standards review transparencies

104
Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall, Boston, Massachusetts 02116. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. The publisher hereby grants permission to reproduce student worksheets and tests, for classroom use only, the number not to exceed the number of students in each class. Notice of copyright must appear on all copies. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson® is a registered trademark of Pearson plc. Prentice Hall® is a registered trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Lab zone™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Planet Dairy® is a registered trademark of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Discovery Channel School® is a registered trademark of Discovery Communications, Inc., used under license. The Discovery Channel School logo is a trademark of Discovery Communications, Inc. SciLinks® is a trademark of the National Science Teachers Association. The SciLinks® service includes copyrighted materials and is owned and provided by the National Science Teachers Association.All rights reserved. Science News® is a registered trademark of Science Services, Inc. 13-digit ISBN 978-0-13-364576-7 10-digit ISBN 0-13-364576-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10 09 08 07 Earth Science Standards Review Transparencies

Upload: others

Post on 12-Sep-2021

10 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Standards Review Transparencies

Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall, Boston, Massachusetts 02116. Allrights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permissionshould be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, ortransmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. Thepublisher hereby grants permission to reproduce student worksheets and tests, for classroom use only, the numbernot to exceed the number of students in each class. Notice of copyright must appear on all copies. For informationregarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River,New Jersey 07458.

Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson® is a registered trademark of Pearson plc.Prentice Hall® is a registered trademark of Pearson Education, Inc.

Lab zone™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc.

Planet Dairy® is a registered trademark of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Discovery Channel School® is a registered trademark of Discovery Communications, Inc., used under license. TheDiscovery Channel School logo is a trademark of Discovery Communications, Inc.

SciLinks® is a trademark of the National Science Teachers Association. The SciLinks® service includes copyrightedmaterials and is owned and provided by the National Science Teachers Association. All rights reserved.

Science News® is a registered trademark of Science Services, Inc.

13-digit ISBN 978-0-13-364576-7

10-digit ISBN 0-13-364576-2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10 09 08 07

Earth Science

Standards Review Transparencies

Page 2: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

earson Education, Inc., publishing as P

earson Prentice H

all.All rights reserved.

ii

The transparencies in this Prentice Hall Georgia Earth Science StandardsReview Transparencies book are intended to serve as refreshers of thecharacteristics of science and content skills covered by the Grade 6Georgia Performance Standards for Science.

The Table of Contents presents a list of the titles of the transparenciesgrouped by standard. The correlation on the pages following the Table ofContents gives a statement of each of the Grade 6 performance standardsand the number of each transparency that reviews that standard.

The art may support the information in the text, relay informationbeyond what appears in the text, or supply data that students can use tointerpret the text or answer the questions. The questions, in turn, aredesigned to take students beyond the material in the review points. Somequestions require an interpretation of the graphic; others give studentsan opportunity to exercise critical-thinking skills.

You can use these transparencies in several ways:◆ The transparencies lend themselves to whole-class review. You can

choose a standard to focus on, project the related transparency, anddiscuss the topic as a class.

◆ You can leave a transparency projected for a period of time, allowingfor independent review of a particular standard. Students can thenview the transparency at their convenience.

◆ You can arrange for students to view those transparencies that coverstandards of particular concern to them. You may wish to let studentsdecide for themselves which topics they need to review. Or you maychoose to guide them to particular transparencies you think would bemost helpful to them.

However you choose to present them, the transparencies are a valuabletool for reviewing the Georgia Grade 6 Science Performance Standards.

TO THE TEACHER

Page 3: Standards Review Transparencies

iii

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

To the Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

Transparency Correlation to Georgia Performance Standards v

SCIENCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDSCHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE

Scientific Habits of Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E1Scientific Habits of Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E2Scientific Habits of Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E3Scientific Habits of Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E4Scientific Habits of Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E5Scientific Habits of Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E6Scientific Habits of Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E7Scientific Habits of Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E8Scientific Habits of Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E9Scientific Habits of Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E10Scientific The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E11Scientific The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E12Scientific The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E13Scientific The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E14

CONTENT STANDARDS Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E15Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E16Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E17Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E18Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E19Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E20Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E21Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E22Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E23Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E24Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E25Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E26Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E27Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E28Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E29Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E30Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E31Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E32Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E33Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E34Earth’s Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E35Earth’s Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E36Earth’s Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E37

CONTENTS

Page 4: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

earson Education, Inc., publishing as P

earson Prentice H

all.All rights reserved.

iv

The Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E38The Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E39The Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E40The Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E41The Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E42The Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E43Weather and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E44Weather and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E45Weather and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E46Weather and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E47Weather and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E48Weather and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E49Weather and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E50Weather and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E51Earth’s Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E52Earth’s Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E53Earth’s Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E54Earth’s Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E55Rocks and Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E56Rocks and Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E57Rocks and Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E58Rocks and Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E59Rocks and Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E60Rocks and Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E61Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E62Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E63Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E64Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E65Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E66Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E67Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E68Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E69Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E70Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E71Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E72Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E73Erosion and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E74Erosion and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E75Erosion and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E76Erosion and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E77Earth’s History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E78Earth’s History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E79Earth’s History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E80Earth’s History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E81Earth’s History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E82Earth’s History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E83

CONTENTS (continued)

Page 5: Standards Review Transparencies

v

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

Earth’s History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E84Weathering and Soil Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E85Weathering and Soil Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E86Conserving Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E87Conserving Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E88Conserving Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E89Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E90Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E91Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E92Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E93Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E94Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E95

CONTENTS (continued)

Page 6: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

earson Education, Inc., publishing as P

earson Prentice H

all.All rights reserved.

vi

TRANSPARENCY CORRELATION TO GEORGIA PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

SCIENCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS Transparency

Characteristics of Science: Habits of Mind

S6CS1 Students will explore the importance of curiosity, honesty, openness, and E1

skepticism in science and will exhibit these traits in their own efforts to understand

how the world works.

S6CS2 Students will use standard safety practices for all classroom laboratory and E2

field investigations.

S6CS3 Students will use computation and estimation skills necessary for analyzing E3, E4

data and following scientific explanations.

S6CS4 Students will use tools and instruments for observing, measuring, and E5

manipulating equipment and materials in scientific activities.

S6CS5 Students will use the ideas of system, model, change, and scale in exploring E6, E7

scientific and technological matters.

S6CS6 Students will communicate scientific ideas and activities clearly. E8, E9

S6CS7 Students will question scientific claims and arguments effectively. E10

Characteristics of Science: The Nature of Science

S6CS8 Students will investigate the characteristics of scientific knowledge and how E11, E12

it is achieved.

S6CS9 Students will investigate the features of the process of scientific inquiry. E13, E14

Page 7: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

TRANSPARENCY CORRELATION TO GEORGIA PERFORMANCE STANDARDS (CONTINUED)

SCIENCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS Transparency

Content Standards

S6E1 Students will explore current scientific views of the universe and how those

views evolved.

a. Relate the Nature of Science to the progression of basic historical scientific theories E15, E16

(geocentric and heliocentric) as they describe our solar system, and the Big Bang

as it describes the formation of the universe.

b. Describe the position of the solar system in the Milky Way galaxy and the universe. E17, E18, E19,

E20, E21

c. Compare and contrast the planets in terms of E22, E23

• Size relative to the earth

• Surface and atmospheric features

• Relative distance from the sun

• Ability to support life

d. Explain the motion of objects in the day/night sky in terms of relative position. E24, E25

e. Explain that gravity is the force that governs the motion in the solar system. E26, E27, E28

f. Describe the characteristics of comets, asteroids, and meteors. E29

S6E2 Students will understand the effects of the relative positions of the earth,

moon, and sun.

a. Demonstrate the phases of the moon by showing the alignment of the earth, moon, E30

and sun.

b. Explain the alignment of the earth, moon, and sun during solar and lunar eclipses. E31, E32

c. Relate the tilt of the earth to the distribution of sunlight throughout the year and E33

to its effect on climate.

vii

Page 8: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

earson Education, Inc., publishing as P

earson Prentice H

all.All rights reserved.

viii

TRANSPARENCY CORRELATION TO GEORGIA PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

SCIENCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS Transparency

S6E3 Students will recognize the significant role of water in earth processes.

a. Explain that a large portion of the Earth’s surface is water, consisting of ocean, E34, E35, E36

rivers, lakes, underground water, and ice.

b. Relate various atmospheric conditions to stages of the water cycle. E37

c. Describe the composition, location, and subsurface topography of the world’s oceans. E38, E39

d. Explain the causes of waves, currents, and tides. E40, E41, E42, E43

S6E4 Students will understand how the distribution of land and oceans affects

climate and weather.

a. Demonstrate that land and water absorb and lose heat at different rates and E44, E45, E46, E47

explain the resulting effects on weather patterns.

b. Relate unequal heating of land and water surfaces to form large global wind E48, E49

systems and weather events such as tornados and thunderstorms.

c. Relate how moisture evaporating from the oceans affects the weather patterns and E50, E51

the weather events such as hurricanes.

S6E5 Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface is formed.

a. Compare and contrast the Earth’s crust, mantle, and core including temperature, E52, E53, E54, E55

density, and composition.

b. Investigate the composition of rocks in terms of minerals. E56, E57, E58

c. Classify rocks by their process of formation. E59, E60

d. Describe processes that change rocks and the surface of the earth. E61, E62, E63

Page 9: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

TRANSPARENCY CORRELATION TO GEORGIA PERFORMANCE STANDARDS (CONTINUED)

SCIENCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS Transparency

S6E5 Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface

is formed. (continued)

e. Recognize that lithospheric plates constantly move and cause major geological E64, E65, E66, E67,

events on the earth’s surface. E68, E69, E70, E71

f. Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion, deposition, volcanic E72, E73, E74, E75,

eruption, gravity) on geological features including oceans (composition, currents, E76, E77

and tides).

g. Describe how fossils show evidence of the changing surface and climate of the earth. E78, E79, E80, E81,

E82, E83, E84

h. Describe soil as consisting of weathered rocks and decomposed organic material. E85, E86

i. Explain the effects of human activity on the erosion of the earth’s surface. E87

j. Describe methods for conserving natural resources such as water, soil, and air. E88, E89

S6E6 Students will describe various sources of energy and with their uses and

conservation.

a. Explain the role of the sun as the major source of energy and the sun’s relationship E90, E91, E92

to wind and water energy.

b. Identify renewable and nonrenewable resources. E93, E94, E95

ix

Page 10: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E1Scientific Habits of MindS6CS1 Students will explore the importance of curiosity, honesty, openness, and skepticism in science and will exhibit these traits in their own efforts to understand how the world works.

Quick Review◆ Scientific investigations include developing a

testable hypothesis, taking accurate measurements,collecting data and observations, and using logicalreasoning to formulate explanations.

◆ Scientific knowledge is constantly reviewed andcritiqued. Scientists should keep clear, honest, andaccurate records of their research so that otherscientists can repeat their experiment and confirmtheir results.

◆ Scientists should be open-minded to new ideas butalso skeptical about information presented withoutevidence.

◆ Not all scientific investigations result in defensibleexplanations. However, even incorrect hypothesesare valuable even if they turn out not to be completely accurate.

Questions

1. Identify the steps in the scientific inquiry process.

2. Why is it important for scientists to keep accurateand clear records of their investigations?

CommunicatePose Questions

Form a Hypothesis

Design an Experiment

Collect and Interpret Data

Draw Conclusions

1. Pose questions, form a hypothesis, design an experiment, collect and interpret data, draw conclusions, communicate2. Clear and accurate records enable other scientists to review and replicate the work.

Page 11: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E2Scientific Habits of MindS6CS2 Students will use standard safety practices for all classroom laboratory and field investigations.

Quick Review◆ Safety procedures in the laboratory and in field

studies include recognizing potential hazards andworking carefully in order to prevent accidents.

◆ While performing experiments, manipulate allmaterials and equipment safely. Follow the directions as written or told to you by yourteacher.

◆ Safety symbols alert you to possible dangers in thelaboratory and remind you to work carefully.

Questions1. Why is it important to wear goggles during many

experiments?

2. Which of the symbols shown means that you willbe working with sharp objects?

3. What is the meaning of the symbol labeled 1?

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

1. To protect your eyes from chemicals, flames, or heat2. The symbol labeled 43. Wash your hands thoroughly before and after experiments.

Page 12: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E3Scientific Habits of MindS6CS3 Students will use computation and estimation skills necessaryfor analyzing data and following scientific explanations.

Neither Precise nor Accurate Precise but Not Accurate Both Precise and Accurate

Quick Review

◆ Scientists must sometimes rely on estimates whenthey cannot obtain exact numbers.

◆ Accuracy and precision are both important whenyou make measurements.

◆ You may determine an “average” by finding themean, median, or mode.

Questions1. True or false: Estimating is the same as guessing.

2. What does it mean to say a measurement isaccurate?

3. What are the mean, median, and mode of thefollowing set of numbers: 2, 5, 3, 8, 5, 0, 5?

1. False2. It means that the measurement is close to the true or accepted value.3. The mean is 4, the median is 5, and the mode is 5.

Page 13: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E4

Quick Review◆ A scientific explanation must be supported by

evidence from investigations.

Questions1. Which conclusion is best supported by the

information in the graphs?

A. Ocean water is primarily composed of chloride.

B. More than 30 percent of ocean water is made upof salts.

C. Chloride ions make up more than half of the dissolved salts in ocean water.

D. Together, calcium and potassium ions make upabout 2 percent of ocean water.

2. What should a scientist do if the results of an experiment do not support the hypothesis?

1. C 2. The scientist should change the hypothesis and test a new hypothesis.

Scientific Habits of MindS6CS3 Students will use computation and estimation skills necessary for analyzing data and following scientific explanations.

Page 14: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E5

Quick Review◆ Scientists use tools such as balances, spring scales,

microscopes, and binoculars to perform tests and collect data.

◆ Technology such as calculators and computers helpscientists perform tests, collect and store data, and and measure, compute, and communicate theirinformation.

Questions1. Which of the tools shown could you use to measure

the volume of a liquid?

A. thermometer B. ruler

C. graduated cylinder D. balance

2. How long is the shell in front of the ruler?

1. C 2. About 4.5 cm

Scientific Habits of MindS6CS4 Students will use tools and instruments for observing,measuring, and manipulation equipment and materials in scientific activities.

ThermometerGraduatedcylinder

Balance

Ruler

Page 15: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E6Sc

ien

tifi

c H

abit

s o

f M

ind

S6C

S5St

ud

ents

will

use

th

e id

eas

of

syst

em, m

od

el, c

han

ge,

an

d s

cale

in e

xplo

rin

g s

cien

tifi

c an

d

tech

no

log

ical

mat

ters

.

Qu

ick

Rev

iew

◆M

odel

s h

elp

peo

ple

stu

dy

and

un

der

stan

dp

hen

omen

a th

at a

re c

omp

lex

or c

an’t

be

obse

rved

dir

ectl

y.It

’s i

mp

orta

nt

to s

elec

t th

eap

pro

pri

ate

mod

el t

o ex

amin

e a

ph

enom

enon

.

◆P

rep

arin

g a

mod

el o

r si

mu

lati

on m

ay h

elp

you

com

mu

nic

ate

you

r fi

nd

ings

an

d d

efen

d y

our

con

clu

sion

s or

ally

an

d i

n w

riti

ng.

Qu

esti

on

s1.

Loo

k a

t th

e p

hot

o.T

he

stu

den

t is

mod

elin

g d

ayan

d n

igh

t on

Ear

th.W

hat

do

the

flas

hli

ght

and

the

bal

l in

th

e m

odel

rep

rese

nt?

2.H

ow w

ould

you

man

ipu

late

th

is m

odel

to

exp

lain

wh

at c

ause

s n

igh

t an

d d

ay?

3.H

ow a

re m

odel

s u

sefu

l in

sci

ence

?

1.Th

e su

n an

d Ea

rth

2.Ro

tate

the

bal

l whi

le h

oldi

ng t

he f

lash

light

stil

l.3.

Scie

ntifi

c m

odel

s ca

n he

lp p

eop

le t

o vi

sual

ize

or u

nder

stan

d ce

rtai

n ob

ject

s or

sci

entif

ic p

roce

sses

tha

t ca

nnot

be

obse

rved

dire

ctly

.

Page 16: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E7

Quick Review◆ Maps and globes are models of Earth’s surface. Maps

are drawn to scale and use symbols to representtopography and other features on Earth’s surface.

◆ Topographic maps use contour lines to show elevation and relief.

Questions1. If you climbed Mount Whitney, you would find the

gentlest slopes if you climbed from the

A. northeast. B. east.

C. southeast. D. southwest.

2. What is the highest elevation on the map?

1. D 2. the summit of Mount Whitney, 4416.9 m

1 km0.5 km0

0.5 mi0.25 mi0

Key

Mount Whitney

Glacier

Trail

N

EW

SContour interval 20 metersContour interval

Indexcontour

Scientific Habits of MindS6CS5 Students will use the ideas of system, model, change, and scale inexploring scientific and technological matters.

Page 17: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E8

Quick Review◆ Scientists can construct and use graphs to draw

conclusions about patterns in the data or the relationships between variables.

Questions1. The graph shows climate data for a city in Kenya

in East Africa. Which months have the leastprecipitation?

A. June through September

B. October through December

C. January through May

D. January, February, and May

2. The graph shows data for a tropical wet-and-dry climate. Based on the graph, what are the characteristics of this climate?

1. A2. The weather is hot throughout the year and there are two seasons with peak precipitation: March through April and November

through December.

Scientific Habits of MindS6CS6 Students will communicate scientific ideas and activities clearly.

Ave

rag

e Te

mp

erat

ure

(°C

)

Ave

rag

e Pr

ecip

itat

ion

(m

m)

30

20

10

0

–10

–20

–30

300

200

100

0

Month

Temperature and PrecipitationCombined

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Page 18: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E9

Quick Review◆ In science, it is important to communicate the steps

and results of investigations.

Questions1. In what section of a lab report should the graph

above appear?

A. procedure B. hypothesis

C. list of materials D. results

2. Why is it important to record the steps of an investigation accurately?

1. D 2. So that other scientists can repeat the experiment

Comparing Insulated Mugs

Time (minutes)

Tem

per

atu

re (

ºC)

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

00 10 20 30 40 50 60

Insulated Mug A

Insulated Mug B

Scientific Habits of MindS6CS6 Students will communicate scientific ideas and activities clearly.

Page 19: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E10

Scientific or Not?

• Is the claim specific?

• Is the claim made by an

expert in that subject?

• Is the claim based on

evidence, not opinions?

• Is there enough evidence?

• Is this the best conclusion

that can be drawn from the

evidence?

Quick Review◆ Be skeptical of vague claims or those made by peo-

ple outside their area of expertise.

◆ Remember that research and arguments may bedesigned poorly; that is, they may be based on flawsof reasoning or inappropriate samples.

◆ Recognize that there may be more than one way tointerpret a given result.

Question1. A new sneaker is promoted on television by a

Dr. Randy Jones. Of the questions on the checklistabove, which question should you ask in your mindabout Dr. Jones’ qualifications?

Scientific Habits of MindS6CS7 Students will question scientific claims and argumentseffectively.

1. “Is the claim made by an expert in that subject?”

Page 20: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E11The Nature of ScienceS6CS8 Students will investigate the characteristics of scientificknowledge and how it is achieved.

Quick Review◆ Scientists ask and try to answer questions about

the natural world. Although all experiments are different, many follow a similar pattern.

◆ In any scientific investigation, you must identify a testable hypothesis related to the question. Afteridentifying the question and hypothesis, you mustdesign an experiment to test the hypothesis.

◆ Scientific knowledge is sometimes modified as newinformation challenges old theories. A scientifictheory is accepted only when it is supported by alarge body of evidence.

Questions1. Turn this question into a hypothesis: “Which

freezes faster—fresh water or salt water?”

2. In designing an experiment to test this hypothesis,what materials will you need?

1. If I add salt to fresh water, the water will take longer to freeze. 2. Salt, water, containers, and a freezer

Page 21: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E12

Quick Review◆ Scientists can use observations to determine a

sequence of events, such as the order in which rocksformed.

Questions1. If a layer of volcanic material cuts across the

Hermit shale, the Coconino sandstone, and thelower part of the Toroweap limestone, when didthe volcanic layer form?A. after Kaibab limestoneB. after Toroweap limestoneC. before Supai sandstoneD. at the same time as Coconino sandstone

2. What type of rock formed after Toroweap limestone?

1. B 2. Kaibab limestone

The Nature of ScienceS6CS8 Students will investigate the characteristics of scientificknowledge and how it is achieved.

Page 22: Standards Review Transparencies

E13

Quick Review◆ A hypothesis is a possible explanation for a set of

observations or answer to a scientific question.

Questions1. Scientists usually test a hypothesis by

A. drawing a conclusion.

B. conducting a controlled experiment.

C. posing questions.

D. developing a theory.

2. Why is it important in an experiment to collect andinterpret data carefully?

1. B2. Careful data collection and interpretation provide the evidence needed to draw a conclusion—that is, to decide

whether the results of the experiment support or disprove the hypothesis.

CommunicateForm a

Hypothesis

Pose Questions

Draw Conclusions

Collect and Interpret Data

Design anExperiment

The Nature of ScienceS6CS9 Students will understand the features of the process of scientificinquiry.

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

Page 23: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E14

Quick Review◆ In a well-designed experiment, you need to keep all

variables the same except for one.

◆ An investigation in which only one variable ismanipulated at a time is called a controlled experiment.

Questions1. Which is the manipulated variable in the

experimental procedure above?

A. amount of water

B. starting temperature

C. temperature of the freezer

D. amount of salt in the water

2. What is a variable?

1. D 2. A factor that can be measured in an experiment

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE1. Fill 3 containers with 300 milliliters of

cold tap water.

2. Add 10 grams of salt to Container 1; stir.Add 20 grams of salt to Container 2;stir. Add no salt to Container 3.

3. Place the 3 containers in a freezer.

4. Check the containers every 15 minutes.Record your observations.

The Nature of ScienceS6CS9 Students will investigate the features of the process of scientificinquiry.

Page 24: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E15

Quick Review◆ About 5 billion years ago, a giant cloud of gas and

dust collapsed to form our solar system.

◆ Most early Greek astronomers believed that theplanets and stars revolved around Earth. This geocentric system was widely accepted untilCopernicus further developed a heliocentric theory.

◆ Galileo’s observations of Venus and Jupiter’s majormoons supported the heliocentric system.

Questions1. How did the early Greek astronomers explain the move-

ments of the planets and the stars?

2. What observations did Galileo make about Venus thatsupported Copernicus’s heliocentric idea?

3. What two factors did Newton conclude keep the planetsin orbit?

A cloud of gas and dustformed a spinning disk.

The remaining gas anddust formed the planets.

The solar system includesthe sun, planets, and belts

of rock, ice and dust.

Gas in the center of the diskcollapsed to form the sun.

AstronomyS6E1.a Relate the Nature of Science to the progression of basichistorical scientific theories (geocentric and heliocentric) as theydescribe our solar system, and the Big Bang as it describes theformation of the universe.

1. They believed that Earth is at the center of a rotating domethey called the celestial sphere. The planets and stars werethought to revolve around a stationary Earth.

2. Galileo discovered that Venus goes through phases similarto those of Earth’s moon.

3. Inertia and gravity.

Page 25: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E16

Quick Review◆ According to the big bang theory, the universe

was formed in an enormous explosion about 13.7 billion years ago. Since then, the universe hascontinued to expand.

◆ Evidence for the big bang theory includes Hubble’slaw and the presence of cosmic background radiation.

◆ Hubble’s law states that the farther away a galaxyis, the faster it is moving away from us.

Questions1. How can astronomers tell how fast a galaxy is

moving?

2. What is cosmic background radiation?

1. By examining the spectrum of the galaxy 2. Leftover thermal energy from the big bang

AstronomyS6E1.a Relate the Nature of Science to the progression of basichistorical scientific theories (geocentric and heliocentric) as theydescribe our solar system, and the Big Bang as it describes theformation of the universe.

Page 26: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E17

Quick Review◆ The sun is one of many stars in the Milky Way

galaxy.

Questions1. Which layer of the sun is its visible surface?

A. corona B. chromosphere

C. photosphere D. core

2. What characteristic of the sun determines its yellowcolor?

1. C 2. Its surface temperature

AstronomyS6E1.b Describe the position of the solar system in the Milky Waygalaxy and the universe.

Page 27: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E18

Quick Review◆ Interstellar and intergalactic distances are

expressed in terms of how far light travels in oneyear, the light-year: 1 ly � 9.5 � 1015 meters.

Questions1. Star A is 100 ly from Earth. How long will it take

the light from Star A to reach Earth?

A. 100 yearsB. 1,000 yearsC. 10,000 yearsD. 1 million years

2. Why do astronomers use light-years to measure the distances to the stars?

1. A 2. The stars are very far away.

Star A

Sun

Sky as seen from Earth in JulySky as seen from Earth in January

Earthin January

Earthin July

B

BB

CC

DD AA

CD

AstronomyS6E1.b Describe the position of the solar system in the Milky Waygalaxy and the universe.

Parallax of Stars

Page 28: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E19

Ast

ron

om

yS6

E1.b

Des

crib

e th

e p

osi

tio

n o

f th

e so

lar

syst

em in

th

e M

ilky

Way

gal

axy

and

th

e u

niv

erse

.

Qu

ick

Rev

iew

◆S

tars

may

dif

fer

in s

ize,

tem

per

atu

re,

and

col

or.

Qu

esti

on

s1.

Sir

ius

A i

s a

star

on

th

e m

ain

seq

uen

ce a

ccor

din

g to

th

eH

ertz

spru

ng-

Ru

ssel

l D

iagr

am.

Com

par

ed t

o ou

r su

n,

Sir

ius

A i

s

A.

bri

ghte

r an

d h

otte

r.

B.

dim

mer

an

d c

oole

r.

C.

dim

mer

an

d h

otte

r.

D.

bri

ghte

r an

d c

oole

r.

2.W

hat

is

the

tren

d b

etw

een

bri

ghtn

ess

and

su

rfac

e te

mp

erat

ure

of

mai

n-

seq

uen

ce s

tars

?

Absolute BrightnessIncreasing

Su

rfa

ce T

em

pe

ratu

re (

˚C)

Ma

in S

eq

ue

nce

Wh

ite

Dw

arf

s

Gia

nts

Su

pe

rgia

nts

Siri

us

A

Siri

us

B

Sun

Be

telg

eu

se

Ald

eb

ara

n

Po

lari

s

Alg

ol

Rig

el

50

,00

02

0,0

00

10

,00

05

,00

06

,00

03

,00

0

Alp

ha

Ce

nta

uri

B

Alp

ha

Ce

nta

uri

A

Blu

e o

r b

lue

-wh

ite

Ye

llo

wW

hit

eR

ed

-ora

ng

eR

ed

Her

tzsp

run

g-R

uss

ell D

iag

ram

1.

A

2

. In

gen

eral

, br

ight

ness

incr

ease

s as

sur

face

tem

per

atur

e in

crea

ses.

Page 29: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E20

Quick Review◆ A galaxy is a cluster of billions of stars.

◆ Our solar system is located in a spiral arm of agalaxy called the Milky Way. The center of the MilkyWay is about 25,000 light-years away.

Questions1. Which types of galaxies contain many bright,

young stars and lots of gas and dust?

A. elliptical and spiral

B. irregular and elliptical

C. spiral and irregular

D. spiral, irregular, and elliptical

2. What is a nebula? Why isn’t it a galaxy?

1. C 2. A nebula is a large cloud of gas and dust. It is too small to be a galaxy and it does not contain billions of stars.

AstronomyS6E1.b Describe the position of the solar system in the Milky Waygalaxy and the universe.

Page 30: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E21

Quick Review◆ Galaxies are classified as spiral, elliptical, or

irregular based on their shapes.

Questions1. Which of the galaxies pictured above is an example

of an elliptical galaxy?

A. X B. Y

C. Z D. None of them are elliptical galaxies.

2. What kinds of stars are found in an irregular galaxy?

1. B 2. Bright, young stars

AstronomyS6E1.b Describe the position of the solar system in the Milky Waygalaxy and the universe.

X Y

Z

Page 31: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E22

Quick Review◆ The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars)

are relatively small, dense, and have rocky surfaces.

Questions1. Which of the inner planets is most comparable in

size to Earth?A. Mercury B. MarsC. Jupiter D. Venus

2. How are the atmospheres of Venus and Mars similarto each other and different from the atmosphere ofEarth?

1. D2. The atmospheres of Venus and Mars are made up mostly of carbon dioxide. Earth’s atmosphere is mostly a mix of nitrogen

and oxygen.

PlanetSize

(kilometers)Diameter Radius

Period ofRevolution

(Earth years)

Number ofMoons

Period ofRotation

(Earth days)

Average DistanceFrom Sun

(AU)

Mercury

Venus

Earth

Mars

4,879 2,440

12,104 6,052

12,756 6,378

6,794 3,397

59

243

1

1.03

0.39

0.72

1.0

1.5

0.24

0.62

1

1.9

0

0

1

2

The Inner Planets

Venus

Mars

Earth

Mercury

AstronomyS6E1.c Compare and contrast the planets in terms of size relative to theearth, surface and atmospheric features, relative distance from the sun,and ability to support life.

Page 32: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E23

Quick Review◆ The outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and

Neptune) are much larger and more massive thanthe inner planets. They all have many moons andare each surrounded by a set of rings.

Questions1. Which of the outer planets moves fastest around

the sun?A. Jupiter B. SaturnC. Uranus D. Neptune

2. Which two elements make up most of the atmospheresof Jupiter and Saturn?

1. A 2. Hydrogen and helium

Planet or DwarfPlanet

Period of Revolution

(Earth years)

Number of Moons

Period of Rotation

(Earth days)

Average Distance From Sun

(AU)

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

Pluto

143,000

120,500

51,120

49,530

0.41

0.45

0.72

0.67

5.2

9.6

19.2

30.0

12

29

84

164

63+

47+

27+

13+

2,390 6.4 39.2 248 3

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

Pluto

71,490

60,270

25,560

24,760

1,200

Size (kilometers)

Diameter Radius

The Outer Planets and Pluto

AstronomyS6E1.c Compare and contrast the planets in terms of size relative to theearth, surface and atmospheric features, relative distance from the sun,and ability to support life.

Page 33: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E24AstronomyS6E1.d Explain the motion of objects in the day/night sky in terms ofrelative position.

Quick Review◆ Constellations are imaginary patterns of stars that

look like people or animals. Unlike the planets,constellations stay in a fixed position relative toone another. Therefore, astronomers use the constellations to locate objects such as planets inthe night sky.

◆ The positions of the constellations in the skychange as Earth revolves around the sun.Different constellations are visible from differentlatitudes as well.

◆ Star charts map the constellations that appear during different seasons and time of year.

Questions1. Are the stars in a particular constellation all close

to one another?

2. Around what star do the Northern Hemispherestars appear to revolve?

1. No, they just happen to lie in the same part of the sky as seen from Earth. 2. The North Star

ORIO

N

Rigel

Aldebaran

Sirius

GEMINI

AURIGA

TAURUS

Pe

ades

AR

IES

TRIA

NG

ULU

MPE

RSE

US

DRACO

CEPHEUS

URSA MINOR(LITTLE DIPPER)

UR

SA

MA

JOR

(BIG

DIP

PE

R)

CASSIOPEIA

Castor

Cap

ella

Polaris

(North Star)

Pollux

CA

NC

ERLEO

HYDRA

LEPUS

CANIS M

AJOR

CANIS MINORProcyon

COLUMBA

Regulus

ER

IDA

NU

S

VELA

CO

RV

US

Spica

VIR

GO

BO

OTE

S

Arcturus

AND

RO

MED

A

Betelg

euse

Northern Horizon

Southern Horizon

West

ern

Ho

rizo

n E

aste

rn H

orizo

n

Page 34: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E25AstronomyS6E1.d Explain the motion of objects in the day/night sky in terms ofrelative position.

1. D.2. Like Earth, the planets revolve around the sun. As Earth and the planets move, the angles between them change, and the

planets’ appear to wander slowly among the distant stars.

Quick Review◆ Earth moves through space in two major ways:

rotation and revolution.

◆ Earth rotates once around its axis in about 24 hours. Earth’s rotation causes day and night.Objects such as the sun, moon, and stars appear tomove from east to west in the sky as Earth rotatesfrom west to east.

◆ Earth revolves around the sun in an ellipticalorbit. As Earth moves around the sun, differentobjects, such as stars and planets, become visiblein the night sky as the relative positions of Earth,the sun, and these objects change.

Questions1. One complete revolution of Earth around the sun

is called a(n)

A. hour. B. day.

C. month. D. year.

2. Why do the planets appear to wander among thestars?

Page 35: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E26

Quick Review◆ Gravity is an attractive force between any two

objects that have mass.

◆ The strength of a gravitational force depends onmass and distance. The force is stronger for largermasses and at shorter distances.

◆ The gravitational attraction between Earth and anobject gives an object weight.

◆ The sun’s gravitational pull holds Earth and otherplanets in their orbits.

Questions1. Why does it seem that objects such as cars and

rocks do not have gravitational attraction towardeach other?

2. Why is the weight of an object on the moon lessthan the weight of the same object on Earth?

3. What causes ocean tides?

The force of gravity acts between all objects.

If mass increases, the force of gravity increases.

If distance increases, the force of gravity decreases.

AstronomyS6E1.e Explain that gravity is the force that governs the motion in thesolar system.

1. The mass of these objects is very small compared to Earth,so the force attracting them to Earth is much stronger thanthe force attracting them to each other.

2. The mass of the moon is less than the mass of Earth, so thegravitational force is smaller.

3. The moon’s gravity pulling on the Earth

Page 36: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E27

Quick Review◆ Inertia and gravity combine to keep Earth in orbit

around the sun and the moon in orbit around Earth.

Questions1. Why does the moon stay in orbit around Earth?

Why doesn’t the moon fall to Earth?

2. What would happen to the moon if there were no gravity?

A. It would stop moving.

B. It would fall toward Earth.

C. It would leave orbit and move in a straight line.

D. It would continue to orbit Earth.

1. The moon’s inertia keeps it moving ahead, and gravity pulls the moon toward Earth. The combination of these two factorskeeps the moon in orbit around Earth.

2. C

Force ofgravity

Moon’s motionwithout gravity

Actual orbit Moon

Earth

AstronomyS6E1.e Explain that gravity is the force that governs the motion in thesolar system.

Page 37: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E28

Ast

ron

om

yS6

E1.e

Exp

lain

th

at g

ravi

ty is

th

e fo

rce

that

go

vern

s th

e m

oti

on

in t

he

sola

r sy

stem

.

Qu

ick

Rev

iew

◆G

ravi

ty i

s th

e fo

rce

that

att

ract

s al

l ob

ject

sto

war

d e

ach

oth

er.I

t is

res

pon

sib

le f

orfo

rmin

g th

e su

n i

nto

its

sp

her

ical

sh

ape.

Qu

esti

on

s1.

Wh

at o

pp

osin

g fo

rce

bal

ance

s th

e su

n’s

grav

ity,

kee

pin

g th

e su

n s

tab

le o

ver

tim

e?

A.i

ner

tia

B.o

utw

ard

pre

ssu

re

C.m

omen

tum

D.c

onve

ctio

n

2.W

hat

wou

ld h

app

en t

o th

e su

n i

f gr

avit

yw

ere

sud

den

ly t

urn

ed o

ff?

Pres

sure

ou

t

Gra

vity

in

1.

B

2

. T

he o

utw

ard

pre

ssur

e fr

om t

he s

un’s

cor

e w

ould

no

long

er b

e ba

lanc

ed b

y gr

avity

, ca

usin

g th

e su

n to

exp

lode

.

Page 38: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E29

Quick Review◆ Comets are loose collections of ice, dust, and small

rocky particles. They typically have long, narrowelliptical orbits. When a comet gets close enough tothe sun, some of its ice turns to gas, forming acoma and one or two long tails.

◆ Asteroids are chunks of rock in space. Mostrevolve around the sun in the asteroid beltbetween the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

◆ Meteoroids are chunks of rock or dust in space.Meteoroids come from asteroids or comets.

Questions1. What force pushes gas and dust away from a comet

to form its tail?

2. Why is a comet difficult to see when it is far fromthe sun?

3. What do scientists think happened when one ormore large asteroids hit Earth about 65 millionyears ago?

Coma

Sun

Dust tail

Gas Tail

Comet orbit

1. The solar wind2. It remains frozen and does not have a coma or a tail.3. A catastrophic explosion led to the extinction of the dinosaurs and many other species.

AstronomyS6E1.f Describe the characteristics of comets, asteroids, and meteors.

Page 39: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E30

Quick Review◆ The phase of the moon you see depends on how

much of the sunlit side of the moon faces Earth.

◆ The same side of the moon is always visible fromEarth because the moon revolves once aroundEarth and rotates once on its axis in the same period of time.

Questions1. When the moon is in the new moon phase, how

much of its surface receives light from the sun?

2. Since the moon does not produce its own light, howcan you see it?

1. Half the moon’s surface receives sunlight no matter what the phase. However, at the time of a new moon, the sunlit half of the moon is facing away from Earth.

2. Sunlight reflects from the moon’s surface.

View From Space

Sunlight

1. New Moon

2. Waxing Crescent

3. First Quarter

4. Waxing Gibbous

6. Waning Gibbous

5. Full Moon

7. Third Quarter

8. Waning Crescent

AstronomyS6E2.a Demonstrate the phases of the moon by showing thealignment of the earth, moon, and sun.

Phases of the Moon

Page 40: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E31

Quick Review◆ A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes directly

between Earth and the sun, blocking sunlight fromreaching the Earth.

◆ During a total solar eclipse, a small section ofEarth’s surface lies in the moon’s umbra, the darkestpart of the moon’s shadow.

◆ A partial solar eclipse can be seen in areas that liein the moon’s penumbra, the larger, less dark partof its shadow.

Questions1. What phase is the moon in during a solar eclipse?

A. new moon B. first quarter

C. third quarter D. full moon

2. Why can a total solar eclipse be seen from only asmall part of Earth’s surface?

1. A 2. The moon casts only a small shadow on Earth because it is much smaller than Earth.

AstronomyS6E2.b Explain the alignment of the earth, moon, and sun duringsolar and lunar eclipses.

Solar Eclipse

Penumbra

Umbra

Moon

Sun

Earth

Page 41: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E32

Quick Review◆ During a total lunar eclipse, Earth is directly

between the moon and the sun. Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon, which is in Earth’s shadow.

◆ A total lunar eclipse occurs when the moon is inEarth’s umbra. A partial lunar eclipse occurs whenthe moon passes partly into Earth’s umbra.

Questions1. What phase is the moon in when a lunar eclipse

occurs?

A. new moon B. waning crescent

C. waxing gibbous D. full moon

2. Why doesn’t a lunar eclipse occur every month?

1. D 2. The moon’s orbit is tilted about 5 degrees relative to Earth’s orbit around the sun. So, in most months the moon revolves

around Earth without moving into Earth’s shadow.

AstronomyS6E2.b Explain the alignment of the earth, moon, and sun duringsolar and lunar eclipses.

Lunar Eclipse Penumbra

Umbra Moon

Sun

Earth

Page 42: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E33

Quick Review◆ Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted as it

moves around the sun. The axis is tilted at anangle of 23.5° from the vertical.

◆ As Earth revolves around the sun, its axis is tiltedaway from the sun for part of the year and towardthe sun for part of the year.

◆ When the north end of Earth’s axis is tilted towardthe sun, the Northern Hemisphere has summerand the Southern Hemisphere has winter.

Questions1. Why are the seasons not affected by changes in

Earth’s distance from the sun?

2. What is a solstice? When does it occur?

3. What is an equinox? When does it occur?

MarchEquinox

DecemberSolstice

SeptemberEquinox

JuneSolstice

1. The directness of sunlight and the hours of daylight influence the seasons more than small changes in the sun’s distance.2. A solstice occurs when the noon sun is overhead at either 23.5° N or 23.5° S on or about the 21st of June and December.3. An equinox occurs when the noon sun is directly overhead at the equator on or about the 21st of March and September.

AstronomyS6E2.c Relate the tilt of the earth to the distribution of sunlightthroughout the year and to its effect on climate.

Page 43: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E34

Distribution of Earth’s Water

Fresh water

Ice 76%

Deep groundwater 11%

Shallow groundwater 12%

Lakes and rivers 0.34%

Water vapor 0.037%

Salt water in oceans and salt lakes

97%

Quick Review◆ Most of Earth’s water is salt water found in

the oceans. Oceans cover about 70 percent ofEarth’s surface.

◆ Most of Earth’s fresh water is locked in the thicksheets of ice that cover Antarctica and Greenland.

Questions1. What percentage of Earth’s water is fresh water?

A. About 0.34%

B. About 3%

C. About 76%

D. About 97%

2. How much of Earth’s fresh water is located underground?

1. B 2. About 23%

Earth’s WatersS6E3.a Explain that a large portion of the Earth’s surface is water,consisting of oceans, rivers, lakes, underground water, and ice.

Page 44: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E35

Quick Review

◆ Roughly 25 percent of Earth's fresh water isgroundwater.

◆ An aquifer is a permeable layer of rock that issaturated with water.

◆ People depend on aquifers for drinking water andirrigation.

Questions1. What does it mean for a rock to be permeable?

2. According to the illustration, which layer of rock isthe source of the water in a spring?

3. How might a rise in air temperature lead to a dropin the amount of water in an aquifer?

1. Water can pass easily through a permeable rock. 2. The aquifer layer3. Higher temperatures can cause more water to evaporate instead of sinking into the ground.

Impermeable layer

Water table

Saturatedzone

WellAquifer

Spring

Saturated zone

Earth’s WatersS6E3.a Explain that a large portion of the Earth’s surface is water,consisting of oceans, rivers, lakes, underground water, and ice.

Page 45: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E36

1. A river and all its tributaries 2. The steepness of its slope and the volume of its water 3. A watershed or drainage basin

Tributary

Oxbow lakeMeander

Delta

Ocean

Earth’s WatersS6E3.a Explain that a large portion of the Earth’s surface is water,consisting of oceans, rivers, lakes, underground water, and ice.

Quick Review◆ Rivers begin in the mountains, where many

streams come together to form the fast-movingheadwaters. Downriver, the land’s slope is lesssteep, and tributaries increase the river’s volume.

◆ The river then flows through its flood plain, whereit can meander back and forth. Sometimes ameander is cut off from the river and forms anoxbow lake.

◆ At the mouth, the river flows into a larger body of water—a larger river, a lake, or an ocean.Sometimes deposits of sediment build up at themouth of the river to form a delta.

Questions1. What makes up a river system?

2. What two factors affect how fast a river flows?

3. What is the name of the land area that supplieswater to a river system?

Page 46: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E37

Qu

ick

Rev

iew

◆T

he

wat

er c

ycle

beg

ins

wh

en w

ater

eva

por

ates

from

oce

ans,

lak

es,a

nd

riv

ers,

and

is

rele

ased

from

pla

nts

or

anim

als.

◆W

ater

vap

or c

ond

ense

s as

it

cool

s to

for

m c

lou

ds

in t

he

atm

osp

her

e.W

hen

th

e w

ater

dro

ple

tsb

ecom

e h

eavy

en

ough

,th

ey f

all

bac

k t

o E

arth

as

pre

cip

itat

ion

.

◆P

reci

pit

atio

n t

hat

fal

ls o

n l

and

can

eva

por

ate,

flow

in

to r

iver

s,la

kes

,an

d o

cean

s,or

see

p i

nto

the

Ear

th’s

cru

st w

her

e it

wil

l b

ecom

e gr

oun

d-

wat

er.

Qu

esti

on

s1.

Wh

at s

ourc

e of

en

ergy

dri

ves

the

wat

er c

ycle

?

2.H

ow d

oes

the

wat

er c

ycle

ren

ew E

arth

’s s

up

ply

of f

resh

wat

er?

3.W

hat

hap

pen

s to

rai

n t

hat

fal

ls i

nto

th

e oc

ean

s?

CO

ND

ENSA

TIO

N PREC

IPIT

ATIO

N

RUN

OFF

AN

D

GRO

UN

DW

ATER

EVA

PORA

TIO

N

Wat

er v

apor

Gro

undw

ater

Oce

an

Lake

1.

The

sun

2.

M

ost

of t

he w

ater

tha

t ev

apor

ates

com

es f

rom

the

sal

ty o

cean

s bu

t be

com

es f

resh

as

it ev

apor

ates

.

3.

It r

emai

ns in

the

oce

an u

ntil

it ev

apor

ates

and

con

tinue

s th

e cy

cle.

Eart

h’s

Wat

ers

S6E3

.bR

elat

e va

rio

us

atm

osp

her

ic c

on

dit

ion

s to

sta

ges

of

the

wat

er c

ycle

.

Page 47: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

PPLS

E38

Quick Review◆ About 97% of Earth’s water is salt water, mostly

found in oceans. About 3% is fresh water found inicebergs, groundwater, lakes, and rivers.

◆ On average, one kilogram of ocean water containsabout 35 grams of salts, or has a salinity of 35 partsper thousand. Salt water has a higher density and a lower freezing temperature than fresh water.

◆ Water is one of Earth’s best solvents. Minerals fromrocks such as limestone and gases dissolve ingroundwater, lakes, and oceans.

Questions1. Where is most of Earth’s fresh water found?

2. What percentage of the dissolved salts in oceanwater is comprised of sodium and chloride?

1. In ice sheets and icebergs 2. 85.6%

The OceansS6E3.c Describe the composition, location, and subsurface topographyof the world’s oceans.

Page 48: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E39

Quick Review◆ The continental shelf is a gently sloping, shallow

part of the ocean floor that extends outward fromthe edge of a continent. Beyond the edge of thecontinental shelf is a steeply declining area calledthe continental slope.

◆ The smooth, nearly flat region of the ocean flooris called the abyssal plain. Mountains rise anddeep canyons called trenches drop off from theabyssal plain.

Questions1. A mountain that rises from the ocean floor, but

whose peak does not break the ocean surface, iscalled a

A. volcanic island. B. trench.

C. mid-ocean ridge. D. seamount.

2. Which section of the ocean floor would you touchas you walk into the ocean from a beach?

The OceansS6E3.c Describe the composition, location, and subsurface topographyof the world’s oceans.

1. D 2. The continental shelf

Page 49: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E40

Quick Review◆ Waves carry energy.

◆ Although an ocean wave travels through the water,the water particles remain in place.

◆ Most waves form when winds blowing across thewater’s surface transmit energy to the water.

Questions1. What does the wave transfer in the direction of its

motion?

A. water particles

B. troughs

C. energy

D. crests

2. How does the wave get its energy?

1. C 2. Wind makes contact with the water and transfers energy to it.

Direction of wave movement

Wavelength

CrestWaveheight

Particlemotion

Trough

No particle motionbelow this depth

The OceansS6E3.d Explain the causes of waves, currents, and tides.

Page 50: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E41

Quick Review◆ Tsunamis are giant ocean waves. They travel at sea

as a long, low wave. Near shore, the height of thewave increases dramatically. Tsunamis can causegreat destruction.

◆ Most tsunamis are caused by earthquakes beneaththe ocean floor.

Questions1. What is the source of energy for a tsunami?

A. change in sea level

B. ocean winds

C. heat of Earth’s interior

D. earthquake

2. Predict how a tsunami could affect human habitats.

1. D 2. Sample answer: Buildings near the shore may be destroyed.

Earthquake

Sea level

Ocean floor

The OceansS6E.d Explain the causes of waves, currents, and tides.

Page 51: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E42

Quick Review◆ Surface currents are mainly driven by wind.

◆ The sun’s radiation is the ultimate source of energythat powers global winds and surface currents in the ocean.

Questions1. Which of the following causes surface currents

to form?

A. conduction from deeper water

B. wind blowing over the surface

C. the Coriolis force

D. unequal heating of the ocean

2. How do surface currents affect the distribution ofthermal energy in the oceans and the atmosphere?

1. B 2. Surface currents carry thermal energy away from the equator and toward the poles.

N

EW

KeyWarm currentCold current

North Atla

ntic Drift

Gulf Stre

am California

Current

Antarctica

Africa

Australia

South America

NorthAmerica

EuropeAsia

S. PacificOcean

N. PacificOcean N. Atlantic

Ocean

S. AtlanticOcean

Indian Ocean

Arctic Ocean

Arctic Circle

60º S

30º S

30º N

60º N

Equator

150º W

90º W

30º W

30º

E

90º E

150º E

Antarctic Circle

Major Surface Ocean Currents

The OceansS6E.d Explain the causes of waves, currents, and tides.

Page 52: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E43

Quick Review◆ Tides are caused by the gravitational interactions

of Earth, the moon, and the sun.

◆ As Earth rotates, most coastlines experience twohigh tides and two low tides each day.

◆ During both a new moon and a full moon, thecombined pull of the moon and sun produce aspring tide. When the moon is at right angles to the sun, a neap tide results.

Questions1. Why is a bulge of water created on the side of

Earth opposite the moon?

2. What is a spring tide? A neap tide?

3. How often do spring tides and neap tides occur?

1. The water on the opposite side of Earth is pulled lessstrongly toward the moon than the rest of Earth. Thiswater is less affected by the moon’s gravitational force.

Point AThe moon pulls on water at Earth’ssurface more strongly than on Earthas a whole.

Point BThe moon pulls less strongly on thewater at Earth’s surface than onEarth as a whole.

Point C and DLow tides occur between the twohigh tides.

The OceansS6E.d Explain the causes of waves, currents, and tides.

2. A spring tide has the greatest difference between consecutive high and low tides; a neap tide has theleast difference between consecutive high and low tides.

3. Spring and neaptides each occurabout twice a month.

Page 53: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E44

Quick Review◆ Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from a hotter

object to a cooler one.

◆ In the atmosphere, heat is transferred by radiation,conduction, and convection.

Questions1. What form of heat transfer in the diagram involves

the motion of air?

A. conduction from the ground to the air

B. radiation from the sun through the air

C. radiation from the ground to the air

D. convection in the air

2. In what form is energy transferred from the sun toEarth?

1. D 2. Radiation or electromagnetic waves

Heat transferby radiation

Heat transferby convection

Heat transferby conduction

Heat transfer by radiation

Weather and ClimateS6E4.a Demonstrate that land and water absorb and lose heat atdifferent rates and explain the resulting effects on weather patterns.

Page 54: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E45

Quick Review◆ Changes in weather are caused by differences in

pressure, heat, the movement of air, and humidity.

Questions1. The map shows a high-pressure area near

Washington, D.C. What type of weather will mostlikely occur in that area?

A. heavy snow

B. overcast skies

C. sunshine and dry air

D. thunderstorms

2. Air masses tend to move from west to east. What isthe likely forecast for Chicago?

1. C 2. The approaching low-pressure system will probably bring snow and sleet to Chicago.

Seattle45/37

San Francisco55/42Los Angeles60/48

Denver40/22

Billings38/25

Kansas City34/30

Minneapolis32/26

Chicago36/28

Detroit37/26

New York44/34

Washington48/33

DFWMetroplex66/46

Atlanta42/38

Miami74/60

El Paso58/40

Houston70/50

COLD

WINDY

CHILLY

Weather and ClimateS6E4.a Demonstrate that land and water absorb and lose heat atdifferent rates and explain the resulting effects on weather patterns.

Page 55: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E46

Quick Review◆ Colliding air masses can form four types of fronts:

cold fronts, warm fronts, stationary fronts, andoccluded fronts.

Questions1. Which of the following is NOT likely to happen as

a cold front passes through an area?

A. The sky remains clear.

B. Precipitation falls.

C. Temperature drops.

D. Clouds form.

2. How does a cold front form?

1. A 2. Cold and warm air masses meet, and the dense, rapidly moving cold air slides under the warm air, pushing the warm

air upward.

Weather and ClimateS6E4.a Demonstrate that land and water absorb and lose heat atdifferent rates and explain the resulting effects on weather patterns.

Page 56: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E47

Qu

ick

Rev

iew

◆C

lim

ate

is d

eter

min

ed b

y te

mp

erat

ure

an

dp

reci

pit

atio

n.C

lim

ate

can

als

o b

e in

flu

ence

d b

yn

atu

ral

even

ts,s

uch

as

volc

anic

eru

pti

ons

or

glac

ial

mel

tin

g.

◆T

he

maj

or c

lim

ate

typ

es a

re t

rop

ical

rai

ny,

dry

,te

mp

erat

e m

arin

e,te

mp

erat

e co

nti

nen

tal,

pol

ar,

and

hig

hla

nd

s.

◆T

emp

erat

ure

is

infl

uen

ced

by

lati

tud

e,al

titu

de,

dis

tan

ce f

rom

lar

ge b

odie

s of

wat

er,a

nd

oce

ancu

rren

ts.

Qu

esti

on

s1.

How

can

vol

can

ic e

rup

tion

s af

fect

cli

mat

e?

2.W

hy

doe

s p

reci

pit

atio

n f

all

mai

nly

on

th

ew

ind

war

d s

ides

of

mou

nta

ins?

3.W

hat

typ

es o

f cl

imat

e p

red

omin

ate

bet

wee

n t

he

Tro

pic

of

Can

cer

and

th

e T

rop

ic o

f C

apri

corn

?

1.

They

rel

ease

gas

and

ash

into

the

atm

osp

here

. Th

ese

subs

tanc

es c

an f

ilter

out

rad

iatio

n an

d m

ay lo

wer

tem

per

atur

es.

2.

Whe

n w

arm

, hu

mid

air

is f

orce

d to

ris

e up

to

pas

s ov

er m

ount

ains

, th

e ai

r co

ols

and

its w

ater

vap

or c

onde

nses

to

pro

duce

clo

uds

and

pre

cip

itatio

n.3.

Tr

opic

al r

ainy

, w

ith s

ome

dry

regi

ons

Wea

ther

an

d C

lim

ate

S6E4

.aD

emo

nst

rate

th

at la

nd

an

d w

ater

ab

sorb

an

d lo

se h

eat

at d

iffe

ren

t ra

tes

and

exp

lain

th

e re

sult

ing

eff

ects

on

wea

ther

pat

tern

s.

Page 57: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E48

Quick Review◆ Local winds are caused by the unequal heating of

Earth’s surface within a small area.

Questions1. The energy for a sea breeze originally comes from

A. conduction from Earth’s surface.

B. energy of ocean currents.

C. radiation from the sun.

D. the water cycle.

2. How does unequal heating during the day produce asea breeze?

1. C 2. As a result of unequal heating, the land is warmer than the water. Therefore, the air above the water is cooler and denser than

the air above the land. A breeze develops as the cooler air moves beneath the warm, rising air.

Warmair rises

Cooler air movesbeneath warm air

Sea Breeze

Weather and ClimateS6E4.b Relate unequal heating of land and water surfaces to formlarge global wind systems and weather events such as tornados andthunderstorms.

Page 58: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E49

Quick Review◆ Temperature differences between the equator and

the poles create global winds.

Questions1. The trade winds blow from the

A. west to the east.

B. horse latitudes to the poles.

C. horse latitudes to the doldrums.

D. equator to the horse latitudes.

2. What causes the prevailing westerlies?

1. C 2. The prevailing westerlies are caused by the difference in air pressure between the horse latitudes (high pressure) and the poles

(low pressure). The westerlies move warm air toward the poles, but they are turned east by the Coriolis effect.

N

EW

S

90ºN

60ºN

30ºN

30ºS

60ºS

90ºS

Equator 0º

Polar Easterlies

Prevailing Westerlies

Prevailing Westerlies

HorseLatitudes

TradeWinds

Trade Winds

HorseLatitudes

Doldrums

Weather and ClimateS6E4.b Relate unequal heating of land and water surfaces to formlarge global wind systems and weather events such as tornados andthunderstorms.

Page 59: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E50

Qu

ick

Rev

iew

◆F

our

typ

es o

f ai

r m

asse

s in

flu

ence

th

e w

eath

erin

Nor

th A

mer

ica:

mar

itim

e tr

opic

al,c

onti

nen

tal

trop

ical

,mar

itim

e p

olar

,an

d c

onti

nen

tal

pol

ar.

◆M

arit

ime

air

mas

ses

are

hu

mid

,wh

ile

con

tin

enta

lm

asse

s ar

e d

ry.T

rop

ical

an

d p

olar

ref

er t

o th

ete

mp

erat

ure

of

the

air.

◆W

hen

tw

o ai

r m

asse

s of

dif

fere

nt

tem

per

atu

res

and

den

siti

es c

olli

de,

they

for

m a

fro

nt.

Qu

esti

on

s1.

How

do

mar

itim

e tr

opic

al a

ir m

asse

s fr

omth

eP

acif

ic O

cean

aff

ect

the

wea

ther

on

th

eW

est

Coa

st?

2.W

hat

typ

e of

fro

nt

form

s w

hen

tw

o ai

r m

asse

sm

eet

and

nei

ther

on

e ca

n m

ove?

3.W

hat

typ

e of

wea

ther

do

cold

fro

nts

usu

ally

bri

ng?

1.

They

brin

g w

arm

, hu

mid

air

to t

he W

est

Coa

st.

2.

A s

tatio

nary

fro

nt

3.

Abr

upt

wea

ther

cha

nges

, su

ch a

s th

unde

rsto

rms,

fol

low

ed b

y co

oler

, dr

ier

wea

ther

.

Wea

ther

an

d C

lim

ate

S6E4

.cR

elat

e h

ow

mo

istu

re e

vap

ora

tin

g f

rom

th

e o

cean

s af

fect

s th

e w

eath

er p

atte

rns

and

th

e w

eath

er e

ven

ts s

uch

as

hu

rric

anes

.

Page 60: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E51

Quick Review◆ A hurricane is a tropical storm that has wind speeds

of at least 119 kilometers per hour.

◆ Hurricanes form over warm ocean water. The waterevaporates from the ocean’s surface. As this humidair rises and forms clouds, more warm air is drawninto the system.

Questions1. The process by which clouds form from water

vapor in the air is called

A. precipitation. B. condensation.

C. evaporation. D. combustion.

2. What is the “eye” of a hurricane?

1. B 2. The calm, quiet area at the hurricane’s center

Weather and ClimateS6E4.c Relate how moisture evaporating from the oceans affectsthe weather patterns and the weather events such as hurricanes.

➊ Warm, moist air risesaround the eye and in spiraling bands of clouds.

➋ Air flows outwardnear the top of the hurricane.

➌ Cool, dry airsinks in theeye, the centerof the hurricane.Eyewall

HeavyRain

Page 61: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E52

Quick Review◆ The crust is a layer of solid rock that forms Earth’s

outer surface. It includes both dry land and theocean floor.

◆ The mantle is a thick layer of hot rock betweenEarth’s crust and core.

◆ The core at Earth’s center is metallic and verydense.

Questions1. Which of Earth’s layers is liquid?

A. crust B. mantle

C. outer core D. inner core

2. Which layer(s) of Earth are included in the lithosphere?

1. C 2. The crust and the upper part of the mantle

Earth’s StructureS6E5.a Compare and contrast the Earth’s crust, mantle, and coreincluding temperature, density, and composition.

Page 62: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E53

Qu

ick

Rev

iew

◆E

arth

can

be

div

ided

in

to a

cor

e,m

antl

e,an

dcr

ust

.

◆T

he

cru

st i

s th

e ro

cky

oute

r la

yer,

wh

ich

is

div

ided

in

to c

onti

nen

tal

cru

st a

nd

oce

anic

cru

st.

◆T

he

core

is

a la

rge

sph

ere

of m

etal

at

Ear

th's

cen

ter.

Th

e in

ner

cor

e is

bel

ieve

d t

o b

e so

lid

,bu

tth

e ou

ter

core

is

liq

uid

.

◆T

he

man

tle

is l

ocat

ed b

etw

een

th

e cr

ust

an

d t

he

core

.

Qu

esti

on

s1.

If E

arth

is

lik

e a

har

d-b

oile

d e

gg,w

hic

h l

ayer

wou

ld r

elat

e to

th

e sh

ell?

2.W

hic

h l

ayer

of

Ear

th c

onta

ins

a la

yer

of s

oft,

flow

ing

rock

kn

own

as

the

asth

enos

ph

ere?

3.W

hic

h l

ayer

of

the

Ear

th’s

cor

e is

sm

alle

r an

db

elie

ved

to

be

mad

e u

p o

f so

lid

met

al?

Man

tle

2850

km

Ou

ter

core

2260

km

Inn

er c

ore

1220

km

Cru

st5

–75

km

Atm

osp

her

e

1. C

rust

2

. M

antle

3.

Inne

r co

re

Eart

h’s

Str

uct

ure

S6E5

.a C

om

par

e an

d c

on

tras

t th

e Ea

rth

’s c

rust

, man

tle,

an

d c

ore

incl

ud

ing

tem

per

atu

re,

den

sity

, an

d c

om

po

siti

on

.

Page 63: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E54

Quick Review◆ The three main layers of Earth are the crust, the

mantle, and the core. These layers vary greatly insize, composition, temperature, and pressure.

◆ The crust and the uppermost part of the mantleform a rigid layer called the lithosphere. The soft,less rigid part of the mantle below the lithosphereis called the asthenosphere.

◆ The forces that shape the lithosphere includecrustal plate movement, folding and faulting,deposition, volcanoes, and earthquakes.

Questions1. What makes Earth’s plates move?

2. How are the inner and outer core different?

1. Convection currents in the mantle 2. The outer core is a layer of molten metal that surrounds the inner core. The inner core is a dense ball of solid metal.

Oceanic crust

LithosphereContinental crust

Upper mantleAsthenosphere

Dep

th (

km)

0

100

200

300

350

Earth’s StructureS6E5.a Compare and contrast the Earth’s crust, mantle, and coreincluding temperature, density, and composition.

Page 64: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E55

Quick Review◆ Heat from the core and the mantle itself causes

convection currents in the mantle.

◆ Convection carries heat from Earth’s interior to the surface.

Questions1. Most of the heat that causes the convection

currents shown originally comes from the

A. asthenosphere. B. core.

C. lithosphere. D. sun.

2. What causes convection currents to form in the mantle?

1. B 2. Hotter, less dense material rises in the mantle as cooler, denser material sinks.

Convectioncurrents

LithosphereMantle

Core

Earth’s StructureS6E5.a Compare and contrast the Earth’s crust, mantle, and coreincluding temperature, density, and composition.

Page 65: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E56

Qu

ick

Rev

iew

◆A

min

eral

is

a n

atu

rall

y oc

curr

ing,

inor

gan

icso

lid

wit

h a

cry

stal

lin

e st

ruct

ure

an

d a

def

init

ech

emic

al c

omp

osit

ion

.

◆G

eolo

gist

s cl

assi

fy r

ock

s ac

cord

ing

to t

hei

rte

xtu

re,m

iner

al c

omp

osit

ion

,an

d o

rigi

n.

◆T

he

min

eral

con

ten

t of

a r

ock

can

be

det

erm

ined

by

obse

rvin

g a

very

th

in s

ecti

on o

f th

e ro

cku

nd

er a

mic

rosc

ope.

◆T

he

text

ure

of

a ro

ck i

s d

escr

ibed

bas

ed o

n t

he

size

,sh

ape,

and

pat

tern

of

the

rock

’s g

rain

s.

Qu

esti

on

s1.

Wh

ich

min

eral

is

mos

t ab

un

dan

t in

th

e th

inse

ctio

n o

f ro

ck s

how

n?

Th

e le

ast

abu

nd

ant?

2.W

hat

is

typ

ical

ly t

he

orig

in o

f ro

cks

wit

h n

ovi

sib

le g

rain

?

1.

Feld

spar

; q

uart

z

2

. F

ast-

cool

ing

igne

ous

rock

s

Ro

cks

and

Min

eral

sS6

E5.b

Inve

stig

ate

the

con

trib

uti

on

of

min

eral

s to

ro

ck c

om

po

siti

on

.

Page 66: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E57

Qu

ick

Rev

iew

◆E

ach

min

eral

has

sp

ecif

ic p

hys

ical

pro

per

ties

that

can

be

use

d t

o id

enti

fy i

t,in

clu

din

gh

ard

nes

s,d

ensi

ty,c

olor

,str

eak

,lu

ster

,cry

stal

syst

em,c

leav

age

pat

tern

s,an

d f

ract

ure

pat

tern

s.

◆T

he

har

dn

ess

of a

n u

nk

now

n m

iner

al i

s te

sted

by

scra

tch

ing

it w

ith

a m

iner

al o

f k

now

n h

ard

nes

s.

◆T

he

den

sity

of

a m

iner

al i

s fo

un

d b

y d

ivid

ing

the

mas

s of

a s

amp

le b

y it

s vo

lum

e.

Qu

esti

on

s1.

Wh

at w

ould

be

the

har

dn

ess

of a

min

eral

th

atw

as s

crat

ched

by

feld

spar

bu

t n

ot b

y q

uar

tz?

2.W

hic

h m

iner

al o

n t

he

scal

e is

th

e so

ftes

t?

3.W

hat

too

ls w

ould

a g

eolo

gist

nee

d t

o d

eter

min

eth

e d

ensi

ty o

f a

min

eral

?

Mo

hs

Har

dn

ess

Scal

eTe

stin

g M

eth

od

Soft

est

know

n m

iner

al. I

t fla

kes

easi

lyw

hen

scra

tche

d by

a fi

nger

nail.

A fi

nger

nail

can

easi

ly s

crat

ch it

.

A fi

nger

nail

cann

ot s

crat

ch it

, but

aco

pper

pen

ny c

an.

A s

teel

kni

fe c

an e

asily

scr

atch

it.

A s

teel

kni

fe c

an s

crat

ch it

.

Can

not

be s

crat

ched

by

a st

eel k

nife

,bu

t it

can

scra

tch

win

dow

gla

ss.

Can

scr

atch

ste

el a

nd h

ard

glas

s ea

sily

.

Can

scr

atch

qua

rtz.

Can

scr

atch

top

az.

Har

dest

kno

wn

min

eral

. Dia

mon

dca

n sc

ratc

h al

l oth

er s

ubst

ance

s.

Rat

ing

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Min

eral

Talc

Gyp

sum

Cal

cite

Fluo

rite

Apa

tite

Feld

spar

Qua

rtz

Topa

z

Cor

undu

m

Dia

mon

d

1.

It w

ould

hav

e a

hard

ness

of

6.

2.

Talc

3.

A

sca

le o

r ba

lanc

e an

d a

grad

uate

d cy

linde

r p

artia

lly f

illed

with

wat

er

Ro

cks

and

Min

eral

sS6

E5.b

Inve

stig

ate

the

con

trib

uti

on

of

min

eral

s to

ro

ck c

om

po

siti

on

.

Page 67: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E58

Quick Review◆ The color and luster of a mineral are easily observed

properties. The streak of a mineral is the color of itspowder when rubbed against an unglazed tile.

◆ Geologists classify crystal structures into six groupsbased on the number and angle of the crystal faces.

◆ Some minerals also have unique properties such asfluorescence, magnetism, radioactivity, or electricalproperties.

Questions1. What color is sulfur? What color is its streak?

2. Which crystal systems shown have crystal facesthat intersect at right angles to each other?

3. Which mineral on the chart is magnetic?

1. The color of sulfur is yellow to yellowish brown, but the streak is white.2. Cubic, tetragonal, and orthorhombic3. Magnetite

Properties and Uses of Minerals

Name Magnetite Quartz Rutile Sulfur

Hardness 6 7 6 � 6 2

Color Black Transparent or Black or Lemon yellowin a range reddish to yellowishof colors brown brown

Streak Black Colorless Light brown White

Crystal System

Cubic Hexagonal Tetragonal Orthorhombic

Luster Metallic Glassy Metallic or Greasygemlike

Special Magnetic Fractures like Not easily Melts easilyProperties broken glass melted

12

Rocks and MineralsS6E5.b Investigate the contribution of minerals to rock composition.

Page 68: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E59

Quick Review◆ Geologists classify rocks into three main groups:

igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

◆ Igneous rock forms when molten rock cools.

◆ Sedimentary rock forms when particles arepressed and cemented together.

◆ Metamorphic rock forms when rock is changed byheat, pressure, or chemical reactions.

Questions1. In what way do the three main groups of rocks

differ from one another?

2. What is the rock cycle?

3. What type of rock is granite?

1. By the way they were formed 2. The series of processes that change rocks from one kind to another 3. Igneous

Igneous Rock forms when magma or lava cools and hardens.

Sedimentary Rock forms when pieces of rock are pressed and cemented together.

Metamorphic Rock forms from other rocks that are changed by heat and pressure.

Rocks and MineralsS6E5.c Classify rocks by their process of formation.

Page 69: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E60

1.

Yes,

bec

ause

new

min

eral

s ar

e fo

rmed

.

2

. W

eath

erin

g an

d er

osio

n

Ro

cks

and

Min

eral

sS6

E5.c

Cla

ssif

y ro

cks

by

thei

r p

roce

ss o

f fo

rmat

ion

.

Qu

ick

Rev

iew

◆W

hen

mag

ma

har

den

s,ig

neo

us

rock

s fo

rm.

◆S

edim

enta

ry r

ock

s fo

rm f

rom

roc

k f

ragm

ents

or

dea

d o

rgan

ism

s b

uri

ed d

eep

in

Ear

th.

◆H

eat

and

pre

ssu

re w

ith

in E

arth

’s c

rust

pro

du

cem

etam

orp

hic

roc

ks.

◆T

hes

e p

roce

sses

are

par

t of

th

e ro

ck c

ycle

.D

uri

ng

the

rock

cyc

le,t

he

tota

l am

oun

t of

m

ater

ial

stay

s th

e sa

me

as i

ts f

orm

ch

ange

s.

Qu

esti

on

s1.

Doe

s th

e fo

rmat

ion

of

met

amor

ph

ic r

ock

sin

volv

e ch

emic

al c

han

ges?

Exp

lain

.

2.W

hat

pro

cess

es b

reak

dow

n r

ock

s in

th

e ro

ckcy

cle?

Page 70: Standards Review Transparencies

E61

Quick Review◆ The rock cycle is a series of processes on and

beneath Earth’s surface that slowly change rocksfrom one kind to another.

Questions1. What might cause rocks to bend?

A. erosion B. heat and pressure

C. deposition D. precipitation

2. What is the process of erosion?

1. B 2. Erosion is the process in which running water, ice, or wind breaks down rocks and carries the pieces away.

Sediment

Metamorphic Rock

Sedimentary Rock

IgneousRock

Magma and Lava

Rocks and MineralsS6E5.d Describe processes that change rocks and the surface of theearth.

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

Page 71: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E62

Quick Review◆ Earthquakes are sudden motions along faults, or

breaks in Earth’s crust. Stress in the crust producesthree main types of faults.

Questions1. Which type of plate boundary causes motion similar

to the motion along a strike-slip fault?

A. convergent

B. transform

C. normal

D. divergent

2. What causes an earthquake to occur?

1. B2. Plate movement causes stress to build up in the crust, storing energy in the rock. Finally, the rock breaks, and the stored energy

is released suddenly in an earthquake.

Strike-slip fault

Reverse fault

Footwall Hanging wall

EarthquakesS6E5.d Describe processes that change rocks and the surface of theearth.

Footwall Hanging wall

Normal fault

Key Force deforming the crust Movement along the fault

Page 72: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E63

Quick Review◆ Geologists use seismic waves to locate an

earthquake’s epicenter.

Questions1. Which type of seismic wave would reach the

seismographic stations first?A. P wavesB. surface wavesC. Mercalli wavesD. S waves

2. Explain how the epicenter of the earthquake shownon the map was located.

1. A 2. Geologists in three cities used the difference in the arrival times of seismic waves to find the distance of the epicenter from those

cities and drew circles using that distance as the radius. The place where the circles intersect is the epicenter.

N

EW

S

600 mi0 300

0 300 600 km

Key

Earthquake

Seismographicstation Chicago

Savannah

Houston

Locating an Epicenter

EarthquakesS6E5.d Describe processes that change rocks and the surface of theearth.

Page 73: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E64

Quick Review◆ Plate motions cause major geologic events, such as

earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building.

Questions1. Along the fault in the diagram, masses of rock

slide past each other horizontally. What type offault is the fault shown?

A. reverse fault

B. block fault

C. strike-slip fault

D. normal fault

2. Describe the process that causes an earthquake.

1. C 2. Plate motion causes stress in the crust, leading to the formation of faults. Stress builds up, storing energy in rock, until the rock

along a fault suddenly breaks, releasing the energy as an earthquake. Seismic waves carry the energy away from the focus.

EarthquakesS6E5.e Recognize that lithospheric plates constantly move and causemajor geological events on the earth’s surface.

Epicenter Fault Focus

Seismic waves

Page 74: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E65

Quick Review◆ The geologic record preserved in rocks is not

always complete. Rock layers can be broken byfaults, pushed up by folding, and eroded away.

◆ Tectonic plate movements can cause rock layers tobuckle and fold, sometimes turning them upsidedown.

◆ An unconformity occurs when some rock layershave been lost because of erosion. New rock layersare then deposited on top of a much older rock sur-face.

Questions1. Is a fault younger or older than the rock it cuts

through?

2. How can scientists determine the relative age ofrock layers that have been overturned or tilted?

3. What can you infer about the land in the areawhere the unconformity shown above was found?

1. Sedimentary rocks form in horizontal layers.

3. The surface is eroded.

2. Folding tilts the rock layers.

4. New sediment is deposited, forming rock layers above the unconformity.

Unconformity

1. A fault is younger than the surrounding rock.2. By looking for index fossils in the rock

Plate TectonicsS6E5.e Recognize that lithospheric plates constantly move and causemajor geological events on the earth’s surface.

3. At some point the rock was pushed toward the surface and subjectedto erosion, but then it was covered with water and a deposition of newsediment.

Page 75: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E66

Quick Review◆ Earth’s lithosphere is broken into huge plates,

which move because of convection in the mantle.

Questions1. Which plates are colliding with each other?

A. Antarctic plate and Pacific plate

B. Caribbean plate and African plate

C. Nazca plate and South American plate

D. South American plate and African plate

2. How will plate movements change the AtlanticOcean along the boundary of the African and SouthAmerican plates?

1. C 2. The Atlantic Ocean will slowly become wider as the plates spread apart.

Pacific Plate

NazcaPlate

CaribbeanPlate

ScotiaPlate

CocosPlate

Juan de FucaPlate

PhilippinePlate

ArabianPlate

South American

Plate

North AmericanPlate

EurasianPlate

African Plate

Antarctic Plate

EurasianPlate

Indo-Australian Plate

KeyConvergent boundaryDivergent boundary

Transform boundaryUncertain boundary

Direction of plate movement

N

EW

S

Earth’s Lithospheric Plates

Plate TectonicsS6E5.e Recognize that lithospheric plates constantly move and causemajor geological events on the earth’s surface.

Page 76: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E67

Quick Review◆ Earth’s plates move apart along mid-ocean ridges.

◆ Oceanic plates sink into the mantle beneath deep-ocean trenches.

Questions1. The mid-ocean ridges and deep-ocean trenches

shown in the map are evidence for the location of

A. mountain building. B. calderas.

C. fossils. D. plate boundaries.

2. What explains the fact that volcanoes are commonaround the edges of the Pacific Ocean?

1. D 2. Plate boundaries are found at the edges of the Pacific Ocean. Volcanoes are common where plates are colliding or moving apart.

Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Indian Ocean

Arctic OceanArctic Ocean

Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Indian Ocean

Arctic OceanArctic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Indian Ocean

Arctic Ocean

NorthAmerica

Iceland

Asia Europe

SouthAmerica

Africa

Australia

Antarctica

KeyDeep-ocean trench

Mid-ocean ridge

Earth’s Ocean Floor

Plate TectonicsS6E5.e Recognize that lithospheric plates constantly move and causemajor geological events on the earth’s surface.

Page 77: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E68

Quick Review◆ As tectonic plates move, they meet at plate

boundaries. There are three kinds of plateboundaries: transform, divergent, and convergentboundaries.

◆ Convergent and divergent boundaries generallyresult in the formation of volcanoes, becausemagma tends to break through the crust in theseareas.

◆ Faults, breaks in Earth’s crust where rocks haveslipped past each other, form along boundaries.There are three types of faults: normal, reverse,and strike-slip.

Questions1. What happens at a convergent boundary between

two continental plates?

2. Why are volcanoes concentrated around the rim of the Pacific Ocean?

3. What three categories describe a volcano’s stage ofactivity?

1. The plates crash head-on and buckle, forming mountain ranges.2. The Pacific plate is subducting under most of the plates around it, producing areas of high volcanic activity. 3. Active, dormant, and extinct

Plate TectonicsS6E5.e Recognize that lithospheric plates constantly move and causemajor geological events on the earth’s surface.

Page 78: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E69

Quick Review◆ The supercontinent Pangaea formed millions of

years ago, then broke apart.

◆ The continents slowly moved to their present-daypositions.

Questions1. What process is shown in the maps?

A. continental drift B. faulting

C. conduction D. magnetic field reversal

2. What caused the changes shown in the maps?

1. A 2. Convection in Earth’s mantle caused large sections of the lithosphere, called plates, to move, carrying the continents with them.

Plate TectonicsS6E5.e Recognize that lithospheric plates constantly move and causemajor geological events on the earth’s surface.

Page 79: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E70

Quick Review◆ Alfred Wegener’s evidence for continental drift

included the distribution of fossils, rocks, andancient climate zones.

Questions1. Which of the following is found in both Antarctica

and Australia?

A. Mesosaurus fossils B. Lystrosaurus fossils

C. Glossopteris fossils D. coal beds

2. South America and Africa are widely separated, butMesosaurus fossils are found on both continents.What explains this fact?

1. C 2. South America and Africa were connected at the time that Mesosaurus lived.

Plate TectonicsS6E5.e Recognize that lithospheric plates constantly move and causemajor geological events on the earth’s surface.

Page 80: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E71

Quick Review◆ The movements of the Pacific and North American

plates have produced major faults, volcanoes, andmountain ranges along the West Coast.

Questions1. What feature shown on the map is involved in

subduction beneath the North American plate?

A. Baja Peninsula B. Pacific plate

C. San Andreas fault D. Juan de Fuca plate

2. In what areas of the map is volcanic activity mostlikely to occur?

1. D 2. On the North American plate near the convergent boundary and along the divergent boundaries in the ocean

Plate TectonicsS6E5.e Recognize that lithospheric plates constantly move and causemajor geological events on the earth’s surface.

North AmericanPlatePacific

Plate

Juan deFucaPlate

GordaPlate

Lassen Peak

San Andreas fault

MendocinoTriple

Junction

Mt. Shasta

130º W 125º W

40º N

45º N

50º N

CALIFORNIA

250 mi0 125

0 125 250 km

KeyDirection of plate motionDivergent boundaryConvergent boundaryTransform boundaryVolcano

Mendocino Triple Junction

N

EW

S

Page 81: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E72

Quick Review

◆ Volcanoes form where magma reaches the surface.

◆ Magma is molten rock that contains water vaporand other gases under great pressure. Magma that reaches the surface is called lava.

Questions1. What causes magma to erupt from a volcano?

A. increase in density B. convection currents

C. temperature changes D. expanding gases

2. Magma forms deep beneath Earth’s surface. Howdoes this magma reach the surface?

1. D 2. Magma is hotter and therefore less dense than the solid material around it. This difference in density causes the magma to flow

upward. If there is an opening in the rock, the magma reaches the surface and a volcano forms.

VolcanoesS6E5.f Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion,deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on geological features includingoceans (composition, currents, and tides).

Page 82: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E73

Quick Review◆ Volcanoes often form where oceanic plates collide or

spread apart.

◆ Volcanoes also form where an oceanic plate collideswith a continental plate and at hot spots.

Questions1. In the diagram, the volcanoes on land formed as a

result of

A. a hot spot.

B. sea-floor spreading.

C. continental rifting.

D. subduction.

2. Identify two ways in which plate motions can formmountains.

1. D 2. Subduction can cause volcanoes to erupt, forming volcanic mountains. Colliding continental plates can push land

higher, forming mountain ranges.

Continental crust

Mid-ocean ridge

Volcano

Asthenosphere

Subductingplate

Subductingplate

Volcano

I s l a n d ar c

Trench

Oceaniccrust

Trench

Plate movementSubduction

Key

VolcanoesS6E5.f Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion,deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on geological features includingoceans (composition, currents, and tides).

Page 83: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E74

Quick Review◆ Moving water is the major agent of the erosion that

has shaped Earth’s land surface.

Questions1. Over time, how would erosion affect the land

surface in the diagram?

A. raise the surface B. lower the surface

C. fill in the gullies D. dry up the stream

2. What is runoff, and how does it cause erosion?

1. B 2. Runoff is water that flows over the ground. As it moves, runoff loosens and carries particles of sediment.

RunoffSheet erosion

Rills

Gullies

Stream

Erosion and DepositionS6E5.f Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion,deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on geological features includingoceans (composition, currents, and tides).

Page 84: Standards Review Transparencies

E75

Quick Review◆ Erosion creates valleys, waterfalls, meanders, and

oxbow lakes.

◆ Deposition creates deltas and beaches.

Questions1. Through the process of valley widening, a

meandering river forms a(n)

A. delta. B. waterfall.

C. flood plain. D. beach.

2. What is the source of the material that formed the delta?

1. C 2. Sediment was eroded by or washed into the river as the river flowed across the land.

Oxbow Lake

Flood Plain

Beaches

Tributary

Meanders

Waterfalls and Rapids

Delta

Bluffs

Valley Widening

V-Shaped Valley

Erosion and DepositionS6E5.f Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion,deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on geological features includingoceans (composition, currents, and tides).

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

Page 85: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E76

Quick Review◆ A river often develops meanders where it flows

through easily eroded sediment.

Questions1. As erosion occurs along a meander’s outer edge,

the bend

A. gets smaller.

B. stays the same size.

C. gradually straightens out.

D. gets bigger.

2. How does an oxbow lake form?

1. D 2. An oxbow lake forms when a river forms a new channel that separates a meander from the rest of the river.

Erosion

Meander

Deposition

Oxbow lake

1 2

3 4

Erosion and DepositionS6E5.f Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion,deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on geological features includingoceans (composition, currents, and tides).

Page 86: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E77

Quick Review◆ Waves shape the coast through erosion by breaking

down rock and eroding sediment.

◆ When waves deposit sediment, they form beaches,sand bars, and spits.

Questions1. What feature may form where a coast turns

abruptly and interrupts longshore drift?

A. barrier beach

B. sea arch

C. spit

D. headland

2. How will the headland change over time?

1. C 2. The sea arch will erode, leaving a sea stack. Overall the headland will get smaller and the coastline will tend to even out.

Erosion and DepositionS6E5.f Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion,deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on geological features includingoceans (composition, currents, and tides).

Page 87: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E78

Quick Review◆ Fossils provide information about the life and

environments of the past.◆ The oldest fossils are simple organisms. Much

younger rocks contain the fossils of more recent andmore complex organisms.

Questions1. What does it mean when fossils of aquatic

organisms appear in today’s desert-like areas?A. They are index fossils.B. The areas were once under water.C. The organisms did not belong in the water.D. The researcher made a mistake in her records.

2. Name the principle that states that geologic processes occurring today also occurred in the past.

1. B 2. The principle of uniformitarianism

Fossil sand ripples Modern sand ripples

Earth’s HistoryS6E5.g Describe how fossils show evidence of the changing surface andclimate of the Earth.

Page 88: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E79

Quick Review◆ Fossils can show how an environment has changed

over time.

Questions1. What important evidence does the fossil record

provide?

2. What do fossils of clam shells of similar shape andthickness to clams today suggest about the environment in which the ancient organisms lived?

A. They lived in an environment similar to that ofmodern clams.

B. The environment was above sea level.

C. There were no predators that fed on clams.

D. There were only land animals on Earth.

1. It provides evidence about the history of life and past environments on Earth. 2. A

G

F

D

B

A

E

C

Earth’s HistoryS6E5.g Describe how fossils show evidence of the changing surface andclimate of the Earth.

Page 89: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E80

Quick Review

◆ Geologists try to determine the ages of rocks andthe fossils within them.

◆ Relative age compares rock layers by the order inwhich they were formed.

◆ Radioactive dating determines the actual age ofrocks by the amounts of radioactive isotopespresent within them.

Questions

1. Which is older—a fossil found in Muav limestoneor Hermit shale at the Grand Canyon?

2. Which layer of the Grand Canyon contains theyoungest rock?

1. Muav limestone 2. Top layer (Kaibab-Toroweap limestone)

Younger

Older

Kaibab-Toroweap limestone

Coconino sandstone

Hermit shale

Supai sandstone

Redwall limestone

Muav limestoneBright Angel shale

Tapeats sandstone

Vishnu schist

Colorado River

Earth’s HistoryS6E5.g Describe how fossils show evidence of the changing surface andclimate of the Earth.

Page 90: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E81

Quick Review◆ Radioactive dating is used to determine the absolute

ages of rocks.

◆ During radioactive decay, the atoms of one elementbreak down to form atoms of another element.

Questions1. What is a half-life?

2. Which radioactive element is useful in dating materials from plants and animals that lived up toabout 50,000 years ago?

A. carbon-14 B. potassium-40

C. uranium-235 D. uranium-238

1. The amount of time it takes to change one half of the atoms of a parent element into a daughter element 2. A

Elements Used in Radioactive Dating

Radioactive Element Half-life (years) Dating Range (years)

Carbon-14 5,730 500–50,000

Potassium-40 1.3 billion 50,000–4.6 billion

Rubidium-87 48.8 billion 10 million–4.6 billion

Thorium-232 14 billion 10 million–4.6 billion

Uranium-235 713 million 10 million–4.6 billion

Uranium-238 4.5 billion 10 million–4.6 billion

Earth’s HistoryS6E5.g Describe how fossils show evidence of the changing surface andclimate of the Earth.

Page 91: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E82

Eart

h’s

His

tory

S6E5

.gD

escr

ibe

ho

w f

oss

ils s

ho

w e

vid

ence

of

the

chan

gin

g s

urf

ace

and

clim

ate

of

the

Eart

h.

Qu

ick

Rev

iew

◆G

eolo

gist

s u

se t

he

geol

ogic

tim

e sc

ale

tosh

ow t

he

tim

e sp

an o

f E

arth

’s h

isto

ry.

Qu

esti

on

s1.

Wh

at i

s th

e ge

olog

ic t

ime

scal

e?

2.W

hat

was

th

e C

amb

rian

Exp

losi

on?

A.a

cat

astr

oph

ic v

olca

nic

eru

pti

on

B.a

rap

id i

ncr

ease

in

for

ms

of l

ife

C.a

n a

ster

oid

im

pac

t

D.t

he

div

ersi

fica

tion

of

mam

mal

s in

th

eC

enoz

oic

Era

Era

1.8

66.4

144

208

245

286

360

408

438

505

544

Peri

od

Cen

ozo

ic

Mes

ozo

ic

Pale

ozo

ic

Prec

amb

rianTe

rtia

ry

Qua

tern

ary

Jura

ssic

Dev

onia

n

Silu

rian

Tria

ssic

Perm

ian

Cam

bria

n

544

mill

ion

year

s ag

o–4

.6 b

illio

n ye

ars

ago

Cre

tace

ous

Ord

ovic

ian

Car

boni

fero

us

Mill

ion

s o

f Ye

ars

Ag

oD

ura

tio

n

(mill

ion

s o

f ye

ars)

65 78 64 37 41 74 48 30 67 39

1.8

to p

rese

nt

Geo

log

ic T

ime

Scal

e

1.

A r

ecor

d of

the

life

for

ms

and

geol

ogic

eve

nts

in E

arth

’s h

isto

ry

2.

B

Page 92: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E83

Eart

h’s

His

tory

S6E5

.gD

escr

ibe

ho

w f

oss

ils s

ho

w e

vid

ence

of

the

chan

gin

g s

urf

ace

and

clim

ate

of

the

Eart

h.

Qu

ick

Rev

iew

◆A

bou

t 65

mil

lion

yea

rs a

go,a

mas

s ex

tin

ctio

n o

ccu

rred

.Sci

enti

sts

hyp

oth

esiz

eth

at t

his

mas

s ex

tin

ctio

n o

ccu

rred

wh

en a

nob

ject

fro

m s

pac

e st

ruck

Ear

th.

Qu

esti

on

s1.

Wh

ich

of

the

foll

owin

g ev

ents

cou

ldp

oten

tial

ly d

isru

pt

life

on

Ear

th?

A.m

ajor

vol

can

ic e

rup

tion

B.a

ster

oid

im

pac

t

C.m

eteo

r im

pac

t

D.a

ll o

f th

e ab

ove

2.D

escr

ibe

how

a m

ajor

cat

astr

oph

ic e

ven

tm

igh

t le

ad t

o m

ass

exti

nct

ion

.

1.

D2.

A

maj

or c

atas

trop

hic

even

t su

ch a

s a

met

eor

imp

act

or m

ajor

vol

cani

c er

uptio

n w

ould

sen

d a

vast

am

ount

of

fine

par

ticle

s in

to t

he a

ir, p

artly

blo

ckin

g ou

t th

e su

n an

d ch

angi

ng t

he c

limat

e.M

any

spec

ies

wou

ld b

e un

able

to

live

or f

ind

food

in t

he s

udde

nly

cold

er c

limat

e. (

Acc

ept

othe

r re

ason

able

ans

wer

s.)

Page 93: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E84

Quick Review◆ Earth’s long geologic history has been punctuated

by sudden events, including the CambrianExplosion, the Permian extinction, and theCretaceous-Tertiary extinction.

Questions1. What is a mass extinction?

2. The number of species on Earth

A. has remained the same for millions of years.

B. increases steadily over time.

C. decreases steadily over time.

D. has been affected by periods of catastrophicevents.

1. A sudden extinction of many forms of life at the same time 2. D

Mass Extinctions Since the Cambrian Period

Millions of Years Before Present

Fam

ilies

of

Oce

an A

nim

als 1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0500 400 300 200 100 0

Mass extinctions

Earth’s HistoryS6E5.g Describe how fossils show evidence of the changing surface andclimate of the Earth.

Page 94: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E85

Quick Review◆ Weathering breaks down rocks into smaller pieces

of rock and soil by mechanical means and bychemical changes.

◆ Mechanical weathering occurs by freezing andthawing, heating and cooling, growth of plants,actions of animals, and abrasion. Chemicalweathering is caused by water, oxygen, carbondioxide, living organisms, and acid rain.

◆ Erosion moves weathered rock and soil from oneplace to another, where it is deposited.

Questions1. What factors determine the rate of weathering?

2. What happens to the surface area of a rock as it isbroken apart?

3. What is soil?

1. The type of rock, the climate, and the amount of surface area exposed.2. As the rock is broken apart, the exposed surface area increases. 3. Loose, weathered material on Earth’s surface in which plants grow.

Weathering and Soil FormationS6E5.h Describe soil as consisting of weathered rocks and decomposedorganic material.

Page 95: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E86

Quick Review◆ Soil is a mixture of rock particles, minerals,

decayed organic matter, water, and air.

◆ Soil forms as rock is broken down by weatheringand mixes with other materials on the surface. Soilis constantly being formed wherever bedrock isexposed.

◆ A soil horizon is a layer of soil that differs in colorand texture from the layers above or below it.

Questions1. Top soil is the main ingredient of

A. the A horizon.B. the B horizon.C. the C horizon.D. bedrock.

2. What are the main factors that influence the rateat which soil forms?

1. A2. Climate and type of bedrock. Weathering occurs most rapidly in a warm, rainy climate. Some types of rock weather much

faster than other types.

Weathering and Soil FormationS6E5.h Describe soil as consisting of weathered rocks and decomposedorganic material.

➊ The C horizon forms asbedrock weathers and rockbreaks up into soil particles.

➋ The A horizon develops asplants add organic material to the soil and plant roots weather pieces of rock.

C horizon

Bedrock

A horizonA horizon

B horizon

C horizon

C horizon

➌ The B horizon develops asrainwater washes clay and minerals from the A horizon to the B horizon.

Page 96: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E87

Ru

no

ffSh

eet

ero

sio

n

Rill

s

Gu

llies

Stre

am

Co

nse

rvin

g N

atu

ral

Res

ou

rces

S6E5

.i Ex

pla

in t

he

effe

cts

of

hu

man

act

ivit

y o

n t

he

ero

sio

n o

f th

e ea

rth

’s s

urf

ace.

Qu

ick

Rev

iew

◆R

un

off

is w

ater

th

at f

low

s ov

er E

arth

’s s

urf

ace.

As

run

off

flow

s,it

cau

ses

eros

ion

by

loos

enin

g an

d c

arry

ing

off

par

ticl

es o

f so

il.P

lan

ts r

edu

ce e

rosi

on b

y ab

sorb

ing

wat

eran

d h

old

ing

soil

in

pla

ce.

◆H

um

an a

ctiv

itie

s m

ay i

ncr

ease

ero

sion

.For

exa

mp

le,a

pav

ed a

rea

abso

rbs

no

wat

er,a

nd

all

th

e ra

in t

hat

fal

ls o

nit

bec

omes

ru

nof

f.

◆T

he

Du

st B

owl

was

cau

sed

in

par

t b

y h

um

an a

ctiv

itie

s.P

low

ing

exp

osed

th

e so

il a

nd

pro

mot

ed e

rosi

on.A

lon

gd

rou

ght

turn

ed m

uch

of

this

soi

l to

du

st.T

he

win

d t

hen

ble

w g

reat

clo

ud

s of

du

st o

ver

lon

g d

ista

nce

s.

1.

D2.

A

ny t

wo:

am

ount

of

rain

the

are

a re

ceiv

es,

amou

nt o

f ve

geta

tion,

typ

e of

soi

l, sh

ape

of t

he la

nd,

and

how

peo

ple

use

the

land

.

Qu

esti

on

s1.

Wh

ich

of

the

foll

owin

g is

an

exa

mp

le o

f a

hu

man

act

ivit

yth

at i

s li

kel

y to

in

crea

se e

rosi

on?

A.r

un

off

B.p

lan

tin

g gr

ass

on a

dir

t fi

eld

C.c

onto

ur

plo

win

gD

.pav

ing

over

a d

irt

fiel

d

2.N

ame

two

fact

ors

that

aff

ect

the

amou

nt

of r

un

off

in a

nar

ea.

Page 97: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E88Conserving Natural ResourcesS6E5.j Describe methods for conserving natural resources such aswater, soil, and air.

Quick Review◆ Scientists classify soil based on climate, plants, and

soil composition. Soil is a valuable natural resource.

◆ Farmers conserve soil through contour plowing,conservation plowing, and crop rotation. In contourplowing, farmers plow their field along the curves ofa slope to reduce runoff. In conservation plowing,farmers disturb the soil and its plant cover as littleas possible. In crop rotation, farmers plant differentcrops each year.

Questions1. Crop rotation helps to conserve soil because

A. it slows runoff from excess rainfall.

B. it disturbs soil as little as possible, returnsnutrients to the soil, and holds soil in place.

C. different types of plants absorb different nutrients.

D. it prevents droughts by returning moisture to theground.

2. What are three methods farmers use to conserve soil?

1. B 2. Contour plowing, conservation plowing, and crop rotation

GREENLAND

Soils of North America

Page 98: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E89Conserving Natural ResourcesS6E5.j Describe methods for conserving natural resources such aswater, soil, and air.

Quick Review◆ A natural resource is anything in the environment

that humans use. Natural resources include water,air, soil, and energy and mineral resources.

◆ The supply of natural resources is limited. Thissupply can be extended by using resources moreefficiently and by reducing the use of existing supplies. Conservation is the practice of using less of a resource so that its supply will last longer.

◆ The quality of natural resources can be affected byhuman activities. For example, pollution candecrease the quality of air and water resources.

Questions1. Most air pollution is the result of

A. nuclear fission. B. forest fires.

C. burning fossil fuels. D. volcanic eruptions.

2. Name three ways you can conserve energy.

1. C 2. Sample: walk or ride a bike for short trips, recycle, use fans instead of air conditioners when it’s hot, and turn off thelights and television when leaving a room

Take shorter showers.If you take baths, fillthe tub only halfway.

Keep drinking water inthe refrigerator insteadof running the wateruntil it gets cold.

Scrub vegetables in abasin of water, notunder running water.

Turn off the faucetinstead of letting thewater run while youbrush your teeth.

Only run thewashing machinewhen you have afull load.

If you have a lawn,water it early in themorning or late inthe afternoon so thesun won’t evaporatethe water.

Page 99: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E90

Condensation

Evaporation Precipitation

Surface runoff

Groundwater

Evaporation from plants

Evaporation from lakes

Evapo

ration from oceans

Solar EnergyS6E6.a Explain the role of the sun as the major source of energy andthe sun’s relationship to wind and water energy.

Quick Review◆ Sunlight provides energy for many processes

on Earth.

◆ Solar energy powers the water cycle, winds, and surface currents in the ocean.

Questions1. For which process in the water cycle does the sun

provide energy directly?

A. condensation B. runoff

C. precipitation D. evaporation

2. Describe the movement of water through the water cycle.

1. D2. Solar energy causes water to evaporate from Earth’s water bodies. Plants also release water vapor into the atmosphere. Water

vapor rises, cools, and condenses forming clouds. The moisture in clouds eventually falls to Earth as precipitation.

Page 100: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E91

Quick Review◆ Energy from the sun reaches Earth in the form of

radiation.

◆ Most energy from the sun travels to Earth in theform of visible light.

Questions1. The diagram shows the electromagnetic spectrum.

How do electromagnetic waves carry energy?

A. conduction

B. convection

C. condensation

D. radiation

2. In which area of the electromagnetic spectrum ismost of the energy that reaches Earth from the sun?

1. D 2. Visible light

Longerwavelengths

Shorterwavelengths

Visible lightInfrared radiation Ultraviolet radiation

Solar EnergyS6E6.a Explain the role of the sun as the major source of energy andthe sun’s relationship to wind and water energy.

Page 101: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E92

Sola

r En

erg

yS6

E6.a

Exp

lain

th

e ro

le o

f th

e su

n a

s th

e m

ajo

r so

urc

e o

f en

erg

y an

d t

he

sun

’s r

elat

ion

ship

to

win

d a

nd

wat

er e

ner

gy.

Qu

ick

Rev

iew

◆S

olar

en

ergy

can

be

con

vert

ed d

irec

tly

into

el

ectr

icit

y in

a s

olar

cel

l.

◆A

n a

ctiv

e so

lar

syst

em u

ses

fan

s an

d p

um

ps

to

dis

trib

ute

th

erm

al e

ner

gy f

rom

th

e su

n.

◆A

pas

sive

sol

ar s

yste

m c

onve

rts

sun

ligh

t in

to

ther

mal

en

ergy

,wh

ich

is

then

dis

trib

ute

d w

ith

out

usi

ng

pu

mp

s or

fan

s.

Qu

esti

on

s1.

Sol

ar e

ner

gy i

s co

nve

rted

dir

ectl

y in

to e

lect

rici

tyin

a

A.

sola

r p

ower

pla

nt.

B.

pas

sive

sol

ar s

yste

m.

C.

sola

r ce

ll.

D.

acti

ve s

olar

sys

tem

.

2.Is

sol

ar e

ner

gy a

ren

ewab

le o

r n

onre

new

able

en

ergy

sou

rce?

Exp

lain

.

1.

C

2.

Sola

r en

ergy

is a

ren

ewab

le e

nerg

y so

urce

. It

is p

rodu

ced

from

sun

light

, w

hich

is c

onst

antly

bei

ng p

rodu

ced

by t

he s

un a

nd is

virt

ually

inex

haus

tible

.

Bac

kup

Hea

t So

urce

The

hous

e ha

s a

woo

dst

ove

to p

rovi

de b

acku

phe

at o

n cl

oudy

day

s.

Win

do

w D

esig

nLa

rge

win

dow

s on

the

sout

h an

d w

est

side

s ac

t as

pas

sive

sola

r co

llect

ors.

Sola

r C

ells

Act

ive

sola

r ce

lls o

n th

e ro

ofge

nera

te a

n el

ectr

ic c

urre

nt.

A b

atte

ry s

tore

s en

ergy

for

nigh

t us

e.

Sola

r W

ater

Hea

ter

Wat

er is

pum

ped

from

a s

tora

geta

nk t

o an

act

ive

sola

r co

llect

or o

nth

e ro

of. S

unlig

ht h

eats

the

wat

er,

whi

ch is

the

ret

urne

d to

the

tan

k.Th

e w

ater

the

n he

ats

pipe

s th

athe

at t

he a

ir th

roug

hout

the

hous

e.

Pass

ive

Inte

rio

r H

eati

ng

Sunl

ight

tha

t p

asse

s th

roug

hth

e w

indo

ws

is a

bsor

bed

byth

e w

alls

and

flo

ors

and

isco

nver

ted

to h

eat.

At

nigh

t,sh

ades

cov

erin

g th

ew

indo

ws

pre

vent

the

hea

tfr

om f

low

ing

back

out

side

.

War

m a

ir

Coo

l air

Page 102: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E93

Quick Review◆ Burning a fuel releases energy stored in the fuel.

Most of that energy is released in the form of heat.

Questions1. The furnace in the diagram mainly produces

A. chemical energy.

B. thermal energy.

C. light.

D. radiation.

2. What form of energy is stored in a fuel such as coal ornatural gas?

1. B 2. Chemical energy

Energy ResourcesS6E6.b Identify renewable and nonrenewable resources.

Steam

Turbine

Transformer Power lines

CondenserFuel

Furnace

Water

Generator

Intake pipe

Page 103: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E94

Quick Review◆ There are advantages and disadvantages to using

different sources of energy. These advantages anddisadvantages depend on what it takes to convert anenergy source into useful forms.

Questions1. The diagram shows one way in which electrical

power is produced. What type of energy source isshown?

A. solar B. hydroelectric

C. geothermal D. biomass

2. Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of theenergy source shown in the diagram.

1. C 2. Sample answer: Advantage: It is a renewable source of energy. Disadvantage: It can only be used cheaply in placeswhere magma is close to the surface.

Energy ResourcesS6E6.b Identify renewable and nonrenewable resources.

Page 104: Standards Review Transparencies

©P

ears

on E

duca

tion,

Inc

., pu

blis

hing

as

Pea

rson

Pre

ntic

e H

all.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

PDFS

E95

Ener

gy

Res

ou

rces

S6E6

.bId

enti

fy r

enew

able

an

d n

on

ren

ewab

le r

eso

urc

es. Qu

ick

Rev

iew

◆R

enew

able

en

ergy

sou

rces

in

clu

de

sun

ligh

t,w

ind

,an

d h

ydro

elec

tric

pow

er.N

onre

new

able

en

ergy

sou

rces

in

clu

de

foss

il f

uel

s an

d t

he

ura

niu

m u

sed

for

nu

clea

r fi

ssio

n.

◆F

ossi

l fu

els

are

form

ed o

ver

mil

lion

s of

yea

rs f

rom

the

rem

ain

s of

an

cien

t p

lan

ts a

nd

an

imal

s.T

hey

are

mad

e of

hyd

roca

rbon

s.

Qu

esti

on

s1.

Wh

ich

of

the

foll

owin

g is

NO

T t

rue

of c

oal

as a

reso

urc

e?A

.It

stor

es s

olar

en

ergy

cap

ture

d b

y p

lan

ts.

B.I

t is

a f

ossi

l fu

el.

C.I

t is

th

e m

ost

ple

nti

ful

foss

il f

uel

in

th

e U

.S.

D.I

t is

a s

ourc

e of

nu

clea

r en

ergy

.

2.Is

coa

l a

ren

ewab

le o

r n

onre

new

able

res

ourc

e?H

ow d

o yo

u k

now

?

1.

D

2.

Non

rene

wab

le;

the

pro

cess

tha

t fo

rms

coal

req

uire

s m

illio

ns o

f ye

ars