state standard sb4b. explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems by explaining the need...
TRANSCRIPT
State Standard
SB4B. Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems by•Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients (C, O, H, N, P).
Flow of Matter (2.3)
CYCLES IN THE BIOSHPHERE2.3 Cycling of Matter
Principles of Ecology
Energy is transformed into usable forms to support the functions of an ecosystem. There must be a constant supply.
Unlike energy, matter is constantly being recycled & reused.
The cycling of nutrients in the biosphere involves both matter in living organisms and physical processes found in the environment such as weathering.
Chapter 2
THE WATER CYCLE
Principles of Ecology
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Principles of Ecology
Freshwater constitutes only about 3 percent of all water on Earth.
About 69 percent of all freshwater is found in ice caps and glaciers.
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
Approximately 90 percent of water vapor evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers; 10 percent evaporates from the surface of plants through a process called transpiration.
THE WATER CYCLE CONT’D
Principles of Ecology
THE CARBON & OXYGEN CYCLES2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Principles of Ecology
Carbon and oxygen recycle relatively quickly through living organisms.
The carbon & oxygen cycles are closely connected.
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
Carbon and oxygen often make up molecules essential for life.
THE CARBON & OXYGEN CYCLES CONT’D
Principles of Ecology
Long-term Cycle Organic matter converted to peat, coal, oil, or
gas deposits (fossil fuels) – involves C only
Calcium carbonate (limestone) – involves C&OShort-term Cycle
Photsynthesis/Cellular Respiration (C&O) Burning fossil fuels - involves C only
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
THE CARBON & OXYGEN CYCLES CONT’D
• Carbon has both long & short-term cycles.
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Principles of Ecology
THE NITROGEN CYCLE Nitrogen does not have a long-term cycle!
The capture and conversion of nitrogen into a form that is usable by plants is called nitrogen fixation.
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
Principles of Ecology
Consumers get nitrogen by eating plants or animals that contain nitrogen.
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
Nitrogen enters the food web when plants absorb nitrogen compounds from soil.
THE NITROGEN CYCLE CONT’D
Principles of Ecology
Nitrogen is returned to the soil in several ways:
Animals urinate. Organisms die. Organisms convert ammonia into nitrogen
compounds. Denitrification
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
THE NITROGEN CYCLE CONT’D
process by which fixed nitrogen compounds are converted backInto nitrogen gas & released
Principles of Ecology
THE PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Principles of Ecology
Short-term Cycle Phosphorus is cycled from the soil to
producers and then from the producers to consumers.
Long-term Cycle Weathering or erosion of rocks that contain
phosphorus slowly adds phosphorus to the cycle.
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
THE PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE CONT’D
• Phosporous has both long & short-term cycles.
SUMMARY 1
• Biogeochemical cycles include the exchange of important elements between the abiotic & biotic parts of an ecosystem.
• The carbon & oxygen cycles are closely intertwined.
SUMMARY 2
• Nitrogen gas is limited in its ability to enter biotic portions of the environment.
• Nitrogen is the only 1 that does not have a long-term cycle.
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
CDQ 3
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A. biomass
B. energy
C. matter
D. nutrient
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
What is a chemical substance that an organism must obtain from its environment to survive?
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 7
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A. decomposer
B. primary producer
C. secondary producer
D. top level consumer
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
2.3 Formative Questions
What type of organism returns nutrients to an ecosystem?
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 8
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A. biochemist
B. ecologist
C. geologist
D. hydrologist
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
2.3 Formative Questions
What type of scientist studies water found underground, in the atmosphere, and on the surface of the earth?
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
FQ 9
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A. carbon cycle
B. nitrogen cycle
C. phosphorus cycle
D. water cycle
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
2.3 Formative Questions
Which biogeochemical cycle involves evaporation, transpiration, precipitationand runoff?
FQ 10
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1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
2.3 Formative Questions
A. photosynthesisB. respirationC. combustion
of fossil fuelsD. deposition of
dead material
Which process in this cycle converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates?
Use the image below to explain how decomposers supply phosphorus to soil, groundwater, oceans, lakes, ponds, and rivers.
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Chapter Assessment Questions
CAQ 3
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Chapter Assessment Questions
Answer: All organisms contain phosphorus.When organisms die or produce waste products, decomposers return the phosphorus to the soil where it can be used again.
CAQ 4
The diagram shows how carbon cycles through the environment. Describe how photosynthesis is involved in the carbon cycle.
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Chapter Assessment Questions
CAQ 5
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Chapter Assessment Questions
Answer: During photosynthesis, green plants and algae convert carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates and release oxygen into the air. The plants use the carbohydrates for energy. Carbon dioxide is released back into the air through cellular respiration.
CAQ 6
1. A2. B3. C4. D
STP 5
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A. decomposition
B. denitrification
C. nitrification
D. nitrogen fixation
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Standardized Test Practice
Which process returns nitrogen to the food web?