state-of-the-art report on sustainable rainwater ... · state-of-the-artreport on ......

State-of-the-Art Report on

Sustainable Rainwater Harvestingand Ground Water Recharge in

Developing Countries

HRD and Technology Transfer

Editors

Tanuja N. Ariyananda, A.R. Shivakumar and Vasant Takalkar

CENTRE FOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF THE

NON-ALIGNED AND OTHER DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

(NAM S&T CENTRE)

2011

DAYA PUBLISHING HOUSE®

New Delhi -110 002

Under the G-77/PGTF Project on

'Sustainable Rainwater Harvesting and Ground Water Rechargein Developing Countries -HRD and Technology Transfer'

Contents

SECTION - 1: INTRODUCTION 1

(I) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3

-Tanuja N. Ariyananda

1.1 CHANGE INTHE WATERCYCLE

1.2. RAINWATER HARVESTING

1.3. SUMMARY OF COUNTRY STATUS REPORTS ON SUSTAINABLE

RAINWATER HARVESTING AND GROUND WATER RECHARGE

1.4. RECOMMENDATIONS OF WORKSHOP ON SUSTAINABLE RWH

AND GWR FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

(II) INTRODUCTION 9

- Arun P. Kulshreshtha

SECTION - 2: COUNTRY STATUS REPORTS 15

- Editor: Tanuja N. Ariyananda

BOTSWANA (Jackson Ndiwa Aliwa) 17

1. SURVEY AND SITUATIONS

1.1 Country Profile: Population, Ppeople, Topography, Geography

1.2 Climate and Rainfall: Temperature, Rainfall, Seasonal Variation

1.3 Water Supply and Water Demand:

2. RAINWATER HARVESTING PRACTICES

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Rainwater Harvesting Practices

2.2 Types ofRainwater Harvesting Practiced

3. R&DIN RWH EXERCISING MECHANISMS

3.1 Research & Development in Rainwater Harvesting

3.2 Institutional Arrangements in Rainwater Harvesting

vi

4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND PEOPLE

PARTICIPATION

4.1 Socio-economic aspects of Rainwater Harvesting

4.2 Awareness Raising and Education

4.3 Community Mobilization

4.4 Importance ofProper Operation and Maintenance

4.5 Feasibility ofRaimvater Systems

4.6 Affordability, Loans and Subsidies

5. POLICIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTAND SOCIO-CULTURAL

ADAPTATION FOR LOCAL AND REGIONAL SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

5.1 Role ofRainwater Harvesting in Water Policy

5.2 Rainwater Harvesting and Culture

6. CASE STUDIES

6.1 Botswana Technology Centre (BOTEC)

6.2 The Department of Water Affairs

CAMBODIA (A.M. Phirum) 42


1.1 Country Profile

1.2 Climate.

1.3 Water Supply and Water Demand


2.1 Traditional

3. R&D IN RWH EXERCISING MECHANISMS

3.1 Institutional Mechanism


PARTICIPATION

4.1 Socio-economic Aspect ofRainwater Harvesting

4.2 Community Participation

5. POLICIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIO-CULTURAL



5.2 Rainwater Harvest and Culture:

6. CASE STUDY

7. CONCLUSION

Vll

EGYPT (Many Ramadan & Badr M, A. Mabrouk) 52


1.1 Country Profile Geography, Population, people

1.2 Climate

1.3 Agriculture

1.4 Water Resources

2. RAINWATERHARVESTING (RWH) PRACTICES

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Water Harvesting Systems

3. GROUND WATERRECHARGE (R&D) AND RWH EXERCISING MECHANISMS

3.1 Groundwater Occurrence in Egypt


PARTICIPATION

4.1 Socioeconomic Aspects

4.2 Training

4.3 The Community Participation

4.4 Operation and Maintenance

4.5 Socio-economic Factors


5. POLICIES FORSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIO-CULTURAL


5.1 The Needfor IWRM and Challengesfor the Future

5.2 National Strategies for Water and Agriculture

6. CASE STUDIES

6.1 Northwest Coast Region

6.2 Case Study: Nile Basin

INDIA (Vasant Takalkar, Jyoti Panase, U. M. Paranjpe, Vikas Kharage& Shashank Deshpande) 87


1.1 Country Profile

1.2 Climate and Rainfall1.3 Water Supply and Demand

2. RAINWATER HARVESTED PRACTICES

2.1 Types ofRainwater Harvesting Practices


3.2 Need for Rainwater Harvesting in India

viii

3.2 Research & Development in Rainwater Harvesting



PARTICIPATION


4.2 Feasibility of RWH System (Technical and Financing)

4.3 Cost Benefit Analysis

4.4 Affordability, Loans and Subsidies:



5.1 Role of Rainwater Harvesting in Water Policy5.2 Rainwater Harvesting and Ground Water Recharge Play Key Role in the Water Policy

6. CASE STUDIES:

6.1 Jalkund

6.2 Harvesting Rain on Campus6.3 Continuous Contour Trenching (CCT) - A Sustainable Approach to Rainwater

Harvesting

6.4 Rainwater Harvesting' and 'Ground Water Recharge' for the Factory at Moshi,

Pune

6.5 R.W.H Scenario in City

6.6 Groundwater Irrigation - Perspectives and Challenges for Food Security in

Maharashtra

INDONESIA (Iskandar Zulkarnain) 148


1.1 Country Profile1.2 Climate and Rainfall


2. RAINWATERHARVESTING PRACTICES

2.2 Traditional and Informal

2.2 Modem and Formal

2.3 Types ofRainwater Harvesting Practised

3. R&D IN RAINWATER HARVESTING EXERCISING MECHANISMS

3.1 R&D Efforts in the Country and Successful Models

3.2 R&D Gaps3.3 Institutional Arrangements in Rainwater Harvesting

ix


PARTICIPATION


4.2 Community Mobilization

4.3 Awareness-raising and Education

4.4 Training, Quality Control and Good Management

4.5 Operation and Maintenance

4.6 Feasibility ofRWH Systems

4.7 Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis5. POLICIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIO-CULTURAL




IRAN (M. Molanejad) 161

1. SURVEY AND SITUATION

1.1 Country Profile: Geography, Population, People

1.2 Climate


2. RAINWATERHARVESTING PRACTICES

2.1 Traditional Water Harvesting Systems



4. CONCLUSIONS AND REMARKS

KENYA (Urbanus N. Mutwiwa & E. K. Mwangi) 172


1.1 Country Profile

1.2 Climate and Rainfall



2.1 Rainwater Harvesting Methods



3.1 R&D Efforts in the Country and Successful Models

3.2 R&D Gaps Identified



PARTICIPATION


4.2 Feasibility ofRWH Systems (Technical, Financial)




5.2 Raimvater Harvesting and Culture

MALAWI (Darwin Dodoma Singa) 180


1.1 Country Profile

1.2 Climate



2.1 Introduction

2.2 Types ofRainwater Harvesting Practised


3.1 Research and Development in Rainwater Harvesting

4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

5. POLICIES FOR SUSTAINABLE LOCAL AND REGIONAL SOCIAL

DEVELOPMENT

6. CASE STUDY

MAURITIUS {DhaneshwarDeepchand) 192

1. SURVEYAND SITUATIONS

1.1 Country Profile






3.1 Research and Development



PARTICIPATION



xi

MYANMAR (Kyaw Moe Aung) 199


1.1 Country Profile

1.2 Climate, Temperature and Rainfall


2. RAINWATER HARVESTING PRACTICES AND GROUNDWATER UTILIZATION


2.2 Rainwater Harvesting by Catchment System2.3 Rain-fed Ponds

2.4 Dug Wells

2.5 Tube Well

3. R &D IN RAINWATER HARVESTING EXERCISING MECHANISMS

3.1 Water Use Condition in Study Area

3.2 Institutional Arrangement

4. SOCIO -ECONOMIC & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND PEOPLE

PARTICIPATION

4.1 Socio Economic Aspects of Rainwater Harvesting

4.2 Cost-benefit and Cost-effectiveness Analysis


ADAPTATION FOR LOCAL ANDREGIONAL SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

5.1 Roles of Rainwater Harvesting in Water Policy

6. CASE STUDY

NEPAL (Thakur Prasad Pandit) 210


1.1 Country Profile

1.2 Climate and Rainfall1.2 Water Supply and Water Demand




3.1 R&D in Rainwater Harvesting: Potential for RWH in Nepal


3.3 Key Actors Involved in Rainwater Harvesting


PARTICIPATION

4.1 Socio-Economic Aspects ofRainwater Harvesting Projects

4.2 Community Acceptance and Willingness to Pay For

Xll

4.3 Community Affordability

4.4 Technology Chosen



4.7 Socio-economic Feasibility Assessment

4.8 Technical Feasibility Assessment

5. ROLE OF RAINWATER HARVESTING IN WATERPOLICY.

5.1 National Plan and Policyfor WATSAN Sector

5.2 Working Policies and Strategiesfor Development ofRWH Sub-sector

SRI LANKA (Tanuja N. Ariyananda) 225

1. SURVEY AND SITUATION

1.1 Country Profile


1.3. Water Supply and Water Demand


2.1. Traditional and Informal

2.2. Modern and Formal

2.2 Types of Rainwater Harvesting Practiced

3. RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT IN RWH EXERCISING MECHANISMS

3.1 R&D in Rainwater Harvesting

3.2. R&D Gaps Identified



PARTICIPATION

4.1. Community Participation

4.2. Importance ofProper Operation and Maintenance


4.4 Cost-benefit and Cost-effectiveness Analysis



5.1 Role of Rainwater Harvesting in Water Policy5.2 Rainwater Harvesting and Culture

6. CASE STUDIES

6.1. Institutional

6.2 Commercial

6.3. Industrial

Xlll

SOUTH AFRICA (G.T. Tengbeh) 247


1.1. Country Profile:

1.2. Climate and Rainfall

1.3 Water Supply and Water Demand.

2. RAINWATERHARVESTING (RWH) PRACTICES

3. RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT IN RWHEXERCISING MECHANISMS


PARTICIPATION.

5. POLICIES FORSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTAND SOCIO-CULTURAL


TANZANIA (Joel Nobert Kirway) 260



1.3. Water Supply and Water Demand


2.1. Traditional and Informal



3.1. R&D in Rainwater Harvesting

3.2. The R&D Gaps Identified

3.3. Institutional Arrangements in Rainwater Harvesting

4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC &TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND PEOPLE

PARTICIPATION


4.2. Community Mobilization

4.3. Awareness-Raising and Education

4.4. Importance ofTraining, Quality Control and Good Management

4.5. Affordability, Loans and Subsidies



5.1. Role ofRainwater Harvesting in Water Policy

6. CASE STUDIES

xiv

UGANDA (Henry Bazira) 269


1.1: Country Profile

1.2. Climate, Rainfall and Drainage (Catchment) in Uganda

1.3. Water Supply and Demand



3.1. Research and Development



PARTICIPATION

4.1. Socio-economic Aspects of Rainwater Harvesting

4.2. Technological Development ofRainwater Harvesting

4.3. People Participation

4.4. Community Mobilisation, Awareness-raising and Education on Rainwater

Harvesting

4.5. Feasibility of Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) systems



5.2. Policy and Legal Framework

5.2. Rainwater Harvesting and Cirtture

6. CASE STUDIES

7. CONCLUSIONS

8. RECOMMENDATIONS

VIETNAM (Nguyen Minh Khuyen) 292


2.1. Country Profile

1.2 Climate

1.3. Water resources


2.2 Rainwater Harvesting in Rural Areas


3.2 Research & Development4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND PEOPLE

PARTICIPATION


XV



5.1. Role of Rainwater Harvesting in Water Policy

ZAMBIA (John Lukonde Chongo) 297

1. SURVEYAND SITUATIONS

1.1. Country Profile


1.3 Water Supply and Demand

1.4. Water Demand by Sectors

1.5. Water Supply Coverage

1.6. Water Quality

2. RAINWATER HARVESTINGPRACTICES

2.1 Traditional and Informal




3.1. R&D in Rainwater Harvesting

3.2 R&D Gaps Identified


4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTAND PEOPLE

PARTICIPATION

4.1. Socio- Economic Aspects of Rainwater Harvesting

4.2. Community Mobilisation, Awareness Raising and Education

4.3. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) on RWH

4.4. Importance of Training, Quality Control and Good Management

4.5. Benefit-Cost Analysis

4.6. Financing ofRWH



5.1 Role of Rainwater Harvesting in Water Policy

5.2. Rainwater Harvesting and Culture

6. CASE STUDIES

7. CONCLUSIONS

xvi

SECTION - 3: RAINWATER HARVESTING AND GROUND

WATER RECHARGE MANUAL FOR RURAL AREAS

Vasant Takalkar

1. INTRODUCTION

2. RAINWATER HARVESTING STRATEGY

3. WATER BALANCE STUDY

4. PRINCIPLES OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

5. IN-SITU SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

6. WATER HARVESTING IN STREAMS

7. ANNEXURE

SECTION - 4: TRAINERS MANUAL AND RWH GUIDE 399

A.R. Shivakumar

(I) TRAINERS MANUAL 401

1. Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting Trainers Manual

2. Techniques of Rainwater Harvesting

3. Design and Plan for RWH

4. Estimate (MKS) Schedule of Rates 2009-2010 Government of Karnataka

5. Drawings of RWH

6. General Maintenance for RWH

7. RWH Do's and Dont's

8. Questionnaire for Rainwater Harvesting Installation

(II) RWH GUIDE 451

1. Introduction

Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting2. Who can harvest rainwater and where?

Need for Rainwater Harvesting3. Methods

Water Harvesting potential4. Rainwater Harvesting in Urban Context (Bangalore)5. Rainfall Data (100 years average)

Rainfall Data for Bangalore, Tumkur, Hyderabad, Chennai, Mumbai, Delhiand Kolkata

6. Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Use

Physical and Chemical Standards for Quality of Drinking Water

7. Rooftop Rainwater HarvestingProcess of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting

1. Collection

2. Channeling

XZ>H

3. Filtration

a. Sand Bed Filter

b. PopUp Filter

c. Stabilisation Tank

4. Storage

a. Storage Capacityb. Collection Surface

c. Usage Pattern

d. Rainfall Pattern

8. Residential Rainwater Harvesting SystemRainwater Potential in liters per year

Rainwater Harvesting Storage Facility and Capacity

Groundwater Storage

Recharge Gallery

Cost of Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater Harvesting for Those Who Do Not have Proper Roof

Illustrations of Rainwater Harvesting at Residential Buildings

9. Groundwater RechargeUsed Plastic Barrels

Direct Recharge through Openwells and Borewells

Infiltration Gallery for Large Buildings

Groundwater Recharge from Stormwater Drain

How to Build Infiltration Gallery?

Rainwater Harvesting from Roads

Parks and Open Spaces

Layouts

10. Quality of Harvested Rainwater

11. Frequently Asked Questions and Answers

12. Eco-friendly House - A Case Study

13. Water Purification by using Silver Metal

ANNEXURES 501

CVs OF PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTORS

Tanuja N, Ariyananda

Vasant Takalkar

A, R. Shivakumar

Authors of Country Reports

state-of-the-art report on sustainable rainwater ... · state-of-the-artreport on ......

Documents