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State-Building in the

second half of the 19th c.

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Napoleon III

Karl Marx Historyhappens the first time as

a tragedy and thesecond time as a farce.

1851 attempt to preventreelectioncoupdetat1852 became

Napoleon III

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Baron Haussmann

1809-1892

appointed June 1853 to "modernize" ParisAtti la of the straight line

control the flow of traffic & encourage economic growth (jobs)

movement of troops

make the city "revolution-proof" by making it harder to build barricades

tore up old, twisting streets/ houses replaced with wide, tree-lined boulevards/expansive

gardens

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Second French Empire

1852-1870

public opinion:

authoritarian:

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y

socialist emperor

gold (California/Australia)mild inflation investment

railway building

Suez Canal (1859-1869)

limited liability encouraged:

beginnings of social welfare state:

unions:

free trade

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conservative rule based on:

accommodation with Church

control of army

idealismrealism

by 1860:

What ruined Napoleon III:

Crimean War(1854-1856), Italy (1859), Mexico (1862-1867), FRANCO-PRUSSIANWAR (1870)

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Realism

1848 revolutionscalled springtime of peoples

end of optimism led to realism

romanticism and idealism discredited

politicsrealpolitik

artbased on realities of life:

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Literature

first used in 1830s

strongest in England & France

Charles Dickens

PickwickPapers (debtors prison)

Hard Times (factory towns)

BritainVictorian era

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Gustave

Flaubert1821-1880

Madame Bovary

seminal work of Realism

one of most influential novelsever

plot:

trial for obscenitybestseller

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Honor de

Balzac1799-1850Human Comedy

critical of middle classes

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George EliotMarian Evans1819-1880

Middlemarch

masterpiece of BritishRealism8 part novel

turning point in evolution ofnovelpresents stories ofnumerous characters of small

town

describes limits societyplaced on women

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Henrik IbsenNorwegian playwrightfather of modern drama1828-1906drama as forum for socialcriticismchallenged

Victorian morality as

superficial

A Dolls HousePeer Gynt

GhostVictorians believedthe noble life came from duty

and not following ones

desires

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Leo TolstoyRussian writer, philosopher,anarchist

1828-1910

Anna Karenina

War andPeacegrim realities of war

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Fyodor

Dostoevsky

1821-1881

Russian writer & existentalistCrime andPunishmentThe Brothers Karamazov

works emphasize emotional

suffering & despair

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r mean

War 1853-1856 small,unimportant war

but will: will weaken: first war to be:

first modernwar:

FlorenceNightingale:

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Cause of war

religious dispute:

Greek orLatin control of Holyplaces in Jerusalem

Louis Napoleon:

Nicholas I diplomacy mission:

Britain convinces Sultan:

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Russia occupiesDanube provinces

(Walachia & Moldavia)Austria fears:

Vienna conference:

Sultan declares war:

Defeated at Battle ofSinope 1853

France &Britain join

Turks

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1854Anglo-French force invades Russia atCrimea Peninsula

Russia assumes Austria support because:

Sardinia-Piedmont joins French to advanceinterests at peace conference (risorgimento)

Siege of Sevastopol (1854-1855)Russiandefeat

Battle of Balaclava (Charge of the LightBrigade)1854 (British disaster)

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1856 Nicholas I diesson Alexander II sues forpeace

Terms:

Black Seaneutral

Walachia & Moldavia autonomous part of

Ottoman Empirebecomes Romania in 1858 Russia lost claims to protect Christians in

Constantinople

Serbiaself-governing

Treaty of Paris--1856

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first modern warmodern technology 252,000 total dead, of which 70,000 battle casualties

French: total dead ca 100,000

British: 2,755 killed in action; 2,019 died of wounds; 16,323 died of disease Napoleon III needed: Italy wanted: Prussia:

criticismmilitary incompetence

modern nursing reformsFlorence Nightingale &Mary Seacole

Significance

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Personalities

G

uiseppe Mazzini Camillo di Cavour Guiseppe Garibaldi

King Victor Emmanuel II

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Guiseppe

Mazzini1805-1872risorgimento1815-1848no Italian people

model of the Romantic heromember of Carbonariformed Young Italymovement 1831

tried to create a massmovement to free Italy

first modern terrorist1848SicilyRomeRoman Republic established

in 1849 w. Garabaldi

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Sardinia-Piedmont

King Charles Albert (king1831)

invaded Lombardy todrive out Austrians in

1848

defeated abdicated throne to son

Victor Emmanuel II

constitutionalmonarchyHouse of

Savoy

logical leader for unity

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Count di

Cavour1810-1861Prime Minister in 1852background:

a practitioner ofrealpolitik&not a:

joined Crimean War to:believed the only way to getrid of Austria was:

1858 secret agreement withFrance to fight Austria:

realpolitik:Battle of Magenta1859

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Jean Henri Dunant

witnessed Battle of Solferino 40,000killed/wounded in one day (1859)

led to the creation of the Red Cross as aninternational relief organization

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1859 Unity Plan:

annexation andplebiscites in northernItaly:

1860

north Italian kingdom

papal states

Kingdom of TwoSicily's ruled by

Bourbon king in

Naples

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Giuseppe

Garibaldi1807-1882background:a Romantic Nationalist

April 1860 revolt againstBourbons (Naples)

May 1860 Garibaldi lands inSicily with 1500 Red Shirts

Garibaldi moves northdi Cavour moves southbest solution:plebiscite elections:Rome & Venetia:

1861 Kingdom of Italy

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Venetia added in 1866 as prize for:

Rome added in 1870 after:

Italy was made through: importance of foreign intervention:

problems after unification: Italia irredenta

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Background

Prussia: was called emperorssandbox

from 1688:

Frederick William eliminated: nationalism:Napoleon & Herder

philosophy of Hegel Revolutions of 1848: Frederick William IVlimited diet

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by 1850Austria, Prussia, Hanover,Saxony, Bavaria, Wurttemberg

importance ofZollverein:

1850-1870 coal/iron: railroads

failure of 1848 & improvements ineconomy led to:

Prussia:

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1815-1898Iron Chancellorbackground:

fear of Austria:classic practitioner ofrealpolitiks

opportunistic

William Iking in1861conflicts with Prussiandiet over funds to army

1862becomes PrimeMinister

Otto von

Bismarck

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1862-1866 war against liberal diet

over taxes

results:

fears of 1815 boundaries of Prussia:Not by speeches and majority votes

are the great questions of the day

decided--but by blood and iron.firstspeech as PM Blood and Iron

Bismarck

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fears of Bismarckconcerning

William I:

good son vsbad son

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Denmark

opportunity whenDenmark tries to annex

Schleswig duchy

Confederation call to war: Bismarck: allies with Austria

1864 warresults: realpolitikneeds to

discredit Austria

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Austria set up Austria with disputes over

Schlewig/Holstein occupation

isolated Austria from allies: Seven Weeks War1866

Prussian advantages in war: establishes North German

Confederation1867Prussia & 21 states

south German states: democratic reforms to win approval constitution/Reichstag/universal male

suffrage

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Count Helmuthvon Moltke

militarysuccesses

against

Denmark, Austria, France

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France

French unhappiness with Napoleon III: Bismarck needed:

Napoleon III needed: Spain provides opportunity:

revoltqueen fleesnew king

Hohenzollern prince

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France did not want to be surrounded byHohenzollerns

Bismarcks manipulationrealpolitik

The French ambassador & Prussian king meetat Ems resort:

Ems dispatch edited by Bismarck leads

to Franco-Prussian War (July, 1870)

short war:

south German states:

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September 2,1870 surrender of

Napoleon III

Paris refuses tosurrender

Prussian kingbecomes German

Kaiser

VersaillesPalaceJanuary

18, 1871Second

Reich proclaimed

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Peace terms:

warindemnity of5 billion

francs

had to giveup Alsace &

Lorraine

regions

France becomesThird Republic

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Downfall ofNapoleon III & foreign

policy

MexicoMaximilian affair

1861Mexican presidentBenito Juarez suspended

interest payments to

France, Britain, Spain

took advantage of USinvolvement in Civil War

French arrive 1862Battle ofPuebla

Conservatives in Mexicosupport Maximilian Habsburg

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EmperorMaximilian (1864)

Republicanvictories lead to

French withdrawal

(1866)

Maximiliancaptured(1867)trial

execution on on

orders of Juarez

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Paris September 1870-January

1871defiance

siege fever January 1871election of a

conservative government

March1871-May 1871ParisCommune

siege of 72 days

Karl Marx: Bloody

Weekinflamed

Russias

revolutionaries

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lesson to revolutionaries:

Third Republic began with:

Adolphe ThiersPresident1871-73

New National Assembly:

republic established

coalitions made governmentunworkable:

France changed the least

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1879republican

reforms:

compulsor

yeducation

anti-clericalism:

LaicLaws

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reactionary politician

supported by extremists

at the moment of seizing power he faltered

corruption charges led to exile

committed suicide in 1891

1880s-1890sscandals weakened republicgovernment

corruption

General Georges

Boulanger

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The Dreyfus Affair 1859-1935 Jewish army officer

accused of treason in 1894sent to Devils

Island evidence:

army refused:

Affair split France:

evidence ofanti-semitism

Emile Zola

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Emile Zola journalist

risked career

Jaccuseopen letter to French President

(Jan. 13, 1898) turning point that led to pardon for Dreyfus

represents importance ofpublic opinionnew

trial & pardon

power of intellectualspeaks in 1960s withSartre and Camus

eventual 1905 law separating church and state

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Theodore Herzel covered Dreyfus affair in Pest newspaper

became spokesman forZionismmovementhomeland for Jews in Palestine

believed that pogroms & ghetto living meant

Jews would never live in peace

solutionJewish state ( Argentina as apossibility)

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France will become democratic andrepublic

fear of strong executive branch50ministers from 1871-1915

labor discontent as a constant

radical socialists dominate