standard: sps5a - molecular motion
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Standard: SPS5a - Molecular Motion. Activator. EQ: How is molecular motion is based on temperature?. Activator: : Kinetic theory and the states of matter. Summarizer: The 5 states of matter graphic organizer. HW: Density calculations. Kinetic Theory Lecture/discussion/notes. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Standard: SPS5a - Molecular Motion
EQ: How is molecular motion is based on temperature?
Activator: : Kinetic theory and the states of matter
Summarizer: The 5 states of matter graphic organizer
HW: Density calculations
Activator
Kinetic Theory Lecture/discussion/notesItem 1
Homework
Item 2
Item 3
Introduction to Density
Standards: SPS5a States of matter, SPS2a - Density
EQ EQ: Why do some objects sink while others float in water?
EQ: How is molecular motion is based on temperature?
Activator: Interpolation and Extrapolation
Summarizer: Complete Dry Ice lab Questions
HW: Complete Q 5 - 11of Graphing Relationships.
Complete Density Lab Questions.
Activator
Density LabItem 1
Homework
Item 2
Item 3
Dry Ice Lab
Measurement Lab Table Test-tube # Color Amount ( ml)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Standards: SPS2a DensityEQ: Why do some objects sink while others float in water?
Activator: Density Enrichment
Data Collection for Graphing Relationships
HW: Density calculations
Activator
Introduction to DensityItem 1
Homework
Item 2
Item 3
Density calculations
• Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space
• The word “kinetic” means movement• Three main parts of the kinetic Theory
theory:1. All matter is made of tiny particles
2. These particles are in constant motion
3. The higher the temperature, the faster the particles move. At the same temperature, heavier particles move slower.
Kinetic Energy and Temperature
• The state of matter is determined by how fast particles move and how often they bump into each other…..
that is…..how much Kinetic energy they have.
• The higher the temperature more kinetic energy the have and the faster the particles move.
Phase change names
EXOTHERMICEXO – out like “exit” • Give off ( lose
energy)• Particles slow down• Decrease in
temperature of substance
ENDO- in like “entrance”
• Take in ( gain Energy)
• Particles speed up• Increase in
Temperature of substance
ENDOTHERMIC
Exothermic and Endothermic
We all know about:
LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES
Higher Temperature
Lower Temperature
Plasma
Bose-EinsteinCondensate
Two states of matter you did not know much about
But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…
between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?
Some places where plasmas are found…
1. Flames
2. Lightning
3. Aurora (Northern Lights)
4. Neon lights
5. Stars
Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe.
Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.
6
6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars
So now we know all about four states of matter:
LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES
Higher Temperature
Lower Temperature
PLASMAS
(only for low density ionized
gases)
But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to
100 nano degrees above
“Absolute Zero” (-273°C)
What is absolute zero?
In 1924, two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose got together to compare bad grey hairstyles... Who won???
Einstein Bose
+
Neither man won but they predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very, very low temperatures
Einstein Bose
+
And named it after the Great men who had theorized about it:
Bose-Einstein Condensate
In 1995, an MIT scientist Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time.
Ketterle and his students
In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as
individuals.
Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell
them apart!
Some computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…
To really understand Bose-Einstein
condensate you need to know
Quantum Physics
Summary…
LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES
Higher Temperature
Lower Temperature
PLASMAS
(only for low density ionized gases)
BOSE-EINSTEIN
CONDENSATE
Phase Changes and Energy Transfer
• Phase change is a physical change.• Molecules and atoms don’t change• The mass doesn’t change but the
volume does change• The particle motion changes
5 States of Matter
Particles are spread out
Particles move all over the place
Particles can flow
Take the volume of whatever container they are in.
Have lots of kinetic energy
Particles are superheated to the point where they become equal amounts of positively and negatively charged particles.
SOLID
Particles are tightly packedParticles vibrate in place ( Definite Shape) Particles can not flowConstant volumeHave very low kinetic energy
Bose-Einstein
Condensate
Particles are able to slide past each otherParticles can flowConstant volumeHave a medium kinetic energy level
Atoms can no longer bounce around as individuals. Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell them apart! Almost no kinetic energy
LIQUID
GAS
PLASMA
Lower Temperature
Higher Temperature
Mass, Volume, & Density
MassMeasurement of the amount of matter(or stuff) in an object– Measured in grams (g)
VolumeMeasurement of the amount of space an object takes up
Measured in milliliters (ml) or cm3
Which do you think would have the greater volume and he
greater mass?
1 kg of feathers 1 kg of rocks
Which one is more dense?
Demonstration: People in a square
How about this: Which square is more dense?
Which one is more dense?
Now which one is more dense?
Density is defined as mass per unit volume. It is a measure of how tightly packed and how heavy the molecules are in an object. Density is the amount of matter (mass) within a certain volume.
Density
Density = Mass g Volume cm³
Units for density - g/cm3 or g/ml
Formula: M = mass V= volume D = density
M = D x V V = M / D D = M / V
Quick Practice
1 Frank has a paper clip. It has a mass of 9g and a volume of 3cm3. What is its density?
2. Frank also has an eraser. It has a mass of 3g, and a volume of 1cm3. What is its density?
3. Jack has a rock. The rock has a mass of 6g and a volume of 3cm3. What is the density of the rock?
4. Jill has a gel pen. The gel pen has a mass of 8g and a volume of 2cm3. What is the density of the rock?
Behavior of Gases
Particle Collisions and Pressure• We know from kinetic
theory that Gas particles are constantly moving and colliding with anything in their path.
• The collisions of these particles cause pressure.
• Pressure is the amount of force per unit of area.
• P = F/A. • The SI unit of pressure is
Pascal (Pa).
Boyle's Law• According to Boyle's law, if you
decrease the volume of a container of gas and hold the temperature constant, the pressure of the gas will increase.
• An increase in the volume of the container causes the pressure to drop, while temperature remains constant.
• Boyle’s law is written as P1V1 =P2V2
Graph of Boyle’s Law
• Volume vs. Pressure for a Fixed Amount of Gas at Constant Temperature
Charles' Law• According to Charles's
Law, the volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature long as pressure does not change.
• The volume of a gas shrinks with decreasing temperature.
• Charles’ Law can be written as V1/T1 = V2/T2
60ºC
30ºC
Graph of Charles’ Law• Temperature v. Volume for a Fixed Amount of Gas at Constant
Pressure
Temperature K
Volume m3