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Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce magic emerging here. I am witness to flexible eternity, the evolving past, and know I will live forever, as dust or breath in the face of stars, in the shifting pattern of winds.

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Page 1: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Star Stuff

Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World

I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce magic emerging here. I am witness to flexible eternity, the evolving past, and know I will live forever, as dust or breath in the face of stars, in the shifting pattern of winds.

Page 2: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

WHAT DO YOU THINK?

1. How do stars form?

2. Are stars still forming today? If so, where?

3. Do more massive stars shine longer than less massive ones? What is the reason?

Page 3: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Key Questions to Answer!

What is the interstellar medium made of? How do stars form? How do we know?    

How will our Sun evolve as a star? What will its final state be? Compare its predicted evolution to that of higher-mass stars.  How do they end?  How do we know?

Page 4: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

The “Dark Tower” in Scorpius

Page 5: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

The Pillars of Creation near Orion

Page 6: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Pleiades in Visible

light

Page 7: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Pleiades in IR light

“false” colors, applied to

match temperatures

Page 8: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

The Inter-stellar MediumObserve/Research

Where do stars form? What are they made of?What properties are common? Rare?

Create THEORY of star formation

Test hypotheses predicted by the theory

Page 9: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

The ISM: How do we know?Where do stars form?

Visible, IR, Microwave, Radio observations

What are they made of?Spectra

What properties are common? Rare?HR Diagram, Mass, Number density, Location

Test hypotheses predicted by theoryVisible, IR, Microwave, Radio observations

Page 10: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

ISM: Where do stars form?

We observe:

Visible “extinction nebulae” block background light

Visible emission nebulae form hot gas

Visible signs of dust scattering and dimming and reddening starlight

Page 11: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Extinction nebulae from

gas/dust blocking light

Page 12: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Emission nebulae from gas emitting

light

Extinction nebulae from

gas/dust blocking light

Page 13: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Reflection nebulae from

dust scattering blue light

Page 14: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce
Page 15: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

The Horsehead Nebula

Page 16: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce
Page 17: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Dust grains also cause “interstellar reddening”

Page 18: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Dust grains also cause “interstellar reddening”

Page 19: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Learning About Stellar LivesHow can we know anything?

Create HR diagrams of clusters of stars

AssumeSame relative distance comparing relative brightness

is fair

Same relative age comparing masses and types of stars is fair

Page 20: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Pleiades “Open”

Cluster in disk of Milky Way

Galaxy

Page 21: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Pleiades HR Diagram

Stars of all types & masses

Page 22: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Another Star Cluster

Stars of all types & masses

Page 23: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

NGC 2264 HR Diagram

Some objects not yet formed

as stars!

“T-Tauri Protostars”

Page 24: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Observational evidence of “protostars”

Page 25: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Protostars seem to appear in CLUSTERS

Page 26: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce
Page 27: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce
Page 28: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

New Stars & Brown Dwarfs that will never be…

Page 29: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

An actual Brown Dwarf!

Page 30: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Supermassive stars lead very unstable lives!

Pressure from fusion literally blows outer layers away!

Page 31: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

One of the largest stars

known….

5,000,000 times

brighter than our

Sun!

Page 32: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Star Formation in 4 Steps!

Start with Large Cloud of Gas & Dust

1. Shock creates fragments & “blobs”

2. Gravity creates clusters of star “seeds”

3. Individual blobs heat up and glow as protostars

4. Protostars start fusion in cores

5. ♫ A star is born!♫

Page 33: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Star Formation in 4 Steps!

Start with Large Cloud of Gas & DustGiant molecular cloudsRaw materials to form 100’s, 1000’s, or millions

of stars in clusters.Mass & Location affect # of stars to be formedTemperature affects rate of formation

Observations supporting this phase:Radio telescopes, Microwave Maps

Page 34: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce
Page 35: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Star Formation in 4 Steps!

1. Shock the cloud – break it into fragmentsGravitational Forces (galaxies, mergers,

collisions)Stellar winds of new massive starsSupernovae of massive stars that form fast

Observations supporting this phase:HST views of Eagle Nebulae

Page 36: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce
Page 37: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce
Page 38: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce
Page 39: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Star Formation in 4 Steps!

2. Gravity takes over, creating clusters of what will eventually be stars OB AssociationsOpen ClustersGlobular Clusters

Observations supporting this phase:Microwave/IR observations of warming regions

Page 40: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce
Page 41: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Star Formation in 4 Steps!

3. Individual blobs heat up, rotate, and glow as protostars

Contracting into disks Shining by gravitational energy (not fusing!) Larger than “real” stars, & cooler Develop jets of radiation from poles

Observations supporting this phase:T-Tauri stars

Page 42: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Disks & Jets in Protostars

Page 43: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Star Formation in 4 Steps!

4. A star is born! Fusion of Hydrogen to Helium starts in core Stops Contracting Hydrostatic Equilibrium Established A “main sequence” star

But….

Will it have planets?

Page 44: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Star Formation in 4 Steps!

Page 45: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Lives of Main Sequence Stars

Where a star is plotted depends on mass

O dwarfs (O V) are most massiveM dwarfs (M V) are least massive

ALL Main Sequence stars fusing H He

Page 46: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Lives of Main Sequence Stars

ALL Main Sequence stars fusing H He

The star is stable, in balance

Gravity (in) vs. force (out) from gas pressure and radiation pressure from fusion reactions

Page 47: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Stellar Evolution

Building models of what happens to stars

Low mass (0.08 to 0.4 Msun

Medium mass (0.4 to 4+ Msun

Higher Mass (5+ to >100 Msun

Page 48: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Low mass star evolution (~8% to ~40% of our Sun’s Mass)

Slower fusion reaction rate

Cooler surface temp (red stars)

Low Luminosity

Longer Lives“Economy models!”

Page 49: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Low mass star evolution models

Totally “convective” inside! (mixed throughout)

convert ALL Hydrogen into Helium

don’t develop a Helium “core”

Eventually collapse to white dwarf

Page 50: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Low mass stars models predict mixing inside to convert all H to He

Page 51: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Medium Mass40% to 400% of Sun’s Mass

Life like our Sun – about 10 Billion years

Slowly develop Helium core Helium “ash” not fusing --- yet!

Surrounded by Hydrogen still fusing

Page 52: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

Medium Mass40% to 400% of Sun’s Mass

Core collapses, becomes “degenerate”

Star swells into Red Giant

Eventual Helium FLASH as fusion of He Carbon starts up!

A “new” life– for a short time!

Page 53: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce
Page 54: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce
Page 55: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce
Page 56: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

High Mass Stellar Evolution

Much greater fusion rate, MUCH brighter, MUCH, MUCH shorter lived stars

Quickly reach Helium Core stage, and can start fusing He Carbon, develop C core, then repeat with heavier and heavier atoms

Page 57: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

High Mass Stellar Evolution

“Onion Skin” model of heavier & heavier shells

Fuse until Iron core formed…

Boom!

Page 58: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce
Page 59: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce
Page 60: Star Stuff Joy Harjo (1951 – ) from Secrets From the Center of the World I can hear the sizzle of newborn stars, and know anything of meaning, of the fierce

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