state of the art for mobile communication for traveller ...€¦ · web viewan action for...
TRANSCRIPT
VIKINGAn action for Co-ordinated Road Traffic Management Implementation in northern Europe
Mobile Communicationfor Exchange of
Traveller and Traffic Information
1
Supported by the Commission of the European Union, Directorate General for Transport - TEN-T
Document Information
Document: Mobile communication for exchange of traveller and traffic information
Date of issue: June 2001
Editors: Mobile communication workgroup: Björn Eklund (Project manager)
Columna ABBox 248S - 781 23 BorlängeSwedenE-mail: [email protected]
Martin JohanssonFinnish National Road Administration, Central Administration, Traffic ManagementP.O.Box 33, FIN-00521, HELSINKIFinlandEmail: [email protected]
Timo KarhumäkiFinnish National Road Administration, Central Administration, Traffic ManagementP.O.Box 33, FIN-00521, HELSINKIFinlandEmail: [email protected]
Hinrich KählertBuero fuer Verkehrsoekologie (BVOE)Institute for Transport Ecology (ITE)Langemarckstrasse 250D-28199 BremenGermanyE-mail: [email protected]
Bjarne Bach NielsenVejdirektoratetNiels Juels Gade 13DK - 1059 København KDenmarkE-mail: [email protected]
Document history:
Version Date Distribution0.9 31 May 2001 Work group1.0 28 June 2001 Work group
2
Contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.....................................................................................................................................5
2 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................6
3 METHOD.......................................................................................................................................................7
4 DELIMITATION..........................................................................................................................................8
5 SCOPE............................................................................................................................................................8
6 SERVICES IN MOBILE TRAFFIC INFORMATION.............................................................................8
6.1 DRIVER INFORMATION SYSTEMS............................................................................................................96.2 SERVICES BASED UPON INTERNET TECHNOLOGY...................................................................................96.3 TELEPHONE BASED SERVICES.................................................................................................................9
6.3.1 Positioning......................................................................................................................................106.3.2 Reservation channel........................................................................................................................10
7 TECHNOLOGIES IN MOBILE TRAFFIC INFORMATION..............................................................10
7.1 SWITCHED NETWORKS..........................................................................................................................107.1.1 GSM.................................................................................................................................................107.1.2 UMTS..............................................................................................................................................117.1.3 Mobitex............................................................................................................................................117.1.4 TETRA.............................................................................................................................................12
7.2 BROADCASTING NETWORKS.................................................................................................................127.2.1 DAB.................................................................................................................................................127.2.2 DVB.................................................................................................................................................12
7.3 LOCAL AREA NETWORKS......................................................................................................................137.3.1 IEEE 802.11b..................................................................................................................................13
8 WORK GROUP INFORMATION COLLECTION................................................................................13
8.1 INFORMATION COLLECTION..................................................................................................................138.2 WORKSHOP...........................................................................................................................................13
8.2.1 Workshop summary.........................................................................................................................15
9 FUTURE WORK.........................................................................................................................................19
APPENDIX............................................................................................................................................................20
1 TECHNOLOGIES......................................................................................................................................20
1.1 SWITCHED NETWORKS..........................................................................................................................201.1.1 GSM.................................................................................................................................................20
1.1.1.1 SMS........................................................................................................................................................201.1.1.2 GSM Cell Broadcasting.........................................................................................................................211.1.1.3 GPRS......................................................................................................................................................211.1.1.4 WOA......................................................................................................................................................231.1.1.5 Performance demands............................................................................................................................23
1.1.2 UMTS..............................................................................................................................................241.1.3 Mobitex............................................................................................................................................251.1.4 TETRA.............................................................................................................................................25
1.2 BROADCASTING NETWORKS.................................................................................................................271.2.1 DAB.................................................................................................................................................271.2.2 DVB.................................................................................................................................................28
1.3 LOCAL AREA NETWORKS......................................................................................................................291.3.1 IEEE 802.11b..................................................................................................................................29
1.4 INFORMATION PROTOCOL AND STANDARD...........................................................................................301.4.1 WAP.................................................................................................................................................30
3
1.4.2 XML.................................................................................................................................................311.4.3 TPEG...............................................................................................................................................331.4.4 OSGi................................................................................................................................................34
2 NATIONAL INVENTORY........................................................................................................................36
2.1 GERMAN INVENTORY SUMMARY..........................................................................................................36
3 WORKSHOP...............................................................................................................................................37
3.1 WORKSHOP PROGRAMME.....................................................................................................................373.2 WORKSHOP DOCUMENTATION..............................................................................................................38
REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................................39
4
Mobile communication for exchange of traveller and traffic information
1 Executive summaryITS is a mean to achieve higher transportation capacity and a sustainable transport system with high traffic safety. The ITS components to be handled in this context include both hardware and software.
As user of the road transport system the traveller is by definition on the move and must therefore be able to receive information and use services . This can be accomplished by message signs in the road area and by devices in the vehicle or carried by the user. To achieve this it must be possible to transmit the services by wireless with sufficient transmission speed and quality.
The project started primarily from those traffic information services aiming direct at the traveller. The exchange of information refers to exchange to and/or from equipment in vehicles or carried by the traveller. The information sender can be different kinds of “Service providers” or corresponding actors.
In order to create a vision of mobile communication in the area the project took its starting point in traffic information services judged to be possible and desired in the future. These services are then compared with the existing technological possibilities and the technology expected to be accessible in the near future, i.e. the future to be reflected in the vision.
The inventory work is done through collection of information via different kinds of media in the area of traffic information exchange with special focus on
mobility interviews with manufacturers, service providers and road authorities conferences and seminars on mobile communication.
This work has been accomplished in each Viking country with different degree of prosperity depending on various conditions and possibilities to get information from actors in the area and differing resources in each Viking country to put enough effort in this work.
On 8th of May 2001 the work group arranged a seminar with the title "Mobile Services - Reality and visions for the future". The participants included speakers from the administrations in Denmark, Finland and Sweden Service and Content Providers Telephone companies and communication industry Consultants in the ITS-area VIKING “Mobile Communication” workgroup
The workshop was successful but also showed some problems in getting companies and authorities to express their future plans and visions in the area.
5
Due to the complexity of the area and lack of resources in terms of time and know-how, some tasks have to be postponed to MIP2001.
2 IntroductionVIKING Domain 4: Information services and mobility management, supports the dissemination and coverage of information for road users within the VIKING area on the pre- and on-trip level. Domain 4 includes all activities aiming at increasing the level of knowledge of the road users, in order to give them the possibility to make wise decisions on their transport behaviour. This means that information has to be provided as well before the journey as during, and includes also provision of information on alternative transport modes, with preference in a multi-modal information context.
Domain 4 emphasises on both development and piloting of new services and improving of existing information services, e.g. extending pre-trip services to on-trip, and providing services to border-crossing traffic in different languages. The domain observes the market of communication technology, produces state-of-the-art and encourages the info providers to improve their data quality and services. The work supports the Development of open platforms for various information services (public and private providers.
The common work on Information services, common studies (A40) aimed at investigation of the possibilities to harmonise traffic information services in the VIKING area. Two media of common interest were identified as most promising: Traffic information via the Internet and mobile communication based services. Furthermore the interest was focused on multi-modal information systems. The work emphasised on interlocking the individual activities on the national, co-operative and common level within Domain 4. The main approach was to link and interconnect the engaged persons, involved institutions and experts within VIKING as well as in relationship to others.
Common studies (A40) has operates as a "forum" for exchange of information and as steering group for the Domain 4 activities. In order to facilitate this work SACC meetings have been held where each country has reports on progress and achievements from national horizons. Three operational workgroups are parts of the structure for the common work.
SACCService Area Co-ordination Committee
Work group
VIKING Internet Service (TTIS)
Work group
Mobile Communi-cation based
Services
Work group
Public Transport Information Exchange
Co-ordination, Co-operation, Domain Management
6
This report presents the results from work in the workgroup ”Mobile Communication Based Services”. The work is based on findings from phase 3 presented in the report ”Traffic information based upon GSM technology”. The workgroup is planned to continue its work during MIP.
ITS is a mean to achieve higher transportation capacity and a sustainable transport system with high traffic safety. The ITS components to be handled in this context include hardware as sensors, cameras, detectors communication equipment to send and receive information communication lines with or without wires computers
and software for data collection data transmission data storage data refinement production of services dissemination of services to the user of the road transport system
As user of the road transport system the traveller is by definition on the move and must therefore be able to receive information and use services . This can be accomplished by message signs in the road area and by devices in the vehicle or carried by the user. To achieve this it must be possible to transmit the services by wireless with sufficient transmission speed and quality.
There is also a need to use vehicles on the road to collect data and send it to “Road side points” or “Traffic control centres”. This type of technology is often called “Floating car data” using “Probes”. This type of technology also demands an effective use of wireless communication but will not be discussed in this report.
This report will focus on the wireless way of communication for dissemination of services and will in the following be called mobile communication.
3 MethodThe use of as well as applications for traffic information directed to the traveller will increase in the future. Technology for wireless transmission of traffic information will accordingly be more interesting, demanding higher capacity and quality.
Existing and possible future traffic information services in combination with possibilities of existing or new technology need to be analysed and evaluated so that a vision can be formulated. This vision will form a picture of a possible and desired situation in the area of mobile communication for exchange of traffic information services.
In order to create this vision the project took its starting point in traffic information services judged to be possible and desired in the future. These services are then compared with the
7
existing technological possibilities and the technology expected to be accessible in the near future, i.e. the future to be reflected in the vision.
A critical issue in this context is traffic safety related to in-vehicle equipment. The success of the vision can only be achieved if negative effects on traffic safety are minimised.
The basis for the work has been the reports produced in earlier Viking phases. In order to collect information and take part of different views in the area the project has accomplished interviews and a workshop with different actors in the field such as road authorities, Service Providers and companies in the Viking area.
4 DelimitationThe project started primarily from those traffic information services aiming direct at the traveller. The exchange of information refers to exchange to and/or from equipment – for example computers, telephones, radios (digital and analogue), navigation systems – in vehicles or carried by the traveller. The information sender can be different kinds of “Service providers” or corresponding actors.
5 Scope The object of the project is to describe the cornerstones and important issues to be taken into consideration for formulating a vision. This vision will then be the starting point for the design of a strategy leading to the described vision.
6 Services in mobile traffic information The traffic information services appropriate in this connection have been taken from one of the documents of the VIKING project “Concept for Traffic Management Services in the VIKING Area”, version 1.0 from February 1999. In the VIKING report the services are described with regard to needs and demands of the users of the road transport system. In this report the services are described from the prerequisite that they are considered suitable today or will become possible to be offered by communication technology in a near future. The description is made without priority order or estimation of the benefit effects that the traffic information services give respectively .
A traffic information service consists of traffic information for the user as well as of the channel for dissemination. For some kinds of information services, several channels are possible while other services are related to a specific channel.
The information in the service can have different characteristics: The moment of the information transmission mainly determines the kind of traffic
information service. The information provided before the start of the trip (pre-trip) can influence all parameters of the users behaviour. In contrast to this, the information given
8
during the trip (on-trip) is mainly intended to improve safety and convenience of the individual .
Static information, e.g. schedules and traffic network information, is relatively stable while dynamic information is based upon real-time data including current and forecasted traffic conditions as well as operating conditions.
The distribution of general information (e.g. for public transport, park and ride, individual road users) takes place at locations with public access or in the vehicles, at home or at work. User influence on contents of information is not possible. Personal information aims at users’ subjective needs (e.g. via dynamic route planning, information by mobility centres, electronic timetables). This information is mostly interactive.
6.1 Driver information systemsOne type of Driver Information Systems (DIS) is navigation systems that are supplying road navigation and receiving dynamic information as a base for the road navigation. Different types of communication channels are here being used, as for example for communication from the driver to the traffic information centre and within some years also for transmission of large amounts of information as updating of maps.
Another possibility within DIS is to transmit information to the traffic information centre about traffic conditions from vehicles on the road, the purpose of which is to collect data on different links about travel times, vehicle speeds and different kinds of events that can be registered automatically. This type of collection and reports is usually called “Floating car data”. The system is offering the possibility of collecting information from road sections that are not covered by usual detectors.
6.2 Services based upon Internet technology The use and the development of applications for Internet are growing very quickly. The technology is very well suited for communicating traffic information to road users. The WAP-standard and the WOA technology in combination with future higher communication speed within the GSM technology will make the services based upon Internet technology more attractive and more competitive.
6.3 Telephone based servicesA telephone can also be used for dissemination of traffic information. In principle two solutions can be discerned:
Automatic information dissemination via voice Individual traffic information via telephone
The automatic information dissemination via voice is limited by constitution. The user calls a telephone computer and is directed by questions and yes/no-answers to the desired
9
information. The main benefit is low costs for running the system while the main disadvantage is limited flexibility and the restriction to voice communication only.
The situation is partly the opposite for individual traffic information via telephone when TIC operators are answering the questions from the road user. In this case great flexibility and interaction between the road user and the personnel at the traffic information centre are obtained. On the other hand the costs are high in comparison with the automated system.
6.3.1 PositioningGSM systems contain functions for determining the position of a certain GSM telephone via the base stations. This possibility is supplied today by some GSM operators. The function is used e.g. within systems for automatic positioning of a traffic accident where the collision sensor of the car is working as a trigger of alarm with telephone call for positioning. It can furthermore be used to manage vehicle and goods tracking aiming at planning and directing the vehicles as well as obtaining a better safety for drivers and goods.
6.3.2 Reservation channelGSM can also be used in combination with other technical systems in order to produce a composite traffic information service. The GSM telephone can here be used for reservation of a certain traffic information service, whereupon the delivery is made by another technical system, for example DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting).
7 Technologies in mobile traffic informationThe traffic information services are based upon technology for mobile dissemination. The available technologies can be categorised in following groups: Switched networks Broadcasting networks Local area networks
These technologies can use different kinds of more or less new protocols and standards as WAP (Wireless Application Protocol), XML (eXtended Markup Language), TPEG (Transport Protocol Experts Group) and OSGi (Open Services Gateway Initiative) in addition to the more common and existing ones. Se Appendix section 1.4 for a description of these protocols and standards.
7.1 Switched networks7.1.1 GSMThe main use of GSM technology is normal telephony. GSM telephony is based upon digital transfer of numbers which means a form of data transmission. GSM technology can be used for transmission of data and pictures, i.e. what normally is connected to the conception of data transmission. By transmission of traffic information via GSM there is today access to SMS (Short Message Service), which is a service for transmitting short text messages. SMS is primarily suited for traffic information where only short texts should be transmitted without
10
high demands for quality concerning guaranteed delivery time from Service Provider to road user. This is due to the fact that the SMS service gives delivery times with rather big variations and insecurity.
In order to increase the capacity and the possibilities of sending large amounts of data over the GSM network a new service has been developed – GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). This is a complement to the circuit switched networks of today. As the GPRS network is using the same protocol as Internet it can be looked upon as a sub-network to Internet where for example mobile telephones with GPRS can be considered as mobile computers.
Ericsson has developed and is supplying a technology, which can transmit information on Internet’s web-sites in GSM networks much faster than today. The technology called WebOnAir (WOA) transforms HTML documents and is in this way very much reducing the total amount of data that is needed to show the documents.
7.1.2 UMTSUMTS which is often named as the third generation for mobile communication, has been developed and optimised without any demands for being compatible backwards to the second generation’s technology, i.e. the GSM technology. This has made it possible to use the bandwidth of the base stations in a very efficient way. At the same time a consequence is that a totally new infrastructure must be established with new communication networks and mobile equipment (telephones, terminals, hand held computers, personal computers etc) for the users.
The technology is opening the possibilities of using so called multimedia applications in mobile environment for traffic information. At the same time the bounds are wiped out between systems that today require and imply fixed communication networks and systems that are implemented in wireless networks. In other words, you can more or less avoid the limitations, which today have to be taken into consideration by construction of systems based upon mobile communication.
The commercial launching of UMTS is estimated to take place in 2002 and to be fully implemented in 2005.
7.1.3 MobitexMobitex is an open, international standard for wireless data communications. On five continents and in dozens of countries, Mobitex networks are serving a large and growing number of customers. Many applications and a wide range of products from leading hardware and software vendors are available to meet many business need.
Mobitex is based on Ericsson's mobile communications technology and gives access to corporate resources and fixed networks, and extends company intranets and the Internet for mobile communication. Mobitex can be used for accessing e-mail, receive a service order, verify a credit card, query a central database or monitor and control equipment in a remote location.
7.1.4 TETRATErrestrial Trunked RAdio (TETRA) is the modern digital Private Mobile Radio and Public Access Mobile Radio technology for police, ambulance and fire services, security services,
11
utilities, military, public access, fleet management, transport services, closed user groups, factory site services, mining, etc.
TETRA offers fast call set-up time, addressing the critical needs of many user segments, excellent group communication support, direct mode operation between radios, packet data and circuit data transfer services, frequency economy and good security features.
7.2 Broadcasting networks7.2.1 DABDigital Audio Broadcasting, DAB, is the most fundamental advance in radio technology since the introduction of FM Stereo radio. It gives the listeners reception or high-quality sound free from interference and an unlimited potential for wider listening through many additional stations, services and developments.
DAB is broadcast on terrestrial networks, with prospects for satellite broadcasting in the future. You are able to receive the terrestrial Digital Audio Broadcasting programs using solely a tiny non-directional stub antenna.
DAB can carry not only audio, but also text, pictures, data and even videos. Apart from receiving audio entertainment via the radio, programmes can also be accompanied by text. Weather forecasts can be accompanied by a satellite map of the area you are in and there is a facility to determine very precisely where you are. Emergency vehicles will be able to find their way to a fire or an accident, immediately, because the transmitted maps are regularly updated, displaying traffic-jams and road works and can therefore suggest diversion routes. Other travel, traffic or transportation information is accessible to a DAB listener, in terms of car parking or even bus and train schedules.
7.2.2 DVBDigital Video Broadcasting (DVB) is a set of standards that define digital broadcasting using existing satellite, cable, and terrestrial infrastructures. DVB has the following characteristics: DVB is an open system as opposed to a closed system. Closed systems are content
provider-specific, not expandable, and optimised only for television. Open systems such as DVB allows the subscriber to choose different content providers and allows integration of PCs and televisions.
DVB systems are optimised for not only television but also for home shopping and banking, private network broadcasting, and interactive viewing.
DVB offers the future possibilities of providing high-quality television display in buses, cars, trains, and hand-held devices.
DVB allows content providers to offer their services anywhere DVB is supported regardless of geographic location, expand their services easily and inexpensively, and ensure restricted access to subscribers, thus reducing lost revenue due to unauthorized viewing.
12
7.3 Local area networks7.3.1 IEEE 802.11bThe IEEE 802.11b specification is a wireless LAN standard developed by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering) committee in order to specify an "over the air" interface between a wireless client and a base station (or access point), as well as among wireless clients. The purpose of the standard is to provide wireless connection to automatic machinery and equipment or stations that require rapid deployment, which may be portable, handheld, or mounted on moving vehicles within a local area.
Target environments for use of the standard include Inside buildings, such as offices, banks, shops, malls, hospitals, manufacturing plants, and
residences Outdoor areas, such as parking lots, campuses, building complexes, and outdoor plants
8 Work group information collection8.1 Information collectionCollection of information is done via different kinds of media in the area of traffic information exchange with special focus on
mobility interviews with manufacturers, service providers and road authorities conferences and seminars on mobile communication.
This work has been accomplished in each Viking country with different degree of prosperity depending on various conditions and possibilities to get information from actors in the area and differing resources in each Viking country to put enough effort in this work.
In Appendix section 2 there is an example with the inventory work made in Germany.
8.2 WorkshopOn 8th of May 2001 the work group arranged a seminar with the title "Mobile Services - Reality and visions for the future". The participants included speakers from the administrations in Denmark, Finland and Sweden Service and Content Providers Telephone companies and communication industry Consultants in the ITS-area VIKING “Mobile Communication” workgroup
They were asked to contribute with their experiences, plans and knowledge to form a basis for formulating a vision for development and use of mobile communication for traffic information services. The areas to be covered was: Traffic information services and related traffic safety. Technical possibilities which can be used within mobile communication.
System solutions and concepts.
13
Components (hardware, software) Experiences from today’s technology for mobile communication. Expected and desired development for mobile communication for traffic information
services.
The workshop was successful but also showed some problems in getting companies and authorities to express their future plans and visions in the area.
See Appendix section 3.1 for the workshop programme.
14
8.2.1 Workshop summary
Ann-Sofi Granberg, SNRA talked about their role and vision in the area of mobile communication. Following picture illustrates the processing chain from data collection to dissemination of traffic information services.
Timo Karhumäki, FINRA talked about the position and vision of the Finnish Road Administration:
Data collection
Producing of products and services
Actors:
Processing chain:
Content:
Traffic data Quality secured traffic information
Products/ services
Collection, sorting, merging and quality control of raw data.
Results:
End users
Interpreting, quality securing, quality declaration, adding value and storing of traffic data.
Production/development of products (applications) or services. This often means that traffic information is combined with other information.
Distribution of products or services (e g by using VMS signs, Internet or RDS-TMC) .
Products-/services to customer
Adding value to raw data
Distribution of products and services
Products and services recieved bye customers
Interface for supply of traffic information
Producing of products and services
Distribution of products and services
SNRA
External actors
Road authorities / Information owners
Data suppliers
Processing centres (e g TIC)
Service providers
Network providers
Customer benefit
8.5.2001 TKIPosition and vision of Finnish Road Administration
9
Finnra’s vision in mobile communication
Mobile communication will be utilised by Finnra to collect traffic and road weather data.
Finnra will make data available for service providers to support more refined and personalised mobile traffic information servicedevelopment.
Finnra itself can utilise new mobile applications in mass communication.
Mobile communication can offer new possibilities for traffic research.
15
Charlotte Holström, DRD talked about the position and vision of the Danish Road Directory:
Erik Bick, Ericsson Microwave Systems AB talked about technical possibilities to be used in mobile communication. He stressed the need for different types of standards to establish the necessary base and infrastructure for development and deployment of hardware and software for exchange of traffic information services.
Traffic Information - the strategy:•Giving the right information (reliable and essential)
- to as many recipients as possible, but...- at the right time (relevant)- to the right recipient (target oriented)- in the right form/media (direct or for re-forwarding)
•Co-operation and partnerships- the right partner differ according to the actual situation
- public/private - public/public- DRD service provider
• A high degree of user-payment- the right price depends on the reciepient
A n o v e r v ie w o f t h e w h o le s y s t e m
C u s t o m e rR e l a t i o n s
C u s t o m e rR e l a t i o n s
E r ic s s o nO S G
M a n a g e m e n tS y s t e m
E r ic s s o nO S G
M a n a g e m e n tS y s t e m
O p e r a t o r M a n a g e m e n t In t e r f a c e
O p e r a t o r M a n a g e m e n t In t e r f a c e
e - s e r v ic e s In t e r f a c e se - s e r v ic e s In t e r f a c e s
R e m o t eA c c e s s
R e m o t eA c c e s s
U s e r
C o n t e n tP r o v i d e r !!
V e h i c l eS e r v i c e
G a t e w a y
O p e r a t o r
16
Jens-B. Pätsch, Move Ltd talked about Public Private Partnership and activities and services of "Move Ltd." in the region of Hannover/Lower Saxony with special attention to cooperation with different actors in the area:
Martin Johansson, FINRA Traffic services talked about the Personal Navigation (NAVI) Programme which is a structured approach to promote development of location-based services as well as personal navigation and promote new business and innovations.
17
Sampo Hietanen, Finnish Road Enterprise talked about mobile location based road weather information service pilot. He stressed the importance to consider profitability,information ownership, other information to add, future regulations on localization and new mobile technologies.
Olof Wihlborg, Telia Mobile New Business, AutoCom talked about a view on mobile telematics from a telecommunication operator. His department identify, develop and invest in tomorrow’s transport related mobile services..
F i n n i s h R o a d E n t e r p r i s e
F u t u r e a n d g o a l o f I n f o r m a t i o n S e r v i c e s i n t h e F i n n i s h R o a d E n t e r p r i s e
D a t a b a n k
D a t a b a n k
P e o p l e o n m o v e
C u l t i v a t i n g d a t a f r o m o w n , p u b l i ca n d p a r t n e r d a t a b a n k s f o r m o b i l e p o r t a l s
R o a d a d m i n i s t r a t i o nm u n i c i p a l i t i e s
O p e r a t o r sm o b i l e , i n t e r n e t , d i g i t a l -
T V , e x t r a n e t , r a d i o
D a t a b a n k
F i n n i s h R o a d E n t e r p r i s eS a m p o H i e t a n e n
Telia Mobile New Business, AutoComOlof Wihlborg
Telia Mobile New BusinessTelia Mobile New Business
Is there a market for telematics services
AutoComAutoCom
Home
Work
On our way
We spend a lot of time travelling between our home and work
18
Frank Behrendt, DaimlerChrysler Services AG, Mobility Management talked about mobile application services by DCSMM (DaimlerChrysler Services Mobility Management).
The workshop was concluded by Urban Stenberg:
9 Future workDue to the complexity of the area and lack of resources in terms of time and know-how the following tasks have to be postponed to MIP2001: Analyse the results from inventory and workshop. Formulate cornerstones for vision and strategy. Plan coming steps in this work.
Conclusions• Mobile communication very important• Travel info services just one part of possible
services via mobile communication• Many actors involved• Roles of actors more important than
technology (more work during MIP)• Still difficult to formulate strategy• Limited inventory work• Report will describe more current situation
than vision/strategy
19
Appendix
1 Technologies1.1 Switched networks1.1.1 GSMThe main use of GSM technology is normal telephony. GSM telephony is based upon digital transfer of numbers which means a form of data transmission. In the following section it is described how GSM technology can be used for transmission of data and pictures, i.e. what normally is connected to the conception of data transmission.
1.1.1.1 SMSBy transmission of traffic information via GSM there is today access to SMS (Short Message Service), which is a service for transmitting short text messages. SMS is defined within the digital telephone standard GSM and has the biggest market in Europe, Middle East, Asia, Africa and certain parts of North America. SMS has the following characteristics:
A text message can be up to 160 characters long. The characters can be alphanumerical or other binary characters
The SMS service is storing incoming messages from the sender on a SMS server and then forwards it to the receiver when it is accessible. The net operator has one or more so called SMS Centres for handling the SMS messages in this way.
The SMS service has the possibility to give a receipt of the arrival of the message to the addressee.
SMS messages can be sent and received at the same time as you are talking over the telephone, sending data or fax. This means that the SMS user almost never gets an engaged signal or meets with slowness in the system depending on peak load.
It is possible to send a number of SMS messages in succession in order to manage messages longer than 160 characters. Furthermore, the SMS standard is today involving “SMS compression”, i.e. a compressing technology for transmitting more than 160 characters within an SMS message.
A subscription with a net operator as well as a telephone adapted to the SMS is needed for the use of the SMS service.
SMS is primarily suited for traffic information where only short texts should be transmitted without high demands for quality concerning guaranteed delivery time from Service Provider to road user. This is due to the fact that the SMS service gives delivery times with rather big variations and insecurity.
20
1.1.1.2 GSM Cell BroadcastingGSM Cell Broadcasting is an interesting future technology at the network operators. The technology allows traffic information being sent dynamically to the road users within the covering area of a base station, what is called a GSM cell. This possibility is already existing from a technical point of view at the network operators. It is uncertain when and whether any Service Provider will offer traffic information services with this technology.
1.1.1.3 GPRSAccording to what is mentioned above the SMS has some limitations, which make the transmission of large information amounts more difficult or impossible. These limitations are especially clear, when the GSM system should be used for Internet applications. In order to increase the capacity and the possibilities of sending large amounts of data over the GSM network a new service has been developed – GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). This is a complement to the circuit switched networks of today.
The characteristics of the GPRS are in brief the following seen from the user’s point of view:
The theoretically highest speed is 172 kbps if all the eight timeslots are used at the same time. This is corresponding to about two times faster than the possible speed of existing data transmission for stationary telecommunication networks and ten times faster than the circuit switched GSM networks of today.
GPRS facilitates immediate connection to the network when information needs to be sent or received. Therefore, GPRS often is experienced as a constant connection. This constant accessibility to the network is one of the advantages in comparison with circuit switched data transmission. High accessibility to the network is a very important quality for time critical applications, for example traffic information services, where information must be delivered within a very short period of time.
GPRS creates opportunities for new and better applications, which have not been possible earlier via a GSM network because of the limited speed by circuit switched data transmission (9.6 kbps) and the length of the message for SMS (160 characters).
It is necessary to have a subscription with a network operator and a telephone adapted for GPRS for the use of the GPRS service.
GPRS manages full access to Internet, i.e. it is possible to reach all web sites and applications provided by Internet.
To make an estimation of the GPRS and its potential it is interesting to study the technology seen from the network operator’s point of view. In brief, the qualities are the following:
GPRS is a package based service built upon the circuit switched GSM-network. This makes the supply of circuit switched services as well as package switched services possible. The necessary upgrading is relatively extensive but can be done in a very smooth and easy way. Some new nodes in the network as well as updating of the software in the existing nodes are necessary.
21
The package technology means that GPRS is using the communication capacity only when the user is sending or receiving data. Instead of dedicating a radio channel to a mobile data user for a certain period of time, the accessible radio resources can be shared by a number of users at the same time. This efficient use of the short radio resources means that a great number of GPRS users can utilize the same bandwidth and be served from the same base station. The number of possible simultaneous users is depending on which application is operating and the sent quantity of data. Because of the efficient use of accessible bandwidth there is a rather small need of inserting spare capacity in order to manage peak loads occurring during short periods of time. Therefore the GPRS is allowing the network operators to maximize the use of the network resources in a dynamic and flexible way considering the use and the growth rate.
The GPRS can improve the capacity of managing a peak load on a GSM-network as the GPRS at the same time is allowing the following:
Allocation of short radio resources will be more efficient through virtual connection. Move traffic earlier sent by circuit switched technology to GPRS. Reduce the load from SMS Centre by moving some traffic earlier sent as SMS
messages to the function within GPRS that is supporting SMS.
GPRS admits mobile Internet functionality to a full extent by allowing co-operation between the existing Internet and the new GPRS network. All services, today used at the wired Internet as File Transfer Protocol (FTP), web-browsing, chat, E-mail, telnetwill be accessible over the mobile GPRS network. Many network operators are already considering the possibility of using GPRS for providing services as wireless Internet Service Providers.
World Wide Web is going to become the primary interface concerning communication. People are using Internet for entertainment and information research, Intranet in order to obtain business information and to communicate with colleagues and Extranet to come in contact with clients and suppliers. All this is proceeding from the need to connect different groups of interested parties. There is a trend going away from local storing of information in personal computers towards storage for publication on Internet. Web browsing is therefore a very important application for GPRS.
As the GPRS network is using the same protocol as Internet it can be looked upon as a sub-network to Internet where for example mobile telephones with GPRS can be considered as mobile computers. This means that every GPRS terminal is a potential holder of an own IP address .
GPRS is not only a service constructed for implementation in mobile networks based upon the GSM standard. The standard TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) which to a large extent is used in North and South America will also be supporting GPRS. This is according to an agreement to follow the same development line towards the
22
third generation of mobile telephone networks, which was decided upon in the beginning of 1999 by the industrial groups supporting these two types of networks.
1.1.1.4 WOAEricsson has developed and is supplying a technology, which can transmit information on Internet´s web-sites in GSM networks much faster than today. The technology called WebOnAir (WOA) transforms HTML documents and is in this way very much reducing the total amount of data that is needed to show the documents. In contrast to WAP this technology is well adapted to portable computers.
This technology can be a good solution of the slow transmission speed of the existing mobile telephones while awaiting more efficient mobile telesystems. The base of the WOA system is compression and transformation of the HTML information on a web-site and thereby handling the transmission faster. In comparison to the existing transmission speed for GSM an increase of the performance by between three and four times is obtained. WOA can also be used as a complement to WAP and can in that way attain the same increase of performance.
The WOA system is totally independent of transmission method, which makes it possible to combine with GPRS and HSCSD. Furthermore, WOA is independent of network, which means that the technology also is accessible for operators, who use other wireless networks, for example TDMA and CDMA.
WebOnAir consists of two parts. One part is a gateway installed on a unix-server in the network of the operator. The other part is a client part that takes approx. 800 kb and is loaded in the computer of the subscriber. The server part is filtering all web-information issued on the wireless network of the operator. The subscriber can then receive the information in a way that is suitable for the use, i.e. adoption of the client part to the type of web-sites that are current for the application.
WOA is on the first hand intended for Internet and mobile telephone operators who want to offer their subscribers faster and better services. For the time being the system can be found in commercial operation by an operator in Germany. Negotiations are going on (May 1999) with a number of Swedish operators.
1.1.1.5 Performance demandsTo be able to handle transmission of different types of information as data, speech and video, transmission speeds according to the following are desired:
Data: From 9.6 kbps via usual modems and more depending on data volumes where especially the transmission of pictures requires high speed.
Speech: GSM is today using 13 kbps. There is also technology for managing speech traffic with half of this speed at the cost of lower speech quality.
Video: From 57.6 kbps and more depending on quality demands for the picture concerning resolution, colours and capacity of handling fast illustration courses.
23
1.1.2 UMTSIn January 1998 ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) decided to select technology for the third generation of mobile telecommunication systems. The system is called UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) and is a wireless network based upon wideband built on WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access). The aim of UMTS is to establish an unbounded communication for access to mobile wideband services all over Europe. Services based upon wideband technology with the same functionality as wideband based services for fixed communication networks. This wideband technology has opened possibilities of using services for transmission of large amounts of information on the same communication connection for speech, text, data, illustration and video, i.e. usually called multimedia.
The development has passed from the first generation of mobile telecommunication systems with the NMT systems in the Nordic countries and AMPS and TACS in the other parts of the world to the second generation of systems with the GSM system as the biggest in the world and TDMA, PDC and CDMA in other parts and further on to the third generation of systems, called UMTS.
ETSI and its Japanese equivalent ARIB as well as a number of proposals from USA and South Korea have informed ITU (International Telecommunications Union) that WCDMA will be the basis for a world-wide standard for global wireless telecommunication (in June 1998).
The third generation’s network (UMTS/WCDMA) means a wireless network for multimedia applications. It is based upon a modern level divided protocol structure similar to the one used within GSM networks. This facilitates very much the development of new applications.
UMTS/WCDMA is based upon a research work that has been carried out during the years 1989 to 1997. It is capable of managing package switched networks as well as circuit switched networks as Internet and normal fixed telephone networks. Its functionality is including data transmission with high speed and efficiency and high-class transmission of sound and video. The performance in a stationary environment or in office environment is 2 Mbps and up to 384 kbps in a large network or in mobile environment.
UMTS/WCDMA has been developed and optimised without any demands for being compatible backwards to the second generation’s technology, i.e. the GSM technology. This has made it possible to use the bandwidth of the base stations in a very efficient way. At the same time a consequence is that a totally new infrastructure must be established with new communication networks and mobile equipment (telephones, terminals, hand held computers, personal computers etc) for the users.
The technology is opening the possibilities of using so called multimedia applications in mobile environment for traffic information. At the same time the bounds are wiped out between systems that today require and imply fixed communication networks and systems that are implemented in wireless networks. In other words, you can more or less avoid the limitations, which today have to be taken into consideration by construction of systems based upon mobile communication.
The commercial launching of UMTS/WCDMA is estimated to take place in 2002 and to be fully implemented in 2005.
24
1.1.3 MobitexMobitex is an open, international standard for wireless data communications. On five continents and in dozens of countries, Mobitex networks are serving a large and growing number of customers. Many applications and a wide range of products from leading hardware and software vendors are available to meet many business need.
Mobitex is based on Ericsson's mobile communications technology and gives access to corporate resources and fixed networks, and extends company intranets and the Internet for mobile communication. Mobitex can be used for accessing e-mail, receive a service order, verify a credit card, query a central database or monitor and control equipment in a remote location. Wireless communications devices, such as two-way pagers, palm-tops and PDA's, that fit in a pocket offer a complement of messaging, Internet access and e-mail services for people on the move. Besides being just wireless e-mail, this new service is interactive and instantaneous and offers true plug-and-play functionality.
Using limited frequency resources and starting with a modest network, wireless data service providers and operators can use Mobitex in their business operations. The Mobitex system is flexible, allowing network capacity and coverage to be easily dimensioned and expanded as demand grows. Mobitex networks range in size from public networks spanning an entire continent and offering international roaming, to privately owned networks covering a single city or region. A Mobitex network is judged to be easy to build, administer and operate, thus reducing operating costs.
1.1.4 TETRATErrestrial Trunked RAdio (TETRA) is the modern digital Private Mobile Radio (PMR) and Public Access Mobile Radio (PAMR) technology for police, ambulance and fire services, security services, utilities, military, public access, fleet management, transport services, closed user groups, factory site services, mining, etc.
With the support of the European Commission and the ETSI members, the TETRA standard has been developed over a number of years by the co-operation of manufacturers, users, operators and other experts, with emphasis on ensuring the standard will support the needs of emergency services throughout Europe and beyond. The standard is based upon the experiences and techniques of previous analogue trunked radio systems and the successful development of GSM during the 1980s. The work started in 1990 and the first standards were ready in 1995.
TETRA offers fast call set-up time, addressing the critical needs of many user segments, excellent group communication support, direct mode operation between radios, packet data and circuit data transfer services, frequency economy and good security features.
TETRA uses Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technology with 4 user channels on one radio carrier and 25 kHz spacing between carriers. This makes it inherently efficient in the way that it uses the frequency spectrum. Different frequency bands are allocated for TETRA for emergency systems and civil systems in Europe by ERC Decision.
TETRA trunking facility provides a pooling of all radio channels which are then allocated on demand to individual users, in both voice and data modes. By the provision of national and multi-national networks, national and international roaming can be supported, the user being
25
in constant seamless communication with his colleagues. TETRA supports point-to-point, and point-to-multipoint communication both by the use of the TETRA infrastructure and by the use of direct mode without infrastructure. TETRA is an open multi-vendor standard. The ETSI TETRA Project has today over 150 representatives involved in the various technical working groups, with the support from the TETRA MoU association providing further expertise in specialist areas. The updated market information can be obtained from the website http://www.tetramou.com/. TETRA standards are freely available from ETSI.
TETRA standardization has reached a mature state. The major future developments are the continuation, by standardizing the next generation in TETRA Release 2 and by the maintenance of existing TETRA standards. The objective of TETRA Release 2 is that EP TETRA produces an additional set of ETSI deliverables (and maintenance thereafter) in order to enhance TETRA in accordance with the following requirements: Evolution of TETRA to provide packet data at much higher speeds than are available in
the current standard. This is to support multimedia and other high speed data applications required by existing and future TETRA users.
Selection and standardisation of additional speech code(s) for TETRA, to enable intercommunication between TETRA and other 3G networks without transcoding, and to provide enhanced voice quality for TETRA by using the latest low bit rate voice code technology.
Further enhancements of the TETRA air interface standard in order to provide increased benefits and optimisation in terms of spectrum efficiency, network capacity, system performance, quality of service, size and cost of terminals, battery life, and other relevant parameters.
Production and/or adoption of standards to provide improved interworking and roaming between TETRA and public mobile networks such as GSM, GPRS and UMTS.
Evolution of the TETRA SIM, with the aim of convergence with USIM, to meet the needs for TETRA specific services whilst gaining the benefits of interworking and roaming with public mobile networks such as GSM, GPRS and UMTS.
Extension of the operating range of TETRA, to provide increased coverage and low cost deployments for applications such as airborne public safety, maritime, rural telephony and ’linear utilities’ (e.g. pipelines).
Provision of new ETSI deliverables in order to support further user/market driven requirements that may be identified during studies in the early stages of the work programme.
Ensure full backward compatibility and integration of the new services with existing TETRA standards, in order to proof existing and future investments by TETRA users.
These requirements are additional to the requirements for PMR/PAMR of the users who are already satisfied by existing TETRA standards. The work will include completion and formal approval of outstanding work related to these existing requirements. The work will build upon the unique combination of services and facilities already included within existing TETRA.
26
1.2 Broadcasting networks 1.2.1 DABDigital Audio Broadcasting, DAB, is the most fundamental advance in radio technology since the introduction of FM Stereo radio. It gives the listeners reception or high-quality sound free from interference, receivers easy to handle, and an unlimited potential for wider listening through many additional stations, services and developments.
DAB is broadcast on terrestrial networks, with prospects for satellite broadcasting in the future. You are able to receive the terrestrial Digital Audio Broadcasting programs using solely a tiny non-directional stub antenna. You can receive CD-like quality radio programmes even in the car without any annoying interference and signal distortion.
DAB radio is designed for the multimedia age. DAB can carry not only audio, but also text, pictures, data and even videos. Apart from receiving audio entertainment via the radio, programmes can also be accompanied by text, such as lyrics. Weather forecasts can be accompanied by a satellite map of the area you are in and there is a facility to determine very precisely where you are. Emergency vehicles will be able to find their way to a fire or an accident, immediately, because the transmitted maps are regularly updated, displaying traffic-jams and road works and can therefore suggest diversion routes. Other travel, traffic or transportation information is accessible to a DAB listener, in terms of car parking or even bus and train schedules.
If the car is used as a mobile office, you can receive business news, stock exchange rates and even fax messages on the road. Apart from this, tourist/city information, file transfer/software download are also a possibility with DAB radio.
Because the digital radio receiver is a 'smart' set, it can do much more than just pick up radio signals. Below there are different examples of advantages of DAB. Crystal Clear SoundThe sound quality of Digital Radio is noticeably better: Digital Radio is to analogue what CD's are to Vinyl. Digital Radio doesn't suffer from the annoying effects of interference, caused by adverse
atmospheric conditions, multipath, or electrical interference, which can spoil analogue broadcasting. With Digital Radio you get pure, clear sound - all the time - as long as you can pick up a digital signal.
Easy tuning Select the station you want from the call letters or names displayed sequentially on the
digital radio LCD (liquid crystal display) and the computer within the radio will do the rest. There will be no need to punch in frequencies. The radio will provide you with a list of station call signs, broadcast by the stations themselves, and you'll select which one you want.
The digital radio will be capable of monitoring signal strengths and of using this information to switch automatically from a fading signal to a new, more powerful one.
27
More ServicesDigital broadcasting uses the airwaves far more efficiently than the analogue one, which means that broadcasters can put out a wider range of programmes and new services. Displays and informationThe LCD display on the radio set can be used to display a lot more besides station call signs: Song titles, artist, and album names and lyrics. Traffic and weather information, including emergency warnings. Paging services. Text services, such as stock market quotations. Complementary information about a product being advertised on-air, for instance, if a car
dealer is offering a special financing package, the LCD could display specific information about the rates and terms being offered.
Addressable radioBecause the digital radio contains a computer, it will be possible to program it to receive services such as 'Pay radio' for example, live concerts that you pay to receive. Beyond this, there are other, more futuristic possibilities for digital radio that may develop, for instance, personal receivers that could correlate and compare the signals from GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites in order to pinpoint your exact geographical location. As well, due to the computer, it is also possible that the radio could later on be used to transmit and receive computer file downloads and fax transmissions.
1.2.2 DVBDigital Video Broadcasting (DVB) is a set of standards that define digital broadcasting using existing satellite, cable, and terrestrial infrastructures. In the early 1990s, European broadcasters, manufacturers of consumer equipment, and regulatory bodies formed the European Launching Group (ELG) to discuss introduction of digital television (DTV) throughout Europe. This project later became the DVB Project. Today, the DVB Project consists of more than 220 organizations in more than 29 countries worldwide. DVB-compliant digital broadcasting and equipment is widely available and is distinguished by the DVB logo. Numerous DVB broadcast services are available in Europe, North and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The term digital television is sometimes used as a synonym for DVB. However, the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) standard is the digital broadcasting standard used in the U.S.
A fundamental decision of the DVB Project was the selection of MPEG-2, one of a series of MPEG standards for compression of audio and video signals. MPEG-2 reduces a single signal from 166 Mbits to 5 Mbits allowing broadcasters to transmit digital signals using existing cable, satellite, and terrestrial systems. MPEG-2 uses the lossy compression method, which means that the digital signal sent to the television is compressed and some data is lost. This lost data does not affect the perception of the picture. Two digital television formats that use MPEG-2 compression are standard definition television (SDTV) and high definition television (HDTV). SDTV's picture and sound quality is similar to digital versatile disk (DVD). HDTV programming presents five times as much information to the eye than SDTV, resulting in cinema-quality programming.
28
DVB uses conditional access (CA) systems to prevent external piracy. There are numerous CA systems available to content providers allowing them to choose the CA system that they feel is adequate for the services they provide. Each CA system provides a security module that scrambles and encrypts data. This security module is embedded within the receiver or is detachable in the form of a PC card. Inside the receiver, there is a smart card that contains the user's access information. The following describes the conditional access process: The receiver receives the digital data stream. The data flow into the conditional access module, containing the content provider's
unscrambling algorithms. The conditional access module verifies the existence of a smart card containing the
subscriber's authorization code. If the authorization code is accepted, the conditional access module unscrambles the data
and returns it to the receiver. If the code is not accepted, the data remains scrambled restricting access.
The receiver then decodes the data and outputs it for viewing.
For years, smart cards have been used for pay TV programming. Smart cards are inexpensive allowing the content provider to issue updated smart cards periodically to prevent piracy. Detachable PC cards allow subscribers to use DVB services anywhere DVB technology is supported.
DVB has the following characteristics: DVB is an open system as opposed to a closed system. Closed systems are content
provider-specific, not expandable, and optimised only for television. Open systems such as DVB allows the subscriber to choose different content providers and allows integration of PCs and televisions.
DVB systems are optimised for not only television but also for home shopping and banking, private network broadcasting, and interactive viewing.
DVB offers the future possibilities of providing high-quality television display in buses, cars, trains, and hand-held devices.
DVB allows content providers to offer their services anywhere DVB is supported regardless of geographic location, expand their services easily and inexpensively, and ensure restricted access to subscribers, thus reducing lost revenue due to unauthorized viewing.
1.3 Local area networks1.3.1 IEEE 802.11bThe IEEE 802.11 specification is a wireless LAN standard developed by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering) committee in order to specify an "over the air" interface between a wireless client and a base station (or access point), as well as among wireless clients. First conceived back in 1990, the standard has evolved from various draft versions with approval of the final draft in 1997. It proposes the standard to develop a specification for wireless connection for fixed, portable, and moving stations within a local area. The purpose of the standard is to provide wireless connection to automatic machinery and equipment or stations that require rapid deployment, which may be portable, handheld, or mounted on moving vehicles within a local area.
29
In September 1999, IEEE ratified a revision of the 802.111 standard, called 802.11b or 802.11 “High Rate” that provides much higher data rates (5.5 and 11 Mbps), while maintaining the 802.11 protocols.
802.11 WLANs are already commonly used in several large vertical markets. The 802.11b standard is the first standard to make WLANs usable in the general place of work by providing robust and reliable 11 Mbps performance, five times faster than the original standard. The new standard will also give WLAN customers the freedom to choose flexible, interoperable solutions from multiple vendors, since it has been endorsed by most major networking and personal computer vendors. Broad manufacturer acceptance and certified interoperability means that users can expect to see affordable, high-speed wireless solutions proliferate throughout the large enterprise, small business, and home markets. This global wireless LAN standard opens new opportunities to expand the potential of network computing. The 802.11 standard provides functionality for wireless connection of fixed, portable and moving stations moving at pedestrian and vehicular speeds within a local area. Specific features of the 802.11 standard include the following: Support of asynchronous and time-bounded delivery service. Continuity of service within extended areas via a distribution system, such as Ethernet. Accommodation of transmission rates of 1 and 2 Mbps. Support of most market applications. Multicast (including broadcast) services. Network management services. Registration and authentication services.
Target environments for use of the standard include Inside buildings, such as offices, banks, shops, malls, hospitals, manufacturing plants, and
residences Outdoor areas, such as parking lots, campuses, building complexes, and outdoor plants
1.4 Information protocol and standard1.4.1 WAPWAP (Wireless Application Protocol) is an open global defacto-standard for mobile applications, for example Internet, and is including a communication protocol and an application environment. WAP can be considered a concept for uniting the market around a common platform that is independent of underlying communication links.
Ericsson, Nokia, Motorola and Unwired Planet took the initiative to this development in the summer of 1997. At the end of 1997 the company WAP Forum Ltd was established, the purpose of which is to manage and direct the continued development of WAP. In the springtime of 1998 new companies were invited to participate in the progress. In April 1999 there were more than 100 member companies in WAP Forum and they are representing the majority and the dominating producers of hardware and software as well as network operators of wireless communication.
30
WAP is intended to be implemented in hand-held digital wireless equipment such as mobile telephones and hand computers. WAP can work in most of the wireless networks and can be implemented in any operating system. The most common implementations will probably be under the operating systems Windows CE and EPOC.
For the user the utilization of WAP applications means a simple and safe access to Internet information and other services provided by mobile equipment for wireless communication. However, WAP is limited concerning functionality. WAP is designed for mobile equipment with limited capacity and small displays and for an efficient use of available communication speed in the networks of today. Using WAP applications is to use Internet and other services with mobile equipment in a simplified way with limited functionality.
The increased performance of the networks concerning functionality and communication speed, to which the implementation of GPRS is leading, will give WAP even greater possibilities of supplying mobile services demanding transmission of big amounts of information, for example traffic information with pictures and transmission of updated maps.
1.4.2 XMLStructured data in a text file “Structured data" is used to create spreadsheets, address books, configuration parameters, financial transactions, technical drawings etc. Programs producing such data often also store it on disk, for which they can use either a binary format or a text format. The latter allows you, if necessary, to look at the data without the program that produced it.
XML (eXtended Markup Language) is a set of rules, guidelines and conventions for designing text formats for such data, in a way that produces files that are easy to generate and read by a computer are unambiguous avoid common pitfalls such as lack of extension, lack of support for
internationalisation/localization and platform-dependency.
XML compared to HTML Like HTML, XML makes use of tags (words bracketed by '<' and '>') and attributes (of the form name="value"). But while HTML specifies what each tag & attribute means (and often how the text between them will look in a browser), XML uses the tags only to delimit pieces of data, and leaves the interpretation of the data completely to the application that reads it. In other words, if you see "<p>" in an XML file, you cannot assume it is a paragraph. Depending on the context, it may be anything.
XML files are text files, but even less than HTML they are meant to be read by humans. They are text files, because that allows experts such as programmers to more easily debug applications, and in emergencies, they can use a simple text editor to fix a broken XML file. But the rules for XML files are much stricter than for HTML. A forgotten tag, or an attribute without quotes makes the file unusable, while in HTML such practice often is explicitly allowed, or at least tolerated. It is written in the official XML specification that applications are not allowed to try to second-guess the creator of a broken XML file. If the file is broken, an application has to stop right there and issue an error.
31
A family of technologies There is XML 1.0, the specification that defines what "tags" and "attributes" are, but around XML 1.0, there is a growing set of optional modules that provide sets of tags and attributes, or guidelines for specific tasks. There is, e.g. Xlink which describes a standard way to add hyperlinks to an XML file. XPointer & XFragments are syntaxes for pointing to parts of an XML document. An XPointer is a bit like a URL, but instead of pointing to documents on the Web, it points to pieces of data inside an XML file. CSS, the style sheet language, is applicable to XML as it is to HTML. XSL is the advanced language for expressing style sheets. It is based on XSLT, a transformation language that is often useful outside XSL as well, for rearranging, adding or deleting tags and attributes. The DOM is a standard set of function calls for manipulating XML (and HTML) files from a programming language. XML Namespaces is a specification that describes how you can associate a URL with every single tag and attribute in an XML document. However, what that URL is used for is up to the application that reads the URL. XML Schemas 1 and 2 help developers to precisely define their own XML-based formats. There are several more modules and tools available or under development.
Text format Since XML is a text format, and it uses tags to delimit the data, XML files are nearly always larger than comparable binary formats. That was a conscious decision by the XML developers. The advantages of a text format are evident and the disadvantages can usually be compensated at a different level. Disk space is not as expensive anymore as it used to be, and programs like zip and gzip can compress files very well and very fast. Those programs are available for nearly all platforms and are usually free of charge. In addition, communication protocols such as modem protocols and HTTP/1.1 (the core protocol of the Web) can compress data on the fly, thus saving bandwidth as effectively as a binary format.
Development Development of XML started in 1996 and it is a W3C standard since February 1998. Before XML there was SGML, developed in the early '80s, an ISO standard since 1986, and widely used for large documentation projects. The development of HTML started in 1990. The designers of XML took the best parts of SGML, guided by the experience of HTML, and produced something that is no less powerful than SGML, but much more regular and simpler to use. While SGML is mostly used for technical documentation and much less for other kinds of data, it is exactly the opposite with XML.
License and support By choosing XML as the basis for some project, you will have a large and growing community of tools and engineers experienced in the technology. Opting for XML is a bit like choosing SQL for databases: You still have to build your own database and your own programs/procedures that manipulate it, but there are many tools available and many people that can help you. And since XML, as a W3C technology, is license-free, you can build your own software around it without paying anything. The large and growing support means that you are neither bound to a single vendor. XML is not always the best solution, but it is always worth considering.
32
1.4.3 TPEGThe TPEG Specifications comprise a number of parts, defining the mechanisms that permit Service Providers to operate services, which can use one or more delivery technologies (e.g. DAB, Internet, etc.) from one message generation process. Furthermore, they will allow a range of receiver types to be used simultaneously, ranking from sophisticated agent receivers serving navigation systems to simple receivers (e.g. perhaps a Personal Digital Assistant plug-in receiver/decoder card) only able to decode ‘top level’ information.
The TPEG Specifications are being designed to allow an existing Service Provider (e.g. an RDS-TMC operator), to migrate towards the multimedia age by employing TPEG applications to achieve the delivery of several services, yet only undertake a single message generation process, and be able to offer services for significantly different End-user situations, such as the in-vehicle situation as well as a home-based internet user, planning a journey. One of the key objectives is to relieve the End-user of the need to have a location database, on a smart card or CD-ROM, before using a service.
Design principlesTPEG is an open protocol which is designed to send unidirectional multi-lingual information over a transparent data channel. It uses a hierarchical data frame structure which permits: a large number of possible applications the error detection a receiver to be synchronised anytime with syncwords an upwards compatibility of all receivers by providing the length of each frame’s
component (thus which can be ignored if not known).
Different applications can be multiplexed and thus the receiver is able to decode only the useful information.
Bearer-independentTPEG has been designed to be usable for a wide range of applications that require the efficient transmission of point to multi-point over potentially unreliable broadcast channels. Thanks to its independence of bearers, it is also suitable for point-to-point and multicast applications and may easily be encapsulated in IP.
The output of a TPEG service is a stream, that is to say a flow of bytes with their own synchronisation and verification features. To map the stream onto a bearer, an adaptation layer (package) may be required, but TPEG does not rely on bearers’ mechanisms to present, synchronise and secure its stream. Thus TPEG can transparently use any data channel. The benefits are important, since a single source can be used to publish on many different bearers, a service provider can combine different bearers to build his service e.g. basic information on a narrow-band broadcast medium, and detailed information on a
point-to-point medium the same TPEG receiver can be used to decode information coming from different bearers
33
Main applications and features RTM (Road Traffic Message)
The RTM application is intended to convey traffic information to road users. The information provided relates to events on the road network and on associated infrastructure affecting a road journey. A hierarchical methodology has been developed to allow the creation of messages from a set of tables which are essentially word orientated and cover most needs. Most of these tables were obtained from the dictionary used by Traffic Information Centres in Europe for communication between each other.
SNI (Service and Network Information)As stated in the design criteria, TPEG is a unidirectional bearer-independent system. The SNI application provides information to describe the current services on the air, the tuning information for similar services outside the reception area, as well as the programme schedule in the near future. It is also providing some rules for establishment of the relation between the same service on different bearers. Therefore with SNI, it is possible to combine different bearers to build a complex service, for example basic information on a broadcast narrow-band medium with links to rich services accessible via a point-to-point medium.
Road locationsTPEG supports both spatial location and descriptive location. The former is based on the geographical coordinates of the location, and may be used by map-based systems such as in-car navigation systems. The latter is formed from the numbers or names of up to three roads at the intersection location. On the decoder, both representations may be converted into a ‘standardised’ machine-readable format for direct presentation of the location name to the user and for machine internal use.
Coming soon: PTI (Public Transport Information), STI (Status and Travel Time Information)In a similar way as RTM, PTI will provide information on public transport network making TPEG the first multi-modal protocol for transport information. STI will provide a permanent eye on always changing phenomena such as road status, travel times, car park occupancy, waiting time for a bus etc.
1.4.4 OSGiOSGi (Open Services Gateway Initiative) was founded in March, 1999, with the objective of providing a forum for the development of open specifications for the delivery of multiple services over wide-area networks to local networks and devices, and accelerating the demand for products and services based on those specifications worldwide through the sponsorship of market and user education programs. Fifteen companies were the original founders and there are currently more than sixty companies that have committed to support the full incorporation and charter of the organization.
OSGi's primary goal is to define and foster rapid adoption of open specifications for the delivery of managed broadband services to networks in homes, cars and other environments.OSGi intends to achieve its mission by: Providing an open, neutral forum and environment for its members to meet to approve the
initial specifications and adopt suggested revisions and enhancements and for users to meet with developers and providers of products and services to identify requirements for interoperability and general usability.
34
Making appropriate submissions to established agencies and bodies with the purpose of ratifying these specifications as international standards.
Educating the business and consumer communities about the value, benefits and applications of Open Services Gateway products and services through publicity, publications, trade show demonstrations, seminars and other programs.
Supporting the creation and implementation of uniform conformance test procedures and processes which promote interoperability.
Maintaining relationships and liaisons with educational institutions, government research institutes, other technology consortia, and other organizations that support and contribute to the development of OSGi's specifications.
Fostering competition in the development of new products and services based on specifications developed by OSGi in conformance with all applicable antitrust laws and regulations.
OSGi delivers and links two key market trends - the ubiquity of broadband connectivity and Internet access in homes, offices, vehicles and mobile/portable devices, and the emergence of new applications and services in networks and networked devices.
While there are many wide-area network and home networking standards, there has been no service delivery specification. The OSGi specifications provide the 'glue' in this new value chain, through an open-platform independent framework and API's that allows for the dynamic delivery of managed services with secure, scalable and reliable metrics.
With OSGi, high-value services may be dynamically loaded over a wide-area network, and accessed through a Services Gateway in a home, office, vehicle, or mobile device. Applications enabled by OSGi include: Services at home:
Information/entertainment Communication Energy management and metering appliance Diagnostics and servicing Safety and security monitoring Telemedicine and healthcare monitoring
Services in the car: Vehicle diagnostics Emergency assistance Mobile commerce Navigation Location-based services Information/entertainment
Once present in an Open Services Gateway, these services may be accessed by all connected devices and networks at home, small office and remote/mobile locations. The Gateway consolidates and manages voice, data, control, Internet and multimedia communications, and provides a framework for interoperability between service providers, network operators, service gateway manufacturers and home appliance manufacturers.
OSGi provides benefits to a wide variety of audiences and communities of interest. Since it enables the delivery of multiple services dynamically and on demand:
35
Service and Content Providers benefit by creating new recurring revenue streams and reducing the cost of service deployment (ex. dispatching fewer truck rolls).
Network Operators benefit by increasing network usage, enhancing user loyalty and reducing customer churn.
Manufacturers benefit by extending the application of devices and developing to a common API and framework.
End users benefit by reducing the cost and complexity of being "connected" while taking advantage of new services in a secure way.
2 National inventory2.1 German inventory summaryIn Germany the development of new telematic services based on mobile communication is very dynamic. The introduction of new standards (GPRS, UMTS) and devices (e.g. handheld computers with GSM-/GPS-module) for mobile communication will allow a broad range of innovative mobility services (multimedia) like dynamic offboard navigation and multimodal traffic information. The German government has reached agreements with the private industry about the conditions of collecting road traffic data on the highway network, on property rights as well as on the exchange and provision of data. Besides this there is no special regulation on telematic services, e.g. no control of prices and the quality of services. The activity of the state in this field concentrates on financial support of private research and development. State institutions like the “BAST” (Bundesamt für Straßenwesen = Federal agency for road system) carry out studies on the effects of telematic in-car systems on road safety. The telematic market, including mobile communication based services, is very competitive. For this reason the procurement of information about new mobility services planned for the near future is quite difficult.
Today there are five big players offering mobile services like road weather, dynamic navigation or help in emergencies (in combination with automatic localization via GPS-detector). Up-to-date on-board navigation systems and commercial telematic services are still quite expensive and not very attractive for private use. According to a market study of Frost & Sullivan (www.frost.com) turnover in the European telematic market over all will grow from about 1,19 billion Euro in 2001 to 8,55 billion in 2007, while the share of telematic services will amount from 20 percent to 56 percent. The researchers expect that prices for telematic devices will fall by half mainly in the years from 2004 to 2007.This will also foster the demand for mobile communication based services by private users.
Concerning the effects of new mobile services in cars on road safety there should be comparable restrictions as for the use of mobile phones. All kind of traffic information as well as road navigation information should be given by speech to the driver and not only by signs. Otherwise his concentration will be disturbed dangerously, especially in situations of dense traffic.
In Bavaria the economic effects of a new traffic information system (“BayernInfo”) in combination with a personal travel assistant (PTA) were studied and simulated in a model. In a cost-benefit-analysis they calculated savings of nearly 3 percent of the total economic costs related to road traffic in Bavaria. This corresponds to 700 million Euro per year. About 14
36
percent of the population were very interested in the use of a personal travel assistant, according to projections based on interviews.Another study on behalf of the German federal environmental agency examined the effects of telematic services on the environment. The researchers calculated that 4 percent of car trips could be replaced by public transport through dynamic pre-trip information about disturbances on the road network as well as timetables and prices of trains and buses. However the main environmental effects resulted of restrictive interventions like automatic speed control and road user fees collected by telematic devices.
It is recommended that the state supports the development of intermodal information platforms like “BayernInfo” for whole Germany since the incentives for private suppliers of telematic services are too low in order to provide all kind of information about the public transport network as well as for cyclists and pedestrians if they are not easily available by standard interfaces.
3 Workshop3.1 Workshop programme10.00 Welcome and Introduction.
Björn Eklund, Viking, Mobile Communication Workgroup, Columna ABUrban Stenberg, Viking, Columna AB
10.10 Position and vision of the Swedish National Road Administration (SNRA).Ann-Sofi Granberg, Project Manager, SNRA
10.40 Technical possibilities to be used in mobile communication.This presentation will also contain a demonstration of a system in a car outside the conference room. Erik Bick, Business Manager automotive e-services, Ericsson Microwave Systems AB, Mölndal
11.40 Coffee
12.00 Position and vision of the Finnish Road Administration (FINRA). Timo Karhumäki, FINRA
12.20 Position and vision of the Danish Road Directory (DRD).Charlotte Holström, Project Manager, DRD
12.40 Lunch
13.40 Public Private Partnership: Activities and services of "Move Ltd." in the region of Hannover/Lower Saxony.Mr. Jens-B. Pätsch, Dept. Marketing&Research, Move Ltd., Hannover
14.10 The Personal Navigation (NAVI) Programme.Mr Martin Johansson, Finnish Road Administration, Traffic services
37
14.40 Mobile location based road weather information service pilot.Mr Sampo Hietanen, Finnish Road Enterprise, Helsinki
15.10 A view on mobile telematics from a telecommunication operator.Olof Wihlborg, Business Development Manager, Telia Mobile New Business, AutoCom
15.40 Coffee
16.00 Mobile Application Services by DCSMM (DaimlerChrysler Services Mobility Management).Mr Frank Behrendt, Project Manager, DaimlerChrysler Services AG,Mobility Management
16.30 Questions and discussion
17.20 Summary and conclusions.Urban Stenberg
17.30 End of Workshop
3.2 Workshop documentationThe workshop is published in a separate document and contains OH-documentation of the presentations of the accomplished workshop in May.
38
ReferencesDissemination of Traffic Information in the VIKING Area, Version 1.1, November 1997
Concept for Traffic Management Services in the VIKING Area, Version 1.0, February 1999
Ericsson Internet web-site www.ericsson.se
Nokia Internet web-site www.nokia.se and www.nokia.com
WAP Forum Internet web-site www.wapforum.org
Introduction to GPRS - General Packet Radio Service,Internet web-site keskus.hut.fi/opetus/s38118/s98/htyo/54/index.shtml
GPRS Timescales, Mobile Lifestreams Limited, Internet web-site www.mobilegprs.com/timescales.htm
An Introduction to SMS, GSM Association,Internet web-site www.gsmworld.com/gsmdata/sms_02.htm
Kommunikationsplattformar för framtida väginformatiktillämpningar, Swedish National Road Administration, Vägverket, publ. 1999:49, ISSN 1401-9612
Delivering traffic information to mobile phones. Paper for ”Export Engineering degree” by Jens Rasmussen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 and comments on that paper from 1999-07-21 by Columna AB
Traffic information based upon GSM technology, version 1.1, Viking report October 1999.
World DAB Forum (Digital Audio Broadcasting), Internet web-site www.worlddab.org
W3C, Internet web-site www.w3.org
Digital Video Broadcasting Project (DVB), Internet web-site www.dvb.org
TPEG, W3C / WAP Workshop from EBU B/TPEG Project group, Internet web-site http://web4.w3.org/Mobile/posdep/Olivier1.html
IEEE 802.11b, Internet web-site http://alpha.fdu.edu/~anandt/introduction.html
Open Services Gateway Initiative (OSGi), Internet web-site www.osgi.org/index.asp
39