Performance in use portfolio for IoTSmart Parking

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STANDARDS IN USE

Dr Lluïsa Marsal-LlacunaFuture Cities Catapult

Complementary Resource to the Performance in Use Portfolio

IoTUK

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INTRODUCTION TO STANDARDS IN USE

What is Performance in Use? Relationship between the Standards in Use framework and the Performance in Use portfolioWhat is the Standards in Use framework?On the need for a framework to help the use of standardsWhy the use of standards is important in the urban IoT context Why it is important to use standards as pre and post resource to boost performance of SPPSSmart City standards to assess the performance of IoTUK projects

USING THE PAS 181 STANDARD

Breakdown of the standard into the 2D matrix architecturePAS 181 examples

USING THE PAS 182 STANDARD

Breakdown of the standard into the 2D matrix architecturePAS 182 Examples

CONTENTS

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3Standards in UseIntroduction to Standards in Use

INTRODUCTION TO STANDARDS IN USE

WHAT IS PERFORMANCE IN USE?

Performance in Use is a portfolio which comprises four cross-cutting impact frameworks engineered to help cities, companies and citizens to make better decisions about how to implement future cities applications on the basis that the level of understanding required to deliver this insight is critical to effective market development. These impact frameworks cover economic, social, environmental and technical approaches.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STANDARDS IN USE FRAMEWORK AND THE PERFORMANCE IN USE PORTFOLIO

The Standards in Use Framework prepares and evaluates the Performance in Use portfolio. As preparatory exercise, the Standards in Use Framework helps to identify challenges, opportunities and weaknesses that Performance in Use portfolio will address.

After implementing the Performance in Use portfolio, the Standards in Use Framework can evaluate and assess the results obtained and whether or not there is still room for improvement in meeting the standard.

Therefore, differently from Performance in Use, Standards in Use is implemented twice before and after running the Performance in Use as shown in the figure:

STANDARDS IN USE STANDARDS IN USEPERFORMANCE IN USE

Identify challenges, opportunitiesand weaknesses

assess results obtained, whether or notthe standard haas been met and identify

potentialroom for improvement

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WHAT IS THE STANDARDS IN USE FRAMEWORK?

The Standards in Use framework consists of an architecture to break down any standard into its essential components, therefore (1) facilitating the accessibility to the content of the standard, (2) improving its use and implementation, and (3) allowing the assessment of the performance in meeting the standard in urban projects and solutions.

The Standards in Use architecture builds on the expert thesis that standards can be broken down into essential Components and organized in a 2D matrix CCC Architecture in which the different Capabilities of the standard will be identified in the y axis whereas the Competencies will be shown in the x axis, as follows:

The Standards in Use Framework also includes a scoring mechanism to evaluate the performance of urban projects and solutions in meeting the standard.

ON THE NEED FOR A FRAMEWORK TO HELP THE USE OF STANDARDS

Sometimes standards and their purposes cannot be easily understood. This is, in part, due to their non-user-friendly presentation, which is typically a long report with a lot of text and few schemas that makes them very impenetrable to users and interested audiences. Therefore there is a need and an opportunity to create a simple model to understand the essentials of any standard in a systematised way. The architecture for standards proposed by the Standards in Use framework is this simple model that reorganises the content of any standard in a standardised fashion for an easier use and implementation. This architecture could be also understood as “standard of standards” or “meta-standard”

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WHY THE USE OF STANDARDS IS IMPORTANT IN THE URBAN IOT CONTEXT

Standards and related instruments that assess performance against standards will play a critical role in fostering the anticipated, exponential growth of urban IoT market in years to come. The main reasons are:

1. standards ensure quality of what’s being marketed

2. they increase market competitiveness in today’s globalized value chain

3. they add comparability value and help to introduce necessary proactive and reactive changes

4. they are a low cost marketing strategy with high visibility

5. it avoids starting from scratch, and6. they add structure to the growing marketplace

of emerging technologies.

Any Solution, Project, Product or Service (SPPS) being marketed can benefit from a stronger market presence and less time to market if standards are used:

WHY IT IS IMPORTANT TO USE STANDARDS AS PRE AND POST RESOURCE TO BOOST PERFORMANCE OF SPPS

Like Performance in Use, standards are performance tools. However, Performance in Use is performance-oriented tool, therefore with strong capabilities to boost performance; whereas standards have performance as one of the skills along with other capabilities such as market definition, innovation-to-market, de-regulative capacities, para-legal orchestration, etc. Therefore, standards and the Standards in Use resource have to be considered soft performance tools.

The underlying idea for the Standards in Use relies on the need for an easier-to-use presentation of standards and turns this opportunity into a solution for the market. Therefore, performance of SPPS advocated by standards can be boosted if standards are framed in the Standards in Use tool. In a similar way, after the delivery of a SPPS, the use of Standards in Use Framework will help to showcase the positive impact, benefits and results of using standards in the design and delivery of SPPS.

Using standards framed in the Standards in Use tool in combination with the Performance in Use Portfolio helps to get the most out of the implementation of Performance in Use solutions as their strong performance capabilities will be enhanced, more focused and better oriented with the use of the softer performance skills of standards, as efficient preparatory and effective evaluation exercises.

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SMART CITY STANDARDS TO ASSESS THE PERFORMANCE OF IOTUK PROJECTS

There are no IoT developer ( 1 ) standards yet. Some practitioner ( 2 ) standards do exist but these are too technical to be used to build IoT projects. Two IoT practitioner standards have been identified:

Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT): NB IoT is being developed by The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), which unites seven telecommunications standard development organizations (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TSDSI, TTA, TTC), known as “Organizational Partners”. 3GPP provides their members with a stable environment to produce the Reports and Specifications that define 3GPP technologies.

The NB IoT standard, along with the Extended Coverage GPRS (EC-GPRS) and LTE Machine Type Communication (LTE-MTC) will cover LPWA use cases. Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) networks are designed for M2M applications that have low data rates, require long battery lives and operate unattended for long periods of time, often in remote locations. They are expected to be used for a wide variety of applications such as industrial asset tracking, safety monitoring, water and gas metering, smart grids, city parking, vending machines and city lighting, and to connect wearable devices for people or animals. This technology has huge potentials for IoT, therefore the development of standards for its application in the domain.

(Source: http://www.3gpp.org/news-events/partners-news/1758-gsma_iot)

Standard for an architectural framework for the Internet of Things (IEEE P2413)IEEE is one of the largest practitioner groups focused on the fostering of technological innovation through technical standards. IEEE work is organised in different Ad Hoc committees created on the basis of the different emerging technological needs.

The IEEE P2413 Standard defines an architectural framework for the Internet of Things (IoT), including descriptions of various IoT domains, definitions of IoT domain abstractions, and identification of commonalities between different IoT domains. The architectural framework for IoT provides a reference model that defines relationships among various IoT verticals (e.g., transportation, healthcare, etc.) and common architecture elements. It also provides a blueprint for data abstraction and the quality “quadruple” trust that includes protection, security, privacy, and safety.

Furthermore, this standard provides a reference architecture that builds upon the reference model. The reference architecture covers the definition of basic architectural building blocks and their ability to be integrated into multi-tiered systems. The reference architecture also addresses how to document and, if strived for, mitigate architecture divergence. This standard leverages existing applicable standards and identifies planned or ongoing projects with a similar or overlapping scope.

The Project is sponsored by the IEEE-SA Board of Governors/Corporate Advisory Group (BOG/CAG), and co-sponsored by the IEEE Consumer Electronics Society - Standards Committee (CES/SC), the IEEE Communications Society - Power Line Communications (COM/PLC), the IEEE Communications Society - Standards Development Board (COM/SDB) and the IEEE Computer Society - Cloud Computing Standards Committee (C/CCSC). For more information on this project, please contact the Chair or IEEE-SA Staff.

(Source: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/2413/)

Developer, formal, or de Juris standards are those developed by official standardisation bodies, either at international or European levels (ISO, ITU, IEC, CEN, etc) or at national level (BSI, AFNOR, DIN, ANSI, etc.) Practitioner, informal, or de facto standards are those developed by non-official standardisation bodies such as communities of developers, interest groups, market lobbies, etc.

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IoT projects, like any other project assisting digital transformation needs, have to serve this core purpose before going into the technical detail of languages and architectures to be used in the IT applications in which the digital transformation will be built. In the particular case of IoTUK it is important to make sure that the awarded project will serve the digital transformation of Manchester in first instance.

The so called de juris or developer standards are developed by national and international standardization bodies and have the role of setting the high level and conceptually technical scene for each standardization domain that, eventually, will be further technically developed by the practitioner groups. These eventualities are not trivial as practitioner groups are mostly industrial lobbies with the intention of pushing market specifics in one direction or another. It is therefore important to have developer standards in all emerging technological markets so that the high level technical concepts are neutral to lobbies and free from specific industrial interests.

We do have developer standards for the smart cities domain developed by both national and international standardization bodies. In the UK there are three BSI smart city standards to help cities and businesses in their digital transformation:

• PAS 180 Smart Cities. Vocabulary

• PAS 181 Smart Cities Framework. Guide to establishing strategies for smart cities and communities

• PAS 182 Smart city concept model – Guide to establishing a model for data interoperability

Two other standards are currently under development:

• PAS 183 Guide to establishing a decision-making framework for sharing data and information services

• PAS 184 Business models for delivering smart city solutions

PAS 180 is a terminology guideline, therefore not relevant for the Standards in Use Framework. PAS 181 and PAS 182 have been framed in the Standards in Use architecture and are presented in turn along with the cases of Slough and Belfast as trial cities.

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BREAKDOWN OF THE STANDARD INTO THE 2D MATRIX ARCHITECTURE

As already described in a previous section, in the Standards in Use framework the essential Components of standards are organized in the 2D matrix CCC Architecture in which the different Capabilities of the standard will be identified in the y axis whereas the Competencies will be shown in the x axis. The standard PAS 181 breaks down into four main Competencies:

• Guiding Principles• Key-Cross city governance and delivery

processes• Benefit-realization strategy• Critical success factors

and into the four common Capabilities of any standard, as shown in the figure below:

• The Need• The Strategy• The Recommendations• The Linkages

To allocate the different Components of the standard, the breakdown needs to be further refined. Sub-competencies will appear as it was the case for Competency “B. Key-Cross city governance and delivery processes”:

City VisionTransforming city’s operational modelLeadership and governanceStakeholder CollaborationProcurement and supplier managementMapping city’s interoperability needsCommon terminology and reference modelSmart city roadmapEmpowering stakeholder-led service transformationDelivering city-led service transformationIdentity and privacy managementDigital inclusion and channel managementResources mapping and managementOpen, service-oriented, city-wide IT architecture

USING THE PAS 181 STANDARD

[B1] [B2][B3][B4][B5][B6][B7][B8][B9]

[B10][B11][B12][B13][B14]

Standards in UseUsing the PAS 181 Standard

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For most Competencies, multiple Capabilities will appear as well (up to 9 Recommendations for “A. Guiding Principles”). The final breakdown of PAS 181 is shown in the picture below. The different Components are shown in yellow and orange colours. A yellow colour means that the component is data-related. Orange colour means that the component is strategy/vision-related. In PAS 181 the Components are formulated as questions to facilitate interaction with the counterpart.

The following image is a miniaturization of PAS 181. The original size of the matrix is 6m long and 2m high and it is ideally displayed in a wall as a deck of cards:

As a visual summary of the standard, sketches exemplifying the main Competencies and Sub-competencies of the standard follow:

Standards in UseUsing the PAS 181 Standard

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[B1] Common city challenges

[B1’] City Vision

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[B2] Traditional operating city model

[B2’] New operating model

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[B5] Summary of the key elements to shift towards smart urban procurement

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[B6] Smart City Interoperability matrix

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[B8] Phases of a smart city roadmap

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[B9] Strategy of service innovation through stakeholder empowerment

[B9] Delivering stakeholder empowerment

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[B11] Government Digital Service (GDS) Identity and privacy principles

[B14] Smart City Framework

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[C] Targeted benefits in 29 UK cities

[D] SCF Critical Success Factors

Standards in UseUsing the PAS 181 Standard

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PAS 181 EXAMPLES

Slough: Setting the baseline for a smart city road map in ‘Urban planning and building control services’

Belfast: Discovering the challenges for ‘Future Belfast’

Two different trialling exercises have been conducted for PAS 181, in two different testing cities, Slough and Belfast. In Slough the PAS 181 served to brainstorm on how to transform the analogue service of “urban planning permission application” into digital.

In Belfast the PAS 181 helped the Council to start a more general discussion on how to design a “digital future for Belfast”. Some photos of the workshop with Belfast showing the PAS 181 matrix displayed on the wall are attached below:

In both cases, in the more concrete needs of Slough and the more general challenges of Belfast, the use of PAS 181 framed in the Standards in Use architecture was successful and got the cities ready to apply the Performance in Use portfolio, with challenges and needs clearly identified.

Thus, PAS 181 proves to be useful to set the scene for the Performance in Use to provide strategic solutions for cities, no matter the size and complexity of the city and the specific areas that the city is looking to address.

Standards in UseUsing the PAS 181 Standard

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BREAKDOWN OF THE STANDARD INTO THE 2D MATRIX ARCHITECTURE

Similar to PAS 181, standard PAS 182 breaks down into four main Competencies:

A. ResourceB. EventC. State D. Place

and into nine Capabilities:

• Items• Collections• Events• Objectives• Observing and Responding• Services

• Cases• Plans• Resources and Decisions

These in turn subdivide in the four common assessments of any standard:

• Need• Strategy• Recommendations• Linkages

USING THE PAS 182 STANDARD

Standards in UseUsing the PAS 182 Standard

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To allocate the different Components of the standard, the breakdown needs to be further refined. Sub-Competencies will appear as it was the case for the competencies Resource, Events and State.

The refined breakdown is shown in the matrix below. The different Components are shown in yellow. Following the same criteria used with PAS 181, the yellow colour means that the Component is data-related.

Similar to PAS 181, PAS 182 is a wall matrix, however, since PAS 182 Components are formulated as parts of a data model to help the construction of associated mental map, Components can be easily isolated and worked separately.

According to the standard, the construction of the mental map starts with defining the kind of insight sought. PAS 182 identifies four different natures of insights in the city:

Standards in UseUsing the PAS 182 Standard

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Operational insight – examines characteristics of things such as buildings, communities and organizations, using data to evidence and improve their value for the city.

Critical insight – the real-time monitoring of incidents and current cases, involving all relevant organizations from across sectors, who work together to achieve the desired outcome or response.

Analytical insight – the exploration of the data ecosystem to determine patterns, correlations and predictions. This allows the development or innovation of systems or services, impact assessment of proposed changes to systems or services, or the evidencing of challenges and opportunities for the city.

Strategic insight – an overarching approach that examines outcomes related to strategic objectives, decisions and plans.

The figure below illustrates the four levels of insight identified as present in a city. The diagram is not intended to represent insights as a hierarchy, rather it identifies that these insights will be present and might be stored and used in a variety of ways. The interlocking representation is designed to identify the fluid nature of the data within a city, constantly evolving and usable for all of the insights that might be gained from city data.

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After deciding on the insight the mental map can be drafted. The mental map is meant to identify all concepts present in a given insight to elaborate the subsequent data model. PAS 182 offers guidance on drafting typical data models for a city which are represented as graphs. A couple of examples of concepts follow.

Some concepts are defined as sub-concepts of other concepts. These are defined where specializing a concept is particularly relevant to a city, such as BUILDING. Relationships that are defined for a concept are also valid for its sub-concepts. Sub-concept relationships are shown using dashed lines:

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PAS 182 EXAMPLES

Slough: Mental maps and data models for the ‘planning application process’

Belfast: Data requirements for the ‘Rates Identification and Forecasting Tool’

As use cases for PAS 182, we worked on the mental map to create the data model for the “planning application service” for Slough and the data model for the “Rates Identification and Forecasting Tool” for Belfast. In both cases the architecture designed for the breakdown of PAS 182 proved to be successful. Since both use cases are very different from each other we believe PAS 182 Standards in Use architecture can be applied in a myriad of situations, including the assessment of data requirements for IoT solutions.

Below some images illustrating the construction of mental maps and data models during the trialling workshop in Slough. On the right, a representation of the current (analogue) planning application process. On the right, the mental map, represented as decision tree for this analogue process.

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Following the guidance of PAS 182, we designed the data model map for the new “on-line planning application” service.

Standards in UseUsing the PAS 182 Standard

Performance in use portfolio for IoTSmart Parking

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Get in touch:

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