sql statements,operators and joins

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Muhammed Thanveer Melayi

Muhammedthanveermelayi@outlook.com

Muhammed Thanveer Danish Melayi

Muhammed Thanveer M

1.DML

2.DDL

3.DCL

• different type of statements

DML

DML is abbreviation of Data Manipulation Language. It is used to retrieve, store, modify, delete, insert and update data in database.

Examples: SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT statements

SYNTAX OF INSERT INTO

INSERT INTO table_name (column1,column2,column3,...)VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...);

INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City, PostalCode, Country)VALUES ('Cardinal','Tom B. Erichsen','Skagen 21','Stavanger','4006','Norway');

DDLDDL is abbreviation of Data Definition Language. It is used to create and modify the structure of database objects in database.Examples: CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements

SYNTAX OF CREATE

CREATE TABLE table_name(column_name1 data_type(size),column_name2 data_type(size),column_name3 data_type(size),....);

CREATE TABLE Persons(PersonID int,LastName varchar(255),FirstName varchar(255),Address varchar(255),City varchar(255));

DCLDCL is abbreviation of Data Control Language. It is used to create roles, permissions, and referential integrity as well it is used to control access to database by securing it.Examples: GRANT, REVOKE statements

• GRANT - gives user's access privileges to database• REVOKE - withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT

command

• privilege_name is the access right or privilege granted to the user. Some of the access rights are ALL, EXECUTE, and SELECT.

• object_name is the name of an database object like TABLE, VIEW, STORED PROC and SEQUENCE.

• user_name is the name of the user to whom an access right is being granted.

• PUBLIC is used to grant access rights to all users.• ROLES are a set of privileges grouped together.• WITH GRANT OPTION - allows a user to grant access rights to other

users.

GRANT privilege_name ON object_name TO {user_name |PUBLIC |role_name} [WITH GRANT OPTION];

SYNTAX OF REVOKE

REVOKE privilege_name ON object_name

FROM {user_name |PUBLIC |role_name}

example for grantgrant select --granting select privilegeon emp to public --you can give username at the place of public

example for revokerevoke select--removing select privilegeon empfrom public

Joins

SQL JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a common field between them.

1.inner join2.full join3.left join4.right join

SQL INNER JOIN Keyword

The INNER JOIN keyword selects all rows from both tables as long as there is a match between the columns in both tables.

SQL INNER JOIN Syntax

SELECT column_name(s)FROM table1INNER JOIN table2ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

SQL FULL OUTER JOIN KeywordThe FULL OUTER JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table

(table1) and from the right table (table2).The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword combines the result of both LEFT and

RIGHT joins.

SQL FULL OUTER JOIN SyntaxSELECT column_name(s)

FROM table1FULL OUTER JOIN table2

ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

SQL LEFT JOIN Keyword

The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table (table1), with the matching rows in the right table (table2). The result is NULL in the right side when there is no match.

SQL LEFT JOIN SyntaxSELECT column_name(s)FROM table1LEFT JOIN table2ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

SQL RIGHT JOIN KeywordThe RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the right table (table2), with the matching rows in the left table (table1). The result is NULL in the left side when there is no match.

SQL RIGHT JOIN SyntaxSELECT column_name(s)FROM table1RIGHT JOIN table2ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

OperatorsWhat is an Operator in SQL?An operator is a reserved word or a character used primarily in an SQL statement's WHERE clause to perform operation(s), such as comparisons and arithmetic operations.

Operators are used to specify conditions in an SQL statement and to serve as conjunctions for multiple conditions in a statement.

• Arithmetic operators (+,*,/,-...)• Comparison operators (=,!=,<>,>,<,>=.......)• Logical operators

example for logical operatorsALLThe ALL operator is used to compare a value to all values in another value set.ANDThe AND operator allows the existence of multiple conditions in an SQL statement's WHERE clause.ANYThe ANY operator is used to compare a value to any applicable value in the list according to the condition.BETWEENThe BETWEEN operator is used to search for values that are within a set of values, given the minimum value and the maximum value.ORThe OR operator is used to combine multiple conditions in an SQL statement's WHERE clause.IS NULL

The NULL operator is used to compare a value with a NULL value.UNIQUEThe UNIQUE operator searches every row of a specified table for uniqueness (no duplicates).

for example....SELECT * FROM ProductsWHERE Price BETWEEN 10 AND 20;

THANK YOU

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