to upper levels or attics. The SGC allowssuch installation but specifies minimum combustion air, ventingand clearances.

Recommendation. FEMA 114 should be revised to reference readers to local model codes for other safety considerations.

FEMAA 114

Ch. 9 Protection of Utilities9.6 Utility Relocation to New Space(Pages 164,165)

SGC

Ch. 3, 4,5, and 6

Section 9.6 of FEMA 114 addresses relocaticn of gasequipment to a newly constructed space. The 500 allowsequipment roms but specifies minimum combustion air,venting and fuel supply.

Recommendation: Section 9.6 of FEMA 114 should be revised to encourage obtaining of a building permit for new

constructionalterati.

FEMA 114


SOC

'Ch. 3

Analvsis

Section 9.8 of FEMA 114 requires -anchorage of fuel storagetanks. The SGC does not address uplift on LPG tanks.

Recommendation- Revise S:C to address uplift on LPG storage tanks.

8-85

EM 114SGC -

Chapter 10 Special Situations(Pages 176, 177)Appendix C Forces(Pages 197-207)


N/A

.Analysi


A

B-86

FEMA 114


Alluvial Fans: Hazards and Management FEMA 165)

FEMA 165


Recommendatiov None.

SGC

NIA

Analysis

None. FEMA 165 does not address gas-fired mechanicalequipment.

!847


Manual for the Corsruction of Residential Basements in Non-Coastal Flood Environs (MCRB)

MCRB

Chapter III BasementConstruction

(Pages 13-75)Chapter V Basements in Floods(Pages 88-126)Chapter Vil Appendb A-SoilsData

(Pages 164, 166)Chapter Vil Builders Guide(Pages 198, 206, 209, 211-262)Hydraulic/Hydrologic Manual(Pages 7-10)

Recommendaion: None.

SGC

N/A None. MCRB does not address gas-fired equipment.

a

B-88

A*

4&

STANDARD GAS CODE (SGC COMPARISON

Technical Standards Bulletin: Wet Foodproofino, No. 85-1

No. 85-1

DefinitionProtection GoalsConsiderations for Applicablilty(Pages 1-6)


No. 85-1

IV. Guidelines for ImplementationA.1 FoundationsA.2 Cavity Wall ConstructionA.3 Solid Wall ConstructionA.4 Interior WallsA.5 Interior Wall FinishesA.6 FloorsA.7 Ceilings and RoofsA.8 Building Envelope PenetrationsA.9 Electrical Systems(Pages 6-1 1)


No. 85-1

IV. Guidelines for ImplementationA.1D HVAC(Page 11)

SGC

N/A None. These sections of No. 85-1 do not address gas-firedmechanical equipment.

SGC

N/A

SoC

Ch. 4Ch. 5

Aasis

None. These sections of No. 85-1 do not address gas-firedmechanical equipment.

Analysis

No. 85-1 requires gas-fired mechanical equipment to beelevated or enclosed for protection. The SGC allows enclosedinstallation but requires combustion air and clearances tocombustible construction.

Recommendaiorc The SGO should be revised to reference the Standard for Floodplain Management.

B-89


Technical Standards Bulletin: Foundation Wall Openinas, No. 85-2

No. 85-2



No. 85-2


SMC

N/A

SGC

402.8

Analysis

None. This section of No. 85-2 does not address gas-firedmechanical equipment.

Analysis

No. 85-2 provides sizing criteria for foundation wall openingsused to equalize hydrostatic pressures. The SGC addressesaccess to appliances, but defers sizes to the SMC. However,this section of No. 85-2 doesn't address equipment installation.

Recomendaton: None.

B-9o

*



No. 85-3

11. Wind and Water Forces111. Design ApproachIV. Design Considerations(Pages 2-10)

Recommendaton None.

SGC

N/A None. These sections of No. 85-3 do not address gas-firedmechanical equipment

B-91


Technical Standards Bulletin: Wind Desicn Standards and the NFIP, No. 88-1

No. 88-1 SM Anas

Pages 1-5 N/A None. These pages of No. 88-1 do not address gas-firedmechanical equipment.


B-92

STANDARD GAS CODE (SGQ) COMPARISON

Technical Standards Bulletin: Flood Resistant Materials, No. 88-2

No 88-2 SGC Anasis


Recomnwndaion: None.

B-93



No. 88-3


Recomnda:on: None.

SGC Analss

N/A None. These pages of No. 88-3 do not address gas-firedmechanical equipment.

d�.

Ai

B-94


Technical Standards Bulletin: Protection of Elevator Equipment in Flood Hazard Areas, No. 88-4

No. 88-4 SGC Analysis

Recommendations N/A None. This page of No. 88-4 does not address gas-fred(Page 3) mechanical equipment.


B-95


Technical Standards Bulletin: NFIP Requirements for Below Grade Parking Garaaes in Flood Hazard Areas.No. 90-2



Reconumendation: None.

B-96


Technical Standards Bulletin: Non-Residential Floodoroofing Certification Requirements of the National Flood

Insurance Program. No. 90-3


Section D-2 Ch. 4 No. 90-3 requires all utilities to be (1) above design flood or 2)(Pages 1-6) Ch. 5 completely enveloped by watertight building or (3) completey

watertight. The SGC allows such installation but requiresventing and combustion air.

Recommendoaion Revise No. 90-3 to reference the local model code for venting and combustion air.

B-97


Technical Standards Bulletin: Installation of Manufactured Homes in Special Flood Hazard Areas. No. 90-4

No. 904 SGC



B-98

STANDARD PWMBING CODE (SPC) COMPARISON

NFIP (Regulations for Fkoodplain Management and Flood Hazard IdentiFication) (44 CFR 59.1, 60.3. and 60.6)

NAP

59.1 Definitions60.3 Floodplain ManagementCriteria to Flood-Prone Areas

sPc

N/A None. NFIP does not address plumbing.

Recommndation: None.

A 60.6 - Variances and Exceptions

NFIP

60.6(c) (2)(i) Flood-proof Walls

SPC

301.121204.1

NFEP requires the basement area, together with utilities andsanitary facilities below the floodproofed design level, to bewatertight with walls that are impermeable to the passage ofwater without human inteavention. The SPC prohibitsdeleterious discharge of sewage or other waste and requiresthe water distribution system to be protected against backflow.This is addressed in 602.1.2, 602.6, and 602.7, and Chapter 9of the SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.

Recommendatiorn The SPC should be revised to reference the SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.

NFIP SPC

60.6(c)(2)(i) Basement Top of Floor N/AElevation

60.6(c)(2)(ii) Fill60.6(c)(2)(iv) Use of a RegisteredProfessional



None. NFIP does not address plumbing.

B-99

STANDARD PLUMBING CODE (SPC) COMPARISON


FEMA 54 SPC

Design and Construction Guidelines N/Apostspost embedmentpost anchoragepiersbrick and concrete masonry piersconcrete pierspier footingsshear walls and floor diaphragmspier foundation connectionsfloor beamscantileversfloor joist to floor beam connection(Pages 68-88)


FEMA 54

Figure 4.48 Protective UtilityShaft

(Page 92)

SPC

407

None. These sections of FEMA 54 do not address plumbing.

FEMA 54 requires water and DWV piping serving an elevatedstructure to be attached to the leeward side of posts/columnsor enclosed in a protective shaft. The SPC requires piping tobe protected from physical damage.

Recommendation: The SPC should be revised to reference the Standard for Floodplain Management.

FEMA 54



FEMA 54


SPC

N/A

SPC

Analysis

The SPC does not address mechanical equipment.

Analysis

Appendix E FEMA 54 requires that septic tanks be floodproofed to stop301.12 floating and potential discharge of effluent. The SPC requires

proper installation and prohibits deleterious discharge.

Recommendation: None since both approach the problem from different directions. FEMA - prescriptive SPC -performance. The SPC should be revised to reference the Standard for Floodplain Management.

B-100

la

FEMA54



FEMA 54


-* Recommendation. None.

FEh1A 54



FE 54

Performance Criteria C. 2 (1.3)'Protection Against UnnecessaryDamage'

(Page 134)


sPC

NA

SPC

N/A

SPC

N/A

SPC

407Appendix E301.12


Analysis

The SPC does not address insulation.

Anatvsi

None. The Glossary section of FEMA 54 does not address

plumbing.

Anapsis

See previous sections on FEMAh 54. This is nly a summary.

B-101



FEMA 55

Chapter 4 - Structural DesignSection 4.3.6 Utilities

(Pages 4-50 to 4-52)

SPC

407

Analsis

FEMA 55 requires water and DWV piping serving elevatedstructures to be attached to the leeward side of posts/columnsor enclosed in a protective shaft. The SPC requires piping beprotected from physical damage.

Recommendation: The SPC should be revised to reference the Standard for Floodplain Management.

FEMA 55

Ch. 5 Larger Structures(Pages 5-1 to 5-9)Appendix A Design Tables(Pages A-1 to A-47)Appendix B Bracing(Pages B-1 to -15)Appendix D Design Equations andProcedures

(Pages D-1 to D-32)


FEMA 55

Appendix G'Sample Coastal Construction Code'12 Utilities(Page G-8)

SPC

N/A None. FEMA 55 does not address plumbing.

SPC

301.10808Ch. 13

Analysis

FEMA 55 requires sanitary sewer and storm drainage systemswith openings below the BFE to have backflow valves wherethe lines pass through the building envelope. The SPCrequires a backwater valve only where a drainage system maybe subject to a backflow of sewage.

Recommendation: Revise the SPC to reference the Standard for Floodplain Management and include specific criteria forthe isolation of these lines.

B-102

4.-


Manufactured Home Installation in Flood Hazard Areas (FEMA 85)

FEMA 85

Chapter Ii Elevation andAnchoring Techniques(Pages 1941)Chapter IV Design of ElevatedFoundations

(Pages 33-70)Appendix Calculational

X Procedure for ElevatedFoundation Design(Pages 89-97)Appendix E Buoyancy and DragForces

(Pages 99-101)

Recommendatorn None.

SPC

NIA

Analysis

None. FEMA 5 does not address plumbing.

B-103


Floodoroofina Non-Residential Structures (FEMA 102)

FEMA 102

Ch. I Introduction(Pages 8-13)Ch. III Floodproofing DesignPermanent & Contingent Measures

(Pages 37-72, 8048)


FEMA 102

Chapter IV Other FloodproofingMeasures

C. Utilities(Pages 99 - 105)

SPC

N/A

SPC

13021308

Analysis


Analysis

FEMA 102 requires that backwater valves be installed on thebuilding sewer at a point where the piping is strong enough toresist the flood induced pressures. A backwater valve isusually a swing-check valve. As an alternate, all gravity seweropenings below the BFE may be routed to a sump, thenpumped above BFE to the lowest entrance to the sewer (FigureIV-8). FEMA also requires wells to be equipped with awatertight casing that extends from one ft above grade to 25 ftbelow grade to minimize contamination. The SPC would allowthe backwater valve, but would prohibit the sump in situationswhere gravity sewer is available. (1308.1) The SPC does notaddress well construction.

Recommendation: (1) Revise SPC to reference the Standard for Floodplain Management. (2) Revise SPC to allow sumpsand ejectors for flood areas even where gravity drainage is available.

FEMA 102

Appendix B Glossary'(Pages 161-166)Appendix D FloodproofingPerformance CriteriaParts B and D

(Pages 182-193)


FEMA 102

Appendix D "FloodproofingPerformance Criteria

Part C 'Performance Criteria"Criteria #6 HeatingAir-Conditioning andVentilation

(A) Location(Page 192)


SPC

N/A

SPC

N/A

Analysis


Analysis

None. The SPC does not address HVAC equipment.

B-104

FEMA 102

Appendix 0 'FloodproofingPerformance Criteria'Parl C 'Performance Criteria'

Criteria #7 'Plumbing Systens(A) General(Page 193)

spC

9036.1

FEMA 102 requires that a]l plumbing system components belowBPE should be designed to minimize loss of stability ortightness. The SPC requires fixtures to be securely anchored.

Recomnwnndasiorn None.

FEMA 102

Appendix D Floodproofing* Performance Criteria'

Part C 'Performance CriteriaCriteria #7 'Plumbing Systems'(B) Sanitary Sewer Systems

* (Page 193)

SPC

301.10Ch. 13

FEMA 102 requires on-site sewage disposal systems to bedesigned to minimize floodwater effects. Sanitary sewersystems which must remain in operation during a flooding,event should be designed with a sealed holding tank sized at150% of anticipated demand. All vents should extend, aboveBFE. The SPC does not prohibit holding tanks, but makes noprovision to size the tank except for engineering. The SPC willallow, in limited instances, air admittance valves in lieu ofventing termination above roof.

Recommendaion Revise SPC to reference Standard of Floodplain Management and to prohibit air admittance valvesbelow BFE.

FEMA 102

Appendix D FloodproofingPerformance Criteria'

Part C 'Performance Criteria'Criteria #7 'Plumbing Systems'(C) Water Supply Systems(Page 193)

SPC

1204

Analysis

FEMA 102 requires that potable water supply systems beprotected from contamination during flooding. The SPCrequires protection of potable water.

Recomendaion: The SPC should reference Standard of Floodplain Management.

FEMA 102

Appendix D 'FioodproofingPerformance Criteria

Part C 'Performance Criteria'Criteria #7 'Plumbing Systems'(D) Backflow Prevention(Page 193)

SPC

301.10Ch. 13

FEMA 102 requires backwater valves on storm drain, sewaqeand potable water supply ines installed at wells or building

exits. The SPC allows such valves but only requires them forsewage backflow.

Recommendaon: Rse the SPC to reference Standard of Floodplain Management.

B-1 05



FEMA 114

Ch. 3 Elevation(Pages 46-49, 61-68)Ch. 6 Floodwalls(Pages 111-129)Ch. 7 Closures(Pages 133-142)Ch. 8 Sealants(Pages 145-156)


SPC

N/A

FEMA 114 SPC

Ch. 9 Protection of Utilities N/A9.4 Permanent Protective Measures(Pages 160-163)

Recomnwndation. None.

FEMA 114 SPC

Ch. 9 Protection of Utilities N/A9.5 Utility Relocation to ExistingSpace

(Pages 163, 164)

Recomuendation: None.

Analysis


None. This section of FEMA 114 does not address plumbing.

Analysis


FEMA 114

Ch. 9 Protection of Utilities9.6 Utility Relocation to New Space(Pages 164, 165)


FEMA 114


Recommndaon: None.

SPC

N/A

SPC


Analysis

N/A None. This section of FEMA 114 does not address plumbing.

B-106

t

FEMA 114

Chapter 10 Special Situations(Pages 176, 177)Appendix C Forces,(Pages 197-207)

Recommendauion: None.

SPC

N/A

Analysis


B-107


Alluvial Fans: Hazards and Management (FEMA

FEMA 165 SPC

Windows and Doors N/A(Page 10)

Recomnendation None.

Anae M S


B-108

STANDARD PWMBING CODE (SPO) COMPARISON

Manual for the Constion of Residential Basements in Non-Coastal Flood Environs (MCRBI

MCRB

Chapter iFI BasementConstruction (Pages 13-75)

Chapter V Basements in Floods(Page 88-126)Chapter VII Appendx A - Soils Data(Pages 164, 166)Chapter VI[I Builder's Guide(Pages 198, 206, 209, 211-262)HydraulicfHydrologic Manual(Pages 7-10)

SPC

301.121204.1

The majority of the MCRB does not address plumbing.However, 111.8.8 does address plumbing materials, sewersystems, and potable water supply systerns MCRB requiresgate vahies on the sanitary sewer outlets from the house andthe potable water supply system to be designed in such amanner to prevent contamination from flood waters. The SPCprohibits deleterious discharge of sewage or other waste andrequires the water distrihbtion system to be protected againstbackflow. This is addressed in 602.6 and 602.7 of the SBCCIStandard for Floodplain Management.

Recommendasion The SPC should be revised to reference the SBCCI Standard for Floodplain Management.

8-109


Technical Standards Bulletin: Wet FloodDroofina Bulletin, No. 85-1

No. 85-1 SPC

Definition N/AProtection GoalsConsiderations for Applicability(Pages 1-6)

Recomumendaon: None.

No. 85-1 SPC

IV. Guidelines for Implementation N/AA.1 FoundationsA.2 Cavity Wall ConstructionA.3 Solid Wall ConstructionA.4 Interior WallsA.5 Interior Wall FinishesA.6 FloorsA.7 Ceilings and RoofsA.8 Building Envelope PenetrationsA.9 Electrical Systems(Pages 6-1 1)

None. These sections of No. 85-1 do not address plumbing.

Analvsis

None. These sections of No. 85-1 do not address plumbing.


No. 85-1

IV. Guidelines for ImplementationA.10 HVAC(Page 11)


No. 85-1

A.1 1 Plumbing and Water(Not in Scope)(Page 12)

SPC

N/A

SPC

Ch. 121204

301.10

Anallsis

None. The SPC doesn't address HVAC equipment.

No. 85-1 'A.1 1 requires that interruptible water supply sourcesbe protected from contamination by a check valve. The SPCdoes require backflow prevention. No. 85-1 requires a sealedholding tank for those disposal systems required to remain inoperation during a flooding event. Sewage systems shouldhave a manual valve or a backwater valve at buildingpenetration. The SPC requires a backflow valve for sewagereversal only.

Recommendation: (1) Revise SPC to reference Standard for Floodplain Management; (2) Revise SPC to add a principlefor flood plain areas.

B-110


Technical Standards Bulletin: Foundation Wall Openings. No. 85-2

No. 85-2 SWC AnaWsis

Flood Forces NIA None. This section of No. 85-2 does not address plumbing.(Pages 1-3)

Recvmnade None.

No. 85-2 SPC Analysis

Openings Design Criteria NIA None. The SPC does not address equipment access or(Pages 4-6) foundation wall openings.

Recomendadoir None.

B-11



No. 85-3

II. Wind and Water Forces1I1. Design ApproachIV. Design Considerations(Pages 2-10)


SPC

N/A None. No. 85-3 does not address plumbing.

4t

B-112


Technical Standards Bulletin: Wind Desian Standards and the NFIP, No. 88-i

No. 88-1 SMC Anasis

Pages 1-5 N/A None. No. 88-1 does not address plumbing.


B-113


Technical Standards Bulletin: Flood Resistant Materials, No. 88-2


Pages 1-7 N/A None. No. 8-2 do not address plumbing..


B-114



No. 88-3


-V Reconwwndafion: None.

SPC

NIA

Analsis

None. No. 88-3 does not address plumbing.

B-1.15


Technical Standards Bulletin: Protection of Elevator EquiPment in Flood Hazard Areas. No. 884


Recommendations N/A None. No. 88-4 does not address plumbing.(Page 3)

Recomndation: None.

B-116

STANDARD PWMBING CODE (SPC) COMPARISON

Technical Standards Bulletin: NFIP Requirements for Below Grade Parking Garaces in Flood Hazard Areas.No. 90-2


Pages 1-4 N/A None. No. 90-2 do not address plumbing.


8-117

STANDARD PLUMBING CODE-(SPC) COMPARISON

Technical Standards Bulletin: Non-Residential FloodDroofing Certification Requirements of the National FloodInsurance Program. No. 90-3

No. 90-3

Section D-2(Pages 1-6)

SPC

I V -~; N/A

Analvsis X

No. 90-3 requires all utilities to be (1) above design flood or (2)completely enclosed by the building's watertight walls or (3) becompletely watertight. The SPC would not prohibit suchinstallation, but only regulates size of space for setting fixtures.

Recommendadon: Revise SPC to reference the Standard for Floodplain Management.

B-118


Technical Standards Bulletin: Installation of Manufactured Homes in Special Flood Hazard Areas. No. 90-4

No. 90-4 SPO Anatysis

Pages 3-19 N/A None. No. 90-4 does not address plumbing.


B-119

STANDARD FOR FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT (SFM;) COMPARISON

The Standard for Floodplain Management contains Provisions which are unique to floodplain management and

does not contain provisions for conventional construction contained in the Standard Codes.

NFIP (Regulations for Floodplain Management and Flood Hazard Identification) (44 CFR 59.1, 60.6. and 60.3)

59.1 - Definitions

NFIP

Appurtenant StructureCritical FeatureStorm Cellar

SFM

202

Anatysis

NFIP contains a definition of appurtenant structure' and criticalfeature' since it addresses requirements for flood insurance.NFIP contains a definition of a storm cellar' which is used as atemporary shelter against severe tornado or similar wind stormactivity. SFM does not contain these definitions since it doesnot address flood insurance or temporary shelters against windstorm activity.


NFIP

Base FloodBasementBreakaway WallBuildingDevelopmentElevated BuildingExisting ConstructionFloodFloodplain or Flood-Prone AreaLowest FloorManufactured Home100-year FloodStructureSubstantial Improvement

SFM

202

Analysis

The definitions in NFIP and SFM are compatible. NFIP'sdefinition of manufactured home' does not include a'recreational vehicle' while SFM includes mobile homes, parktrailers, travel trailers, and similar transportable structuresplaced on a site for 180 consecutive days or longer andintended to be improved property."


60.3 - Floodplain Management Criteria for Flood-Prone Areas

NFIP

60.3(b)(8) Manufactured HomeInstallation

SFM

603

Analysis

Both NFIP and SFM are compatible however SFM does notpermit the placement of a manufactured home within adesignated floodway or coastal high hazard area.

Recommendation: In order to avoid confusion, NFIP and SFM should list the zone designation (A, AO, AH, VO, M, etc)along with the word description (floodway, coastal high hazard).

NFIP SFM

60.3(c)(2) Elevation for Residential 602.1.1Structures

Analysis

Both NFIP and SFM require elevation of the lowest horizontalstructural member of the lowest floor including basement to beelevated to or above the base flood level.


B-120

t

NF1P

60.3(c) (3) E]evation for Non-Residential Structures; FloodproofWalls for Non-Residertial Structures

SFM

602.1.2 Both NFIP and SFM permit the structure to be constructedbelow the base flood elevation provided the structure Isfloodproofed up to the base flood eve!.


NFIP

60.3(c)(5) Flood Openings

SFM

602.2

Analysis

Both NFIP and SFM require two openings in walls below thebase flood elevation to allow the entry and exit of floodwatersto automatically equalize hydrostatic flood forces on the exteriorwalls.


+ NFlP

60.3(e) (4) Piling

SFM

801.1

Analysis

Both NFIP and SFM requires the structure in a high coastalhigh hazard area to be elevated on pilings or columns andsecurely anchored to resist flotation, collapse, and permanentlateral movement due to the effects of wind and water loading.

Recommend ation None.

NFiP

60.3(e)(5) Breakaway Walls

SFM

801.4

Analysis

Both NFIP and SFM require areas below the lowest floor to befree of obstruction or constructed with nonsupportingbreakaway walls, open wood lattice, or insect screeningintended to collapse under wind and water loads.


NFIP

60.3(e) (6) Fill

Recommnendaion: None.

60.6 - Variances and Exceptions.

NFIP

60.6(c) 2 (i) Floodproof Walls60.6(c) (2) (iv) Use of a RegisteredProfessional

SFM

801.5

SFM

900.3900.4

Analysis

Both NFIP and SFM prohibit the use of fill material for structural

support in coastal high hazard areas.

Analyss

Both NFIP and SFM require the basement area together withutilities and sanitary facilities below the floodproofed designlevel, to be watertight with walls that are impermeable to thepassage of water without human intervention. Tne SFM doesnot permit fioodproofing of walls below the flood level forresidential structures. Both NFIP and SFM require thefloodproofing measures to be certified by a registeredprofessional engineer or architect.

Recomendadon. None, since floodproofing of basements is allowed only in communities that have been granted an

exception by FEMA.

B-121

NFIP

60.6(c) (2) (ii) Basement Top of FloorElevation

60.6(c)(2)(iii) Fill

SFM

600.1604.2604.3800.2801.5

NFIP permits the basement floor to be up to five feet below theelevation of the base flood. NFIP permits the area surroundingthe structure to be protected by fill material to or above theelevation of the base flood. SFM requires the lowest floor to belocated above the base flood elevation. SFM does not permitthe use of fill material as a buffer from storm surge in coastalhigh hazard areas.

Recommnendation: None.

NFIP


SFM

Chapter 4 Both NFIP and SFM require the authority having jurisdiction toverify that the provisions of the standard are satisfied.


a

B-122

STANDARD FOR FLOODPWN MANAGEMENT (SFM) COMPARISON

The Standard for Floodplain Manacement contains provisions which are unique to floodplain management anddoes not contain provisions for conventional construction contained in the Standard Codes.

Elevated Residential Structures FEMA 54)

SFM

801.1

FEMA 54

PostsPost EmbedmentPost Anchorage(Pages 68-71)

Analysis

FEMA 54 addresses the use of wood, concrete, or steel postsas the foundation to elevate residential structures. Generalcommentary is made about installation, handling, and lateralresistance. SFM does not address post foundations butreferences Chapter 13 of the Standard Building Code for pilesystem design and installation.

Recommendadon: FEMA 54 should combine post foundations and pile foundations into one section.

FEMA 54

PiersBrick and Concrete Masonry PiersConcrete PiersPier FootingsShear Walls and Floor Diaphragms(Pages 75-77, 79)

SFM

801.1

Analysis

FEMA 54 describes he suitability of pier foundations and typesof pier foundations suitable for flood areas with low velocity andminimal erosion. FEMA 54 provides minimum reinforcing,minimum dimensional requirements, maximum height, spacing,and recommended shape. FEMA 54 requires the piers to befilled with concrete. FEMVA 54 provides a general descriptionand discussion of poured-in-place concrete piers. FEMA 54requires the footing sizes to be based on the properties of thesoil. FEMA 54 addresses the use of plywood shear walls andfloor diaphragms to brace piles or post foundations. SFIVrequires foundations to have adequate soil penetrations toresist the combined wave and wind loads to which they aresubject. SFM does not address the actual requirements for thepiers.

Recommndaion: None.

FEMA 54 -

If Pier Foundation Connection(Pages 84, 85)

SFM

801.3

Anatysis

FEMA 54 addresses anchorage of platform framingconstruction to pier foundations. SFM requires all componentsincluding floor frames to be securely fastened and adequatelyinterconnected to resist loads anticipated during flooding.

A Recomnendation. None.

FEMA 54

Floor BeamsCantilevers(Pages 86, 87)

SFMV

N/A

Analysis

FEMA 54 provides a general discussion of built-up floor beamsand cantilevered beams. FEMA 54 provides a rule of thumb'for the length of cantilever. SFM does not address constructionmaterials. Construction materials are addressed in the SBCCIStandard Building Code.

Recommendaton: FEMA 54 should delete the 'rule of thumb.'

B-123

FEMA 54

Floor Beam to Floor JoistConnection(Page 88)

SFM

801.3 FEMA 54 requires positive connection between the floor joistsand floor beams. SFM requires all components of the buildingto be securely fastened and adequately interconnected to resistloads anticipated during flooding.


FEMA 54

Figure 4.48, Protective Utility Shaft(Page 92)


FEMA 54


Recommendatiot None.

FEMA 54


SFM

602.5

SFM

602.5

SFM

501.2602.7

FEMA 54 and SFM require utility protection.

Both FEMA 54 and SFM require the mechanical equipment tobe designed and located so as to prevent water from enteringthe components.

FEMA 54 requires septic tanks to be floodproofed to preventthe tank from rising out of the ground. FEMA 54 and SFMrequires the tank to be designed to minimize or eliminatedischarge of effluent into the floodwaters.

Recommendation: None. SFM should address buoyancy forces on tanks.

FEMA 54

Building MaterialsWoodSteelConcrete and MasonryInsulation(Pages 93-96)

SFM

NIA FEMA 54 addresses the need for preservative treatment,corrosion protection, and increased durability of buildingmaterials exposed to the elements and flood water. FEMA 54addresses the need for insulation on the exposed floor of anelevated residence. SFM does not address building materialsor insulation requirements. This is addressed in the CABOModel Energy Code.


FEMA 54


SPM

202 Both FEMA 54 and SFM contain some of the same definitionsand some different definitions. The definitions are appropriatefor each document.


B-124

FEMA 54

Performance Criteria(Pages 125-135)

SFM

401.3801.3

Analysis

FEMA 54 addresses performance criteria used to designbuildings to withstand the design flood (1) without causingunacceptable risks to its occupants or to adjacent propertyowners, (2) without causing unacceptable health hazards to itsoccupants, r (3) without sustaining damage to unacceptablemagnitude. SFM requires the building to be certified by aregistered professional engineer or architect that it is designedto withstand velocity waters, wave action, and wind loadings.SFM requires all components to be securely fastened andadequately interconnected to resist the loads anticipated duringflooding.

Recommendaiorn FEMA 54 should include performance criteria for snow and seismic loads. The use of the phrases"unacceptable risks", 'unacceptable health hazards', and "unacceptable magnitude t are too subjective.

8-125

STANDARD FOR FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT (SFM) COMPARISON

The Standard for Floodplain Management contains provisions which are unique to floodplain management anddoes not contain provisions for conventional construction contained in the Standard Codes.


FEMA 55

4.1 Flood Frequency(Page 4-1, Paragraph 4)

SFM

801.1

Analysis

Both FEMA 55 and SFM reference the base flood (100 year) asthe water force for which the structure must be designed toresist.


FEMA 55

4.1.1 Wind(Page 4-1, Paragraphs 6 & 7Page 4-2, Figure 4-1Page 4-3, Paragraphs 2 & 3Page 4-6)

SFM

801

Anatysis

FEMA 55 references the procedures of ANSI A58.1-1982 fordesign with particular emphasis placed on elevation of the roofabove grade and high wind pressures at the corners of thehouse, at and under roof eaves, and at the peak of the roof.SFM references 1205 of the Standard Building for design windloads. SBC permits ASCE 7-1988 (formerly ANSI A58.1-1982)in addition to the wind load provisions of 1205.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should update its reference to ASCE 7-1988.

FEMA 55

4.1.2 Salt Air, Moisture andWind-Driven Rain(Pages 4-7, 4-8)

SFM

N/A

Analysis

FEMA 55 provides general discussion of the hazards of salt air,moisture and wind driven rain on wood, bolts, rails, andconnectors. SFM does not address decay or corrosion ofbuilding materials.


FEMA 55

4.1.3 Water, Waves, and Debris(Page 44, Paragraph 4)

SFM

401.3

Analysis

FEMA 55 addresses the impact loads exerted on the piles asthe result of the movement of debris, (fences, porches, stains,utility poles, etc.) FEMA 55 has provided for the collision of a300 pound object moving at surface water velocity anddecelerating over a maximum distance of 0.5 ft. SFM requires,in coastal high hazard areas, certification from a professionalengineer or architect that the building is designed to withstandvelocity waters, wave action, and wind loadings.

4k

Recommendation: None since both address the issue of damage only from different directions: FEMA-prescriptive, SBC-performance.

B-126

I

FEMA 55

4.1.4 Effects of Forces on Higherand Larger Structures(Page 4-9)

SFM

801.1

Anatysis

FEMA 55 discusses the higher wind forces, uplift andoverturning with respect to the height of the building. SFMrefers to 1205 of the Standard Building Code, which doesaddress building height, for design wind load values.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should provide velocity pressures (psf) for varied wind speeds and building height.

FEMA 55

4.2 Construction Materials -(Page 4-9)

SFM

NIA

Anatysis

FEMA 55 provides a general discussion of the types ofconstruction materials (wood, steel, concrete) and their use inthe coastal environment. SFM does not address constructionmaterials.


FEMA 55

4.2.1.1 Pilings (Wood)(Pages 4-9] 4-10)

SFM

801.1

Analysis

FEMA 55 provides general comments on the use of woodpilings (species and decay resistances. SFM refers to Chapter13 of the Standard Building Code for pile design andinstallation.

Recommendation. None since neither FEMA 55 or SFM actually contains specifications for timber pilings.

FEMA 55 SFM

4.21.2 Main Supporting Members 401.3(Beams, Wood)(Page 4-10)

Analysis

FEMA 55 provides general nailing requirements and splicelocation. SFM requires the design to be certified that the

- building will withstand velocity waters, wave action, and windloadings.

Recommendaion: FEMA 55 should provide more specific parameters for which the stated nailing is appropriate.

FEMA 55

4.2.1.3 Other Wood ConstructionV Members

(Page 4-10)


FEMA 55

4.2.1.4 Wood Preservative(Page 4-10)

SFM

N/A

SFM

Anaysis

FEMA 55 does not require preservative treatment ofmiscellaneous wood members but highly recommends it. SFMdoes not address preservative treatment of wood.

Analysis

N/A FEMA 55 requires wood members to be treated to resist insectinfestation, dry rot, decay fungi, and the effects of exposure to

salt air and water and provides general discussions of woodpreservatives SFM does not address preservative treatment.


B-127

FEMA 55

4.2.2 Masonry Materialsand Concrete(Page 4-11)


FEMA 55

4.2.3.1 Aluminum(Page 4-11)

SFM

N/A

SFM

N/A

Analysis

FEMA 55 addresses the general use of masonry and concretein the coastal environment. SFM does not address buildingmaterials.

Analysis

FEMA 55 addresses the problem of corrosion of aluminum inthe coastal environment. SFM does not address corrosion onbuilding materials.


FEMA 55

4.2.3.2 Steel(Page 4-11)

SFM

N/A

Analysis

FEMA addresses the problem of corrosion of unprotected steelshapes and anchoring devices (nails, bolts, etc.) and the needfor regular inspections, maintenance, and replacement ofcorroded metal parts. SFM does not address corrosion,regular inspection, maintenance, and replacement of corrodedmetal parts.


FEMA 55

4.2.3.3 Dissimilar Metals(Page 4-11)

SFM

N/A

Analysis

FEMA 55 addresses the corrosion which occurs whendissimilar metals are placed in contact with each other. SFMdoes not address dissimilar metals.


FEMA 55

4.3.1 Foundations (Design Details)(Page 4-11, 4-12)

SFM

801.1 FEMA 55 recommends foundation types which are suitable forsupporting elevated structures in coastal high hazard areas.SFM permits any type of foundation provided it is designed toresist the combined wave and wind loads which it is likely to besubjected.

Recommendation: None since FEMA 55 is prescriptive' and SBC is "performance, oriented.

FEMA 55

4.3.1.1 Soil Conditions(Pages 4-12, 4-13)

SFM

801.1 FEMA 55 addresses the need to determine the quality of thesoil for foundation purposes. SFM refers to Chapter 13 of theStandard Building Code which requires a soils investigation forpile foundations.


B-128

FEMAS5

4.3.1.2 Piles(Pages 4-13 to 4-18)

SFM

801.1

Angt~sis

FEMA 55 provides general information on types of piles, theneed for sufficient pile embedment, and methods of pileinstallation. SFM refers to Chapter 13 of the Standard BuildingCode for pile system design and installation which requires afoundation investigation and report.

Recomnendaion: FEMA 55 should emphasize that the type of pile, pile depth, and method of installation should bebased on the soils investigation.

FEM 55

4.3.1.3 Posts Wood)(Page 4-18)

SFM

801.1

Analysis

FEMA 55 explains that wood posts are recommended in areassubject to wave forces and/or scour and erosion. SFIV refersto Chapter 13 of the Standard Building Code for pile systemdesign and installation but does not address post foundations.

Recomnendation: FEMA should combine post foundations and piles into one section with more prescriptiverequirements.

FEMhA 55 SFM

4.3.1.4 Piers 801.1(Page 4-18 to 4-20)

Analysis

FEMA 55 addresses the use of piers to elevate structures andthe need for reinforcing and anchorage of the footings in Vzones and coastal A zones. FEMA 55 also provides generalconstruction guidelines. SFM requires the foundations to haveadequate sail penetrations to resist the wave and wind loads towhich they are likely to be subjected during a flood.

Recomendaion: FEMA 55 should clarify that the reinforcing, footing size, and grade beam should be based on thedesign forces.

FEMA 55

4.3.2.1 Framing Methods(Pages 4-20, 4-21)


FEMA 55

4.3.2.2 Beams(Pages 4-21, 4-)

SFM

N/A

SFM

NIA

Analysis

FEMA 55 addresses platform framing and pole construction.SFM does not address any type of construction.

Analysis

FEMA 55 addresses the preferable direction of floor beams toreduce the impact force of the storm water. FEMA 55addresses built-up and solid beams, and glulam' beams SFMdoes not address any type of construction.

Recomendation. None.

B-129

FEMA 55

4.3.2.3 Joists and Rafters(Page 4-22)

SFM

N/A The title of the section in FEMA 55 is joists and rafters butrafters are not addressed. FEMA 55 describes manufacturedwooden l-beams, recommends cross bridging for all floor joistslocated in the V-zone, and describes typical cross bridgingmethods. SFM does not address joists and rafters.

Recommendanon: FEMA 55 should delete the reference to rafters.

FEMA 55

4.3.2.4 Subflooring(Pages 4-22, 4-23)


FEMA 55

4.3.2.5 Studs(Page 4-23)

SFM

NIA

SFM

N/A

FEMA 55 addresses the use of lumber and plywoodsubflooring. SFM does not address subflooring.

FEMA 55 recognizes that 2x4 wood studs at 16 inches oncenter are commonly used and permits 2x6 wood studs andmetal studs. SFM does not address studs of any type.


FEMA 55

4.3.2.6 Wall Sheathing4.3.2.7 Wall Bracing(Pages 4-23, 4-24)

SFM

801.1 FEMA 55 provides the minimum thickness and nail spacing forplywood wall sheathing and permits let-in diagonal woodbracing, diagonal boards, and plywood as wall bracing. SFMdoes not address types of wall sheathing or bracing but doesrequire the design wind loading values to be based on 1205 ofthe Standard Building Code.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should combine wall sheathing and wall bracing into one section and address the designrequirements for the wall bracing method chosen.

FEMA 55 SFM

4.3.2.8 Roof Details 801.14.3.3 Foundation Bracing 801.34.3.3.1 Knee Braces4.3.3.2 Grade Beams4.3.3.3 Truss Bracing4.3.3.4 Shear Walls4.3.4 Connections4.3.4.1 Roof to Wall4.3.4.2 Wall to Floor Joists4.3.4.3 Floor Joist to Floor Beam4.3.4.4 Floor Beam to Pile, Post, or

Pier(Page 4-24 to 4-40)

FEMA 55 provides details and recommendations for roofs,bracing, shear walls, and connections. SFM does not addressdetails but does require all buildings and structures to have allcomponents securely fastened and adequately interconnectedto resist the loads anticipated during flooding.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should provide some design values or wind speeds for which the connections and detailsare appropriate.

B-130

FEMA 55

4.3.5 Breakaway Walls4.3..5.1 Breakaway Wall Designs4.3.5.2 Design Consideriions for

Breakaway Walls(Page 4.41 to 4-49)

SFM

801.4 Both FEMA 55 and SFM permits breakaway wals to enclosethe space below the lowest elevated floor and provides thedesign loading for the breakaway walls. FEMA 55 alsoprovides commentary type language, breakaway wall designs,details, and design process f r breakaway walls (screening,lattice, wood stud walls, metal-stud walls and masonry walls.)

Recommendation: None athough FEMA 55 provides commentary type language the requirements in FEMA 55 and SFMare compatible.

FEMA 55

4.3.6 Utilities(Pages 4-5 to 452)

SFM

6025 Both FEMA 55 and SFM require the utilities to be designed andlocated so as to be protected from inundation and to minimize,the chance of impairment during flooding. FEMA 55 requiresprotection of utilities from the potential damage from waveimpact.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should address the potential damage from high winds in coastal areas.

FEMA 55

4.3.7 Wind and Storm Protectionof Interior

4.3.7.1 Window Selection4.3.7.2 Operable Shutters(Pages 4-52 to 4-54)

SFM

N/A FEMA 55 provides commentary type language on the need toprotect the building from glass breakage to prevent waterdamage, the importance of window selection to reduce waterinfiltration, and the need for shutters to protect against waveand wind action. SFM does not address protection ofopenings.


FEMA 55

4.3.7.3 Gable and Eave Vents(Page 4-54)

SFM

801.3 FEMA 55 addresses the vulnerability of vents to wind and wind-driven rain and emphasizes the importance for the carefulselection of attic ventilators in order to assure that they willwithstand the wind loads. SFM does require all components tobe securely fastened and interconnected to resist the loadsanticipated during flooding.


FEMA 55

4.3.7.4 Roofing Materials(Page 4-54)

SFM

801.3 FEMA 55 emphasizes the need to use self-sealing, heavyweightshingles to avoid the possible loss of roofing materials in highwinds. SFM requires all components including roofs andsheathing to be securely fastened and adequatelyinterconnected to resist the loads anticipated during flooding.


B-131

FEMA 55

4.3.8 Maintenance(Pages 4-54, 4-55)

SFM

N/A FEMA 55 emphasizes the need for maintenance of all parts ofbuildings exposed to coastal environment because of theaccelerated deterioration. SFM does not address maintenanceof building components.


FEMA 55

5.1 General Design Considerations(Pages 5-1, 5-2)

SFM

801 FEMA 55 prohibits enclosure for habitation at grade beneathmid-rise and high-rise structures. Nonessential enclosuressuch as entrances, lobbies, parking areas, and storage areasmust have breakaway walls. SFM requires the space below thelowest floor either free of obstruction or constructed withbreakaway walls. FEMA 55 requires thicker concrete coverover reinforcing steel to provide added corrosion protection ofthe reinforcing steel. SFM does not address corrosionprotection. FEMA 55 addresses the need to design for windand water forces. SFM requires the building to be anchored toresist flotation, collapse, and lateral movement due to theeffects and water loading.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should address snow and seismic loads.

FEMA 55

5.2 Foundations(Page 5-2)


FEMA 55

5.3 Slabs at Grade(Pages 5-3, 5-4)

SFM

801.1

SFM

801.1

FEMA 55 emphasizes the need for pile foundations that areembedded deeply to provide a safety margin against scour.SFM refers to Chapter 13 of the Standard Building Code for pilesystem design and installation with emphasis on embedmentdepth to take into account reduced capacity caused by scour.SFM prohibits the use of mat or raft foundations where soilmaterials are subject to scour and erosion from wave velocityconditions. FEMA 55 permits strip footings and matfoundations in zones of reduced velocity and wave action.FEMA 55 lists common types of piles and shows typicalpile/pile cap/column/grade beam details.

FEMA 55 requires the slab supported on the soil to be aminimum of 4 inches thick with minimal reinforcing in the formof welded wire fabric. SFM does not address minimumthickness of slabs at grade. FEMA 55 addresses the use ofdesigned slabs and grade beams to laterally support the pilefoundation system. SFM refers to Chapter 13 of the StandardBuilding Code for pile system design and installation.


B-1 32

FEAA 5

5.4 Superstructure5.5 Elevated Floors(Pages 5-4 to 5-8)

SFM

N/A FEMA 55 provides commentary type language and typicaldetails of the superstructure of a building which includescolumns, beams, slabs, and shear walls. FEMA 55 providescommentary type language for elevated concrete floors. SFMis a performance standard and not a commentary

Recomnendadon None.

FEMA 55

5.6 Exterior Wall Systems(Pages 5-8, 5-9)

SFM

801.3 FEMA 55 provides commerTtary type language on exterior wallsystems of masonry or metal studs and the fastening methodof the! walls. FEMA 55 requires the walls to be designed toresist the lateral forces encountered. SFM requires allcomponents of the building to be securely fastened andadequately interconnected to resist the loads anticipated duringflooding.

Recommendation: None since both require the walls to be designed for the lateral forces encountered, however FEMA 55should address seismic loads.

FEMA 55

5.7 Recommendations(Page 5-9)'

SFM

401.3 FEMA 55 requires mid-rise and high-rise structures to bedesigned by a design professional'. SFM requires buildings incoastal high hazard areas to be certified that it is designed towithstand velocity waters, wave action, and wind loadings.

Recommendafion: None since both require a design professional.

8-133

FEMA 55 SFM

Appendix A Design Tables 401.3 FEMA 55 provides design tables. SFM is a performanceFigure A-1 number of piles required 801 standard and not a specification code.Table A-1 downward load. per pileTable A-2 horizontal wind loads per

pile in 80 mph windsTable A-3 minimum embedment

depth of pilesTable A-4 maximum unbraced

height of piles in 80 mphwinds and flood forces

Table A-4.1 maximum unbracedheight of piles supportingbreakaway walls

Table A-5 uplift loads per foot ofwall in 80 mph winds

Table A-Z uplift loads per pile in 80mph winds

Table A-7 capacity per bolt of floorbeam connections

Table A-8 concrete masonry unit -piers

Table A-9 concrete piersFigure A-2 concrete pier cross sectionFigure A-3 grade beams and slabsTable A-10 fastener capacities in

shearTable A-1 fastener schedule for

breakaway walls(Pages A-1 to A-47)


FEMA 55 SFM

Appendix B - Bracing 401.3 FEMA 55 provides various recommendations and details forB.1 knee bracing 801 bracing methods. SFM is a performance standard and not aB.2 truss bracing specification type code.B.2.1 diagonalsB.2.1.1 lumber diagonalsB.2.1.2 threadbar diagonalsB.2.2 strutsB.3 grade beamsTable B-i1 horizontal water loads

per pile in 80 mph windsTable B-2 loads of transverse

truss memberTable B-S3 allowable load for

single 2se diagonalsTable B-4 allowable loaod for

single 3xS diagonals(Pages B-1 to B-15)


B-134

FEMA 55

Appendix D - Design Equations andProcedures

DA Procedure A-1: downward loadsper pile

D.2 Procedure A-2: horizontal windloads per pile

0.3 Procedure A-3: minimumembedment depth of piles

D.4 Procedure A-4: maximumunbraced height of piles

D.5 Procedure A-4.1: maximumunbraced height of pilessupporting breakaway walls

D.6 Procedure A-5: uplift loads perfool of walls

D.7 Procedure A-6: uplift loads perpile

D.6 Procedure B-1: horizontal waterloads per pile

D.9 Procedure B-2: loads transferredto foundation truss members

(Pages 0-1 to D-32)

Recommendaiorn None.

FEMA 55

G-2 Purpose(Page G-1)

SFM

N/A

SFM

100.1

FEMA 55 contains design equations and procedures which areneeded to evaluate individual designs. SFM is a performancestandard with design being based on good engineeringpractice.

The purpose of both FEMA 55 and SFM is to minimize lossesdue to flood conditions in specific areas through theestablishment of comprehensive regulations for floodplainmanagement.

_ Recommendation- None.

FEMA 55

G-3 ScopetPage G-2)


SFM

100.1102.1

Both FEMA 55 and SFM apply to new construction andadditions to existing structures.

FEMA 55

it G4 Definitions(Pages G-2, G-3)

SFM

202 The definiion of base flood elevation, breakaway wall, andcoastal high hazard area appear in both FEMA 55 and SFM.FEMA 55 conains design type definitions (dead load, live load,pile cluster, piling foundation, and uplift pressure.) SFMcontains floodplain management type definitions (area ofshallowing flooding, flood, flood hazard boundary map, floodinsurance rate map, floodproofing, lowest floor, storm waterdetention, etc.)


. B-135

FEMA 55

G-5 Elevation Standards(Page G-3)

SFM

600.1602.1.1800.2801.1801.6

FEMA 55 prohibits new construction or substantialimprovements from being seaward of an established setbackline and requires it to be elevated above the BFE. SFMrequires the lowest portion of the horizontal members of thelowest floor to be elevated above the BFE and newconstruction be located landward of the reach of the mean hightide.


FEMA 55

G-6 Determination of Loading ForcesG-6.1 Water LoadsG-6.2 Wind Loads(Page G-3)

SFM

401.3801.1

Both BEMA 55 and SFM require the structure to be designed towithstand velocity waters, wave action, and wind loadings.FEMA 55 references ANSI A58.1-1982 for the wind loadprovisions. SFM references 1205 of the Standard BuildingCode which contains a basic wind speed map, use factors,velocity pressures, and coefficients for wind design in additionto referencing ASCE 7-88.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should update its reference ASCE 7-88.

FEMA 55

G-7 Foundation StandardsG-7.1 Pile Foundation DesignG-7.2 Column Foundation Design(Pages G4, G-5)

SFM

401.3801.1

Both FEMA 55 and SFM require the foundations to be designedto resist the combined wave and wind loads which they arelikely to be subjected during a flood. FEMA 55 containsminimum and maximum pile spacing, minimum embedmentlength, dimensional requirements for wood piles, minimumcompressive strength for concrete piles, and methods ofbracing piles. SFM refers to Chapter 13 for pile system designand installation.


FEMA 55

G-8 Anchoring StandardsG-8.1 Connector and FastenersG-8.2 Beam to Pile ConnectionsG-8.3 Floor to Deck ConnectionsG-8.4 Exterior Wall ConnectionsG-8.5 Ceiling Joist/Rter

ConnectionsG-8.6 Projecting Members(Pages G-5, G-6)

SFM

601.1801.1801.3

Both FEMA 55 and SFM all components to be securelyfastened and adequately interconnected to resist the loadsanticipated during flooding. FEMA 55 requires corrosionprotection for connectors in exposed locations. SFM does notaddress corrosion protection.

Recommendation: SFM should address corrosion protection of metal connectors.

B-136

I1

A

FEMA 55

G-9 Roof Sheathing(Pages G-6, G-7)

SFM

801.3

AsFEMA 55 provides the minimum thickness of roof sheathing,requires corrosion resistant fasteners, requires the applicationof waterproof industrial adhesive to all bearing surfaces ofplywood used in the sheathing of comers, gable end, or roofoverhang, and provides commentary language addressing roofslopes. SFM requires all components including roofs andsheathing to be securely fastened and adequatelyinterconnected to resist the loads anticipated during flooding.


FEMA 55

G-10 Protection of Openings(Page G-7)

SFM

601.1 FEMA 55 requires openings to be constructed to withstandloads due to the design windspeed. SFM does not addressprotection of openings. SFM refers to 1205 of the StandardBuilding Code which requires the openings to be designed ascomponents and cladding.


FEMA 55

0-11 Use of Space Below theLowest Elevated Floor

G-11.1 Breakaway Wall DesignStandards

G-11.2 Certification of BreakawayWalls

(Pages G-7, G-8


FEMA 5

G-12 Utilities(Page G-8)

SFM

801.4

SFM

602.5

Both FEMA 55 and SFM permits breakaway walls to enclosethe space below the lowest elevated floor and provides thedesign loading for the breakaway walls.

FEMA 55 requires the utilities to be elevated above the BFEand backflow valves for combined sanitary sewer and stormdrainage systems which have openings below the BFE. SFMrequires the utilities to be designed and located so as to beprotected from flooding and to minimize the chance ofimpairment during flooding.


FEMA 55

G-13 Certification of Requirements(Page G-8)

SFM

401.3801.7

FEMA 55 requires new and substantial improvements which donot comply with sections 7 and 8 of this Coastal Code to bedesigned by a registered professional engineer or architect.SFM requires certification from a registered professionalengineer or architect that the building is designed to withstandveloci waters, wave action, and wind loadings.

Recommendation: FEMA 55 should provide parameters for which sections 7 and 8 are appropriate (wind load heightabove grade, etc.)

B-137

FEMA 55

G-14 Reference Documents(Page G-8)

Recommendation:

SFM

Chapter 1 1 FEMA 55 references ANSI A58.1-1982 and Shore ProtectionManual by the Department of the Army. SFM references FEMA15, FEMA 54, FEMA 55, FEMA 85, FEMA 104, and EP 1165 2314.

FEMA 55 should update reference to ASCE 7-88.

4k

B-138


The Standard for Floodplain Management contains provisions which are unique to floodlain management anddoes not contain proisions for conventional construction contained in the Standard Codes.

Manufactured Home Installation In Flood Hazard Areas FEIVA 8)

Chapter III Elevation and Anchoring Techniques

FEMA 85

Elevation and Anchoring Techniques(Page 19)

SFM

600, 601,603,604

FEMA 85 provides general techniques which are used toelevate a manufactured home in riverine or coastal floodingareas. SFM requires the manufactured home to be elevatedand anchored to resist flotation, collapse or lateral movement.

Recommendation: None since FEMA 85 contains prescriptive type requirements and SFM is a performance type standard.

0- FEMA 85 SFM

Elevation on Fill(Pages 19-20).

600, 601,603801.5

FEMA 85 provides commentary and prescriptive type languageon the use of earth fill to elevate a manufactured home. FEMA85 prohibits the use of fill material in areas subject tofloodwaters having a velocity greater than 10 fps and wher itwill constrict the flow of floodwaters and cause increased flood

elevations or velocity. SFM requires the manufactured home to

be elevated and anchored to resist flotation, collapse or lateral

movement SFM does not permit the placement of

manufactured homes in designated floodway or coastal high

hazard areas. SFM prohibits the use of fill material for

structural support in coastal high hazard areas.


FEMA 85

Elevated Foundations(Pages 21-28)

SFM

600, 601,1603

FEMA 85 addresses structural techniques, such as piers, posts,piles, and similar structural arrangements to elevate amanufactured home above the flood level. FEMA 85 providesprescriptive requirements for these structural techniques. SFMrequires the manufactured home to be elevated and anchoredto resist flotation, collapse, or lateral movement.

Recommendation: None since FEMA 85 contains prescriptive requirements and SFM is a performance type standard.

FEWA 85

Anchoring(Pages 29-31)

SFM

601, 603.1 Both FEMA 85 and SFM require the manufactured home to be

anchored to resist flotation, collapse, or lateral movementFEMA 85 provides commentary type language and descriptivedetails. The anchoring requirements of the SFM are in additionto the anchoring requirements provided in Appendix H of theStandard Building Code.

Recommendation None since FEMVA contains prescriptive type requirements and SFMV is a performance type standard.

B-139

FEMA 85

Chapter IV Design ofElevated Foundations(Pages 33-70)

SFM

601, 602.5, FEMA 85 presents an overview of flood-induced loads, tables603, 801.1 of calculated forces, governing design equations, and specific

technical information which can be used to determine anappropriate elevated design for a manufactured home with themanufactured home complying with HUD's MHCSS. FEMA 85provides design procedures, tables, and details needed todesign bracing and connections. SFM requires themanufactured home to be elevated and anchored to resistflotation, collapse or lateral movement. SFM references 1205 ofthe Standard Building Code for the design wind load values.FEMA 85 addresses the set-up acking), utility service,mechanical systems, and access/egress during floodingaround the manufactured home. SFM requires the utilities tobe designed and located so as to prevent water from enteringthe components to minimize the chance of impairment duringflooding.

Recommendation: FEMA 85 and HUD's MHCSS should update its reference to wind and snow loads for ASCE 7-88.

FEMA 85

Appendix D - CalculationalProceduresfor Elevated Foundations Design(Pages 89-97)


FEMA 85

Appendix E - Buoyancy andDrag Forces(Pages 99-101)

SFM

N/A

SFM

603.1

FEMA 85 contains actual design procedures and formulaswhich were used as a basis of the manual. SFM is aperformance type standard and does not contain engineeringanalysis procedures.

FEMA 85 addresses the forces from buoyancy and dragcaused by the flood waters. FEMA 85 contains design tablesfor vertical tie forces based on home width and water depth.SFM requires the home to be anchored to resist flotation,collapse, or lateral movement.


B-1 40


The Standard for Floodlain Management contains provisions which are unique to floodplain management anddoes not contain rovisos for conventional construction contained in the Standard Codes.

Floodproofing Non-Residential Structure FEMA 102)

FEMA 102

Chapter I Introdu=onI.E. Contingent FloodproofingMeasuresl.F.1. Flood ShieldsLIF.2. Watertight DoorsL.F.3. Moveable Floodwalls

X (Pages 8-13)

SFM

Chapter 9 FEMA 102 addresses the use of contingent floodproofingmeasures that require some type of installation, activation, orother preparation immediately prior to the occurrence of aflood. These measures include flood shields, watertight doors,and moveable floodwalls. SFIM does not specifically addresscontingent floodproofing measures but addresses floodproofingmeasures in general (watertight doors, bulkheads, shuttersreinforcement of walls to resist water pressures, etc.)

Recommendazin' None.

Chapter III Floodproofing Design Permanent and Contingent Measures

PEM/A 102

lll.B. Elevation on Fill(Pages 37-38)

SFM

602801

FEMA 102 addresses the use of fill material to elevate thebuilding to protect it from flood damages. FEMA 102 containscommentary pe language on the design and maintenance ofthe fill material. SFM requires buildings within the special floodhazard area to be elevated so that the lowest horizontalstructural member is elevated above the base flood elevation,but does not address the method. SFM requires buildingswithin the coastal high hazard area to, be elevated on piles andprohibits the building from being elevated on fill material so thatthe lowest horizontal structural member is elevated above thebase flood elevation.

Recomnendadion None since FEMA 102 and SFM require the building to be elevated.

FEMA 102

I1.C. Elevation on Posts, Piles,Piers, or Walls

111.C.2. Posts111.C.3. Piles111.C.4. Piers and WailsTable 111-1 Minimum Requirements

for Reinforced Pie11I.C.6. Maintenance(Pages 3947)

8PM

801.1 FEMA 102 addresses the elevation 'of buildings on 'post!foundations by showing details and design charts. FEMA 102addresses the elevation of buildings on piles by describing thegeneral length, maximum design load, application, advantages,disadvantages, typical elevation, and typical cross section.FEMA 102 provides details of piers (brick, reinforced concrete,reinforced masonry). FEMA 102 addresses the need toperform maintenance on posts, piles, piers, or walls based onthe frequency of flooding. SFM requires buildings to beelevated on pilings or columns so that the lowest horizontalstructural member is elevated above the base flood elevation.SFM references Chapter 13 of the Standard Building Code forpile system design and installation. SFM does not providedetails. SFM does not address maintenance of the foundationsystem.

Recommendaion None since FEMA 102 contains prescriptive type requirements and SFM contains performance typerequirements.

B-141

FEMA 102

III.D. Waterproof Construction

SFM

900.3lil.D.1 Introduction 900.4III.D.2 Wall StrengthIII.D.3 Floor Strength and

Structural StabilityIII.D.4 Counteracting of Hydrostatic

ForcesIII.D.5 WaterproofingIII.D.6 Watertight CoresIII.D.7 Closures and Flood Shields(Pages 48-72)


FEMA 102

III.E. Foodwalls and LeveesIII.E.5 Floodwall DesignIII.E.7 Floodwall Maintenance(Pages 80-85, 88)

SFM

900.4

FEMA 102 addresses floodproofing of the building to preventfloodwaters from reaching the interior; the use of a concreteslab or impervious cutoffs, or subsurface drainage to resist thehydrostatic uplift pressures, the use of impermeablemembranes, the use of watertight cores, around expensivehems which are located together and the use of closures andflood shields to protect against floodwater intrusion. SFMaddresses the same techniques of floodproofing.

FEMA 102 provides commentary type language on different -4types of floodwalls (permanent floodwalls, gravity walls,cantilever walls, and moveable walls) and annual inspection ofthe floodwalls. SFM permits the use of bulkheads as a form offloodproofing but does not address different types of bulkheadsor annual inspection.

Recommendation: None since both FEMA 102 and SFM address floodwalls (bulkheads).

FEMA 102

IV. Other Foodproofing MeasuresIV.C. Floodproofing Utilities(Pages 99-104)

SFM

602.5 Both FEMA 102 and SFM require utilities to be designed andlocated so as to prevent water from entering or accumulatingwithin the components and to minimize the chance ofimpairment during flooding.


FEMA 102

Appendix B Glossary(Pages 161-166)

SFM

202 Both FEMA 102 and SFM contain some of the same definitionsand some different definitions. The definitions are appropriatefor each document.


*

FEMA 102 SFM

Appendix D Floodproofing 900.4 FEMA 102 provides a list of the types of loads (dead load, windPerformance Criteria loads, floodwater loads, flood impact loads, soil loads, etc.).

Appendix D.B Design Loads FEMA 102 contains performance criteria which represents theAppendix D.C Performance Criteria objectives that should be achieved in the design of(Pages 182-193) floodproofed nonresidential structures and service systems.

SFM requires the floodproofing measures to be designedconsistent with the flood protection elevation for the particulararea, flood velocities, durations, rate of rise, hydrostatic andhydrodynamic forces, and other factors associated with thebase flood.

Recommendation: None since the final results are the same.

B-142

STANDARD FOR FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT (SFM) COMPARION

The Standard for Fodplain Management contains provisions which are unique to floodlain managernent anddoes not contain provisions for conventional construction contained in the Standard Codes.


FEMA 114

3.5 Elevation Onto ExtendedFoundation Walls(Pages 4649)

SFM

602.1801.1

FEMA 114 addresses the method of elevating the structure byincreasing the foundation wall height. SFM requires theelevation of the lowest structural member of the lowest floor tobe above the base flood level but does not specifically address"extended foundation walls.'

Recommnendataon None since both FEMA 114 and SFM address the need to have the lowest structural member of thelowest floor above the base flood level.

FEMA 114

3.12 Technical Design CriteriaExtended Wall Foundation(Pages 61-63)

SFM

601.1801.1801.3

FEMA 114 requires the foundation system with the increasedfoundation wall height to be of sufficient strength to suppot theloads and forces encountered. SFM does not specificallyaddress 'extended foundation walls" but does require thefoundations to be adequate to resist the combined wave and -wind loads to which they are likely to be subjected during aflood.


FEMA 114 - SFM

3.13 Technical Design Criteria 401.3Anchorage of Superstructure to 601.1Foundation 801.3(Pages 63-67)

FEMA 114 provides design details for the anchorage of thesuperstructure to the foundation system. SFM requires thestructural system to be designed, connected and anchored toprevent flotation, collapse and permanent lateral movement dueto flooding.

Recommendation: None since FEMA 114 contains prescriptive type requirements and SFM contains performance typeMl requirements. ,

FEMA 114

* 3.14 Technical Design CriteriaOpen Foundations(Pages 67, 68)

SFM

801.1 FEMA 114 describes three types of open foundations (piers,columns, or piles) and requires them to be designed for theloads encountered. SFM requires the foundations to beadequate to resist the combined wave and wind loads to whichthey are likely to be subjected during a flood. SFM refers toChapter 13 of the Standard Building Code for pile systemdesign and installation.

Recommendaion: FEMA 114 should address seismic loads.

B-143

FEMA 114

Chapter 6 Floodwalls6.2 Considerations6.3 Construction Techniques

and Materials6.5 Technical Design Criteria(Pages 111-1 19, 121-129)

SFM

900.4 FEMA 114 addresses the use of floodwalls to protect structuresfrom flooding and emphasizes that tremendous forces arecreated by high water levels and velocities, techniques andtypes of materials for the construction of floodwalls, and designcriteria. SFM does not address construction materials ordesign criteria for floodwalls, but does require the floodproofingmeasures to be designed for the flood velocities, hydrostaticand hydrodynamic forces, and other factors associated with thebase flood.


FEMA 114

Chapter 7 Closures7.2 Considerations7.3 Low Profile Permanent Closures7.4 Closure Materials and

Construction7.6 Technical Design Criteria(Pages 133-142)

SFM

900.4 FEMA 114 addresses the use of closures (covering openingssuch as doors, windows, driveways, etc.) to act as shields toprevent water away from or entering residence. SFMaddresses the use of watertight doors, bulkheads, and shutters,or similar methods of construction.


FEMA 114

Chapter 8 Sealants8.2 Considerations8.3 Sealing Techniques8.4 Closures8.5 Design Details8.7 Technical Design Criteria(Pages 145-156)

SFM

900.3900.4

FEMA 114 addresses the sealing, making watertight, or dryfloodproofing of the structure to prevent the entry of waterduring low level flooding. SFM permits buildings, exceptresidential, to be floodproofed with walls which areimpermeable to the passage of water below the base floodlevel. SFM requires the floodproofing measures to be designedconsistent with the flood protection elevation for the particulararea, flood velocities, durations, rate of rise, hydrostatic andhydrodynamic forces and other factors associated with thebase flood.

Recommendation: None, since floodproofing of basements is allowed only in communities that have been granted anexception by FEMA.

FEMA 114

Chapter 9 Protection of Utilities9.4 Permanent Protective Measures9.5 Utility Relocations to Existing

Space9.6 Utility Relocations to New Space(Pages 160-165)


SFM

602.4 FEMA 114 addresses permanent protection of utilities by602.5 shielding or elevating the utHity. SFM requires the utilities to be

designed to prevent water from entering or accumulating withthe components and to minimize the chance of impairmentduring flooding.

B-144

-4

4

FEMA 114

9.8 Storage Tank Storage(Page 16)

SFM

N/A FEMA 114 addresses the need for proper anchorage of tanksto prevent their flotation from the buoyancy forces. SFM doesnot address anchorage of storage tanks.

Recommendaton: SFM should address anchorage of storage tanks.

FEMA 114

10.4 Floating Structures

(Pages 176-177)


FEMA 114

Appendix C - Forces01 (Pages 197-207)

SFM

N/A

SFM

401.3, 601.1,801

FEMA 114 permits 'floating structures' as a method offloodproofing. SFM does not address 'floating structures.'

FEMA 114 addresses hydrostatic loads, hydrodynamic loads,impact loads, and wind loads. FEMA 114 also providesdefinitions, application and methodology for design. SFMrequires the design to be designed, connected and anchoredto present flotation, collapse and permanent lateral movementdue to the effects of wind and water forces. SFM refers to 1205of the Standard Building Code for the design wind loading.

Recomendatiorn FEMA 114 should update the wind speed maps to the latest edition and address snow and seismic

loads.

B-145


The Standard for FloodDbin Management contains Provisions which are unique to floodplain management anddoes not contain oroWions for conventional construction contained in the Standard Codes.


FEMA 165

Window and Doors(Page 10)

SFM

N/A FEMA 165 prohibits openings on the uphill side of the structureto prevent debris and flood water from entering the building.SFM does not address the location of openings; however, itdoes address the installation of watertight doors, bulkheads,and shutters on similar methods of construction to floodproofthe building.


B-146


The Standard for Flocdplain Manaqement contains Drovisions which are unique to floodplain management anddoes not contain provsws for conventional construction contained in the Standard Codes.

Manual for the Construction of Residential Basements in Non-Coastal Flood Environs (MCR!B)

Chapter III Basement Construction

MCRB

[IH.A. Construction Types-Walls(Pages 13-19)

SFM

N/A MCRB provides commentary and prescriptive type language forminimum thickness, reinforcing, and resistance to lateral oadsof masonry and concrete walls. MCRB also addresses stoneand wood foundations, excavation and backfilling, and concreteformwork. SFM does not address types of wall construction.This is addressed in Chapters 13, 14, and 16 of the SSCCIStandard Building Code.


B. Other Construction Features

MCRB

ILtB.1 Basement Slab111.8.2 Structural Basement Slab11.B.3 Footing (Foundation)M.B.4 Underdrain System - Sumpsand Pumps1 L.B.5.a Ground Surface Slope -Site InvestigationIIlB.5.b Ground Surface Slope -Grading and Surface Drainage

lll.B.6 Seepage QuantitiesllI.B.7.a Penetrations, Cracks, Joints,and 'Waterproofing - Utility

II.B.7.b Penetrations, Cracks,Joints, and Waterproofing' -

Techniques that Lessen Cracking inConcrete(Pages 19-34)


MCRB

HLB.7.c Penetrations, Cracks,Joints, and 'Waterproofing -'Waterproofing' Basements(Pages 34, 35}

SFM

N/A

SFM

Chapter 9

MCRB contains commentary and prescriptive type language forbasement slabs (minimum thickness and reinforcing), footingsize, sumps and pumps, soils investigation, grading of lot, flownet analysis, penetrations through waterproofed walls, andcrack control of concrete. This is addressed in Chapter 13 and16 of the SBCCI Standard Building Code.

Both MCRB and SFM address 'Waterproofing' as a method ofprotecting the basement of residential structures. SFM doesnot permit floodproofing of the basement of residentialstructures. Methods of waterproofing are addressed in 1312 ofthe SBCCI Standard Building Code.

Recommendaion: None, since floodproofing of basements is allowed only in communities that have been granted anexception by FEMA.

B-147

MCRB

111.13.8 Plumbing Subsystems(Pages 35, 36)

SFM

602.5602.6602.7

MCRB requires gate valves on the sanitary sewer outlets fromthe house and the potable water supply system to be designedin such a manner to prevent contamination from flood waters.SFM requires the plumbing systems to be designed andlocated to minimize the chance of impairment during flooding.SFM requires water supply systems to be designed to minimizeinfiltration of flood waters into the system and the sewagesystem to be designed to minimize discharge from the systeminto flood waters.


MCRB

I1I.B.9 Anchorage(Pages 36, 37)

SFM

601.1 MCRB provides calculations to determine the anchoragerequirements. MCRB requires a minimum of 1/2 inch anchorbolts spaced a maximum of 8 ft anchored into 2 block coursesor 16 inches with a minimum of 2 bolts per plate. SFM simplyrequires the structural systems to be designed, connected andanchored to prevent flotation, collapse, and permanent lateralmovement due to flooding.


MCRB

III.B.10 Some Concrete ConstructionPractices

III.B.11 Some Block ConstructionPractices

III.C. LoadsIII.C.1 SoilIII.C.2 Water Table(Pages 3743)


MCRB

III.C. LoadsIII.C.3 Superstructure Loads andBuoyancy

IlI.C.4.d Flood Waters - VelocityIlI.C.4.e Flood Waters - SedimentIlI.C.4.f Flood Waters - Rate of RiseIlI.C.4.g Flood Waters - Hydraulic/Hydrologic Relations

(Pages 63-75)

SFM

N/A MCRB contains commentary type language for handling anddepositing concrete, consolidating concrete, cold weatherconsiderations, additives, placing reinforcement, etc.; forimproving the waterproofing quality of concrete masonry walls;for determination of soil types; for erosion control; for lateralpressures exerted from backfill material; and for the water table.SFM does not address construction practices, erosion control,soil types, or water table.

SFM

601.1900.3

MCRB contains sample calculations to determine thesuperstructure loads imposed by buoyancy. MCRB providescommentary type language addressing increased structuraldamage which may result from the high velocity of floodwaters, floodwater deposited sediment, and the rate of rise offlood water causing unequal loading on basement walls.MCRB references a separate Hydraulic/Hydrologic manualwhich could be used to evaluate a site. SFM requires thestructural systems to be designed, connected and anchored toprevent flotation, collapse and permanent lateral movement dueto flooding. SFM requires the floodproofing measures to bedesigned consistent with the flood protection elevation for theparticular area, flood velocities, durations, rate of rise,hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces, and other factorsassociated with the base flood.


B-148

fCRB

III.C. LoadsIi.C.5 Debris, Wind Impact, Snow,Ice, and Other Live Loads.

(Page 75)

SFM

601.1 MCB states that other than debris and impact loads; wind,snow, and ice are not considered to alter the designs in theMCRB. SFM requires the structural system to be designed,connected and anchored to prevent flotation, collapse andpermanent lateral movement due to flooding.

Recommendatior MCRB should include wind, snow, and seismic loads.

Chapter V Basements in Floods

MCRB

A. Structural Design/AnalysisA.2 Designs, Methods, and TablesA.2.a Building Model, Oimensions,and LoadingA.2.b Structural Analysis Model(Wall)A.2.c Structural Plain ConcreteA.2d Reinforced ConcreteA.2.e Plain Masonry BlockA.2.f Reinforced Masonry BlockA.2.g Flood Waters Above GradeA.2.h Slab Thickness (Based onBending)

A.2.i Structural Slab Design(Ultimate Strength Design)

(Pages 88-114)

SFM

NfA MCRB contains sample structural calculations. CRB refers tothe UBC in V.A.2e and V.A.21. SFM does not provide samplecalculations.

Recommendation: MCRB should not reference a single model code. MCRB should reference only national consensusdocuments.

MCRB

B. Soil/Water Load PhilosophyB. 1 Weir Level LoadB.2 BuoyancyB.3 Slab BendingB.4 Wall LoadsB.5 Clay vs. Sand or Drain andSump vs. Sealed 'Barge'

B.5.a Drained or Sump SystemB.5.b Undrained or Barge System(Pages 14-126)


SFM

N/A MCRB contains commentary type language addressing thedesign philosophy of the lateral pressures exerted by soiland/or water loadings.. SFM is not a commentary and does notaddress philosophy.

B-149

VII. Appendices

MCRB SFM

Appendix A - Soils Data N/AAllowable Bearing PressuresAllowable Soil Pressures BeneathFootings

(Pages 164, 166)


MCRB

MCRB contains allowable bearing pressures for various soiltypes. SFM is a performance code.

SFM

Vil Builder's Guide N/AA. IntroductionA.2.a Soil and Water Loading onWall Cross-Section(Page 198)A.2.c 'Waterproofing' System(Page 206)A.2.d Wall Design(Page 209)A.2.e Slab Design(Page 211)B. Acceptable Wall DesignsB.1 Structural Plain Concrete(Unreinforced)

B.2 Reinforced ConcreteB.3 Unreinforced Masonry BlockB.4 Reinforced Masonry BlockB.5 Buoyancy Wall(Pages 212-239)C. Acceptable Slab Designs(Pages 240-246)D. Acceptable Control Joint Design,Underdrain, and 'Waterproofing'and Seals

D. 1 Overview and Control JointsD.2 Sump, Pump, and Underdrain(for Drained System)D.3 Waterproofing' and SealsD.3.a Undrained Slab and WallSystemD.3.b Drained Slab and Wall SystemD.3.c Slab/Wall/Foting Juncture(Pages 247-262)


MCRB contains details and design charts for wall design, slabdesign, control joints, sumps, and/or waterproofing. SFM is aperformance code and does not contain details or designcharts.

B-150

MSCR1

Hydraulic/Hydrologic ManualI. IntroductionI.8. Flood WatersIB.4 Velocityi8.5 Sediment(Pages 7-9)

SFM

601.1900.3

MCRB contains commentary type language addressingincreased structural damage which may result from the highvelocity of floodwaters and floodwater deposited sediment.SFM is a performance code and does not contain commentary.SFM requires the structural systems to be designed, connectedand anchored to prevent flotation, collapse and permanentlateral movement due to flooding. SFM requires thefloodproofing measures to be designed consistent with theflood protection elevation for the particular area, floodvelocities, durations, rate of rise, hydrostatic and hydrodynamicforces, and other factors associated with the base flood.

Reconwendaion: None.

B-151


The Standard for Floodolain Manaaement contains provisions which are unique to floodplain management anddoes not contain orovwns for conventional construction contained in the Standard Codes.

Wet Flnnivnrnfinn Nn i r1

SFM

602.2 No. 85-1 provides a definition of wet floodproofing and explainsthe justification for this type of floodproofing. SFM does notaddress wet floodproofing but does address foundation wallopenings to allow for the entry and exit of floodwaters toautomatically equalize hydrostatic flood forces on exterior walls;however, only breakaway walls are permitted in coastal highhazard areas.

No. 85-1

II. Protection Goals(Page 2)

SFM

N/A No. 85-1 explains that wet floodproofing consists of protectionof the structure, protection of interior finishes, protection ofmechanical and electrical systems, protection of majorequipment and machinery, and protection of contents. SFMdoes not address wet floodproofing as a method offloodproofing.


No. 85-1

11I.B. Structural Features(Pages 4, 5)

SFM

900.4 No. 85-1 addresses the superstructure materials as far as theirdurability, resistance to flood forces, resistance to thedeterioration caused by floodwaters, and water resistance.SFM does not address building materials.


No. 85-1

11I.C. Building Activity and Use(Page 5-6)

SFM

900.3 No. 85-1 addresses the need to determine the feasibility of wetfloodproofing based on activity and use. SFM does notaddress wet floodproofing. SFM addresses the building whenfloodproofing walls below the base flood level is used.


B-152

No. 85-1

I. Definition(Page 1)


Technical tandrdr At llatin,

No. 85-

IV.A. 1 Foundations(Page 6)

SFM

801.1900.4

AtNo. 85-1 emphasizes the importance of the need to investigatethe influence of hydrologic and hydraulic conditions on thefoundation design when wet floodproofing is used. SFMrequires the floodproofing measures to be designed for theflood velocities, durations, rate of rise, hydrostatic andhydrodynamic forces, and other factors associated with thebase flood.


No. 85-1

4 III.A.2 Cavity Wall Construction(Pages 6-7)

SFM

NIA No. 85-1 addresses the need to drain the cavity space at a rateapproximately equal to the flood rate. SFM does not addressany specific type of construction.


No. 85-1

IV.A.3 Solid Wall Construction(Pages 7-8)

SFM

900.3 No. 85-1 addresses the need for the interior and exterior wallcladding to be relatively impervious to prevent the intrusion ofthe floodwaters into the wall. SFM requires walls below thebase flood level to be substantially impermeable.


No. 85-1

IV.A.4 Interior Walils(Page 8)

SFIM

N/A No. 5-1 emphasizes that the criteria for cavity wall and solidwall construction applies to interior walls. See analysis forIV.A.2 and IV.A.3.


No. 85-1

IV.A.5 Iterior Wall Finishes(Page B)

SFM

N/A

AtNo. 5-1 addresses the need for the interior finishes to be ableto withstand inundation for a minimum of 160 hours withoutdamage, not be subject to deterioration from chemicals in thefloodwaters, and capable of being easily cleaned. SFM doesnot address wall finishes.


B-153

No. 85-1

IV.A.6 Floors(Pages 8-9)

Recommendoion: None.

No. 85-1

IV.A.7 Ceiling and Roofs(Page 9)

SFM

900.4 No. 85-1 addresses the need for floor systems to be capable ofwithstanding the hydrostatic pressure generated by a waterlevel differential of two feet between the exterior and interior ofthe structure. SFM requires the floodproofing measures to bedesigned for the flood velocities, durations, rate of rise,hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces, and other factorsassociated with the base flood.

SFM

NIA No. 85-1 addresses the need for ceiling materials to be of atype to withstand prolonged exposure to moisture andhumidity. SFM does not address exposure to moisture andhumidity.


No. 85-1

IV.A.8 Building EnvelopePenetrations(Page 10)

SFM

900.4 No. 85-1 addresses the need for building penetrations (doors,louvers, vents, skylights, etc.h to be capable of resistingdamage for a minimum of 160 hours of inundation, beessentially nonporous, and be conducive to easy cleaning.SFM addresses the installation of watertight doors, bulkheads,and shutters or similar methods of construction. SFM does notaddress nonporous or easy cleaning material.


No. 85-1

IV.A.9 Electrical SystemIV.A.10 HVAC(Pages 10-12)

SFM

602.5900.4

No. 85-1 addresses the need to prevent vulnerable electricalcomponents from coming in contact with the floodwaters. No.85-1 emphasizes that the key protective measures for HVACequipment is elevation and enclosure. SFM requires all utilitiesto be designed and located so as to prevent water fromentering or accumulating within the components and tominimize the chance of impairment during flooding.

V;

Recommendation: None.�1�

B-154


The Standard for Floodplain Management contains provisions which are unique to floodplain management and

does not contain Drovisions for conventional construction contained in the Standard Codes.

Technical Standards Bulletin: Foundation Wall Openings. No. 85-2

SFM

401.3801.190D.3

No. 85-2 provides commentary type language on flood forces,(hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure) and formulas todetermine these pressures. SFM requires the walls to bedesigned for the flood, velocities, durations, rate of rise,hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces and other factorsassociated with the base flood.

No. 85-2


SFM

6022 No. 85-2 provides design criteria to size the openings (1 sqinch of opening for 1 sq ft of floor area) needed to allowfloodwaters in an enclosure for the purpose of equalizinghydrostatic pressures. SFM requires a minimum of twoopenings having a total net area of no less than 1 sq inch ofopening for 1 sq ft of floor area.


B-155

No. 85-2

Flood Forces(Page 1-3)

Recommendaion. None.


The Standard for Flooddain Management contains provisions which are unique to floodplain management and

does not contain provisions for conventional construction contained in the Standard Codes.

Technical Standards Bulletin: Breakaway Walls, No. 85-3

No. 85-3

II. Wind and Water Forces(Pages 2-3)

SFM

401.3801.1801.3

No. 85-3 addresses wind loads and flood water loads. No. 85-3 references the building codes or ANSI A58.1-1982 forinformation on wind loads. SFM requires the building to bedesigned for the wave and wind loads. SFM refers to 1205 ofthe Standard Building Code for the design wind loads.

Recommendation: No. 85-3 should update reference to ASCE 7-88 and address snow and seismic loads.

No. 85-3

Ill. Design Approach(Page 4)


No. 85-3

IV. Design Considerations(Pages 4-10)

SFM

801.4

SFM

N/A

Both No. 85-3 and SFM require the breakaway wall to bedesigned to withstand at least 10 psf but no more than 20 psf.

No. 85-3 provides commentary type language and details forvarious types of breakaway walls. SFM does not providedetails.

Recommendation: None since No. 85-3 contains specification type requirements and SFM contains performance type

requirements.

B-156

STANDARD FOR FLOODPLAJN MANAGEMENT (SFM) COMPARISON

The Standard for Floodplain Management contains provisions which are unique to floodplain management anddoes not contain provisin for conventional construction contained in the Standard Codes.

Technical Standards Bulletin: Wind Design Standards and the NFIP. No. 88-1

No. 881 SFM

Pages 1-5 801.1 Both No. 88-1 and SFMV address wind loads. No. 88-1 containsa reference to ANSI A58&1-1S8. SFMV references 1205 of theStandard Building Code which contains basic wind speed map,velocity pressure, and coefficients in addition to referencingASCE 7-88.

Recommendaion: No. 88-1 should update reference to ASCE 7-88 and address snow and seismic loads. Section 80t.1of the Standard for Floodplain Management should reference Chapter 12 instead of only 1205 (Wind) to include 1204(Snow) and 1206;(Seismic).

B-157


The Standard for Flooddlain Management contains Drovisions which are unique to floodplain management anddoes not contain orovsons for conventional construction contained in the Standard. Codes.

Technical Standards Bulletin: Flood Resistant Materials. No. 88-2

No. 88-2

Pages 1-7

SFM

N/A No. 88-2 provides data and guidance to determine materialsresistant to flood damage' and how the material should beused to improve the structure's ability to withstand flooding.SFM does not address flood resistant' materials.

Recommendation: None.7 g , g , :~~~~~~~

)

*B-158


The Standard for FloodDlain Management contains rovisions which are unique to floodolain management anddoes not contain Drovisins for conventional construction contained in the Standard Codes.

Technical Standards Bulletin: Free of Obstruction Requirements in Coastal High Hazard Areas, No. 88-3

No. 83

Lower Area Obstruction(Pages 2-4)

SFM

801.4 Both No. 88-3 and SFM prohibits the! construction of anything,except breakaway walls, open wood latticework, or insectscreening, beneath the lowest horizontal structural member.


No. 88-3

Obstructions Outside the Perimeter4- of the Coastal Building

(Pages 4-6)

SFM

401.3801.1801.3

No. 88-3 requires structures outside the perimeter of the coastalbuilding to be anchored to resist flotation, collapse, and lateralmovement due to the combined effects of wind and water.SFM requires all structures' in the coastal high hazard area tobe anchored to resist flotation. collapse, and permanent lateralmovement due to the effects of wind and water loading.

Reconmendation: None.

No. 883

Obstructions Attached to ButOutside the Building Perimeter(Page 6)

SFM

401.3801.1801.3

No. 88-3 explains that anything attached to the building isconsidered part of the building and has to meet the samerequirements as the building. SFM requires all structures in thecoastal high hazard area to be anchored to resist flotation,collapse, permanent lateral movement due to the effects ofwind and water loading.


B-159

- STANDARD FOR FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT (SFM) COMPARISON

The Standard for Floodnlain Management contains provisions which are unique to floodplain management anddoes not contain provsons for conventional construction contained in the Standard Codes.

Technical Standards Bulletin: Protection of Elevator Equipment in Flood Hazard Areas, No. 88-4

No. 8134

Recommendations(Page 3)

SFM

602.5900.4

No. 88-4 recommends that the elevator-related hydraulicequipment and elevator-related electrical equipment be locatedabove the BFE. No. 884 recommends that electricalequipment that cannot be placed above the BFE to be of waterresistant models. No. 88-4 recommends that the elevator cabautomatically stay above flood waters by interlocking thecontrols with float' switches in the elevator shaft. SFM doesnot specifically address elevators but does require all utilities tobe designed and located so as to prevent water from enteringor accumulating within the components and to minimize thechance of impairment during flooding.


B-160

"Wj


The Standard for F oodrain Management contains provisions which are unique to floodolain management anddoes not contain prawmns for conventional construction contained in the Standard Codes.

Technical Standards Bulletin: NFIP Recuirements for Below Grade Parking Garages in Flood Hazard Areas,No. 90-2.

No. 90.2 SFM

Pages 1-4 602-3 No. 90-2 provides a summary of the National Flood InsuranceProgram (Regulations for Floodplain Management and FloodHazard identification) requirements for below grade parkinggarages in flood hazard areas. Both No. 90-2 and SFM requirethe enclosed area below an elevated building to be used solelyfor parking of vehicles, limited storage of maintenanceequipment used in connection with the premises, and accessto the elevated living area.


B-161


The 'Standard for Floodplain Manaaement contains Provisions which are unique to floodplain management anddoes not contain Drovisions for conventional construction contained in the Standard Codes.

Technical Standards Bulletin: Non-Residential Floodproofing Certification Requirements of the National FloodInsurance Program, No. 90-3.

No. 90-3

Pages 1-6

SFM Aas

401.2 No. 90-3 provides a summary of the National Flood InsuranceProgram (Regulations for Floodplain Management and FloodHazard Identification) requirements to obtain certification byfloodproofing the non-residential structure. No. 90-3 alsoprovides the forces that the structure would be subjected towhen the structure is subjected to the base flood. SFMrequires certification from a registered professional engineer orarchitect that the floodproofing is in accordance with the SFMwhen floodproofing is utilized on a non-residential building asspecified in Chapter 9.


-9

B-162

STANDARD FOR FLOODPLAiN MANAGEMENT (SFM) COMPARISON

The Standard for FloodDJain Management contains provisions which are unique to floodplain management anddoes not contain orovions for conventional construction contained in the Standard Codes.

Technical Standards Bulletin: Installation of Manufactured Homes in Special Flood Hazard Areas, No. 90-4.

No. 9D-4 SFM

603 No. 90-4 provides a summary of the National Flood nsuranceProgram (Regulations for Floodplain Management and FloodHazard Identification) requirements which affect the placementof manufactured homes in flood hazard areas. SFM requires allmanufactured homes located in a special flood hazard area tobe elevated above the base flood elevation and anchored toresist flotation, collapse, or lateral movement in addition to theanchoring requirements provided in Appendix H of theStandard Building Code.


-U.S. GOVcRNNEN1T RINT:LG OFFICE: 1998&622-956-93450

3-163

Pages 3-19