stanley phylum chordata
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Phylum Chordata
Charactertistics of Chordates
All chordates possess a notochord.
Long felxable rod between gut & nerve cordRuns most of length of animal
Possess a dorsal, hollow, nerve cord
Possess pharangeal slits
Muscular post-anal tail
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Urochordates
Subphylum Urochordata
Commonly called
turnicates
Sessile marine animalsas adults - Motile as larva
Larva possess a clear
notochord which is less
evident in adults
Filter feed through use of
siphon
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Subphylum Cephalochordata
Commonly known as
lancets
Have all features of
the ideal chordate Bury selves in sand,
and filter-feed through
mouth
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Phylum Chordata: The
Vertebrates
Subphylum Vertebrata
Seven extant classes
First 3 commonly called fishes Remaining 4 called tetrapods (4 feet)
All possess some form of segmented
vertebra
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Class Agnatha
Commonly known as Jawless Fish
Include hagfish & Lampreys Lack paired appendages
Lack bony skeleton
Lack jaws Usually have circular sucking mouthparts
Lampreys parasitize other fish
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Lampreys
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Hagfish
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Class Chondrichthyes
Include sharks & skates, & rays
Very successful class
Called cartilagenous fishes because skeleton is
cartilage not bone Approx. 750 species
Have paired appendages
Many have acute senses
Sharks have a lateral-line system
Allows shark to detect water pressure changes
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Sharks
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Noteworthy Shark Species
Great White SharkTiger Shark
Whale Shark Bull Shark
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Rays & Skates
Manta Ray Southern Stingray
Skates
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Class Osteichthes Called Bony fish
Most diverse of all fish
Have skeleton made of bone Have Cycloid Scales
Have paired fins
Allowed evolution of 4 limbed amphibians (tetrapods)
Possess scales for protection
Have bony flap called operculum Allows water to be drawn over gills by fins
Have Swim bladder Gas content can be manipulated allowing for changes in bouyancy
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Bluefish
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Class Amphibia
First vertebrates to inhabit land
Most are 4 limbed (tetrapods)
Include frogs, salamanders & caecilians Have 3 chambered heart
Have more complicated gas exchange
organs (often a combination of lungs, gillsand skin)
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Order Urodela(Salamanders & Newts)
Urodela ("tailed ones" - Salamanders)
More dependent on water
Many species possess gills as adults
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Class Apoda
("tail-less ones" - Frogs & toads) Have more developed
lungs than salamanders Lack a diaphragm & must
swallow air
Most diverse andcommon of amphibians.
Toads are the firstamphibians to evolvekeratinized skin.
This waterproofs the skinpreventing water loss
Toads must still return towater to lay eggs.
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Common North American Frogs
North American Toad Green Frog Bullfrog
Leopard Frog Peepers
Poison Arrow Frog
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Caecilia ("legless ones")
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Reproduction
Lack internalfertilization & amnioticeggs
Reproduction must occurin H2O
Most species undergometamorphosis Larval stage (tadpole) is
usually an aquaticherbavore
Lacks legs, respiration isthrough gills
Develops into tetrapodadult (usually carnivorous)
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Class Reptilia Includes lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodilians
Over 7000 species Possess several advanced features over amphibians
Most adaptations towards independence from H2O
Possess scales containing keratin
Keratin is a waterproofing protein which prevents water
loss in an organism Possess an amniotic egg.
Prevents water loss of embryo. Allows for eggs to be laid on dryland
Combined with internal fertilization, allows reptiles to
reproduce independently of water Reptiles are "cold blooded" orectotherms
Cannot internally regulate body temperatures
Reptiles can regulate body temperatures behaviorally (eg.Basking or swimming)
Nutritional requirements are lower than warm blooded animals
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The Amniotic Egg
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Modern Reptiles
OrderChelonia (Turtles
& Tortoises)
Inhabit aquatic and
terrestrial environment.
Are herbavores,carnivores, and omnivores
Characterized by
possessing a hard dorsal
shell
Made from bone,extensions of backbone
and rib cage
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Common North American Turtles
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Order Squamata
OrderSquamata (Lizards & Snakes)
Most numerous & diverse of the reptiles
Most relatively small Although monitorsand their relatives can grow to 6' in length
Herbivores, carnivores & omnivores
Most able to exhibit some form ofhibernation
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Noteworthy Lizards
Eastern Fence Lizard
Leopard Gecko
Komodo Dragon
Anole
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North American Snakes
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OrderCrocodilia(Crocodiles, Alligators, & Caimans)
Largest extant reptiles can grow to over 15 and weigh over aton
Primarily aquatic they are true reptiles
Inhabit warm, tropical climates
Order most closely related to the dinosaurs
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Crocodilians
Crocodile Alligator
CaimanGavail
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Class Aves(The Birds)
Evolved from dinosaurs duringMezozoic era.
Aminotic eggs and scales onlegs reminants of reptilianorigins
Almost all adaptations of theseanimals are made for flight.
Presence offeathers Made ofkeratin
Can be used for insulation andflight
Forelimbs developed intowings
Honeycombed, light bonestructure
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Feathers
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Beak Types Absence of some organs
Females usually have 1 ovary
Absence of teeth lighten head
Replaced by gizzard in abdomen & beak
Beak made of keratin Proven very adaptable structure, having a variety of shapes for differing diets
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Reproduction
Reproduction is through hardened amniotic eggs
Since birds are endothermic, these must be kept warm byparents
This behavior called brooding
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Birds Feet
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Modern Birds
Over 8600 species & 20orders of birds
Classified into 2 generalgroups
Flightless speciesincluding ostrich, emus, &kiwis are known asratites
Lack sternal keel onbreastbone
Lack strong breastmuscles needed for flight
Ostrich: A ratite
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Modern birds contd.
Other species capable of
supporting flight called
carinates
60% are "perching birds"
called passeriforms
Possess a sternal keel
on breastbone
Support strong breast
muscles required for flight
The sparrow: A passeriform carinate
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Class mammalia Approx. 4500 species of mammals
Evolved from mammal-like reptiles called therapsids in the triassicperiod
Diversified greatly following the extinction of dinosaurs
Mammilian Characteristics Have Hair
Made of keratin
Aids in maintaining body temperature
Endothermic
Maintain body temperature internally Have efficient respiratory system including a diaphragm
Efficient circulatory system with a 4-chambered heart
Most possess placentas and give birth to live young
Have mammary glands to produce milk for offspring
All show parental care of offspring
Have largest brains of all vertebrates Have differentiated teeth
Unlike earlier vertebrates, several different teeth can exist in mammal jaws
Eg. The molars & incisors in the human jaw
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General Types of Mammals
Monotremes
Early branch from
reptilian line
Include platypuses &echidnas (spiny
anteaters)
Only group to lay eggs
(reptilian in structure)
Have mammary
glands to feed young
Duck Billed Platypus
Echidna
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Marsupials
Include opossums, kangaroos & koalas Mostly found in Australia & New Zealand
Were isolated in these landmasses when thecontinents separated and did not evolve li the same
way placental mammals did Do not develop placentas
Give birth to young very early
Fetuses complete development in pouch called
marsupium Mammary glands found in pouch nourish young
until development is complete
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Examples of marsupials
Opossum
Koala
Kangaroo
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Placental Mammals
Complete embryonic development in uterus
Joined to parent by organ called placenta Only "disposable" mammal organ
Discarded following birth
Exchanges gasses, nutrients & waste between mother and fetus
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Common North American Mammals 1
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Common North American Mammals 2