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State of Practice of Vibro Compaction in Asia
Dr Leong Kam Weng
TC211 Workshop – Cancun 2019
XVI Pan-American Conference of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical
Engineering
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▪ Overview of Vibro Compaction in Asia
▪ Applications of VC in Asia
▪ qc Specifications
▪ Post testing practices
▪ Case project
▪ Conclusions
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Overview of Vibro Compaction in Asia
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Vibro Compaction (Deep Vibro Techniques - BS EN 14731:2005)
100
80
60
40
20
0
100
80
60
40
20
0 0.60.002 0.006 0.02 0.06 6.0 20 600.2 2.0
Grain Size [mm]
Pe
rce
nta
ge P
as
sin
g (
%)
Clay Silt Sand Gravel StonesTransition
Zone
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Vibro Compaction in Asia
India
Hong Kong
Singapore
Malaysia
Indonesia
Saudi Arabia
UAEOman
Qatar
Kuwait
50mio m3
South East
Asia
Hong
Kong
India
Middle
East
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• Slope Stability
• Bearing Capacity of Structure
• Settlement Control
• Liquefaction Mitigation
• Dynamic Resistance
Slope Stability
Embankment
Slope Stability
Differential Settlement
Settlement
Structure
Bearing Capacity
Liquefaction /
Dynamic resistance
Engineering Functions of Vibro Compaction
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▪ Applications of VC in Asia
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VC for ReclamationPalm Diera Island, UAE
➢ The 3rd & largest of the man-made islands in Dubai
➢ VC to achieve bearing capacity of 150kPa and liquefaction
mitigation under PGA 0.2g
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Future Terminal Layout
Runway 1 (Existing)
Runway 2 (Existing)
Runway 3 (New)
Terminal 5 and Satellite Building
Terminal 1, 2 & 3 Cargo Centre
Aviation Support
Terminal 4
➢ Land Preparation works for the future Changi Airport Terminal 5
and 3rd runway; increasing capacity from 66 mio to 135 mio per
year
Changi Airport T5, SGVC for Airport
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Universal Terminal, Singapore
VC for Oil Storage Terminal
➢ 2.3mio m3 oil storage terminal
➢ Foundations for 73 nos tanks (Ø = 13.6–78.6m, H = 15-22m),
pump stations & manifolds. Total area ~ 200,000m2.
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➢ Vibro Compaction treatment for Aromatics Complex
➢ 43nos tanks with diameter varies between 26m and 44m
➢ Other treatment area of 185,000 m2 for pipe racks, bund walls
and refinery structures
ExxonMobil JAC, Singapore
VC for Refinery
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➢ A Cogeneration Power Plant (Combined Heat and Power)
➢ Foundations of power plant and turbines
Keppel Merlimau Cogen II, Singapore
VC for Power Plant
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VC for Liquefaction Mitigation
Polavaram Dam, India
➢ VC works below the Earth cum Rockfill (ECRF) Dam to mitigate
liquefaction & enhancing overall stability of dam
ECRF Dam
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▪ qc Specifications
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Relative Density Specs (e.g.
Schmertmann, 1976)
Minimum CPT qc Specs
Practical to specify a qc cap value
for RD Specs at deeper depths
of sand !!!
)%D
(CC
voc
r
e' σ C q 10021
Specifying VC Performance
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Examples of Vibro Compaction Specifications in Singapore
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▪ Post testing practices
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QA / QC – Pre/Post testing
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Post Treatment Testing
• Generally, evaluation of VC works is done at weakest point or using
average of the treated grid (e.g. centroid & mid-point of VC points).
• Designer must have the final say in the evaluation and acceptance of VC
works aligning to their design intent.
Centre of compaction
Post CPT A at centroid of VC points
(weakest point)
Post CPT B at mid-point of VC points
Zone of influence around VC point
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Example of Post Treatment Evaluation – Weakest Point
• Design Intent based on testing at the
Weakest Point√
X
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Example of Post treatment evaluation – Average of Treated Grid
• Structure : 2-storeyed operations building of a chemical plant
• Loading : 70 kPa
• Foundation : Raft 60 m x 57 m
• Allowable total settlement under raft = 50 mm
• Vibro Compaction is done with 30T centrifugal force vibrator at 3m
triangular grid
• Design Intent based on average qc results
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Average of Post CPTs
• Testing using numerical average of
Post-CPTs at weakest and a slightly
stronger location.
• Settlement predicted based on
average of Post-CPTs ~ 20mm <
50mm O.K.
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
18-Aug-17 05-Dec-17 24-Mar-18 11-Jul-18 28-Oct-18
Sett
lem
en
t (m
m)
Settlement monitoring Prediction based on average qc Allowable settlement
Long term settlement monitoring
16 mm
20 mm
50 mm
Measured Settlement close to Predicted Settlement
….. Fulfilling the Design Intent
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▪ Case project
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Tuas Mega Port, SG
VC for Port
City port terminals (Tanjong Pagar, Keppel & Brani) shifting to this Mega Port
When completed in 2040, will handle up to 65mio standard sized containers
(current capacity is 40mio)
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Multi use of VibroCompaction
Behind
Caisson
Sandkey
Caisson
Infill
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Deepest Marine Vibro Compaction down to 56m below sea level
VC for Port
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25m
26m
Land VC for Behind Caisson
VC for Port
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18m
15m
Land VC for Caisson In-fill VC for Port
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▪ Conclusions
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Conclusions
• Vibro Compaction is used extensively in Asia predominantly for
reclamation and developments on the reclaimed land (e.g. South
East Asia & Middle East).
• Vibro Compaction is used for various engineering functions; slope
stability, bearing capacity, settlement, liquefaction mitigation or
dynamic resistance.
• Any specification and it’s interpretation cannot be done in isolation
from the design intent. The designer must have the final say in
specifying testing locations, detail evaluation procedure and
acceptance criteria.
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Thank You Gracias