states and people in conflict bibliography

73
States and People in Conflict Bibliography Acemoglu, Daron and James A. Robinson. 2012. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. New York: Crown Publishers. Achtenberg, Emily. 2015. “Morales Greenlights TIPNIS Road, Oil and Gas Extraction in Bolivia’s National Parks.” North American Congress on Latin America Magazine, June 15. http://nacla.org/blog/2015/06/15/morales-greenlights-tipnis-road-oil-and-gas-extraction- bolivia%E2%80%99s-national-parks (accessed December 23, 2016). Ackerman, Peter and Christopher Kruegler. 1994. Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: The Dynamics of People Power in the Twentieth Century. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. Adam, Hussein. 1995. “Somalia: A Terrible Beauty Being Born?” In Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority, ed. William I. Zartman. London: Lynne Rienner, 69–90. Adams, J. 1986. The Financing of Terror: How the Groups that are Terrorizing the World Get the Money to Do It. New York: Simon & Schuster. Adano, Wario Roba, Karen Witsenburg, Ton Dietz, and Fred Zaal. 2012. “Climate Change, Violent Conflict and Local Institutions in Kenya’s Drylands.” Journal of Peace Research 49 (1): 65–80. Adger, W. Neil, J. M. Pulhin, J. Barnett, G. D. Dabelko, G. K. Hovelsrud, M. Levy, Ú. Oswald Spring, and C. H. Vogel. 2014. “Chapter 12: Human security.” In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Working group II contribution to the IPCC fifth assessment report. Akbaba, Yasemin and Zeynep Tydas. 2011. “Does Religious Discrimination Promote Dissent? A Quantitative Analysis.” Ethnopolitics 10 (3): 271–295. Alesina, Alberto, Arnaud Devleeschauwer, William Easterly, Sergio Kurlat, and Romain Wacziarg. 2003. “Fractionalization.” Journal of Economic Growth 8 (2): 155–194. Allansson, Marie, Jonas Baumann, Samuel Taub, Lotta Themnér, and Peter Wallensteen. 2012. “The First Year of the Arab Spring.” In SIPRI Yearbook 2012. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 46–56. Allison, Graham. 1971. Essence of Decision. New York: HarperCollins. Almond, Gabriel. 1960. “Introduction: A Functional Approach to Comparative Politics.” In The Politics of the Developing Areas, ed. Gabriel Almond and James C. Coleman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Amenta, Edwin and Neal Caren. 2004. “The Legislative, Organizational, and Beneficiary Consequences of State-Oriented Challengers.” In The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, ed. David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule, and Hanspeter Kriesi. Oxford: Blackwell, 461– 488.

Upload: others

Post on 28-Jan-2022

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

States and People in Conflict

Bibliography

Acemoglu, Daron and James A. Robinson. 2012. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. New York: Crown Publishers.

Achtenberg, Emily. 2015. “Morales Greenlights TIPNIS Road, Oil and Gas Extraction in Bolivia’s National Parks.” North American Congress on Latin America Magazine, June 15. http://nacla.org/blog/2015/06/15/morales-greenlights-tipnis-road-oil-and-gas-extraction-bolivia%E2%80%99s-national-parks (accessed December 23, 2016).

Ackerman, Peter and Christopher Kruegler. 1994. Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: The Dynamics of People Power in the Twentieth Century. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

Adam, Hussein. 1995. “Somalia: A Terrible Beauty Being Born?” In Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority, ed. William I. Zartman. London: Lynne Rienner, 69–90.

Adams, J. 1986. The Financing of Terror: How the Groups that are Terrorizing the World Get the Money to Do It. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Adano, Wario Roba, Karen Witsenburg, Ton Dietz, and Fred Zaal. 2012. “Climate Change, Violent Conflict and Local Institutions in Kenya’s Drylands.” Journal of Peace Research 49 (1): 65–80.

Adger, W. Neil, J. M. Pulhin, J. Barnett, G. D. Dabelko, G. K. Hovelsrud, M. Levy, Ú. Oswald Spring, and C. H. Vogel. 2014. “Chapter 12: Human security.” In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Working group II contribution to the IPCC fifth assessment report.

Akbaba, Yasemin and Zeynep Tydas. 2011. “Does Religious Discrimination Promote Dissent? A Quantitative Analysis.” Ethnopolitics 10 (3): 271–295.

Alesina, Alberto, Arnaud Devleeschauwer, William Easterly, Sergio Kurlat, and Romain Wacziarg. 2003. “Fractionalization.” Journal of Economic Growth 8 (2): 155–194.

Allansson, Marie, Jonas Baumann, Samuel Taub, Lotta Themnér, and Peter Wallensteen. 2012. “The First Year of the Arab Spring.” In SIPRI Yearbook 2012. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 46–56.

Allison, Graham. 1971. Essence of Decision. New York: HarperCollins.

Almond, Gabriel. 1960. “Introduction: A Functional Approach to Comparative Politics.” In The Politics of the Developing Areas, ed. Gabriel Almond and James C. Coleman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Amenta, Edwin and Neal Caren. 2004. “The Legislative, Organizational, and Beneficiary Consequences of State-Oriented Challengers.” In The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, ed. David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule, and Hanspeter Kriesi. Oxford: Blackwell, 461–488.

Anderson, Craig A. 2001. “Heat and Violence.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 10 (1): 33–38.

Andolina, Robert J. 2001. “Between Local Authority and Global Accountability: The Ayllu Movement in Contemporary Bolivia.” Paper prepared for the workshop ‘Beyond the Lost Decade: Indigenous Movements and the Transformation of Development and Democracy in Latin America’, Princeton University, March 2–3.

Appleby, R. Scott. 2000. The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

Apter, David. 1965. The Politics of Modernization. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Arango, T. 2015. “ISIS Transforming into Functioning State That Uses Terror as Tool.” New York Times, July 22. www.nytimes.com/2015/07/22/world/middleeast/isis‐transforming‐into‐functioning‐state‐that‐uses‐terror‐as‐tool.html (accessed February 5, 2017).

Archer, Dane and Rosemary Gartner. 1976. “Violent Acts and Violent Times: A Comparative Approach to Postwar Homicide Rates.” American Sociological Review 41 (4): 937–963.

Archer, Dane and Rosemary Gartner. 1984. Violence and Crime in Cross-national Perspective. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Aresti, Gabriel. 1963. “My Father’s House.” www.basquepoetry.net/poemak-i/0004.htm (accessed May 25, 2011).

Asal, V., M. Brown, and M. Schulzke. 2015a. “‘Kill Them All—Old and Young, Girls and Women and Little Children’: An Examination of the Organizational Choice of Targeting Civilians.” Political Science Research and Methods 3 (3): 589–607.

Asal, V., B. Early, and M. Schulzke. 2015b. “Up in Arms! Explaining Why Ethnic Minority Organizations form Militias in Transitioning and Post-Communist Eurasian Countries.” Conflict Management and Peace Science. DOI: 10.1177/0738894215600386.

Asal, V., C. Johnson, and J. Wilkenfeld. 2008. “Ethnopolitical Violence and Terrorism in the Middle East.” In Peace and Conflict 2008, ed. J. J. Hewitt, J. Wilkenfeld, and T. R. Gurr. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.

Asal, Victor, Stephen Shellman, and Tiffiany Howard. 2010. “Methodological Developments in Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Migration Research.” In The International Studies Encyclopedia, ed. R. A. Denemark. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell. www.isacompendium.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781444336597_yr2015_chunk_g978144433659713_ss1‐5 (accessed December 12, 2016)

Asal, V., R. Legault, O. Szekely, and J. Wilkenfeld. 2013. “Gender Ideologies and Forms of Contentious Mobilization in the Middle East.” Journal of Peace Research 50 (3): 305–318.

Atkinson, A. B. 2015. Inequality: What Can Be Done? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Atwan, A. B. 2015. Islamic State: The Digital Caliphate. London: Saqi.

Austin, Greg, Todd Kranock, and Thom Oommen. n.d. “God and War: An Audit & An Exploration.” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/04/war_audit_pdf/pdf/war_audit.pdf (accessed December 9, 2016).

Austin Holmes, Amy. 2012. “There Are Weeks When Decades Happen: Structure and Strategy in the Egyptian Revolution.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 17 (4): 391–410.

Auvinen, Juha. 1997. “Political Conflict in Less Developed Countries, 1981–89.” Journal of Peace Research 34 (May): 177–195.

Axelrod, Robert. 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.

Axelrod, Robert. 1997. The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-based Models of Competition and Collaboration. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Aya, R. 1990. Rethinking Revolutions and Collective Violence: Studies on Concept, Theory, and Method. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis.

Barber, Benjamin R. 1995. Jihad vs. McWorld: How the Planet Is Both Falling Apart and Coming Together and What This Means for Democracy. New York: Times Books.

Barber, Benjamin R. 2003. Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Barkey, Karen. 1991. “Rebellious Alliances: The State and Peasant Unrest in Early Seventeenth-Century France and the Ottoman Empire.” American Sociological Review 56 (6): 699–715.

Barkey, Karen and Ronan Van Rossem. 1997. “Networks of Contention: Villages and Regional Structure in the Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Empire.” The American Journal of Sociology 102 (5): 1345–1382.

Barnet, Richard. 1972. Roots of War. New York: Antheneum.

Barnett, Jon and W. Neil Adger. 2007. “Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict.” Political Geography 26 (6): 639–655.

Barrios, Salvador, Luisito Bertinell, and Eric Strobl. 2010. “Trends in Rainfall and Economic Growth in Africa: A Neglected Cause of the African Growth Tragedy.” Review of Economics and Statistics 92 (2): 350–366.

Barron, Patrick, Kai Kaiser, and Menno Pradhan. 2009. “Understanding Variations in Local Conflict: Evidence and Implications from Indonesia.” World Development 37 (3): 698–713.

Basedau, Matthias, Birte Pfeiffer, and Johannes Vullers. 2014. “Bad Religion? Religion, Collective Action, and the Onset of Armed Conflict in Developing Countries.” Journal of Conflict Resolution. DOI: 10.1177/0022002714541853.

Basedau, Matthias, Georg Strüver, Johannes Vüllers, and Tim Wegenast. 2012. “Do Religious Factors Impact Armed Conflict? Empirical Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.” Terrorism and Political Violence 23 (5): 752–779.

Bates, Robert H., David L. Epstein, Jack A. Goldstone, Ted Robert Gurr, Barbara Harff, Colin H. Kahl, Kristen Knight, Marc A. Levy, Michael Lustik, Monty G. Marshall, Thomas M. Parris, Jay Ulfelder, and Mark R. Woodward. 2003. State Failure Task Force: Phase IV Findings. McLean, VA: Science Applications International Corporation.

Bearman, Peter S. 1993. Relations into Rhetorics: Local Elite Social Structure in Norfolk, England, 1540–1640. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Beck, Colin J. 2009. “State Building as a Source of Islamic Political Organization.” Sociological Forum 24 (2): 337–356.

Beck, Colin J. 2011. “The World-Cultural Origins of Revolutionary Waves Five Centuries of European Contention.” Social Science History 35 (2): 167–207.

Beck, Colin J. 2014. “Reflections on the Revolutionary Wave in 2011.” Theory and Society 43 (2): 197–223.

Beck, Colin J. 2015. Radicals, Revolutionaries, and Terrorists. Cambridge: Polity.

Beckford, James A. 1985. “The Insulation and Isolation of the Sociology of Religion.” Sociological Analysis 46 (4): 347–354.

Beissinger, Mark R. 2007. “Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions.” Perspectives on Politics 5 (2): 259–276.

Beissinger, Mark R. 2011. “Mechanisms of Maidan: The Structure of Contingency in the Making of the Orange Revolution.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 16 (1): 25–43.

Beissinger, Mark R. 2013. “The Semblance of Democratic Revolution: Coalitions in Ukraine’s Orange Revolution.” American Political Science Review 107 (03): 574–592.

Beissinger, Mark R. In preparation. Revolutionary Episodes, Processes, and Outcomes Project. Princeton University working paper.

Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin. 2003. “The Return of Martyrdom: Honour, Death, and Immortality.” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 4 (3): 11–34.

Bellemare, Marc F. 2015. “Rising Food Prices, Food Price Volatility, and Social Unrest.” Americal Journal of Agricultural Economics 97 (1): 1–21.

Ben-Dor, Gabriel and Ami Pedahzur. 2003. “The Uniqueness of Islamic Fundamentalism and the Fourth Wave of International Terrorism.” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 4 (3): 71–90.

Benjaminsen, Tor A., Koffi Alinon, Halvard Buhaug, and Jill Tove Buseth. 2012. “Does Climate Change Drive Land-use Conflicts in the Sahel?” Journal of Peace Research 49 (1): 97–111.

Benson, Michelle and Jacek Kugler. 1998. “Power Parity, Democracy, and the Severity of Internal Violence.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 42 (April): 196–209.

Bercovitch, Jacob, J. Theodore Anagnoson, and Donnette L. Wille. 1991. “Some Conceptual Issues and Empirical Trends in the Study of Successful Mediation in International Relations.” Journal of Peace Research 28 (1): 7–17.

Bergholt, D. and P. Lujala. 2012. “Climate-related Natural Disasters, Economic Growth, and Armed Civil Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research 49 (1): 147–162.

Berman, Eli. 2009. Radical, Religious, and Violent: The New Economic of Terrorism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Berman, Eli and David D. Laitin. 2008. “Religion, Terrorism and Public Goods: Testing the Club Model.” Journal of Public Economics 92 (10): 1942–1967.

Bernauer, Thomas, Tobias Böhmelt, and Vally Koubi. 2012. “Environmental Changes and Violent Conflict.” Environmental Research Letters 7 (1): 015601.

Berrebi, Claude and Jordan Ostwald. 2013. “Exploiting the Chaos: Terrorist Target Choice Following Natural Disasters.” Southern Economic Journal 79 (4): 793–811.

Besley, Timothy and Torsten Persson. 2011. “The Logic of Political Violence.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 126 (3): 1411–1445.

Birnir, J. K. 2007. Ethnicity and Electoral Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Birnir, Jóhanna and Jonathan Wilkenfeld. 2007. “Minorities at Risk: Addressing Selection Bias Issues and Group Inclusion Criteria for Ethnopolitical Research – Grant Proposal.” College Park, MD: University of Maryland.

Birnir, J. K., D. D. Laitin, J. Wilkenfeld, A. Hultquist, D. Waguespack, and T. Gurr. 2011. “A-MAR (All-Minorities at Risk): Addressing the Selection Bias Issue.” University of Maryland, prepublication paper. www.mar.umd.edu/data/amar/AMAR%208.21.%202016.for.websitedocx.pdf (accessed February 5, 2017).

Birnir, Jóhanna, Jonathan Wilkenfeld, James Fearon, David Laitin, Ted Robert Gurr, Dawn Brancati, Stephen Saideman, and Amy Pate. 2012. “The Reason We Don’t Yet Know ‘Why Groups Rebel’: Introducing A-MAR (All-Minorities at Risk).” Paper to the workshop on Ethnicity and Conflict, Uppsala University: Department of Peace and Conflict Research, April 26–28, 2012.

Black, D. 2011. Moral Time. New York: Oxford University Press.

Blumstein, Alfred and Joel Wallman (eds). 2006. The Crime Drop in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Boas, Morten and Kathleen Jennings. 2007. “Failed States and State Failure: Threats or Opportunities?” Globalizations 4 (4): 475–485.

Bohlken, Anjali Thomas and Ernest J. Sergenti. 2010. “Economic Growth and Ethnic Violence: An Empirical Investigation of Hindu–Muslim Riots in India.” Journal of Peace Research 47 (5): 589–600.

Böhmelt, Tobias, Thomas Bernauer, Halvard Buhaug, Nils Petter Gleditsch, Theresa Tribaldos, and Gerdis Wischnath. 2014. “Demand, Supply, and Restraint: Determinants of Domestic Water Conflict and Cooperation.” Global Environmental Change 29: 337–348.

Bollfrass, Alexander and Andrew Shaver. 2015. “The Effects of Temperature on Political Violence: Global Evidence at the Subnational Level.” PLoS ONE 10 (5): e0123505. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123505.

Bonanate, L. 1979. “Some Unanticipated Consequences of Terrorism.” Journal of Peace Research 15: 197–211.

Boswell, Terry and William Dixon. 1990. “Dependency and Rebellion: A Cross-National Analysis.” American Sociological Review 55 (August): 540–559.

Boswell, Terry and William Dixon. 1993. “Marx’s Theory of Rebellion: A Cross-National Analysis of Class Exploitation, Economic Development, and Violent Revolt.” American Sociological Review 58 (5): 681–702.

Boulding, Kenneth E. 1962. Conflict and Defense. New York: Harper & Row.

Braithwaite, J. and V. Braithwaite. 1980. “The Effect of Income Inequality and Social Democracy on Homicide: A Cross-national Comparison.” The British Journal of Criminology 20 (1): 45–53.

Brancati, Dawn. 2007. “Political Aftershocks: The Impact of Earthquakes on Intrastate Conflict.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 51 (5): 715–743.

Braumoeller, Bear F. 2003. “Causal Complexity and the Study of Politics.” Political Analysis 11 (3): 209–233.

Brecher, Michael. 1993. Crises in World Politics: Theory and Reality. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Brecher, Michael and Jonathan Wilkenfeld. 1997. “The Ethnic Dimension of International Crisis.” In Wars in the Midst of Peace, ed. David Carment and Patrick James. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 164–193.

Breslow, N. E. and N. E. Day. 1980. Statistical Methods in Cancer Research. Volume I: The Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications No. 32.

Brinton, Crane. 1938. The Anatomy of Revolution. New York: Prentice-Hall.

Broadhurst, Roderic, Thierry Bouhours, and Brigitte Bouhours. 2015. Violence and the Civilizing Process in Cambodia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Brockett, Charles D. 1993. “A Protest-Cycle Resolution of the Repression/Popular-Protest Paradox.” Social Science History 17 (3): 457–484.

Brosché, Johan and Kristine Höglund. 2015. “The Diversity of Peace and War in Africa.” In SIPRI Yearbook 2015. Armament, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Ch. 4.II.

Brown, Ian A. 2010. “Assessing Eco-scarcity as a Cause of the Outbreak of Conflict in Darfur: A Remote Sensing Approach.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 1 (10): 2513–2520.

Brückner, Markus. 2010. “Population Size and Civil Conflict Risk: Is There a Causal Link?” Economic Journal 120: 535–550.

Brysk, Allison. 2000. From Tribal Village to Global Village: Indian Rights and International Relations in Latin America. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, N. P. Gleditsch, P. James, G. King, C. Metelits, J. L. Ray, B. Russett, H. Strand, and B. Valeriano. 2003. “Symposium on Replication in International Studies Research.” International Studies Perspectives 4 (1): 72–107.

Buhaug, Halvard. 2010a. “Climate Not to Blame for African Civil Wars.” PNAS 107 (38): 16477–16482.

Buhaug, Halvard. 2010b. “Reply to Burke et al.: Bias and Climate War Research.” PNAS 107 (51): E186–E187.

Buhaug, Halvard. 2015. “Climate-conflict Research: Some Reflections on the Way Forward.” WIREs Climate Change 6: 269–275.

Buhaug, Halvard and Scott Gates. 2002. “The Geography of Civil War.” Journal of Peace Research 39 (4): 417–433.

Buhaug, Halvard and P. Lujala. 2005. “Accounting for Scale: Measuring Geography in Quantitative Studies of Civil War.” Political Geography 24 (4): 399–411.

Buhaug, Halvard and J. K. Rod. 2006. “Local Determinants in African Civil Wars, 1970–2001.” Political Geography 25 (3): 315–335.

Buhaug, Halvard and Ole Magnus Theisen. 2012. “On Environmental Change and Armed Conflict.” In Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict – Challenges to Societal Stability? ed. J. Scheffran, M. Brzoska, H. G. Brauch, P. M. Link, and J. Schilling. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace. Heidelberg: Springer, 43–56.

Buhaug Halvard, Nils Petter Gleditsch, and Ole Magnus Theisen. 2010. “Implications of Climate Change for Armed Conflict.” In Social Dimensions of Climate Change: Equity and Vulnerability. New Frontiers of Social Policy, ed. R. Mearns and A. Norton. Washington, DC: World Bank, 75–101.

Buhaug, Halvard, J. Nordkvelle, T. Bernauer, T. Böhmelt, M. Brzoska, J. W. Busby, A. Ciccone, H. Fjelde, E. Gartzke, N. P. Gleditsch, J. A. Goldstone, H. Hegre, H. Holtermann, V. Koubi, J. S. A. Link, P. M. Link, P. Lujala, J. O’Loughlin, C. Raleigh, J. Scheffran, J. Schilling, T. G. Smith, O. M. Theisen, R. S. J. Tol, H. Urdal, N. von Uexkull. 2014. “One Effect to Rule Them All? A Comment on Climate and Conflict.” Climatic Change 127 (3): 391–397.

Bunce, Valerie J. and Sharon L. Wolchik. 2006. “International Diffusion and Postcommunist Electoral Revolutions.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39 (3): 283–304.

Burgoon, Brian. 2006. “On Welfare and Terror.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (2): 176–203.

Burke, Marshall B., Edward Miguel, Shanker Satyanath, John A. Dykema, and David B. Lobell. 2009. “Warming Increases the Risk of Civil War in Africa.” PNAS 106 (49): 20670–20674.

Burke, Marshall B., Edward Miguel, Shanker Satyanath, John A. Dykema, and David B. Lobell. 2010. “Climate Robustly Linked to African Civil War.” PNAS 107 (51): E185.

Bush, George W. 2002. The National Security Strategy. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2002/ (accessed February 7, 2017).

Butler, Christopher K. and Scott Gates. 2012. “African Range Wars: Climate, Conflict, and Property Rights.” Journal of Peace Research 49 (1): 23–34.

Call, Charles. 2008. “The Fallacy of the ‘Failed State’.” Third World Quarterly 29 (8): 1491–1507.

Call, Charles. 2011. “Beyond the ‘Failed State’: Toward Conceptual Alternatives.” European Journal of International Relations 17 (2): 303–326.

Caprioli, Mary. 2000. “Gendered Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research 37 (1): 51.

Caprioli, Mary. 2005. “Primed for Violence: The Role of Gender Inequality in Predicting Internal Conflict.” International Studies Quarterly 49 (2): 161–178.

Carey, Sabine. 2007. “European Aid: Human Rights Versus Bureaucratic Inertia?” Journal of Peace Research 44 (4): 447–464.

Carment, David. 2007. “Risk Assessment and State Failure.” Global Society: Journal of Interdisciplinary International Relations 21 (1): 47–69.

Carment, David, Yiagadeesen Samy, Doug Hales, Jordan Miller, Liz St. Jean, and Peter Tikuisis. 2010. “Indicators of State Failure: Phase II.” CIFP Report to Defence R&D Canada. www4.carleton.ca/cifp/app/serve.php/1350.pdf (accessed September 26, 2012).

Carter, Timothy Allen and Daniel Jay Veale. 2013. “Weather, Terrain and Warfare: Coalition Fatalities in Afghanistan.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 30 (3): 220–239.

Carter, Timothy Allen and Daniel Jay Veale. 2015. “The Timing of Conflict Violence: Hydraulic Behavior in the Ugandan Civil War.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 32 (4): 370–394.

Cederman, L. E. and L. U. C. Girardin. 2007. “Beyond Fractionalization: Mapping Ethnicity onto Nationalist Insurgencies.” American Political Science Review 101 (01): 173–185.

Cederman, Lars-Erik, Andreas Wimme, and Brian Min. 2010. “Why Do Ethnic Groups Rebel? New Data and Analysis.” World Politics 62: 87–119.

Chaliand, G. and Y. Ternon. 1983. The Armenians: From Genocide to Resistance. London: Zed Press.

Chalk, F. and K. Jonassohn. 1990. The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Chandler, D. 2006. Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-building. London: Pluto Press.

Chang, Paul Y. 2008. “Unintended Consequences of Repression: Alliance Formation in South Korea’s Democracy Movement (1970–1979).” Social Forces 87 (2): 651–677.

Charny, I. W. 1982. How Can We Commit the Unthinkable? Genocide, The Human Cancer. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Charron, Nicholas and Victor Lapuente. 2011. “Which Dictators Produce Quality of Government?” Studies in Comparative International Development 46: 397–423.Chenoweth, Erica and Maria J. Stephan. 2011. Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict. New York: Columbia University Press.

Chervyakov, Valeriy, Vladimir Shkolnikov, William Pridemore, and Martin McKee. 2002. “The Changing Nature of Murder in Russia.” Social Science and Medicine 55: 1713–1724.

Chiozza, Giacomo. 2002. “Is There a Clash of Civilizations? Evidence from Patterns of International Conflict Involvement, 1946–97.” Journal of Peace Research 39 (6): 711–734.

Chirot, Daniel. 1994. Modern Tyrants. New York and Toronto: Simon & Schuster.

Choi, Seun-Whan. 2010. “Fighting Terrorism through the Rule of Law?” Journal of Conflict Resolution 54: 940–966.

Ciccone, Antonio. 2011. “Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: A Comment.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3 (4): 215–227.

Cioffi-Revilla, C. 2010. “Computational Social Science.” WIREs Computational Statistics 2: 259–271.

Cioffi-Revilla, C. and H. Starr. 1995. “Opportunity, Willingness and Political Uncertainty: Theoretical Foundations of Politics.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 7 (4): 447–476.

Clarke, Walter and Robert Gosende. 2003. “Somalia: Can a Collapsed State Reconstitute Itself.” In State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror, ed. Robert I. Rotberg. Washington, DC: Brookings, 129–158.

Cliffe, S. and N. Manning. 2008. “Building State Institutions after Conflict.” In Building States to Build Peace, ed. Charles Call and V. Wyeth. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 163–184.

Clinton, Bill. 1998. A National Security Strategy for a New Century. https://clinton4.nara.gov/media/pdf/nssr-1299.pdf (accessed February 7, 2017).

Clunnan, Anne L. and Harold A. Trinkunas, eds. 2010. Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in an Era of Softened Sovereignty. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Cockburn, P. 2015. The Rise of Islamic State: ISIS and the New Sunni Revolution. London and New York: Verso.

Cohen, Abner. 1974. Two-Dimensional Man: An Essay on the Anthropology of Power and Symbolism in Complex Society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Cohen, Lawrence and Marcus Felson. 1979. “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach.” American Sociological Review 44: 588–608.

Cohen, Youssef, Brian Brown and A. F. K. Organski. 1981. “The Paradoxical Nature of State Making: The Violent Creation of Order.” American Political Science Review 75 (December): 901–910.

Collier, David and James E. Mahon, Jr. 1993. “Conceptual ‘Stretching’ Revisited: Adapting Categories in Comparative Analysis.” American Political Science Review 87 (4): 845–855.

Collier, Paul and Anke Hoeffler. 2001. Greed and Grievance in Civil Wars. www.worldbank.org/research/conflict/papers/greedgrievance_23oct.pdf (accessed June 10, 2004).

Collier, Paul and Anke Hoeffler. 2004. Greed and Grievance in Civil War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Collier, Paul and Nicholas Sambanis. 2002. “Understanding Civil War: A New Agenda.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (1): 3–12.

Collier, Paul, Anke Hoeffler, and Mons Soderbom. 2004. “On the Duration of Civil War.” Journal of Peace Research 41 (May): 253–273.

Collier, Paul, Lani Elliott, Havard Hegre, Anke Hoeffler, Marta Reynal-Querrol, and Nicholas Sambanis. 2003. Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. Oxford: World Bank and Oxford University Press.

Collins, Randall. 1999. Macrohistory: Essays in Sociology of the Long Run. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Conquest, R. 1970. The Nation-Killers: The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities. New York: Macmillan.

Constitución del Ecuador. 2011. Asamblea Constituyent. www.asambleanacional.gov.ec/documentos/constitucion_de_bolsillo.pdf (accessed December 8, 2016).

Cooney, Mark. 1997. “The Decline of Elite Homicide.” Criminology 35 (3): 381–408.

Cortell, Andrew P. and James W. Davis. 2000. “Understanding the Impact of International Norms: A Research Agenda.” International Studies Review 1 (2): 65–87.

Cortright, David, Rachel Fairhurst and Kristen Wall, eds. 2015. Drones and the Future of Armed Conflict. Ethical, Legal and Strategic Implications. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Coser, Lewis A. 1956. The Functions of Social Conflict. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

Couttenier, Mathieu and Raphael Soubeyran. 2013. “Drought and Civil War in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Economic Journal 124 (575): 201–244.

Cox, Biran and Daniel Philpott. 2003. “Faith-Based Diplomacy: An Ancient Idea Newly Emergent.” Bradywine Review of Faith and International Affairs 1 (2): 31–40.

Crenshaw, M. 1998. “The Logic of Terrorism: Terrorist Behavior as a Product of Strategic Choice.” In Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind, ed. W. Reich. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.

Crisis State Research Center. 2006. “Crisis, Fragile and Failed States: Definitions Used by the CSRC.” www2.lse.ac.uk/internationalDevelopment/research/crisisStates/download/drc/FailedState.pdf (accessed June 24, 2011).

Crocker, Chester A. 2003. “Engaging Failing States.” Foreign Affairs 82 (September/October): 32–44.

Dadmehr, Nasrin. 2003. “Tajikistan: Regionalism and Weakness.” In State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror, ed. Robert I. Rotberg. Washington, DC: Brookings.

Dadrian, V. 1974. “The Structural Functional Components of Genocide: A Victimological Approach to the Armenian Case.” In Victimology, ed. I. Drapkin and E. Viano. Lexington, MA: Heath, 123–135.

Daly, John. 2012. “Bolivia’s Natural Gas Reserves Now on Political Firing Line.” Oilprice.com, March 7. http://oilprice.com/Energy/Natural-Gas/Bolivias-Natural-Gas-Reserves-Now-on-Political-Firing-Line.html (accessed August 4, 2015).

Darchiashvili, David. 2002. “Human Security, Liberal Democracy, and the Power of Nationalism: The State Crisis in Georgia and Possible Solutions.” In Fragile Peace: State Failure, Violence and Development in Crisis Regions, ed. Tobias Debiel and Axel Klein. London: Zed Books, 110–128.

Davenport, Christian. 1995. “Multi-Dimensional Threat Perception and State Repression: An Inquiry into Why States Apply Negative Sanctions.” American Journal of Political Science 39 (August): 683–713.

Davenport, Christian. 1999. “Human Rights and the Democratic Proposition.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 43 (1): 92–116.

Davenport, Christian. 2004. “The Promise of Democratic Pacification.” International Studies Quarterly 48 (September): 539–560.

Davenport, Christian. 2007. State Repression and the Domestic Democratic Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Davenport, Christian and David Armstrong. 2004. “Democracy and the Violation of Human Rights: A Statistical Analysis from 1976 to 1996.” American Journal of Political Science 48 (3): 538–554.

Davenport, Christian and Patrick Ball. 2002. “Views to a Kill: Exploring the Implications of Source Selection in the Case of Guatemalan State Terror, 1977–1996.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (3): 427–450.

Davies, J. L. and T. R. Gurr, eds. 1998. Preventive Measures: Building Risk Assessment and Crisis Early Warning Systems. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Davies, James C. 1962. “Toward a Theory of Revolution.” American Sociological Review 27 (1): 5–19.

Davis, David R. and Will H. Moore. 1997. “Ethnicity Matters: Transnational Ethnic Alliances and Foreign Policy Behavior.” International Studies Quarterly 41 (1): 171–184.

Davis, David R., Keith Jaggers, and Will H. Moore. 1997. “Ethnicity, Minorities, and International Conflict.” In Wars in the Midst of Peace, ed. David Carment and Patrick James. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 148–163.

De la Calle, Luis and Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca. 2012. “Rebels without a Territory: An Analysis of Nonterritorial Conflicts in the World, 1970–1997.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 56 (4): 580–603.

de Leon, Bernardo Arevalo. 2002. “Stagnant Transformation: Democratic Transition and Military Conversion in Guatemala.” In Fragile Peace: State Failure, Violence and Development in Crisis Regions, ed. Tobias Debiel and Axel Klein. London: Zed Books, 146–155.

Debiel, Tobias and Axel Klein, eds. 2002. Fragile Peace: State Failure, Violence and Development in Crisis Regions. London: Zed Books.

Dell, Melissa, Benjamin F. Jones, and Benjamin A. Olken. 2012. “Temperature Hocks and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Half Century.” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 4 (3): 66–95.

Deloria, Vine, Jr. and Clifford M. Lyttle. 1998. The Nations Within: The Past and Future of American Indian Sovereignty. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

Demirel-Pegg, Tijen and James Moskowitz. 2009. “US Aid Allocation: The Nexus of Human Rights, Democracy, and Development.” Journal of Peace Research 46 (2): 181–198.

Denq, Furjen, Michael Vaughn, and Frank Huang. 1994. “Correlates of Crime in Taiwan: A Time Series Analysis from 1964 to 1990.” Crime, Law and Social Change 21: 267–285.

DeRouen, Karl. 1995. “The Indirect Link: Politics, the Economy, and the Use of Force.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 39 (4): 671–695.

DeRouen, Karl and David Sobek. 2004. “The Dynamics of Civil War Duration and Outcome.” Journal of Peace Research 41 (May): 303–320.

DeRouen, Karl, Jr., Jacob Bercovitch, and Paulina Pospieszna. 2011. “Introducing the Civil Wars Mediation (CWM) Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research 48 (5): 663–672.

Des Forges, A. 1999. Leave None to the Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. New York: Human Rights Watch.

DeSoysa, Indra. 2002. “Paradise is a Bazaar? Greed, Creed and Governance in Civil War, 1989–99.” Journal of Peace Research 39 (July): 395–416.

Detges, Adrien. 2014. “Close-up on Renewable Resources and Armed Conflict: The Spatial Logic of Pastoralist Violence in Northern Kenya.” Political Geography 42: 57–65.

Deutsch, Karl. 1953. Nationalism and Social Communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Deutsch, Karl W. 1954. Political Community at the International Level. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Deutsch, Karl W., Sidney A. Burrell, Robert A. Kann, Maurice Lee, Jr., Martin Lichterman, Raymond E. Lindgren, Francis L. Loewenheim, and Richard W. Van Wagenen. 1957. Political Community and the North Atlantic Area. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

DeVries, Helma and Mark Irving Lichbach. 2007. “Mechanisms of Globalized Protest Movements.” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, ed. Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes. New York: Oxford University Press, 461–496.

Diamond, Jared. 2005. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York: Viking Penguin.

Diehl, Paul F., ed. 1999. A Road Map to War. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.

Dix, Robert H. 1983. “The Varieties of Revolution.” Comparative Politics 15 (3): 281–294.

Dix, Robert. 1984. “Why Revolutions Succeed and Fail.” Polity 16 (Spring): 423–446.

Dixon, Jeffrey. 2009. “What Causes Civil Wars? Integrating Quantitative Research Findings.” International Studies Review 11 (4): 707–735.

Docking, Timothy. 2002. “Responding to War and State Collapse in West Africa.” United States Institute Special Report: 21. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Donohue, John J., III and Steven D. Levitt. 2001. “The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 116 (2): 379–420.

Drake, C. J. M. 1998. “The Role of Ideology in Terrorists’ Target Selection.” Terrorism and Political Violence 10 (2): 53–85.

Dreher, Axel. n.d. “KOF Index of Globalization.” http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/ (accessed December 9, 2016).

Drury, A. Cooper and Richard Stuart Olson. 1998. “Disasters and Political Unrest: An Empirical Investigation.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 6 (3): 153–161.

Dryzek, John S. 2006. “Revolutions without Enemies: Key Transformations in Political Science.” American Political Science Review 100 (4): 487–492.

Dunn, John. 1972. Modern Revolutions: An Introduction to the Analysis of a Political Phenomenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Earl, Jennifer. 2011. “Political Repression: Iron Fists, Velvet Gloves, and Diffuse Control.” Annual Review of Sociology 37 (1): 261–284.

Easterly, William and Laura Freschii. 2010. “Top 5 Reasons Why ‘Failed State’ is a Failed Concept.” Aid Watch. http://aidwatchers.com/2010/01/top-5-reasons-why-%E2%80%9Cfailed-state%E2%80%9D-is-a-failed-concept/ (accessed June 24, 2011).

Easton, David. 1953. The Political System: An Inquiry into the State of Political Science. New York: Knopf.

Eaton, Dave. 2008. “The Business of Peace: Raiding and Peace Work along the Kenya–Uganda Border (Part I).” African Affairs 107 (427): 89–110.

Eck, Kristine. 2005. A Beginner’s Guide to Conflict Data. Finding the Right Dataset. Uppsala University: UCDP Papers No 1. www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/publications/ (accessed December 9, 2016).

Eck, Kristine. 2008. “An Overview and Typology of Conflict Data: The Advantages of Data Diversity.” In Building and Using Datasets on Armed Conflicts, ed. Mayeul Kaufmann. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series Vol. 36. Amsterdam: IOS Press.

Eck, Kristine. 2012. “In Data We Trust? A Comparison of UCDP GED and ACLED Conflict Events Datasets.” Cooperation and Conflict 47 (1): 124–141.

Eck, Kristine and Lisa Hultman. 2007. “One-Sided Violence Against Civilians in War. Insights from New Fatality Data.” Journal of Peace Research 44 (2): 233–246.

Eckstein, H., ed. 1964. Internal War: Problems and Approaches. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

Eckstein, Susan. 1975. “How Economically Consequential Are Revolutions? A Comparison of Mexico and Bolivia.” Studies in Comparative International Development 10 (3): 48–62.

Eckstein, Susan. 1982. “The Impact of Revolution on Social Welfare in Latin America.” Theory and Society 11 (1): 43–94.

Eckstein, Susan. 1985. “Revolutions and the Restructuring of National Economies: The Latin American Experience.” Comparative Politics 17 (4): 473–494.

Edwards, Lyford Paterson. 1927. The Natural History of Revolution. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Eisenstadt, S. N. 2000. “The Resurgence of Religious Movements in Processes of Globalisation – Beyond End of History or Clash of Civilisations.” MOST, Journal on Multicultural Societies 2 (1). http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001388/138885E.pdf#page=6 (accessed December 12, 2016).

Eisner, Manuel. 2001. “Modernization, Self-Control and Lethal Violence: The Long Term Dynamics of European Homicide Rates in Theoretical Perspective.” British Journal of Criminology 41: 618–638.

Eisner, Manuel. 2003. “Long Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime.” Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 30: 83–142.

Eisner, Manuel. 2008. “Modernity Strikes Back? A Historical Perspective on the Latest Increase in Interpersonal Violence (1960–1990).” International Journal of Conflict and Violence 2 (2): 288–316.

Eisner, Manuel. 2011. “Killing Kings: Patterns of Regicide in Europe, AD 600–1800.” British Journal of Criminology 51 (3): 556–577.

El Universo. 2013. “Demanda ante la CIDH por Proyecto Minero Mirador.” July 2, 2016. www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2013/07/02/nota/1109986/demanda-ante-cidh-proyecto-mirador (accessed December 14, 2016).

Elbadawi, Ibrahim and Nicholas Sambanis. 2002. “How Much War Will We See? Explaining the Prevalence of Civil War.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (3): 307–334.

Elias, Norbert. [1939] 1994. The Civilizing Process. Oxford: Blackwell.

Ellingsen, Tanja. 2000. “Colorful Communities or Ethnic Witches’ Brew: Multiethnicity and Domestic Conflict During and After the Cold War.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 44 (April): 228–249.

Ellingsen, Tanja. 2002. “The Relevance of Culture in UN Voting Behavior.” Paper presented at the International Studies Association 43rd annual conference in New Orleans.

Ellingsen, Tanja. 2005. “Toward a Revival of Religion and Religious Clashes?” Terrorism 17: 305–332.

Ellingsen, Tanja and Niles Petter Gleditsch. 1997. “Democracy and Armed Conflict in the Third World.” In Causes of Conflict in Third World Countries, ed. D. Smith. Oslo: PRIO, 69–81.

Ember, Carol R. and Melvin Ember. 1992. “Resource Unpredictability, Mistrust, and War: A Cross-cultural Study.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 36 (2): 242–262.

Ember, Carol R., Teferi Abate Adem, and Ian Skoggard. 2013. “Risk, Uncertainty, and Violence in Eastern Africa.” Human Nature 24 (1): 33–58.

Ember, Carol R., Teferi Abate Adem, Ian Skoggard, and Eric C. Jones. 2012. “Livestock Raiding and Rainfall Variability in Northwestern Kenya.” Civil Wars 14 (2): 159–181.

Ember, Carol R., Teferi Abate Adem, Ian Skoggard, and Eric C. Jones. 2014. “Rain and Raids Revisited: Disaggregating Ethnic Group Livestock Raiding in the Ethiopian–Kenyan Border Region.” Civil Wars 16 (3): 300–327.

Englehart, Neil A. 2007. “Governments Against States: The Logic of Self-destructive Despotism.” International Political Science Review 28 (2): 133–153.

Englehart, Neil and Marc V. Simon. 2009. “Failing States and Failing Regimes.” In Dealing with Failed States, ed. Harvey Starr. New York: Taylor & Francis, 108–127.

Enloe, C. H. 2007. Globalization and Militarism: Feminists Make the Link. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Ermakoff, Ivan. 2009. “Groups at the Crossroads: Turning Points and Contingency in Revolutionary Conjunctures.” Paper submitted to American Sociological Association. http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/3/0/8/9/8/p308980_index.html (accessed July 15, 2013).

Ermakoff, Ivan. 2015. “The Structure of Contingency.” American Journal of Sociology 121 (1): 64–125.

Esty, D. C., J. A. Goldstone, T. R. Gurr, P. T. Surko, and A. N. Unger. 1995. State Failure Task Force: Phase I Findings. McLean, VA: Science Applications International Corporation.

Esty, D. C., J. A. Goldstone, T. R. Gurr, B. Harff, M. Levy, G. D. Dabelko, P. T. Surko, and A. N. Unger. 1998. State Failure Task Force: Phase II Findings. McLean, VA: Science Applications International Corporation.

Esty, D. C., J. A. Goldstone, T. R. Gurr, B. Harff, M. Levy, G. D. Dabelko, P. T. Surko, and A. N. Unger. 1999. “State Failure Task Force Report: Phase II Findings.” Environmental Change & Security Project Report 5 (Summer): 49–72.

Evans, Peter B., Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol. 1985. Bringing the State Back in. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Eyerman, J. 1998. “Terrorism and Democratic States: Soft Targets or Accessible Systems.” International Interactions 24: 151–170.

Farhi, Farideh. 1990. States and Urban-Based Revolutions: Iran and Nicaragua. Champain–Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Farr, James. 1995. “Remembering the Revolution: Behavioralism in American Political Science.” In Political Science in History: Research Programs and Political Traditions, ed. James Farr, John S. Dryzek, and Stephen T. Leonard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 198–224.

Farrington, David. 1989. “Early Predictors of Adolescent Aggression and Adult Violence.” Violence and Victims 4 (2): 79–100.

Fawcett, Liz. 2000. Religion, Ethnicity, and Social Change. New York: St. Martins.

Fearon, James D. 1991. “Counterfactuals and Hypothesis Testing in Political Science.” World Politics 43 (02): 169–195.

Fearon, James D. 1995. “Rationalist Explanations for War.” International Organization 49: 379–379.

Fearon, James D. 1999. “Commitment Problems and the Spread of Ethnic Conflict.” In The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation, ed. David A. Lake and Donald Rothchild. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 107–126.

Fearon, James D. 2004. “Why Do Some Civil Wars Last Much Longer than Others?” Journal of Peace Research 41 (May): 275–301.

Fearon, James D. 2005. “Primary Commodity Exports and Civil War.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (4): 483–507.

Fearon, James D. 2010. “Governance and Civil War Onset.” Background paper for the 2011 World Development Report: Conflict, Security, Development. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/9123/WDR2011_0002.pdf (accessed February 8, 2017).

Fearon, James D. 2011. “Homicide Data, Third Revision Background Paper Prepared for the WDR 2011 Team.” http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2011/01/14276272/homicide-data-third-revision-background-paper-prepared-wdr-2011-team (accessed July 31, 2015).

Fearon, James D. and David D. Laitin. 1996. “Explaining Interethnic Cooperation.” American Political Science Review 90 (4): 715.

Fearon, James D. and David D. Laitin. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” American Political Science Review 97 (1): 75–90.

Feeley, Malcolm. 1994. “The Decline of Women in the Criminal Process: A Comparative History.” Criminal Justice History 15: 235–274.

Feigenbaum, James and Christopher Muller. 2016. “Lead Exposure and Violent Crime in the Early Twentieth Century.” Explorations in Economic History 62: 51–86. http://scholar.harvard.edu/jfeigenbaum/publications/effects-lead-crime-rates-evidence-fromhistorical-urban-data (accessed July 31, 2016).

Fein, H. 1979. Accounting for Genocide: National Responses and Jewish Victimization During the Holocaust. New York: Free Press.

Fein, H. 1984. “Scenarios of Genocide: Models of Genocide and Critical Responses.” In Toward the Understanding and Prevention of Genocide: Proceedings of the International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide, ed. I. W. Charny. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1–31.

Fein, Helen. 1990. “Genocide: A Sociological Perspective.” Current Sociology 38 (1): 24.

Fein, H. 1992. Genocide Watch. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Fein, H. 1993a. “Accounting for Genocide after 1945: Theories and Some Findings.” International Journal on Group Rights 1: 79–106.

Fein, H. 1993b. Genocide: A Sociological Perspective. London and Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Fein, H. 1994. “Tools and Alarms: Uses of Models for Explanation and Anticipation.” Journal of Ethnodevelopment 4 (1): 31–35.

Fein, Helen. 1995. “More Murder in the Middle: Life-Integrity Violations and Democracy in the World, 1987.” Human Rights Quarterly 17 (February): 170–191.

Felson, Marcus and Ronald Clarke. 1998. Opportunity Makes the Thief: Practical Theory for Crime Prevention. Home Office Police Research Series, Paper 98. London: Home Office.

Fergusson, D. M., J. M. Boden, and L. J. Horwood. 2008. “Dentine Levels in Childhood and Criminal Behaviour in Late Adolescence and Early Adulthood.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 62: 1045–1050.

Filiu, J.-P. 2015. From Deep State to Islamic State: The Arab Counter-Revolution and Its Jihadi Legacy. London: Hurst.

Finke, Roger. 2013. “Origins and Consequences of Religious Freedom: A Global Overview.” Sociology of Religion 74 (3): 297–313.

Finke, Roger. n.d. “Data from the ARDA National Profiles, 2011 Update: Religion Indexes, Adherents and Other Data.” www.thearda.com/Archive/Files/Descriptions/INTL2008.asp (accessed December 9, 2016).

Finke, Roger and Jaime Dean Harris. 2012. “Wars and Rumors of Wars: Explaining Religiously Motivated Violence.” In Religion, Politics, Society, and the State, ed. Jonathan Fox. New York: Oxford University Press, 53–71.

Finke, Roger and Robert R. Martin. 2011. “Ensuring Liberties: Understanding Religious Freedom and Restrictions.” Paper presented at the 2011 Annual Meeting of the Association for the Sociology of Religion, Las Vegas, NV.

Finke, Roger and Robert R. Martin. 2012. “Religious Freedom and Conflict: A Review of the Evidence.” A report prepared for the USAID Conflict Management and Mitigation Office. www.thearda.com/rrh/papers/conflict.asp (accessed February 10, 2017).

Finnemore, M. and K. Sikkink. 1998. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization 52 (Autumn): 887–917.

Fish, M. Steven, Francesca R. Jensenius, and Katherine E. Michel. 2010. “Islam and Large-Scale Political Violence: Is There a Connection?” Comparative Political Studies 43 (1): 1327–1362.

Fituni, Leonid L. 1995. “The Collapse of the Socialist State: Angola and the Soviet Union.” In Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority, ed. William I. Zartman. London: Lynne Rienner, 143–156.

Fjelde, Hanne. 2009. “Buying Peace? Oil Wealth, Corruption and Civil War, 1985–99.” Journal of Peace Research 46 (2): 199–218.

Fjelde, Hanne and Nina von Uexkull. 2012. “Climate Triggers: Rainfall Anomalies, Vulnerability and Communal Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Political Geography 31 (7): 444–453.

Foltz, William J. 1995. “Reconstructing the State of Chad.” In Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority, ed. William I. Zartman. London: Lynne Rienner, 15–32.

Foran, John. 1993. “Theories of Revolution Revisited: Toward a Fourth Generation?” Sociological Theory 11 (1): 1–20.

Foran, John. 2005. Taking Power: On the Origins of Third World Revolutions. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Foran, John and Jeff Goodwin. 1993. “Revolutionary Outcomes in Iran and Nicaragua: Coalition Fragmentation, War, and the Limits of Social Transformation.” Theory and Society 22 (2): 209–247.

Foresight. 2011. Migration and Global Environmental Change. Final Project Report. London: Government Office for Science. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121212135622/http://www.bis.gov.uk/foresight/our-work/projects/current-projects/global-migration (accessed December 9, 2016).

Forsberg, Erica, Allard Duursma, and Laura Grant. 2012. Theoretical and Empirical Considerations in the Study of Ethnicity and Conflict. Uppsala Conflict Data Program, UCDP Paper 8. Uppsala: Uppsala University.

Fox, Jonathan. 2002. Ethnoreligious Conflict in the Late Twentieth Century: A General Theory. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Fox, Jonathan. 2003a. “Do Muslims Engage in More Domestic Conflict than Other Religious Groups?” Civil Wars 6 (1): 27–46.

Fox, Jonathan. 2003b. “Ethnoreligious Conflict in the Third World: The Role of Religion as a Cause of Conflict.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 9 (1): 101–125.

Fox, Jonathan. 2004a. Religion, Civilization, and Civil War: 1945 Through the New Millennium. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Fox, Jonathan. 2004b. “Religion and State Failure: An Examination of the Extent and Magnitude of Religious Conflict from 1950 to 1996.” International Political Science Review/Revue Internationale de Science Pol 25 (1): 55–76.

Fox, Jonathan. 2004c. “Is Ethnoreligious Conflict a Contagious Disease?” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 27 (2): 89–106.

Fox, Jonathan. 2008. World Survey of Religion and the State. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Fox, Jonathan. 2012. “The Religious Wave: Religion and Domestic Conflict from 1960 to 2009.” Civil Wars 14 (June): 141–158.

Fox, Jonathan. 2015. Political Secularism, Religion, and the State: A Time Series Analysis of Worldwide Data. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Fox, Jonathan. n.d. The Religion and State Project. www.religionandstate.org/ (accessed December 9, 2016).

Fox, Jonathan and Nukhet Sandal. 2011. “State Religious Exclusivity and International Crises, 1990–2002.” In Religion, Identity, and Global Governance, ed. Patrick James. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 81–107.

Fox, Jonathan and Shmuel Sandler. 2003. “Regime Types and Discrimination against Ethno-Religious Minorities: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Autocracy–Democracy Continuum.” Political Studies 51 (3): 469–489.

Fox, Jonathan and Shmuel Sandler, eds. 2004. Bringing Religion into International Relations. New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Fraser, S. 2015. The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.

Freitag-Wirminghaus, Rainer. 2002. “State-building and Solving Conflicts in the South Caucasus.” In Fragile Peace: State Failure, Violence and Development in Crisis Regions, ed. Tobias Debiel and Axel Klein. London: Zed Books, 89–110.

Friedman, Gil and Harvey Starr. 1997. Agency, Structure, and International Politics. London: Routledge.

Fujii, Lee Ann. 2002. “The Diffusion of a Genocidal Norm in Rwanda.” Paper prepared for the Annual Convention of the International Studies Association New Orleans.

Fukuyama, Francis. 2004. State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Fund for Peace. 2012. “Failed States Index.” www.fundforpeace.org/global/?q=fsi=about (accessed September 26, 2012).

Fund for Peace. 2016. “Failed States Indicators.” http://fsi.fundforpeace.org/indicators (accessed February 7, 2017).

Galtung, Johan. 1985. “Twenty-five Years of Peace Research: Ten Challenges and Responses.” Journal of Peace Research 22: 414–431.

Galtung, Johan. 1990. “Cultural Violence.” Journal of Peace Research 27: 291–305.

Gamson, William and David Meyer. 1996. “Framing Political Opportunity.” In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunity, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Frames, ed. Doug McAdam, John McCarthy and Mayer Zald. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 275–290.

Ganor, B. 2015. Global Alert: The Rationality of Modern Islamist Terrorism and the Challenge to the Liberal Democratic World. New York: Columbia University Press.

Gantzel, Klaus Jürgen and Torsten Schwinghammer. 2000. Warfare Since the Second World War. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

GAO. 2007. Forces That Will Shape America’s Future: Themes from GAO’s Strategic Plan, 2007–2012. www.gao.gov/new.items/d07467sp.pdf (accessed December 9, 2016).

Garcia Serrano, Fernando. 2003. “Politica, Estado y Diversidad Cultural: A Proposito del Movimiento Indigena Ecuatoriano.” In Estado, Etnicidad y Movimientos Sociales en America Latina, ed. Victor Breton and Francisco Garcia. Barcelona: Icaria, 193–215.

Garrett, Laurie. 2005. HIV and National Security: Where are the Links? New York: Council on Foreign Relations.

Gartner, Rosemary. 1990. “The Victims of Homicide: A Temporal and Cross-National Comparison.” American Sociological Review 55 (1): 92–106.

Gartner, Rosemary and Robert Nash Parker. 1990. “Cross-National Evidence on Homicide and the Age Structure of the Population.” Social Forces 69 (2): 351–371.

Gartzke, Erik. 2007. “The Capitalist Peace.” Journal of Political Science 51: 166–191.

Gartzke, Erik and J. Joseph Hewitt. 2010. “International Crisis and the Capitalist Peace.” International Interactions 36: 115–145.

Geddes, Barbara. 1999. “What Do We Know about Democratization After Twenty Years?” Annual Review of Political Science 2: 115–144.

Geller, Daniel S. and J. David Singer. 1998. Nations at War: A Scientific Study of International Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gelman, Andrew and Jennifer Hill. 2007. Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models. New York: Cambridge University Press.

George, Alexander Lawrence and Andrew Bennett. 2005. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Ghani, A., C. Lockhart, and M. Carnahan. 2006. “An Agenda for State-Building in the 21st Century.” Fletcher Forum for World Affairs 30 (1): 101–123.

Ghimire, Ramesh, Susana Ferreira, and Jeffrey H. Dorfman. 2014. “Flood-induced Displacement and Civil Conflict.” World Development 66: 614–628.

Ghobarah, Hazem, Paul Huth, and Bruce Russett. 2003. “Civil Wars Kill and Maim People Long After the Shooting Stops.” American Political Science Review 97 (2): 189–202.

Ghosn, Faten, Glenn Palmer, and Stuart A. Bremer. 2004. “The MID3 Data Set, 1993–2001: Procedures, Coding Rules, and Description.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 21 (2): 133–154.

Gibler, Douglas M. 2007. “Bordering on Peace: Democracy, Territorial Issues and Conflict.” International Studies Quarterly 51: 509–532.

Gibler, Douglas M. 2014. The Territorial Peace. Border, State Development and International Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gilbert, J. D. 2014. Women of Valor: Polish Resisters to the Third Reich. East Stroudsberg, PA: Gihon River Press.

Gill, Anthony. 1998. Rendering Unto Caesar: The Catholic Church and the State in Latin America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Gilley, Bruce. 2009. The Right to Rule: How States Win and Lose Legitimacy. New York: Columbia University Press.

Gillis, A. R. 1989. “Crime and State Surveillance in Nineteenth Century France.” American Journal of Sociology 95 (2): 307–341.

Gilpin, Robert. 1981. War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Girard, Rene. 1977. Violence and the Sacred, trans. Patrick Gregory. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Gizelis, Theodora Ismene and Amanda E. Wooden. 2010. “Water Resources, Institutions, and Intrastate Conflict.” Political Geography 29 (8): 444–453.

Glasner, Peter E. 1977. The Sociology of Secularization: A Critique of a Concept. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Gleditsch, Kristian S. 2002. All International Politics is Local. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Gleditsch, Kristian and Andrea Ruggeri. 2010. “Political Opportunity Structures, Democracy and Civil War.” Journal of Peace Research 47 (May): 299–310.

Gleditsch, Kristian S. and Michael D. Ward. 2001. “Measuring Space: A Minimum Distance Database.” Journal of Peace Research 45 (6): 749–768.Gleditsch, Nils Petter. 2008. “The Liberal Moment Fifteen Years on.” International Studies Quarterly 52 (4): 691–712.

Gleditsch, Nils Petter. 2012. “Whither the Weather? Climate Change and Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research 49 (1): 3–9.

Gleditsch, Nils Petter, ed. 2013. “The Forum: The Decline of War.” International Studies Review 15 (3): 396–419.

Gleditsch, Nils Petter and Ragnhild Nordås. 2014. “Conflicting Messages? The IPCC on Human Security and Conflict.” Political Geography 43: 82–90.

Gleditsch, Nils Petter, Ragnhild Nordås, and Idean Salehyan. 2007. Climate Change and Conflict: The Migration Link. Coping with Crisis Working Paper Series. New York: International Peace Academy. www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/cwc_working_paper_climate_change.pdf (accessed December 9, 2016).

Gleditsch, Nils Petter, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg, and Håvard Strand. 2002. “Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research 39 (5): 615–637.

Global Alliance for the Rights of Nature. 2011. “Ecuador Adopts Rights of Nature in Constitution.” http://therightsofnature.org/ecuador-rights/ (accessed December 11, 2016).

Go, Julian. 2014. “Occluding the Global: Analytic Bifurcation, Causal Scientism, and Alternatives in Historical Sociology.” Journal of Globalization Studies 5 (1): 122–136.

Goertz, Gary. 1994. Contexts of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Goldfrank, Walter L. 1979. “Theories of Revolution and Revolution Without Theory: The Case of Mexico.” Theory & Society 7 (1/2): 135.

Goldsmith, B., C. Butcher, D. Semenovich, and A. Sowmya. 2013. “Forecasting the Onset of Gernocide and Politicide: Annual out of Sample Forecasts on a Global Dataset, 1988–2003.” Journal of Peace Research 50 (4): 437–452.

Goldstein, Joshua S. 2011. Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide. New York: Dutton.

Goldstone, Jack A. 1982. “The Comparative and Historical Study of Revolutions.” Annual Review of Sociology 8 (1): 187–207.

Goldstone, Jack. 1989. “Deterrence in Rebellions and Revolutions.” In Perspectives on Deterrence, ed. Paul C. Stern, Robert Axelrod, Robert Jervis, and Roy Radner. New York: Oxford University Press, 222–250.

Goldstone, Jack A. 1991. Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Goldstone, Jack A. 2001. “Toward a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory.” Annual Review of Political Science 4 (1): 139–187.

Goldstone, Jack A. 2003. “Comparative Historical Analysis and Knowledge Accumulation in the Study of Revolutions.” In Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, ed. James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer. New York: Cambridge University Press, 41–90.

Goldstone, Jack A. 2004. “More Social Movements or Fewer? Beyond Political Opportunity Structures to Relational Fields.” Theory and Society 33 (3/4): 333–365.

Goldstone, Jack A. 2008. “Pathways to State Failure.” Presentation at International Studies Association Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA.

Goldstone, Jack A. 2010. “A Global Model for Forecasting Political Instability.” American Journal of Political Science 54 (1): 190–208.

Goldstone, Jack A. 2011. “Understanding the Revolutions of 2011.” Foreign Affairs 90: 8–16.

Goldstone, Jack and Jay Ulfelder. 2005. “How to Construct Stable Democracies.” The Washington Quarterly 28 (Winter): 9–20.

Goldstone, J., T. R. Gurr, and F. Moshiri, eds. 1991. Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Goldstone, Jack, Ted Robert Gurr, Monty G. Marshall, and John C. Ulfelder. 2004. “It’s All about State Structure – New Findings on Revolutionary Origins from Global Data.” Homo Oeconomicus 21 (2): 425–455.

Goldstone, Jack A., Jonathan Haughton, Karol Soltan, and Clifford Zinnes. 2003a. “Strategy Framework for the Assessment and Treatment of Fragile States.” In Strategies for Failing, Failed, and Recovering States. Washington, DC: The Iris Center & USAID.

Goldstone, Jack, Jonathan Houghton, Karol Soltan, and Clifford Zinnes. 2003b. “Strategy Framework for Assessment and Treatment of Fragile States.” Center for Institutional Reform and the Informal Sector (IRIS), University of Maryland, College Park. Report submitted to the United States Agency for International Development PPC/IDEAS: EDG-O-00–02–00037–00, Request No. 2003–312.

Goldstone, Jack A., Robert Bates, Ted Robert Gurr, Michael Lustik, Monty G. Marshall, Jay Ulfeder, and Mark Woodward. 2005. “A Global Forecasting Model of Political Instability.” PITF Phase V Findings Report presented at the annual convention of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, September 3.

Goldstone, Jack A., Robert H. Bates, David L. Epstein, Ted Robert Gurr, Michael B. Lustik, Monty G. Marshall, Jay Ulfeder, and Mark Woodward. 2010. “A Global Model for Forecasting Political Instability.” American Journal of Political Science 54 (1): 190–208.

Goldstone, Jack A., Ted Robert Gurr, Barbara Harff, Marc Levy, Monty G. Marshall, Robert H. Bates, David L. Epstein, Colin H. Kahl, Pamela T. Surko, John C. Ulfeder, Jr., and Alan N. Unger. 2000. State Failure Task Force: Phase III Findings. McLean, VA: Science Applications International Corporation.

Goldstone, J. A., T. R. Gurr, B. Harff, M. Levy, M. G. Marshall, R. Bates, D. Epstein, C. Kahl, M. Woodward, P. T. Surko, and A. N. Unger. 2002. State Failure Task Force Report: Phase III Findings. McLean, VA: Science Applications International Corporation.

Goodwin, Jeff. 1994. “Toward a New Sociology of Revolutions.” Theory and Society 23 (6): 731–766.

Goodwin, Jeff. 1997. “State-Centered Approaches to Social Revolutions.” In Theorizing Revolutions, ed. John Foran. London and New York: Routledge, 11–37.

Goodwin, Jeff. 2001a. No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Goodwin, Jeff. 2001b. “Is the Age of Revolution Over?” In Revolution: International Dimensions, ed. Mark Katz. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 272–283.

Goodwin, Jeff. 2011. “Why We Were Surprised (Again) by the Arab Spring.” Swiss Political Science Review 17: 452–456.

Goodwin, Jeff and John Foran. 1992. “A Theory of Third World Revolutions: Iran, Nicaragua, and El Salvador.” Critical Sociology 19 (April): 3–27.

Goodwin, Jeff and James Jasper. 1999. “Caught in a Winding, Snarling Vine: The Structural Bias of Political Process Theory.” Sociological Forum 14 (March): 27–54.

Goodwin, Jeff and Theda Skocpol. 1989. “Explaining Revolutions in the Contemporary Third World.” Politics & Society 17 (4): 489–509.Gopin, Marc. 2000. Between Eden and Armageddon: The Future of World Religions, Violence, and Peacemaking. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gould, Roger V. 1995. Insurgent Identities: Class, Community, and Protest in Paris from 1848 to the Commune. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Gould, Roger V. 2003. Collision of Wills: How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Grabosky, P. and M. Stohl. 2010. Crime and Terrorism. London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Grant, P. R. and R. Brown. 1995. “From Ethnocentrism to Collective Protest: Responses to Relative Deprivation and Threats to Social Identity.” Social Psychology Quarterly 58 (3): 195–212.

Grim, Brian J. 2012. “Religion, Law and Social Conflict in the 21st Century: Findings from Sociological Research.” Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 1 (1): 249–271.

Grim, Brian and Roger Finke. 2007. “Religious Persecution in Cross-National Context: Clashing Civilizations or Regulated Religious Economies?” American Sociological Review 72 (August): 633–658.

Grim, Brian and Roger Finke. 2011. The Price of Freedom Denied: Religious Persecution and Conflict in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Cambridge University Press.Gros, Jean-Germain. 1996. “Toward a Taxonomy of Failed States in the New World Order: decaying Somalia, Liberia, Rwanda, and Haiti.” Third World Quarterly 17: 455–471.

Grzymala-Busse, Anna. 2012. “Why Comparative Politics Should Take Religion (More) Seriously.” Annual Review of Political Science 15: 421–442.

Guha-Sapir, Debby, Femke Vos, Regina Below, and Sylvain Ponserre. 2011. Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2010: The Numbers and Trends. Brussels: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), Université catholique de Louvain. www.cred.be/sites/default/files/ADSR_2010.pdf (accessed December 9, 2016).

Guidry, J. A., Michael D. Kennedy, and Mayer N. Zald. 2000. Globalizations and Social Movements. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.

Gupta, Dipak K. 2012. “The World After 9/11: What Have We Learned?” India Quarterly 68 (1): 1–16.

Gurney, J. N. and K. J. Tierney. 1982. “Relative Deprivation and Social Movements: A Critical Look at Twenty Years of Theory and Research.” Sociological Quarterly 23: 33–47.

Gurr, Ted Robert. 1968. “A Causal Model of Civil Strife: A Comparative Analysis Using New Indices.” American Political Science Review 62 (04): 1104–1124.

Gurr, Ted R. 1970. Why Men Rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Gurr, Ted Robert. 1974. “Persistence and Change in Political Systems, 1800–1971.” American Political Science Review 68 (December): 1482–1504.

Gurr, Ted Robert. 1976. Rogues, Rebels, and Reformers: A Political History of Urban Crime and Conflict. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Gurr, T. R., ed. 1980. Handbook of Political Conflict: Theory and Research. New York: Free Press.

Gurr, Ted Robert. 1981. “Historical Trends in Violent Crime: A Critical Review of the Evidence.” Crime and Justice 3: 295–353.

Gurr, T. R. 1985. “On the Political Consequences of Scarcity and Economic Decline.” International Studies Quarterly 26 (March): 51–75.

Gurr, Ted. 1986a. “The Political Origins of State Violence and Terror.” In Government Violence and Repression, ed. M. Stohl and G. Lopez. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 45–72.

Gurr, T. R. 1986b. “Persisting Patterns of Repression and Rebellion: Foundations for a General Theory of Political Coercion.” In Persistent Patterns and Emergent Structures in a Waning Century, ed. M. P. Karns. New York: Praeger, 149–168.

Gurr, Ted. 1988. “Empirical Research on Political Terrorism: The State of the Art and How It Might Be Improved.” In Current Perspectives on Political Terrorism, ed. R. Slater and M. Stohl. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 115–154.

Gurr, Ted Robert. 1989. “Historical Trends in Violent Crime: Europe and the United States.” In Violence in America, Vol. 1, The History of Crime, ed. T. R. Gurr. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 21–54.

Gurr, Ted Robert. 1993a. Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflict. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press.

Gurr, T. R. 1993b. “Why Minorities Rebel: A Global Analysis of Communal Mobilization and Conflict Since 1945.” International Political Science Review/Revue internationale de science politique 14 (2): 161–201.

Gurr, T. R. 1994. “Peoples against States: Ethnopolitical Conflict and the Changing World System.” International Studies Quarterly 38 (3): 347–377.

Gurr, Ted R. 2000. Peoples versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press.

Gurr, T. R. 2010. Why Men Rebel: Fortieth Anniversary Edition. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.

Gurr, T. R. 2012. “Some Observations on Resistance and Revolution in Contemporary Africa.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 47 (3): 279–290.

Gurr, T. R. 2015. Political Rebellion: Causes, Outcomes, and Alternatives. London and New York: Routledge.

Gurr, Ted. n.d. “The Polity Project.” Center for Systemic Peace. www.systemicpeace.org/polityproject.html (accessed December 9, 2016).

Gurr, Ted Robert and Pamela L. Burke. 2000. “The Indigenous Peoples of Bolivia: Mobilization.” In Peoples Versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century, ed. Ted Robert Gurr. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press, 178–182.

Gurr, Ted Robert and Barbara Harff. 1994. Ethnic Conflict in World Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Gurr, Ted Robert and Will Moore. 1997. “Ethnopolitical Rebellion: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 1980s with Risk Assessments for the 1990s.” American Journal of Political Science 41 (4): 1079–1103.

Gurr, Ted, with Charles Ruttenberg. 1967. “Research, Monograph No. 28.” The Conditions of Civil Violence: First Tests of a Casual Model. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Center of International Studies.

Gurr, Ted, with Charles Ruttenberg. 1969. Cross-national Studies of Civil Violence. Washington, DC: American University, Center for Research in Social Systems.

Gurr, Ted R. and James Scarritt. 1989. “Minorities at Risk: A Global Survey.” Human Rights Quarterly 11 (3): 375–405.

Gurr, Ted Robert, Peter N. Grabosky, and Richard C. Hula. 1977. The Politics of Crime and Conflict: A Comparative History of Four Cities. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

Gurr, Ted Robert, Monty G. Marshall, and Deepa Khosla. 2000. Peace and Conflict 2001: A Global Survey of Armed Conflicts, Self-Determination Movements, and Democracy. College Park, MD: Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland.

Gurr, Ted Robert, Mark Woodward, and Monty G. Marshall. 2005. “Forecasting Instability: Are Ethnic War and Muslim Country Models Different?” PITF Phase V Findings Report presented at the annual convention of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, September 3, 2005.

Haas, M. 2007. “Deconstructing the Democratic Peace,” in International Relations Theory, ed. M. Haas. New York: Norton, 127–148.

Hale, Henry E. 2005. “Regime Cycles: Democracy, Autocracy, and Revolution in Post-Soviet Eurasia.” World Politics 58 (01): 133–165.

Hale, Henry E. 2013. “Regime Change Cascades: What We Have Learned from the 1848 Revolutions to the 2011 Arab Uprisings.” Annual Review of Political Science 16 (1): 331–353.

Hall, T. D. and J. V. Fenelon. 2004. “The Futures of Indigenous Peoples: 9–11 and the Trajectory of Indigenous Survival and Resistance.” Journal of World-Systems Research 10 (1): 153–197.

Halliday, Fred. 1999. Revolution and World Politics: The Rise and Fall of the Sixth Great Power. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Halpern, Manfred. 1964. “Toward Further Modernization of the Study of New Nations.” World Politics 17 (1): 157–181.

Hamilton, Lawrence and James Hamilton. 1983. “Dynamics of Terrorism.” International Studies Quarterly 27 (1): 299–305.

Harbom, Lotta, Stina Högbladh, and Peter Wallensteen. 2006. “Armed Conflict and Peace Agreements.” Journal of Peace Research 43 (5): 617–631.

Harcourt, Bernard. 2011. “An Institutionalization Effect: The Impact of Mental Hospitalization and Imprisonment on Homicide and Imprisonment on Homicide in the United States, 1934–2001.” Journal of Legal Studies 40: 39–83.

Hardin, Russell. 2002. “The Crippled Epistemology of Extremism.” In Political Extremism and Rationality, ed. Albert Breton, Giangliugi Galeotti, Pierre Salmon, and Ronald Wintrobe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3–22.

Harff, B. 1984. Genocide and Human Rights: International Legal and Political Issues. Denver, CO: University of Denver Monograph Series in World Affairs.

Harff, B. 1986. “Genocide and State Terrorism.” In The Yearbook of State Violence and State Terrorism, ed. G. Lopez and M. Stohl. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 165–187.

Harff, B. 1987. “The Etiology of Genocide.” In Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death, ed. M. N. Dobkowski and I. Wallimann. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 41–59.

Harff, B. 1992. “Recognizing Genocides and Politicides.” In Genocide Watch, ed. H. Fein. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 27–41.

Harff, B. 1994. “A Theoretical Model of Genocides and Politicides.” In Early Warning of Communal Conflicts and Humanitarian Crises, special issue of Journal of Ethno-Development 4 (July): 25–30.

Harff, B. 1996. “Early Warning of Potential Genocide: The Cases of Rwanda, Burundi, Bosnia, and Abkhazia.” In Early Warning of Communal Conflicts and Genocide: Linking Empirical Research to International Responses, ed. T. R. Gurr and B. Harff. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, Monograph Series on Governance and Conflict Resolution, 47–78.

Harff, B. 2001. “Could Humanitarian Crises Have Been Anticipated in Burundi, Rwanda, and Zaire? A Comparative Study of Anticipatory Indicators.” In Journeys Through Conflict: Narratives and Lessons, ed. H. Alker, T. R. Gurr, and K. Rupesinghe. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 81–102.

Harff, Barbara. 2003. “No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1955.” American Political Science Review 97: 57–73.

Harff, B. 2005. “Assessing Risks of Genocide and Politicide.” In Peace and Conflict 2005: A Global Survey of Armed Conflicts, Self-Determination Movements, and Democracy, ed. M. G. Marshall and T. R. Gurr. College Park, MD: Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, 57–62.

Harff, Barbara and T. R. Gurr. 1987. “Genocides and Politicides since 1945: Evidence and Anticipation.” Special Issue, Internet of the Holocaust and Genocide 13, December 1–8.

Harff, B. and T. R. Gurr. 1988. “Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases since 1945.” International Studies Quarterly 37: 359–371.

Harff, B. and T. R. Gurr. 1989. “Victims of the State: Genocide, Politicide and Group Repression Since 1945.” International Review of Victimology 1 (1): 23–41.

Harff, B. and T. R. Gurr. 1998. “Systematic Early Warning of Humanitarian Emergencies.” Journal of Peace Research 35: 551–579.

Harff, B. and T. R. Gurr. 2003. Ethnic Conflict in World Politics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Harff, B. and D. Kader. 1991. “Bibliography of Law and Genocide.” In Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review, Vol. II, ed. I. W. Charny. New York: Facts on File, 154–172.

Harff, B. and P. Surko. 2000. “Accelerators of Genocide and Politicide: Postdictive Tests of an Early Warning Model for Ten Recent Cases.” McLean, VA: Science Applications International Corporation, report prepared for the CIA Office of Transnational Issues, March.

Harff, B., with T. R. Gurr and A. Unger. 1999. “Preconditions of Genocide and Politicide: 1955–1998.” McLean, VA: Science Applications International Corporation, report prepared for the State Failure Task Force, July.

Hasenclever, Andreas and Volker Rittberger. 2000. “Does Religion Make a Difference? Theoretical Approaches to the Impact of Faith on Political Conflict.” Millennium 29 (3): 641–674.

Hastings, Justin V. 2009. “Geographies of State Failure and Sophistication in Maritime Piracy Hijackings.” Political Geography 28 (4): 213–223.

Hegre, Håvard. 2004. “The Limits of the Liberal Peace.” PhD dissertation, University of Oslo.

Hegre, Håvard and Nicholas Sambanis. 2006. “Sensitivity Analysis of Empirical Results on Civil War Onset.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (4): 508–535.

Hegre, Håvard, Tanja Ellingsen, Scott Gates, and Nils Petter Gleditsch. 2001. “Toward Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816–1992.” American Political Science Review 95: 33–48.

Hegre, Håvard, Joachim Karlsen, Håvard M. Nygård, Henrik Urdal, and Håvard Strand. 2013. “Predicting Armed Conflict, 2011–2050.” International Studies Quarterly 55 (2): 1–21.

Hehir, Aidan. 2007. “The Myth of the Failed State and the War on Terror: A Challenge to Conventional Wisdom.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 1: 307–332.

Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research. 2014. Conflict Barometer, 2014. www.hiik.de/en/konfliktbarometer/pdf/ConflictBarometer_2014.pdf (accessed February 5, 2017).

Held, D. and A. McGrew. 2002. Globalization/Anti-Globalization. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Helman, Gerald B. and Steven R. Ratner. 1992. “Saving Failed States.” Foreign Policy 89 (Winter 1992–93): 3–20.

Henderson, C. 1991. “Conditions Affecting the Use of Political Repression.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 35: 120–142.

Henderson, Errol A. 1997. “Culture or Contiguity: Ethnic Conflict, the Similarity of States, and the Onset of War, 1820–1989.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 41 (5): 649–668.

Henderson, Errol A. 1998. “The Democratic Peace Through the Lens of Culture, 1820–1989.” International Studies Quarterly 42 (3): 461–484.

Henderson, Errol A. 2002. “Testing the Clash of Civilizations Thesis in Light of Democratic Peace Claims.” Paper presented at the International Studies Association 43rd annual conference in New Orleans.

Henderson, Errol and J. David Singer. 2000. “Civil War in the Post-Colonial World,1946–92.” Journal of Peace Research 37 (May): 275–299.

Henderson, Errol A. and Richard Tucker. 2001. “Clear and Present Strangers: The Clash of Civilizations and International Conflict” International Studies Quarterly 45 (2): 317–338.

Hendrix, Cullen. 2010. “Measuring State Capacity: Theoretical and Empirical Implications for the Study of Civil Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research 47 (May): 273–285.

Hendrix, Cullen S. and Sarah M. Glaser. 2007. “Trends and Triggers: Climate, Climate Change and Civil Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Political Geography 26 (6): 695–715.

Hendrix, Cullen S. and Idean Salehyan. 2012. “Climate Change, Rainfall, and Social Conflict in Africa.” Journal of Peace Research 49 (1): 35–50.

Henne, Peter S. 2012a. “The Ancient Fire: Religion and Suicide Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 24 (1): 38–60.

Henne, Peter S. 2012b. “The Two Swords: Religion–State Connections and Interstate Disputes.” Journal of Peace Research 49 (6): 753–768.

Henrikson, Alan K. 2002. “Distance and Foreign Policy: A Political Geography Approach.” International Political Science Review 23 (4): 437–466.

Hensel, Paul R. 2000. “Territory: Theory and Evidence on Geography and Conflict.” In What Do We Know About War? ed. John A. Vasquez. Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield, 57–84.

Heston, A., R. Summers, and B. Aten. 2011. “The Penn World Table 7.0. from Center for International Comparisons of Production, Income and Prices at the University of Pennsylvania.” http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/php_site/pwt_index.php (accessed December 9, 2016).

Heywood, L. M. 2000. Contested Power in Angola, 1840s to the Present. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.

Hibbs, D. A. 1973. Mass Political Violence: A Cross-national Causal Analysis. New York: Wiley.

Hidalgo, F. Daniel, Suresh Naidu, Simeon Nichter, and Neal Richardson. 2010. “Economic Determinants of Land Invasions.” Review of Economics and Statistics 92 (3): 505–523.

Hillmann, Henning. 2008. “Mediation in Multiple Networks: Elite Mobilization before the English Civil War.” American Sociological Review 73 (3): 426–454.

Ho, Tin-Yun. 2004. “Mass Movement: Indigenous Turmoil in Bolivia.” Harvard International Review 26: 10–12.

Hoffman, Bruce. 1995. “‘Holy Terror’: The Implications of Terrorism Motivated by a Religious Imperative.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 18 (4): 271–284.

Hoffman, B. 2008. “The Myth of Grass-Roots. Terrorism: Why Osama bin Laden Still. Matters.” Foreign Affairs 87: 133–138.

Hofstede, Geert. 1980/1984. Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values (1st and 2nd edns). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Hofstede, Geert. 1997. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Hojman, David. 2004. “Inequality, Unemployment and Crime in Latin American Cities.” Crime Law and Social Change 41: 33–51.

Hojman, David. 2011. Personal communication. February 10, 2011.

Holsti, K. J. 1991. Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order 1648–1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Homer-Dixon, Thomas F. 1999. Environment, Scarcity and Violence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Horowitz, Donald. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Horowitz, I. L. 1982. Taking Lives: Genocide and State Power, 3rd edn. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

Hovannisian, R. G., ed. 1986. The Armenian Genocide in Perspective. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

Howard, Tiffiany O. 2008. “Revisiting State Failure: Developing a Causal Model of State Failure Based upon Theoretical Insight.” Civil Wars 10 (2): 125–146.

Howard, Tiffiany. 2014. Failed States and the Origins of Terrorism and Political Violence: A Contemporary Analysis of State Failure as a Root Cause of Terrorism and Political Violence. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

Hsiang, Solomon M., Marshall Burke, and Edward Miguel. 2013. “Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict.” Science 341 (6151), 1235367.

Hsiang, Solomon M., Kyle C. Meng, and Mark A. Cane. 2011. “Civil Conflicts are Associated with the Global Climate.” Nature 476: 438–441.

Human Security Centre. 2005. Human Security Report 2005: War and Peace in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press.

Human Security Report Project. 2010. Human Security Report 2009/2010. The Causes of Peace and the Shrinking Costs of War. Vancouver, BC: Human Security Report Project, Simon Fraser University. www.hsrgroup.org/human-security-reports/20092010/text.aspx (accessed December 9, 2016).

Hung, Ho-fung. 2011. Protest with Chinese Characteristics: Demonstrations, Riots, and Petitions in the Mid-Qing Dynasty. New York: Columbia University Press.

Huntington, Samuel. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Huntington, S. 1993. “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs Summer: 22–49.

Huntington, Samuel P. 1996. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Iannaccone, Laurence R. and Eli Berman. 2006. “Religious Extremism: The Good, the Bad, and the Deadly.” Public Choice 128: 109–129.

IBIS Denmark. 2004–2007. “Bolivia: Thematic Programme on the Development of a Critical and Proposal-making Capacity for the Exercise of Collective Rights in Bolivia.” IBIS Denmark report. www.ibis.dk/uk/index.php?menuId=17&upId=5 (accessed February 10, 2005).

Ikle, Fred C. 1971. Every War Must End. New York: Columbia University Press.

IPCC. 2001. Third Assessment Report. Climate Change 2001. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml (accessed December 9, 2016).

IPCC. 2007. Fourth Assessment Report. Climate Change 2007. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml (accessed December 9, 2016).

IPCC. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. IPCC Working Group II Contribution to AR5. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. www.ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/ (accessed December 9, 2016).

Iqbal, Zaryab and Harvey Starr. 2016. State Failure in the Modern World. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Jackson, Robert H. 1987. “Quasi-States, Dual Regimes, and Neoclassical Theory: International Jurisprudence and the Third World.” International Organization 41: 519–549.

Jackson, Robert and Carl Rosberg. 1982. “Why Africa’s Weak State’s Persist: The Empirical and Juridicial Statehood.” World Politics 35 (October): 1–24.

Jaggers, Keith and Ted R. Gurr. 1995. “Tracking Democracy’s Third Wave with the Polity III Data.” Journal of Peace Research 32 (4): 469–482.

Jefferson, Thomas. 1776. “The Declaration of Independence.” www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/ (accessed May 25, 2011).

Jenkins, J. Craig. 1985. The Politics of Insurgency: The Farm Workers Movement in the 1960s. New York: Columbia University Press.

Jenkins, J. Craig and Bert Klandermans. 1995. The Politics of Social Protest: Comparative Perspectives on States and Social Movements. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Jenkins, J. Craig, Charles Lewis Taylor, Marianne Abbott, Thomas V. Maher, and Lindsey Peterson. 2012. The World Handbook of Political Indicators IV: An Introduction and Codebook. Columbus, OH: Center for International Security Studies, The Ohio State University.

Jensen, Peter Sandholt and Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. 2009. “Rain, Growth, and Civil War: The Importance of Location.” Defence and Peace Economics 20 (5): 359–372.

Jervis, Robert. 2002. “An Interim Assessment of September 11: What Has Changed and What Has Not?” Political Science Quarterly 117 (1): 37–54.

Johnson, Chalmers. 1966. Revolutionary Change. New York: Little, Brown.

Johnson, David T. 2007. “Crime and Punishment in Contemporary Japan.” Crime and Justice, a Review of Research 36 (1): 371–423.

Johnson, David T. 2008. “The Homicide Drop in Postwar Japan.” Homicide Studies 12: 146–160.

Johnson, Eric A. 2011. “Criminal Justice, Coercion and Consent in a ‘Totalitarian’ Society: The Case of National Socialist Germany.” British Journal of Criminology 51: 599–614.

Johnstone, Naomi and Isak Svensson. 2013. “Belligerents and Believers: Exploring Faith-Based Mediation in Internal Armed Conflicts.” Politics, Religion, & Ideology 14 (4): 557–579.

Jones, Adam. 2011. Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction, 2nd edn. London and New York: Routledge.

Jones, Benjamin F. and Benjamin A. Ohlken. 2010. “Climate Shocks and Exports.” American Economic Review 100 (2): 454–459.

Joo, Hee-Jong and Ok Kyung Yoon. 2008. “Social Context of Crime Control: A Time Series Analysis of the Korean Case, 1973–2002.” Crime Law and Social Change 50: 375–394.

Josephus, Flavius. 2009. The Life of Flavius Josephus. Auckland: The Floating Press.

Josephus, Flavius. 2011. The Wars of the Jews or History of the Destruction of Jerusalem. www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2850/pg2850.txt (accessed May 25, 2011).

Joyce, Ted. 2009. “A Simple Test of Abortion and Crime.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 91 (1): 112–123.

Juergensmeyer, Mark. 1993. The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State. Berkeley, CA: University of California.

Juergensmeyer, Mark. 1997. “Terror Mandated by God.” Terrorism and Political Violence 9 (2): 16–23.

Juergensmeyer, Mark. 2000. Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Juergensmeyer, Mark. 2008. Global Rebellion: Religious Challengers to the Secular State, from Christian Militias to Al Qaeda. Berkeley, CA: University of California.

Juergensmeyer, Mark, Margo Kitts, and Michael Jerryson, eds. 2013. The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Violence. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kabalkova, Vendulka. 2000. “Towards an International Political Theology.” Millennium 29 (3): 675–704.

Kandil, Hazem. 2011. “Islamizing Egypt? Testing the Limits of Gramscian Counterhegemonic Strategies.” Theory and Society 40 (1): 37–62.

Kaplan, Jeffrey. 2002. “Introduction.” Terrorism and Political Violence 14 (1): 1–24.

Kaplan, Robert. 1994. “The Coming Anarchy.” The Atlantic 273 (2): 44–76.

Karstedt, Susanne. 2003. “Legacies of a Culture of Inequality: The Janus-Face of Crime in Post-Communist Societies.” Crime, Law and Social Change 40: 295–320.

Karstedt, Susanne. 2006. “Democracy, Values and Violence: Paradoxes, Tensions, and Comparative Advantages of Liberal Inclusion.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605: 50–81.

Karstedt, Susanne. 2008. “Democratization and Violence: European and International Perspectives.” In Cultures of Violence: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Sophie Body-Gendrot and Peter Spierenburg. Amsterdam: Kluwer, 205–226.

Katz, Mark. 1997. Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Kavanagh, Jennifer. 2011. “Selection, Availability and Opportunity: The Conditional Effect of Poverty of Terrorist Group Participation.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 55:106–132.

Keck, Margaret and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Keefer, Philip. 2008. “Insurgency and Credible Commitment in Autocracies and Democracies.” The World Bank Economic Review 22 (January): 33–61.

Keeley, Lawrence H. 1996. War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Keller, Edmond. 1995. “Remaking the Ethiopian State.” In Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority, ed. William I. Zartman. London: Lynne Rienner, 125–142.

Kelley, Colin P., Shahrzad Mohtadi, Mark A. Cane, Richard Seager, and Yochanan Kushnir. 2015. “Climate Change in the Fertile Crescent and Implications of the Recent Syrian Drought.” PNAS 112 (11): 3241–3246.

Kennedy, Paul. 1988. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. New York: Random House.

Kestnbaum, Meyer. 2002. “Citizen-Soldiers, National Service and the Mass Army: The Birth of Conscription in Revolutionary Europe and North America.” Comparative Social Research 20: 117–144.

Kettell, Steven. 2012. “Has Political Science Ignored Religion.” PS: Political Science and Politics 45 (1): 93–100.

Kevane, Michael and Leslie Gray. 2008. “Darfur: Rainfall and Conflict.” Environmental Research Letters 3 (3): 1–10.

Khadiagala, Gilbert M. 1995. “State Collapse and Reconstruction in Uganda.” In Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority, ed. William I. Zartman. London: Lynne Rienner, 33–48.

Khawaja, Marwan. 1994. “Resource Mobilization, Hardship, and Popular Collective Action in the West Bank.” Social Forces 73 (1): 191–220.

Kiernan, B. 1996. The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Kim, Nam Kyu. 2014. “Revisiting Economic Shocks and Coups.” Journal of Conflict Resolution DOI: 10.1177/0022002713520531.

Kimball, Charles. 2002. When Religion Becomes Evil. San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins.

Kimmel, Michael S. 1990. Revolution: A Sociological Interpretation. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

King, G. and L. Zeng. 2001a. “Improving Forecasting of State Failure.” World Politics 53 (July): 623–658.

King, G. and L. Zeng. 2001b. “Logistic Regression in Rare Events Data.” Political Analysis 9 (Spring): 137–163.

King, Gary, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verba. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Kirby, Andrew and Michael D. Ward. 1987. “Space, Spatiality, Geography, Territoriality, Context, Locale – and Conflict.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago.

Kirkpatrick, David. 2012. “On Eve of Egyptian Vote, Crime Wave is the Main Topic” The New York Times, May 22. www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/world/middleeast/on-eve-of-historic-egyptian-vote-crime-wave-is-the-main-topic.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1&hpw (accessed June 6, 2016).

Kirtman, Ben, S. B. Power, J. A. Adedoyin, G. J. Boer, R. Bojariu, I. Camilloni, F. J. Doblas-Reyes, A. M. Fiore, M. Kimoto, G. A. Meehl, M. Prather, A. Sarr, C. Schär, R. Sutton, G. J. van Oldenborgh, G. Vecchi and H. J. Wang. 2013. “Near-term Climate Change: Projections and Predictability.” In Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P. M. Midgley. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kittikhoun, Anoulak. 2009. “Small State, Big Revolution: Geography and the Revolution in Laos.” Theory and Society 38 (1): 25–55.

Klein, James P., Gary Goertz, and Paul Diehl. 2008. “The Peace Scale: Conceptualizing and Operationalizing Non-Rivalry and Peace.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 25 (1): 67–80.

Klomp, Joergen and Erwin Bulte. 2013. “Climate Change, Weather Shocks, and Violent Conflict: A Critical Look at the Evidence.” Agricultural Economics 44: 63–78.

Klotz, A. 1995. “Norms Reconstituting Interests: Global Racial Equality and U.S. Sanctions Against South Africa.” International Organization 49 (3): 451–478.

Koesel, Karrie J. 2014. Region and Authoritarianism: Cooperation, Conflict, and the Consequences. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Koopmans, Ruud. 1999. “Political. Opportunities. Structure. Some Splitting to Balance the Lumping.” Sociological Forum 14 (March): 93–105.

Koubi, Vally, Thomas Bernauer, Anna Kalbhenn, and Gabriele Spilker. 2012. “Climate Variability, Economic Growth, and Civil Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research 49 (1): 113–127.

Kowalewski, David. 1991. “Core Intervention and Periphery Revolution, 1821–1985.” The American Journal of Sociology 97 (1): 70–95.

Kowert, P. and J. Legro. 1996. “Norms, Identity, and their Limits: A Theoretical Reprise.” In The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, ed. Peter J. Katzenstein. New York: Columbia University Press, 451–497.

Krahn, Harvey, Timothy F. Hartnagel, and John W. Gartrell. 1986. “Income Inequality and Homicide Rates: Cross-National Data and Criminological Theories.” Criminology 24 (2): 269–296.

Krain, M. 1997. “State-sponsored Mass Murder: The Onset and Severity of Genocides and Politicides.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 41: 331–360.

Krain, Matthew and Marissa Edson Myers. 1997. “Democracy and Civil War: A Note on the Democratic Peace Proposition.” International Interactions 23: 109–118.

Krasner, Stephen and Carl Pascual. 2005. “Addressing State Failure.” Foreign Affairs 84: 153–163.

Kreijen, Gerard. 2004. State Failure, Sovereignty and Effectiveness. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.

Kreutz, Joakim. 2010. “How and When Armed Conflicts End: Introducing the UCDP Conflict Termination Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research 47 (2): 243–250.

Krieger, Tim and Daniel Meierrieks. 2010. “Terrorism in the Worlds of Welfare Capitalism.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 54: 902–939.

Krinsky, John and Ann Mische. 2013. “Formations and Formalisms: Charles Tilly and the Paradox of the Actor.” Annual Review of Sociology 39: 1–26.

Krohn, Marvin D. 1976. “Inequality Unemployment and Crime: A Cross-National Analysis.” The Sociological Quarterly 17 (3): 303–313.

Krueger, Alan B. and Jitka Malečková. 2003. “Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 17: 119–144.

Kugler, Jacek, Michelle Benson, Andy Hira, and Dmitry Panasevich. 1997. “Political Capacity and Violence.” In Political Capacity and Economic Behavior, ed. Jacek Kugler and Marina Arbetman. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 221–234.

Kuper, L. 1981. Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Kuper, L. 1985. The Prevention of Genocide. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Kuran, Timur. 1988. “Collective Choice and Preference Evolution: The Role of Cognitive Limitations.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Western Economic Association, Los Angeles.

Kuran, Timur. 1995. “The Inevitability of Future Revolutionary Surprises.” The American Journal of Sociology 100 (6): 1528–1551.

Kurtenbach, Sabine. 2002. “The Central American Conflict System: External Players and Changing Violence.” In Fragile Peace: State Failure, Violence and Development in Crisis Regions, ed. Tobias Debiel and Axel Klein. London: Zed Books, 129–145.

Kurzman, Charles. 2004a. “The Poststructuralist Consensus in Social Movement Theory.” In Rethinking Social Movements: Structure, Meaning and Emotion, ed. Jeff Goodwin and James M. Jasper. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 111–120.

Kurzman, Charles. 2004b. The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Kurzman, Charles. 2008. Democracy Denied, 1905–1915: Intellectuals and the Fate of Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Kuzio, Taras. 2006. “Civil Society, Youth and Societal Mobilization in Democratic Revolutions.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39 (3): 365–386.

Kydd, Andrew and Barbara F. Walter. 2002. “Sabotaging the Peace: The Politics of Extremist Violence.” International Organization 56 (2): 263–296.

Lacina, Bethany and N. P. Gleditsch. 2005. “Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths.” European Journal of Population 21 (2–3): 145–166.

Lacina, Bethany, Nils Petter Gleditsch, and Bruce Russett. 2006. “The Declining Risk of Death in Battle.” International Studies Quarterly 50 (3): 673–680.

LaFree, Gary. 1998. Losing Legitimacy: Street Crime and the Decline of Social Institutions in America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

LaFree, Gary and Kriss Drass. 1997. “African American Collective Action and Crime, 1955–91.” Social Forces 75 (3): 835–853.

LaFree, Gary and Nancy A. Morris. 2012. “Does Legitimacy Matter? Attitudes Toward Anti-American Violence in Egypt, Morocco, and Indonesia.” Crime & Delinquency 58: 689–719.

LaFree, Gary and Andromachi Tseloni. 2006. “Democracy and Crime: A Multilevel Analysis of Homicide Trends in Forty-Four Countries, 1950–2000.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605: 25–49.

LaFree, Gary, Karise Curtis, and David McDowall. 2015. “How Effective are Our Better Angels? Assessing Country-level Declines in Homicide Since 1950.” European Journal of Criminology 12 (4): 482–504.

Laitin, D. D. 1998. Identity in Formation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Laitin, David D. 2002. “Comparative Politics: The State of the Subdiscipline.” In Political Science: State of the Discipline, ed. I. Katznelson and H. Milner. New York: Norton, 630–659.

Lamb, Robert D. 2007. “Ungoverned Areas and Threats from Safe Havens.” Final report of the Ungoverned Areas Project to the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy. http://cissm.umd.edu/papers/files/ugash_report_final.pdf (accessed September 27, 2012).

Landis, Steven T. 2014. “Temperature Seasonality and Violent Conflict: The Inconsistencies of a Warming Planet.” Journal of Peace Research 51 (5): 603–618.

Laqueur, Walter. 2003. No End to War: Terrorism in the Twenty-first Century. New York: Continuum.

Laustsen, Carsten B. and Ole Waever. 2000. “In Defense of Religion: Sacred Referent Objects for Securitization.” Millennium 29 (3): 705–739.

Lawson, George. 2005. Negotiated Revolutions: The Czech Republic, South Africa and Chile. Farnham: Ashgate.

Lawson, George. 2015. “Revolutions and the International.” Theory and Society 44 (4): 299–319.

Lawson, George. n.d. Anatomies of Revolution.

Lawson, Stephanie. 2003. “Fiji: Divided and Weak.” In State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror, ed. Robert I. Rotberg. Washington, DC: Brookings, 265–288.

Lear, Jody B., Diane Macaulay, and Meredith Reid Sarkees. 2012. Advancing Peace Research. Leaving Traces, Selected Articles by J. David Singer. London and New York: Routledge.

Lecoutere, Els, Ben D’Exelle, and Bjorn van Campenhout. 2010. Who Engages in Water Scarcity Conflicts? A Field Experiment with Irrigators in Semi-arid Africa. MICROCON Research Working Papers 31. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/27374/ (accessed December 10, 2016).

Lemarchand, Rene. 2003. “The Democratic Republic of the Congo: From Failure to Potential Reconstruction.” In State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror, ed. Robert I. Rotberg. Washington, DC: Brookings, 29–69.

Lemay-Hebert, Nicolas. 2009. “Statebuilding without Nation-building? Legitimacy, State Failure and the Limits of the Institutionalist Approach.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 3: 21–45.

Lemieux, Anthony F. and Victor Asal. 2010. “Grievance, Social Dominance Orientation, and Authoritarianism in the Choice and Justification of Terror versus Protest.” Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 3 (3): 194–207.

Lemkin, R. 1944. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Leng, Russel J., and Patrick M. Regan. 2002. “Social and Political Cultural Effects on the Outcome of Mediation in Militarized Interstate Disputes.” International Studies Quarterly 47 (3): 431–452.

Leon, David A., Laurent Chenet, Vladimir M. Shkolnikov, Sergei Zakharov, Judith Shapiro, Galina Rakhmanova, Sergei Vassin, and Martin McKee. 1997. “Huge Variation in Russian Mortality Rates 1984–94: Artefact, Alcohol, or What?” The Lancet 350: (9075): 383–388.

Levitsky, Steven and Lucan A. Way. 2006. “Linkage versus Leverage. Rethinking the International Dimension of Regime Change.” Comparative Politics 38 (4): 379–400.

Levy, Jack S. 1992. “Prospect Theory and International Relations: Theoretical Applications and Analytical Problems.” Political Psychology 13 (2): 283–310.

Levy, Jack S. 2000. “Loss Aversion, Framing Effects, and International Conflict: Perspectives from Prospect Theory.” In Handbook of War Studies II, ed. Manus I. Midlarsky. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 193–221.

Lichbach, Mark I. 1984. “An Economic Theory of Governability: Choosing Policy and Optimizing Performance.” Public Choice 44 (2): 307–337.

Lichbach, Mark I. 1987. “Deterrence or Escalation? The Puzzle of Aggregate Studies of Repression and Dissent.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 31 (2): 266–297.

Lichbach, Mark I. 1992. “Nobody Cites Nobody Else: Mathematical Models of Domestic Political Conflict.” Defence Economics 3 (4): 259–358.

Lichbach, Mark Irving. 1995. The Rebel’s Dilemma. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Lichbach, M. I. 1998. “Contending Theories of Contentious Politics and the Structure-Action Problem of Social Order.” Annual Review of Political Science 1: 401–424.

Lichbach, Mark Irving. 2009. “Internal Wars Over the State: Rational Choice Institutionalism and Contentious Politics.” In Handbook of War Studies III: The Intrastate Dimension, ed. Manus I. Midlarsky. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 100–154.

Lichbach, Mark Irving. 2013. Democratic Theory and Causal Methodology in Comparative Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Lichbach, Mark Irving and Ted Robert Gurr. 1981. “The Conflict Process: A Formal Model.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 25 (1): 3–29.

Lieberman, Evan S. 2005. “Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research.” American Political Science Review 99 (03): 435–452.

Lifton, Robert J. 1986. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books.

Lindberg, Jo-Eystein. 2008. “Running on Faith: A Quantitative Analysis of the Effect of Religious Cleavages on the Intensity and Duration of Internal Conflicts.” MA thesis, University of Oslo.

Lindekilde, Lasse. 2014. “Abu Shaubul’s Study Group: Small Group Dynamics and Radicalisation.” Paper presented at the Group Attitude Formation, Group Centrism and Extremism Workshop Orfalea Center for Global and International Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara.

Lindgren, Mathilda, Peter Wallensteen, and Helena Grusell. 2010. Meeting the New Challenges to International Mediation. www.pcr.uu.se/digitalAssets/66/c_66310‐l_1‐k_ucdp_paper_6.pdf(accessedDecember10, 2016).

Linke, Andrew M., John O’Loughlin, J. Terrence McCabe, Jaroslav Tir, and Frank D. W. Witmer. 2015. “Rainfall Variability and Violence in Rural Kenya: Investigating the Effects of Drought and the Role of Local Institutions with Survey Data.” Global Environmental Change 34: 35–47.

Lipset, Seymour Martin and Stein Rokkan. 1967. Political Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives. Toronto: Free Press.

Liu, Jianhong. 2005. “Crime Patterns During the Market Transition in China.” British Journal of Criminology 45, 613–633.

Lodhi, Abdul and Charles Tilly. 1973. “Urbanization, Crime, and Collective Violence in Nineteenth-Century France.” American Journal of Sociology 79: 196–218.

Logan, Justin and Christopher Preble. 2008. “Fixing Failed States: A Cure Worse than the Disease?” Harvard International Review 29 (4): 62–66.

Lowenkopf, Martin. 1995. “Liberia: Putting the State Back Together.” In Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority, ed. William I. Zartman. London: Lynne Rienner, 91–108.

Lum, C., L. W. Kennedy, and A. Sherley. 2006. “Are Counter-terrorism Strategies Effective? The Results of the Campbell Systematic Review on Counter-terrorism Evaluation Research.” Journal of Experimental Criminology 2: 489. DOI:10.1007/s11292-006-9020-y.

Lupel, L. and E. Verdeja, eds. 2013. Responding to Genocide: The Politics of International Action. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner for the International Peace Institute.

Lyons, Terrence and Ahmed Ismail Samatar. 1995. Somalia: State Collapse, Multilateral Intervention and Strategies. Washington, DC: Brookings.

McAdam, Doug. 1983. “Tactical Innovation and the Pace of Insurgency.” American Sociological Review 48 (6): 735–754.

McAdam, Doug. 2010. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

McAdam, Doug., John McCarthy, and Mayer Zald, eds. 1996. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunity, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Frames. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

McAdam, Douglas, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly. 2001. The Dynamics of Contention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

McCall, Patricia and Kenneth Land. 2004. “Trends in Environmental Lead Exposure and Troubled Youth, 1060–1995: An Age-period-cohort-characteristic Analysis.” Social Science Research 33: 339–359.

McCarthy, John D. and Mayer Zald. 1977. “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 82 (6): 1212–1241.

McCauley, Clark and Sophia Moskalenko. 2011. Friction: How Radicalization Happens to Them and Us. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Mace, J. 1988. “Genocide in the USSR.” In Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review, Vol. 1, ed. I. W. Charny. New York: Facts on File, 116–137.

McFaul, Michael. 2007. “Ukraine Imports Democracy: External Influences on the Orange Revolution.” International Security 32 (2): 45–83.

MacIntyre, A. 1971. “Is a Science of Comparative Politics Possible?” In Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy, ed. A. MacIntyre. London: Duckworth, 260–279.

Mack, Andrew. 2002. “Civil War: Academic Research and the Policy Community.” Journal of Peace Research 39 (September): 515–525.

McTernan, Oliver. 2003. Violence in God’s Name: Religion in an Age of Conflict. New York: Orbis.

Mahoney, James. 2004. “Comparative-Historical Methodology.” Annual Review of Sociology 30: 81–101.

Mahoney, James and Gary Goertz. 2004. “The Possibility Principle: Choosing Negative Cases in Comparative Research.” American Political Science Review 98 (4): 653–669.

Mahoney, James and Dietrich Rueschemeyer. 2003. Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Mann, Michael. 1986. The Sources of Social Power, Volume 1: A History of Power from the Beginning to 1760 AD. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Mann, Michael. 1993. The Sources of Social Power, Volume 2: The Rise of Classes and Nation-States, 1760–1914. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Mann, Michael. 2001. “Democracy and Ethnic War.” In Democracy, Liberalism and War: Rethinking the Democratic Peace Debates, ed. Tarak Borkawi and Mark Laffey. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 67–85.

Mann, Michael. 2013. The Sources of Social Power: Volume 4, Globalizations, 1945–2011. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Maoz, Zeev and Nasrin Abdolali. 1989. “Regime Types and International Conflict, 1816–1976.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 33: 3–35.

Maoz, Zeev and Bruce M. Russett. 1993. “Normative and Structural Causes of the Democratic Peace.” American Political Science Review 87: 624–638.

MAR Project (Minorities at Risk). 2004. “About MAR.” www.mar.umd.edu/definition.asp (accessed July 1, 2016).

Markoff, John. 1988. “Allies and Opponents: Nobility and Third Estate in the Spring of 1789.” American Sociological Review 53 (4): 477–496.

Markoff, John. 1996. Waves of Democracy: Social Movements and Political Change. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

Marshall, Monty G. 1999. Third World War: System, Process, and Conflict Dynamics. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Marshall, Monty G. 2004. Conflict Trends in Africa, 1946–2004: A Macro-Comparative Perspective. Report prepared for the Africa Conflict Prevention Pool, UK Government. www.systemicpeace.org/vlibrary/ConflictTrendsAfrica2006.pdf (accessed September 9, 2015).

Marshall, Monty G. 2008. Fragility, Instability, and the Failure of States: Assessing Sources of Systemic Risk. Center for Preventive Action Working Paper Series. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.

Marshall, Monty G. 2011. “The New Democratic Order: Complex Social-Systems and the ‘Invisible Hand’.” Harvard International Review 33 (1): 95–106.

Marshall, Monty G. 2014. Managing Complexity in Modern Societal-Systems, Volume 1: Structuration. Video series. Eliot Elzinga, videographer. Center for Systemic Peace. www.systemicpeace.org/videobook.html (accessed September 8, 2015).

Marshall, Monty G. 2016. Managing Complexity in Modern Societal-Systems, Volume 2: Problemation. Video series. Eliot Elzinga, videographer. Center for Systemic Peace. www.systemicpeace.org/videobook.html (accessed February 2, 2017).

Marshall, Monty G. and Benjamin R. Cole. 2008a. “Global Report on Conflict, Governance and State Fragility 2008.” Foreign Policy Bulletin (Winter): 1–19.

Marshall, Monty G. and Benjamin R. Cole. 2008b. “A Macrocomparative Analysis of the Problem of Factionalism in Emerging Democracies.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA, August 28.

Marshall, Monty G. and Benjamin R. Cole. 2009. Global Report 2009: Conflict, Governance and State Fragility. Vienna, VA: Center for Systemic Peace and Fairfax, VA: George Mason University.

Marshall, Monty G. and Benjamin R. Cole. 2010. Global Report 2011: Conflict, Governance and State Fragility. Vienna, VA: Center for Systemic Peace.

Marshall, Monty G. and Benjamin R. Cole. 2014. Global Report 2014: Conflict, Governance and State Fragility. Vienna, VA: Center for Systemic Peace.

Marshall, Monty G. and Jack A. Goldstone. 2007. “Global Report on Conflict, Governance and State Fragility 2007: Gauging System Performance and Fragility in the Globalization Era.” Foreign Policy Bulletin (Winter): 1–19.

Marshall, Monty G. and Ted Robert Gurr. 2003. Peace and Conflict 2003. College Park MD: Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland.

Marshall, Monty G. and Ted Robert Gurr. 2005. Peace and Conflict 2005. College Park MD: Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland

Marshall, M. G. and K. Jaggers. 2002. Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2002: Dataset Users Manual. College Park, MD: University of Maryland.

Marshall, Monty G., Keith Jaggers, and Ted R. Gurr. 2006. “Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2013.” www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm (accessed September 8, 2015).

Marshall, Monty G., Keith Jaggers, and Ted Robert Gurr. 2015. “Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2014.” Dataset Users Manual and Electronic Database. Center for Systemic Peace. http://systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html (accessed September 8, 2015).

Martin, David A. 1978. A General Theory of Secularization. Oxford: Blackwell.

Martin, Pamela L. 2003. The Globalization of Contentious Politics: The Amazonian Indigenous Rights Movement. New York: Routledge.

Martin, Pamela L. 2011. “Pay to Preserve: The Global Politics of Ecuador’s Yasuní-ITT Proposal.” International Development Policy 2. http://poldev.revues.org/770 (accessed December 10, 2016).

Martin, Pamela L. 2015. “Leaving Oil Under the Amazon: The Yasuní ITT Initiative as a Post-Petroleum Model?” In Ending the Fossil Fuel Era, ed. Thomas Princen, Jack Manno, and Pamela L. Martin. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. DOI:10.7551/mitpress/9780262028806.003.0005.

Marty, Martin E. and R. Scott Appleby. 1991. The Fundamentalism Project, 5 vols. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Marty, Martin E and R. Scott Appleby, eds. 1993. Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Marx, Karl. 1852. “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte.” www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/18th-brumaire/ch01.htm (accessed May 25, 2011).

Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels. 1848. Manifesto of the Communist Party. Marxists Internet Archive. www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm#007 (accessed December 10, 2016).

Mason, David. 1990. “Dynamics of Revolutionary Change: Indigenous Factors.” In Revolution and the Third World, ed. Barry Shutz and Robert Slater. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 30–53.

Mason, David and Dale Krane. 1989. “The Political Economy of Death Squads.” International Studies Quarterly 33 (June): 175–198.

Mason, David, Joseph Weingarten, and Patrick Fett. 1999. “Win, Lose or Draw: Predicting Outcomes of Civil Wars.” Political Research Quarterly 52 (June): 239–268.

Maystadt, Jean-Francois and Olivier Ecker. 2014. “Extreme Weather and Civil War: Does Drought Fuel Conflict in Somalia through :Livestock Price Shocks?” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 96 (4): 1157–1182.

Maystadt, Jean-François, Margherita Calderone, and Liangzhi You. 2015. “Local Warming and Violent Conflict in North and South Sudan.” Journal of Economic Geography 15 (5): 649–671.

Mehlum, Halvor, Edward Miguel, and Ragnar Torvik. 2006. “Poverty and Crime in 19th Century Germany.” Journal of Urban Economics 59: 370–388.

Meier, Patrick, Doug Bond, and Joe Bond. 2007. “Environmental Influences on Pastoral Conflict in the Horn of Africa.” Political Geography 26 (6): 716–735.

Meierding, Emily. 2013. “Climate Change and Conflict: Avoiding Small Talk about the Weather.” International Studies Review 15 (2): 185–203.

Melander, Erik. 2005a. “Gender Equality and Intrastate Armed Conflict.” International Studies Quarterly 49 (4): 695–714.

Melander, Erik. 2005b. “Political Gender Equality and State Human Rights Abuse.” Journal of Peace Research 42 (2): 149–166.

Melander, Erik, Frida Möller, and Magnus Öberg. 2009. “Managing Intrastate Low-intensity Armed Conflict 1993–2004: A New Dataset.” International Interactions 35 (2): 1–28.

Melson, R. 1992. Revolution and Genocide. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Melucci, A. 1988. “Getting Involved: Identity and Mobilization in Social Movements.” In International Social Movement Research, vol. 1, ed. B. Landermans, H. Kriesi, and S. Tarrow. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 329–348.

Menkhaus, Ken. 2007a. “Governance without Government in Somalia: Spoilers, State Building, and the Politics of Coping.” International Security 31 (3): 74–106.

Menkhaus, Ken. 2007b. “Terrorist Activities in Ungoverned Spaces: Evidence and Observations from the Horn of Africa.” Paper prepared for the “Southern Africa and International Terrorism” workshop.

http://thebrenthurstfoundation.org/Files/terror_talks/Terrorist%20Activities%20in%20Ungoverned%20Spaces.pdf (accessed September 27, 2012).

Merari, Ariel. 1991. “Academic Research and Government Policy on Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 3: 88–102.

Merari, Ariel. 2010. Driven to Death: Psychological and Social Aspects of Suicide Terrorism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Merriman, Roger Bigelow. 1938. Six Contemporaneous Revolutions. New York: Jackson, Son and Company.

Messner, Steven. 1980. “Income Inequality and Murder Rates – Some Cross-National Findings.” Comparative Social Research 3: 185–198.

Messner, Steven, Jianhong Liu, and Susanne Karstedt. 2008. “Economic Reform and Crime in Contemporary China: Paradoxes of a Planned Transition.” In Urban China in Transition, ed. J. Logan. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 271–293.

Meyer, David. 1999. “Tending the Vineyard: Cultivating Political Process Research.” Sociological Forum 14 (1): 79–92.

Meyer, David. 2004. “Protest and Political Opportunity.” Annual Review of Sociology 30: 125–145.

Meyer, David and Debra Minkoff. 2004. “Conceptualizing Political Opportunity.” Social Forces 82 (June): 1457–1492.

Mickolus, Edward, Todd Sandler, Jean Murdock, and Peter Flemming. 2002. International Terrorism: Attributes of Terrorist Events Data Codebook. Dunn Loring, VA: Vinyard Software.

Midlarsky, Manus I. 1990. “Systemic Wars and Dyadic Wars: No Single Theory.” International Interactions 16 (3): 171–181.

Midlarsky, Manus I., ed. 2009. Handbook of War Studies III. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Mielke, Howard and Sammy Zahran. 2012. “The Urban Rise and Fall of Air Lead (Pb) and the Latent Surge and Retreat of Societal Violence.” Environment International 43: 48–55.

Migdal, Joel. 1988. Strong Societies, Weak States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Miguel, Edward. 2005. “Poverty and Witch Killing.” Review of Economic Studies 72 (4): 1153–1172.

Miguel, Edward and Shanker Satyanath. 2011. “Re-examining Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3 (4): 228–232.

Miguel, Edward, Sebastian Saiegh, and Shanker Satayanath. 2011. “Civil War Exposure and Violence.” Economics and Politics 23 (1): 59–73.

Miguel, Edward, Shanker Satyanath, and Ernest Sergenti. 2004. “Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: An Instrumental Variables Approach.” Journal of Political Economy 112 (4): 725–753.

Mincheva, L. and T. R. Gurr. 2013. Crime–Terror Alliances and the State: Ethnonationalist and Islamist Challenges to Regional Security. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.

Mintz, A. 1993. “The Decision to Attack Iraq: A Noncompensatory Theory of Decision Making.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 37 (4): 595–618.

Mintz, Alex and Karl DeRouen. 2010. Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mintz, Alex and Nehemiah Geva. 1997. “The Poliheuristic Theory of Foreign Policy Decision Making.” In Decision Making on War and Peace, ed. N. Geva and A. Mintz. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 81–101.

Mittelman, J. H., ed. 1996. Globalization: Critical Reflections. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner.

Mjøs, Ole Danbolt. 2007. Award ceremony speech by the Chair of the Norwegian Nobel Committee for the IPCC and Al Gore, Oslo, December 10. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2007/presentation-speech.html (accessed December 10, 2016).

Moaddel, Mansoor. 2002. Jordanian Exceptionalism: A Comparative Analysis of State-Religion Relationships in Egypt, Iran, Jordan, and Syria. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Moe, Terry M. 1988. The Organization of Interests: Incentives and the Internal Dynamics of Political Interest Groups. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Moghadam, Valerie M. 1995. “Gender and Revolutionary Transformation: Iran 1979 and East Central Europe 1989.” Gender & Society 9 (3): 328–358.

Moore, Barrington. 1966. Social Origins of Democracy and Dictatorship: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Cambridge, MA: Beacon.

Moore, Will H. 2000. “A Substitution Model of Government Coercion.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 44 (1): 107–127.

Morgan, T. Clifton and Glenn Palmer. 2000. “A Model of Foreign Policy Substitutability: Selecting the Right Tools for the Jobs.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 44 (1): 11–32.

Mortimore, Michael. 1998. Roots in the African Dust: Sustaining the Sub-Saharan Drylands. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Most, Benjamin A. and Harvey Starr. 1980. “Diffusion, Reinforcement, Geo-politics and the Spread of War.” American Political Science Review 74 (4): 932–946.

Most, Benjamin A. and Harvey Starr. 1989. Inquiry, Logic and International Politics. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.

Muchlinski, David. 2014. “Grievances and Opportunities: Religious Violence across Political Regimes.” Politics & Religion 7 (4).

Mueller, John. 1989. The Retreat from Doomsday? The Obsolescence of Major War. New York: Basic Books.

Muller, Edward N. 1985a. “Dependent Economic Development, Aid Dependence on the United States, and Democratic Breakdown in the Third World.” International Studies Quarterly 29 (4): 445–469.

Muller, Edward. 1985b. “Income Inequality, Regime Repressiveness, and Political Violence.” American Sociological Review 50 (February): 47–61.

Muller, Edward N. 1988. “Democracy, Economic Development, and Income Inequality.” American Sociological Review 53 (1): 50–68.

Muller, Edward and Mitchell Seligson. 1987. “Inequality and Insurgency.” American Political Science Review 81 (June): 425–451.

Muller, Edward and Erich Weede. 1990. “Cross-National Variations in Political Violence: A Rational Actor Approach.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 34 (December): 624–651.

Murer, J. S. 2012. “Ethnic Conflict: An Overview of Analyzing and Framing Communal Conflicts from Comparative Perspectives.” Terrorism and Political Violence 24 (4): 561–580.

Napoleoni, L. 2005. Terror Incorporated: Tracing the Dollars Behind the Terror Networks. New York: Seven Stories Press.

Nardin, Terry. 1971. Violence and the State: A Critique of Empirical Political Theory. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Professional Papers in Comparative Politics.

Nardulli, Peter F., Buddy Peyton, and Joseph Bajjalieh. 2014. “Climate Change and Civil Unrest: The Impact of Rapid-onset Disasters.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59 (2): 310–335.

National Intelligence Council. 2004. Mapping the Global Future: Report of the National Intelligence Council’s 2010 Project. www.dni.gov/files/documents/Global%20Trends_Mapping%20the%20Global%20Future%202020%20Project.pdf (accessed December 13, 2016).

Nekrich, A. M. 1978. The Punished Peoples: The Deportation and Fate of Soviet Minorities at the End of the Second World War, trans. George Saunders. New York: Norton.

Nel, Philip and Marjolein Righarts. 2008. “Natural Disasters and the Risk of Violent Civil Conflict.” International Studies Quarterly 52 (1): 159–185.

Nepstad, Sharon Erickson. 2011. Nonviolent Revolutions: Civil Resistance in the Late 20th Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Nevin, Rick. 2000. “How Lead Exposure Relates to Temporal Changes in IQ, Violent Crime, and Unwed Pregnancy.” Environmental Research 83 (1): 1–22.

Nevin, Rick. 2007. “Understanding International Crime Trends: The Legacy of Preschool Lead Exposure.” Environmental Research 104: 315–336.

Newman, Edward. 2006. “Exploring the ‘Root Causes’ of Terrorism.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 29: 749–772.

Newman, Edward. 2007. “Weak States, State Failure and Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 19 (4): 463–488.

Nicholls, Robert J. and Christopher Small. 2002. “Improved Estimates of Coastal Population and Exposure to Hazards.” Eos Transactions, American Geophysical Union 83 (28): 301–305.

Nicholls, Robert J. and Richard S. J. Tol. 2006. “Impacts and Responses to Sea-level Rise: A Global Analysis of the SRES Scenarios over the 21st Century.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 361 (1841): 1073–1095.

Nivette, Amy. 2011. “Cross-national Predictors of Crime: A Meta-Analysis.” Homicide Studies 15 (2): 103–131.

Nivette, Amy and Manuel Eisner. 2013. “Do Legitimate Polities Have Fewer Homicides? A Cross-National Analysis.” Homicide Studies 17 (1): 3–26.

Norrell, Brenda. 2004. “Ecuador Hosts Indigenous Summit.” Latin American Information Agency. www.alainet.org/en/active/6561 (accessed December 23, 2016).

Nyheim, David. 2009. “The DAC Network on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation & The DAC Fragile States Group Joint Session.” Paris: OECD.

Oakes, Amy. 2012. Diversionary War: Domestic Unrest and International Conflict. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Obama, Barack H. 2009. Remarks by the president at United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon’s climate change summit 22 September. New York: United Nations. www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-un-secretary-general-ban-ki-moons-climate-change-summit (accessed December 12, 2016).

Obama, Barack H. 2010. The National Security Strategy. http://nssarchive.us/national-security-strategy-2010/ (accessed February 7, 2017).

Öberg, Magnus and Erik Melander. 2009. “Autocracy, Bureaucracy and Civil War.” Paper presented at the 5th ECPR General Conference, Potsdam, September 10–12.

Öberg, Magnus and Margareta Sollenberg. 2011. “Gathering Conflict Information Using News Resources.” In Understanding Peace Research: Methods and Challenges, ed. Kristine Höglund and Magnus Öberg. London and New York: Routledge, 47–53.

Oberschall, Anthony. 1978. “Theories of Social Conflict.” American Review of Sociology 4: 291–315.

Oberschall, A. 2007. Conflict and Peace Building in Divided Societies. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.

O’Brien, Sean P. 2010. “Crisis Early Warning and Decision Support: Contemporary Approaches and Thoughts on Future Research.” International Studies Review 12 (1): 87–104.

OECD. 2007. Fragile States: Policy Commitment and Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations. www.oecd.org/dac/governance-peace/conflictfragilityandresilience/principlesforgoodinternationalengagementinfragilestates.htm (accessed December 13, 2016).

O’Loughlin, John, Andrew M. Linke, and Frank D. W. Witmer. 2014. “Effects of Temperature and Precipitation Variability on the Risk of Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1980–2012.” PNAS 111 (47): 16712–16717.

O’Loughlin, John, Frank D. W. Witmer, Andrew M. Linke, Arlene Laing, Andrew Gettelman, and Jimy Dudhia. 2012. “Climate Variability and Conflict Risk in East Africa, 1990–2009.” PNAS 109 (45): 18344–18349.

Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Olzak, Susan. 2011. “Does Globalization Breed Ethnic Discontent?” Journal of Conflict Resolution 55 (1): 3–32.

Omelicheva, Mariya Y. 2011. “Natural Disasters: Triggers of Political Instability?” International Interactions 37 (4): 441–465.

Opp, Karl-Dieter. 2009. Theories of Political Protest and Social Movements. London: Routledge.

Organski, A. F. K. and Jacek Kugler. 1980. The War Ledger. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Osa, Maryjane. 2003. Solidarity and Contention: Networks of Polish Opposition. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Paige, Jeffery M. 1975. Agrarian Revolution. New York: Free Press.

Palmer, Glenn, ed. 2000. Special issue “Foreign Policy Substitutability: Models and Application.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 44 (1).

Pape, Robert A. 2005. Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. New York: Random House.

Pape, R. A. and J. K. Feldman. 2012. Cutting the Fuse: The Explosion of Global Suicide Terrorism and How to Stop It. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press for the Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism.

Paris, Roland. 2011. “Academic Research and Policymaking on Fragile States.” International Studies Review 13: 58–71.

Park, Won-Kyu. 1992. “Trends in Crime Rates in Postwar Japan: A Structural Perspective.” PhD dissertation, Florida State University.

Park, Won-Kyu. 2006. Trends in Crime Rates in Postwar Japan: A Structural Perspective. Law and Political Science Series of the University of Kitakyushu, 20. Iwateken: Kuniaki Tachibana, Shinzansha.

Parsa, Misagh. 2000. States, Ideologies, and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of Iran, Nicaragua, and the Philippines. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Password, F. 2007. “The Iraq War and Agenda Setting.” Foreign Policy Analysis 3 (1): 1–23.

Patrick, Stewart. 2006. “Weak States and Global Threats: Fact or Fiction?” The Washington Quarterly 29 (2): 27–53.

Patrick, Stewart. 2007. “‘Failed’ States and Global Security: Empirical Questions and Policy Dilemmas.” International Studies Review 9: 644–662.

Patrick, Stewart. 2011. Weak Links: Fragile States, Global Threats, and International Security. New York: Oxford University Press.

Pausewang, Siegfried. 2004. Democracy and Human Security in Ethiopia: Structural Reasons for the Failure of Democratization. SAIIA Report No. 45. Johannesburg: South African Institute for International Affairs. www.cmi.no/publications/publication/?1862=democracy-and-human-security-in-ethiopia (accessed June 24, 2011).

Pearce, Susanna. 2005. “Religious Rage: A Quantitative Analysis of the Intensity of Religious Conflicts.” Terrorism and Political Violence 17: 333–352.

People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Public Security, Research Unit Number Five. 1997. “The Basic Character of Crime in Contemporary China.” Trans. Michael Dutton. The China Quarterly 149: 160–177.

Perch-Nielsen, Sabine, Michèle B. Bättig, and Dieter Imboden. 2008. “Exploring the Link between Climate Change and Migration.” Climatic Change 91 (3–4): 375–393.

Pettee, George Sawyer. 1938. The Process of Revolution. New York: Harper & Brothers.

Pettersson, Therese and Peter Wallensteen. 2015. “Armed Conflict, 1946–2014.” Journal of Peace Research 52 (4): 536–550.

Pfaff, Steven. 2006. Exit-Voice Dynamics and the Collapse of East Germany: The Crisis of Leninism and the Revolution of 1989. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Philpott, Daniel. 2000. “The Religious Roots of Modern International Relations.” World Politics 52 (2): 206–245.

Philpott, Daniel. 2001. Revolutions in Sovereignty: How Ideas Shaped Modern International Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Philpott, Daniel. 2002. “The Challenge of September 11 to Secularism in International Relations.” World Politics 55 (1): 66–95.

Piazza, James. 2008. “Incubators of Terror: Do Failed and Failing States Promote Transnational Terrorism?” International Studies Quarterly 52: 469–488.

Piazza, James. 2009. “Economic Development, Poorly Managed Political Conflict and Terrorism in India.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 32: 406–419.

Picketty, T. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

Pierson, Paul. 2003. “Big, Slow-Moving, And … Invisible: Macrosocial Processes in the Study of Comparative Politics.” In Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, ed. James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer. New York: Cambridge University Press, 177–207.

Pinker, Steven. 2011. The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. New York: Viking.

Pipes, Daniel. 2002. “A New Round of Anger and Humiliation: Islam after 9/11.” In Our Brave New World: Essays on the Impact of September 11, ed. Wladyslaw Pleszczynski. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 41–61.

Pipes, Daniel and Mimi Stillman. 2002. “The United States Government: Patron of Islam?” Middle East Quarterly 9 (1): 25–35.

Poe, Steven and Neal Tate. 1994. “Repression of Human Rights to Personal Integrity in the 1980s.” American Political Science Review 88 (December): 853–872.

Poe, Steven, C. Neal Tate, and Linda Camp Keith. 1999. “Repression of the Human Right to Personal Integrity Revisited: A Global Cross-national Study Covering the Years 1976–1993.” International Studies Quarterly 43 (2): 291–313.

Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

Powell, Jonathan M. and Clayton L. Thyne. 2011. “Global Instances of Coups from 1950 to 2010. A New Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research 48 (2): 249–259.

Power, S. 2002. A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide. New York: Basic Books.

Pridemore, William A. 2002. “Social Problems and Patterns of Juvenile Delinquency in Transitional Russia.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 39: 187–213.

Pridemore, William A. 2003a. “Measuring Homicide in Russia: A Comparison of Estimates from the Crime and Vital Statistics Reporting Systems.” Social Science and Medicine 57: 1343–1354.

Pridemore, William A. 2003b. “Demographic, Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Homicide Rates in Russia.” European Sociological Review 19 (1): 41–59.

Pridemore, William A. 2008. “A Methodological Addition to the Cross-national Empirical Literature on Social Structure and Homicide: A First Test of the Poverty-homicide Thesis.’ Criminology 46: 133–154.

Pridemore, William. 2011a. “Poverty Matters: A Reassessment of the Inequality-homicide Relationship in Cross-national Studies.” British Journal of Criminology 51 (5): 739–772.

Pridemore, William. 2011b. Personal communication, May 25.

Pridemore, William A. and Mitchell B. Chamlin. 2006. “A Time-series Analysis of the Impact of Heavy Drinking on Homicide and Suicide Mortality in Russia 1956–2002.” Addiction 101 (12): 1719–1729.

Pridemore, William A. and S.-W. Kim. 2006. “Democratization and Political Change as Threats to Collective Sentiments: Testing Durkheim in Russia.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 (1): 82–103.

Pridemore, William A. and C. L. S. Trent. 2010. “Do the Invariant Findings of Land, McCall, and Cohen Generalize Beyond the United States? A Review of the Cross-national Literature on the Structural Covariates of Homicide.” Homicide Studies 14: 296–335.

Pridemore, William A., Mitchell B. Chamlin, and J. K. Cochran. 2007. “An Interrupted Time Series Analysis of Durkheim’s Social Deregulation Thesis, The Case of the Russian Federation.” Justice Quarterly 24 (2): 271–290.

Princen, Thomas, Jack P. Manno, and Pamela L. Martin. 2015. Ending the Fossil Fuel Era. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Pruitt, Dean G. and Sung Hee Kim. 2004. Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate, and Settlement. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Prunier, G. 1995. The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide. New York: Columbia University Press.

Prunier, Gerard and Rachel Gisselquist. 2003. “The Sudan: A Successfully Failed State.” In State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror, ed. Robert I. Rotberg. Washington, DC: Brookings, 101–128.

Putnam, Robert D. 1988. “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-level Games.” International Organization 42 (3): 427–460.

Rabushka, Alvin and Kenneth Shepsle. 1972. Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability. Columbus, OH: Merrill.

Ragin, Charles C. 2008. Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Raleigh, Clionadh and Dominic Kniveton. 2012. “Come Rain or Shine: An Analysis of Conflict and Climate Variability in East Africa.” Journal of Peace Research 49 (1): 51–64.

Raleigh, Clionadh and Henrik Urdal. 2007. “Climate Change, Environmental Degradation and Armed Conflict.” Political Geography 26 (6): 674–694.

Raleigh, Clionadh, Hyun Jin Choi, and Dominic Kniveton. 2015. “The Devil is in the Details: An Investigation of the Relationships between Conflict, Food Price and Climate across Africa.” Global Environmental Change 32: 187–199.

Raleigh, Clionadh, Andrew Linke, and Havard Hegre. 2010. “Introducing ACLED – Armed Conflict Location and Event Data.” Journal of Peace Research 47 (5): 651–660.

Rapoport, Anatol. 1960. Fights, Games and Debates. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Rapoport, David C. 1984. “Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions.” American Political Science Review 78 (3): 658–677.

Rapoport, David C. 1988. “Messianic Sanctions for Terror.” Comparative Politics 20 (2): 195–213.

Rasler, Karen A. 1996. “Concessions, Repression, and Political Protest in the Iranian Revolution.” American Sociological Review 61 (1): 132–152.

Reed, Jean-Pierre and John Foran. 2002. “Political Cultures of Opposition: Exploring Idioms, Ideologies, and Revolutionary Agency in the Case of Nicaragua.” Critical Sociology 28 (3): 335–370.

Regan, Patrick M. 2000a. Civil Wars and Foreign Powers. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Regan, Patrick M. 2000b. “Substituting Policies During U.S. Interventions in Internal Conflicts: A Little of This, a Little of That.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 44 (1): 90–106.

Regan, Patrick and Errol Henderson. 2002. “Democracy, Threats and Political Repression in Developing Countries.” Third World Quarterly 23 (February): 119–136.

Regan, Patrick M. and Daniel Norton. 2005. “Greed, Grievance, and Mobilization in Civil Wars.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (3): 319–336.

Regan, Patrick M. and Peter Wallensteen. 2013. “Federal Institutions, Declarations of Independence and Civil War.” Civil Wars 15 (3): 261–280.

Reilly, David A. 2008. “The Two Level Game of Failing States: Internal and External Sources of State Failure.” The Journal of Conflict Studies 28: 17–32.

Reinhold, Theresa. 2011. “State Weakness, Irregular Warfare, and the Right to Self-Defense Post-9/11.” The American Journal of International Law 105: 244–286.

Reno, William. 2003. “Sierra Leone: Warfare in a Post-State Society.” In State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror, ed. Robert I. Rotberg. Washington, DC: Brookings, 71–100.

Reuveny, Rafael. 2007. “Climate Change-induced Migration and Violent Conflict.” Political Geography 26 (6): 656–673.

Reynal-Querol, Marta. 2002. “Ethnicity, Political Systems, and Civil Wars.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (1): 29–54.

Rice, Susan. 2003. The New National Security Strategy: Focus on Failed States. Washington, DC: Brookings. www.brookings.edu/papers/2003/02terrorism_rice.aspx (accessed June 24, 2011).

Rice, Susan and Stewart Patrick. 2008. Index of State Weakness in the Developing World. Washington, DC: Brookings. www.Brookings.edu/reports/2008/02_weak_states_index.asp (accessed June 24, 2011).

Richardson, Lewis F. 1960. Statistics of Deadly Quarrels. Pittsburgh, PA: Boxwood Press.

Riemer, N., ed. 2000. Protection Against Genocide: Mission Impossible? Westport, CT: Praeger.

Risse, Thomas and Kathryn Sikkink. 1999. “The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices: Introduction.” In The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change, ed. Thomas Risse, Kathryn Sikkink, and Stephen C. Ropp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–38.

Roberts, A. and G. LaFree. 2004. “Explaining Japan’s Postwar Violent Crime Trends.” Criminology 42: 179–209.

Roberts, H. 2015. “The Hijackers.” London Review of Books 16 (July): 5–10.

Robison, K. K. 2010. “Unpacking the Social Origins of Terrorism: The Role of Women’s Empowerment in Reducing Terrorism.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 33 (8): 735–756.

Roeder, Oliver, Lauren-Brooke Eisen, and Julia Bowling. 2015. What Caused the Crime Decline? New York: Brennan Center for Justice, New York University.

Roeder, Philip G. 2003. “Clash of Civilizations and Escalation of Domestic Ethnopolitical Conflicts.” Comparative Political Studies 36 (5): 509–540.

Rohlfing, I. 2007. “What You See and What You Get: Pitfalls and Principles of Nested Analysis in Comparative Research.” Comparative Political Studies 41 (11): 1492–1514.

Rohter, L. 2000. “Ecuador’s Coup Alerts Region to Resurgent Military.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2000/01/30/world/ecuador-s-coup-alerts-region-to-a-resurgent-military.html (accessed December 13, 2016).

Rosenau, James N. 1990. Turbulence in World Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Rosenfeld, R. and S. Messner. 2009. “The Crime Drop in Comparative Perspective: The Impact of the Economy and Imprisonment on American and European Burglary Rates.” British Journal of Sociology 60 (3): 445–471.

Rotberg, Robert I. 2002. “The New Nature of Nation-State Failure.” Washington Quarterly 29 (3): 85–96.

Rotberg, Robert I., ed. 2003. State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror. Washington, DC: Brookings.

Rotberg, Robert I., ed. 2004. When States Fail: Causes and Consequences. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Rothschild, Joseph. 1981. Ethnopolitics: A Conceptual Framework. New York: Columbia University Press.

Rothstein, Bo. 2011. The Quality of Government. Corruption, Social Trust and Inequality in an International Perspective. Chicago, IL and London: The University of Chicago Press.

Rowhani, Pedram, Olivier Degomme, Debby Guha-Sapir, and Eric F. Lambin. 2011. “Malnutrition and Conflict in East Africa: The Impact of Resource Variability on Human Security.” Climatic Change 105 (1–2): 207–222.

Rubin, Barnett R. 2002. The Fragmentation of Afghanistan. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Ruggie, John Gerard. 1982. “International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order.” International Organization 36 (2): 379–415.

Rummel, R. J. 1995. Statistics of Democide: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations on 20th Century Genocide and Mass Murder. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Rummel, R. J. 1997a. Power Kills: Democracy as a Method of Nonviolence. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Rummel, Rudolph J. 1997b. “Is Collective Violence Correlated with Social Pluralism?” Journal of Peace Research 34 (2): 163–175.

Russell, Charles and H. Miller Bowman. 1977. “Profile of a Terrorist.” Terrorism 1 (1): 17–34.

Russett, Bruce M. 1972. “A Macroscopic View of International Politics.” In The Analysis of International Politics, ed. J. N. Rosenau, V. Davis, and M. A. East. New York: Free Press, 109–124.

Russett, Bruce. 1993. Grasping the Democratic Peace. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Russett, Bruce. 2003. “Reintegrating the Subdisciplines of International and Comparative Politics.” International Studies Review 5 (1): 9–12.

Russett, Bruce M. and John R. Oneal. 2001. Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations. New York: Norton.

Russett, Bruce, John R. Oneal, and Michalene Cox. 2000. “Clash of Civilizations, or Realism and Liberalism Deja Vu? Some Evidence.” Journal of Peace Research 37 (5): 583–608.

Ruthven, M. 2015. “Inside the Islamic State.” New York Review July 9: 74–77.

Saavedra, Luis Angel. 2011. “Indigenous Movement Strengthens its Opposition to the Government.” Latin American Press. June 2. http://lapress.org/articles.asp?art=6393 (accessed December 10, 2016).

Sageman, Marc. 2004. Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Sageman, Marc. 2008. Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Sageman, M. 2014. “The Stagnation in Terrorism Research.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26 (4): 565–580.

Sageman, Marc and Bruce Hoffman. 2008. “Does Osama Still Call the Shots?” Foreign Affairs, July–August. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64460/marc-sageman-and-bruce-hoffman/does-osama-still-call-the-shots (accessed November 4, 2014).

Said, Edward. 1979. Orientalism. New York: Vintage.

Saideman, Stephen M. 2002. “Discrimination in International Relations: Analyzing External Support for Ethnic Groups.” Journal of Peace Research 39 (1): 27–50.

Saideman, S. M. and R. W. Ayres. 2008. For Kin or Country: Xenophobia, Nationalism, and War. New York: Columbia University Press.

Saideman, Stephen, David Lanoue, Michael Compenni, and Samuel Stanton. 2002. “Democratization, Political Institutions and Ethnic Conflict.” Comparative Political Studies 35 (February): 103–129.

Saiya, Nilay and Anthony Scime. 2014. “Explaining Religious Terrorism: A Data-Mined Analysis.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 32 (5): 487–512.

Salehyan, Idean. 2008. “From Climate Change to Conflict? No Consensus Yet.” Journal of Peace Research 45 (3): 315–326.

Salehyan, Idean and Cullen S. Hendrix. 2014. “Climate Shocks and Political Violence.” Global Environmental Change 28: 239–250.

Sambanis, Nicholas. 2000. “Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War: An Empirical Critique of the Literature.” World Politics 52 (July): 437–483.

Sambanis, Nicholas. 2001. “Do Ethnic and Non-Ethnic Civil Wars have the Same Causes?” Journal of Conflict Resolution 45 (June): 259–282.

Sánchez-Cuenca, Ignacio. 2014. “Why Do We Know So Little About Terrorism?” International Interactions: Empirical and Theoretical Research in International Relations 40 (4): 590–601.

Sandler, T. and H. Lapan. 1988. “The Calculus of Dissent: An Analysis of Terrorists’ Choice of Target.” Synthese 76: 245–261.

Sanin, F. G. and E. J. Wood. 2014. “Ideology in Civil War: Instrumental Adoption and Beyond.” Journal of Peace Research 51 (2): 213–226.

Sarkees, Meredith Reid and Frank Wayman. 2010. The Resort to War. Washington, DC: CQ Press.

Savelsberg, J. 2002. “Dialectics of Norms in Modernization.” The Sociological Quarterly 43 (2): 277–305.

Savun, Burcu and Brian J. Phillips. 2009. “Democracy, Foreign Policy, and Terrorism.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 53: 878–904.

Scheffran, Jürgen, Michael Brzoska, Jasmin Kominek, P. Michael Link, and Janpeter Schilling. 2012. “Climate Change and Violent Conflict.” Science 336 (6083): 869–871.

Schelling, Thomas. 1960. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Schilling, Janpeter, Francis Opiyo, and Jürgen Scheffran. 2012. “Raiding Pastoral Livelihoods: Motives and Effects of Violent Conflict in North-western Kenya.” Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 2: 25.

Schipani, Andres. 2014a. “Bolivia’s Indigenous People Flaunt their New-found Wealth.” Financial Times, December 4. www.ft.com/content/9265426c-7594-11e4-a1a9-00144feabdc0 (accessed December 23, 2016).

Schipani, Andres. 2014b. “Wealth Distribution and Bolivia’s Boom.” Financial Times, October 14. http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2014/10/10/wealth-redistribution-and-bolivias-boom/ (accessed December 23, 2016).

Schlesselman, J. J. 1982. Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.

Schmid, A. P., ed. 2011. The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.

Schmid, A. and A. Jongman. 1988. Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories and Literature. Amsterdam: North Holland.

Schneider, Gerald, Nils Petter Gleditsch, and Sabine Carey. 2010. “Exploring the Past, Anticipating the Future: A Symposium.” International Studies Review 12 (1): 1–7.

Schock, Kurt. 1996. “A Conjunctural Model of Political Conflict: The Impact of Political Opportunity on the Relationship between Economic Inequality and Violent Political Conflict.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 40 (January): 98–133.

Schock, Kurt. 2005. Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Scholte, J. A. 2002. “Civil Society and Democracy in Global Governance.” Global Governance 8 (3): 281–306.

Schreiber, Wolfgang, ed. 2009. AKUF: Das Kriegsgeschehen 2007. Daten und Tendenzen der Kriege und bewaffneten Konflikte. Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag.

Schreiber, Wolfgang. 2010. “Kriege and bewaffnete Konflikte 2010. Ein erster Uberblick.” AKUF Analysen 9. www.wiso.uni-hamburg.de/fachbereich-

sowi/professuren/jakobeit/forschung/akuf/archiv/akuf-analysen/akuf-analysen-09-schreiber-2010.pdf (accessed December 13, 2016).

Schreiber, Wolfgang. 2011. Personal communication.

Schutz, Barry. 1995. “The Heritage of Revolution and the Struggle for Governmental Legitimacy in Mozambique.” In Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority, ed. William I. Zartman. London: Lynne Rienner, 109–124.

Sciolino, E. and Schmitt, E. 2008. “A Not Very Private Feud Over Terrorism.” New York Times, June 8. www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/weekinreview/08sciolino.html (accessed December 22, 2016).

Seidman, David and Michael Couzens. 1974. “Getting the Crime Rate Down: Political Pressure and Crime Reporting.” Law & Society Review 8 (3): 457–494.

Seiple, Chris, Dennis R. Hoover, and Pauletta Otis, eds. 2013. The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security. London: Routledge.

Selbin, Eric. 1993. Modern Latin American Revolutions. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Selbin, Eric. 2010. Revolution, Rebellion, Resistance: The Power of Story. London: Zed Books.

Seligson, Mitchell A. and Edward N. Muller. 1987. “Democratic Stability and Economic Crisis: Costa Rica, 1978–1983.” International Studies Quarterly 31 (3): 301–326.

Sewell, William H. 1985. “Ideologies and Social Revolutions: Reflections on the French Case.” The Journal of Modern History 57 (1): 57–85.

Sewell, William H. 1992. “A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation.” The American Journal of Sociology 98 (1): 1–29.

Sewell, William H. 1996. “Historical Events as Transformations of Structures: Inventing Revolution at the Bastille.” Theory and Society 25 (6): 841–881.

Shahriari, Sara. 2011. “Tensions Between Bolivian Government and Indigenous Groups Deepen.” Indian Country Media Network. December 14. https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/tensions-between-bolivian-government-and-indigenous-groups-deepen/ (accessed December 23, 2011).

Sharman, J. C. 2003. “Culture, Strategy, and State-Centered Explanations of Revolution, 1789 and 1989.” Social Science History 27 (1): 1–24.

Sharp, Gene. 2005. Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential. Boston, MA: Extending Horizons Books.

Shaw, Mark. 2002. Crime and Policing in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Shaw, M. 2013. Genocide and International Relations: Changing Patterns in the Transitions of the Late Modern World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Shaw, M. 2015. Genocide and International Relations: Changing Patterns in the Transitions of the Late Modern World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sikkink, Kathryn. 2011. The Justice Cascade. New York: Norton.

Sikkink, K., R. Sieder, L. Schjolden, and Alan Angell, eds. 2005. “The Transnational Dimension of the Judicialization of Politics in Latin America.” The Judicialization of Politics in Latin America, ed. Rachel Sieder, Line Schjolden, and Alan Angell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 263–292.

Silke, A. 2001. “The Devil You Know: Continuing Problems with Research on Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 13 (4): 1–14.

Silke, A. 2004. “An Introduction to Research on Terrorism.” In Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures, ed. A. Silke. London: Frank Cass, 1–29.

Simmel, Georg. 1950. The Sociology of Georg Simmel. Trans. and ed. Kurt Wolff. New York: Free Press.

Simon, Marc V. and Harvey Starr. 1996. “Extraction, Allocation, and the Rise and Decline of States: A Simulation Analysis of Two-level Security Management.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 40 (1): 272–297.

Simon, Marc V. and Harvey Starr. 1997. “A Two-level Analysis of War and Revolution: Simulating Response to Threat.” In Decisionmaking on War and Peace, ed. N. Geva and A. Mintz. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 131–159.

Simon, Marc V. and Harvey Starr. 2000. “Two-level Security Management and the Prospects for New Democracies.” International Studies Quarterly 44 (3): 391–422.

Simon, Marc V. and Harvey Starr. 2002. “Substitutability and the Internal–External Conflict Linkage: Modeling Policy Trade-offs Between Security, Resources, and Strategy.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston.

Siverson, Randolph M. and Harvey Starr 1991. The Diffusion of War. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Sklair, Leslie. 2002. Globalization: Capitalism and Its Alternatives, 3rd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Skocpol, T. 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Skocpol, T. 1982. “Rentier State and Shi’a Islam in the Iranian Revolution.” Theory and Society 11 (3): 265–283.

Skocpol, T. 1984. Vision and Method in Historical Sociology. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Skocpol, T. 1985. “Cultural Idioms and Political Ideologies in the Revolutionary Reconstruction of State Power: A Rejoinder to Sewell.” The Journal of Modern History 57: 265–283.

Skocpol, Theda and Margaret Somers. 1980. “The Uses of Comparative History in Macrosocial Inquiry.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 22 (2): 174–197.

Slater, Dan. 2010. Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Slater, Dan and Daniel Ziblatt. 2013. “The Enduring Indispensability of the Controlled Comparison.” Comparative Political Studies 46 (10): 1301–1327.

Slettebak, Rune T. 2012. “Don’t Blame the Weather! Climate-related Natural Disasters and Civil Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research 49 (1): 163–176.

Slettebak, Rune T. 2013. “Climate Change, Natural Disasters, and Post-disaster Unrest in India.” India Review 12 (4): 260–279.

Smelser, Neil J. 1962. Theory of Collective Behavior. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Smith, Anthony D. 1981. The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World. London: Cambridge University Press.

Smith, Anthony D. 1993. “The Ethnic Sources of Nationalism.” Survival 35 (1): 48–62.

Smith, Anthony D. 1998. Nationalism and Modernism. London: Routledge.

Smith, Anthony D. 1999. “Ethnic Election and National Destiny: Some Religious Origins of Nationalist Ideals.” Nations and Nationalism 5 (3): 331–355.

Smith, Anthony D. 2000. “The Sacred Dimension of Nationalism.” Millennium 29 (3): 791–814.

Smith, A. G., P. Suedfeld, L. G. Conway III, and D. G. Winter. 2008. “The Language of Violence: Distinguishing Terrorist from Nonterrorist Groups by Thematic Content Analysis.” Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways Toward Terrorism and Genocide 1 (2): 142–163.

Smith, Jackie and Hank Johnston. 2002. Globalization and Resistance: Transnational Dimensions of Social Movements. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Smith, M. 2015. Boko Haram: Inside Nigeria’s Unholy War. London: Tauris.

Smith, R. 1987. “Human Destructiveness and Politics: The Twentieth Century as an Age of Genocide.” In Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death, ed. I. Wallimann and M. Dobkowski. New York: Greenwood Press, 21–40.

Smith, Todd G. 2014. “Feeding Unrest: Disentangling the Causal Relationship between Food Price Shocks and Sociopolitical Conflict in Urban Africa.” Journal of Peace Research 51 (6): 679–695.

Sneyd, Lauren Q., Alexander Legwegoh, and Evan D. G. Fraser. 2013. “Food Riots: Media Perspectives on the Causes of Food Protest in Africa.” Food Security 5: 485–497.

Snow, David, E. B. Rochford, Steven Worden, and Robert Benford. 1986. “Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation.” American Sociological Review 51 (4): 464–481.

Snyder, David and Charles Tilly. 1972. “Hardship and Collective Violence in France, 1830 to 1960.” American Sociological Review 37 (5): 520–532.

Sohrabi, Nader. 1995. “Historicizing Revolutions: Constitutional Revolutions in the Ottoman Empire, Iran, and Russia, 1905–1908.” The American Journal of Sociology 100 (6): 1383–1447.

Sohrabi, Nader. 2002. “Global Waves, Local Actors: What the Young Turks Knew About Other Revolutions and Why It Mattered.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 44 (01): 45–79.

Solomon, P. 2005. “The Reform of Policing in the Russian Federation.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 38 (2): 230–240.

Sorokin, Pitirim A. 1925. The Sociology of Revolution. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott.

Sorokin, Pitirim A. 1937. Social and Cultural Dynamics, Vol. 3. New York: American Book Company.

Soysa, Indra De and Ragnhild Nordas. 2007. “Islam’s Bloody Innards? Religion and Political Terror, 1980–2000.” International Studies Quarterly 51: 927–943.

Spierenburg, Pieter. 2008. A History of Murder: Personal Violence in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Sprout, Harold and Margaret Sprout. 1956. Man-milieu Relationship Hypotheses in the Context of International Politics. Princeton, NJ: Center of International Studies, Princeton University.

Sprout, Harold and Margaret Sprout. 1969. “Environmental Factors in the Study of International Politics.” In International Politics and Foreign Policy, ed. James N. Rosenau. New York: Free Press, 41–56.

Stamatel, Janet. 2008. “Using Mortality Data to Refine our Understanding of Homicide Patterns in Select Postcommunist Countries.” Homicide Studies 12, 117–135.

Stamatel, Janet. 2009. “Correlates of National-level Homicide Variation in Post-Communist East-Central Europe.” Social Forces 87 (3): 1423–1448.

Starr, Harvey. 1994. “Revolution and War: Rethinking the Linkage between Internal and External Conflict.” Political Research Quarterly 47 (2): 481–508.

Starr, Harvey. 2003. “The Power of Place and the Future of Spatial Analysis in the Study of Conflict.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 20 (1): 1–20.

Starr, Harvey. 2005. “Territory, Proximity, and Spatiality: The Geography of International Conflict.” International Studies Review 7 (3): 387–406.

Starr, Harvey. 2006. “International Borders: What They Are, What They Mean, and Why We Should Care.” SAIS Review 26 (1): 3–10.

Starr, Harvey. 2013. On Geopolitics. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.

Starr, Harvey and Benjamin A. Most. 1976. “The Substance and Study of Borders in International Relations Research.” International Studies Quarterly 20 (4): 581–620.

Starr, Harvey and Randolph M. Siverson. 1990. “Alliances and Geopolitics.” Political Geography Quarterly 9 (3): 232–248.

Starr, Harvey and G. D. Thomas. 2002. “The ‘Nature’ of Contiguous Borders: Ease of Interaction, Salience, and the Analysis of Crisis.” International Interactions 28 (3): 213–235.

Starr, Harvey and G. D. Thomas. 2005. “The Nature of Borders and International Conflict: Revisiting Hypotheses on Territory.” International Studies Quarterly 49 (1): 123–139.

START (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism). 2013. Global Terrorism Database. www.start.umd.edu/gtd (accessed December 10, 2016).

START (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism). 2015. Background Report. Overview: Terrorism in 2014. College Park, MD: National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism.

Staub, E. 1989. The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Stephan, Maria J. and Erica Chenoweth. 2008. “Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict.” International Security 33 (1): 7–44.

Stern, Jessica. 2003. Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill. New York: HarperCollins.

Sterzel, Till, Matthias Lüdeke, Marcel Kok, Carsten Walther, Diana Sietz, Indra de Soysa, Paul Lucas, and Peter Janssen. 2014. “Armed Conflict Distribution in Global Drylands through the Lens of a Typology of Socio-ecological Vulnerability.” Regional Environmental Change 14 (4):1419–1435.

Stinchcombe, Arthur L. 1986. “Milieu and Structure Updated.” Theory and Society 15 (6): 901–914.

Stinchcombe, Arthur L. 1999. “Ending Revolutions and Building New Governments.” Annual Review of Political Science 2 (1): 49–73.

Stohl, C. and Stohl, M. 2007. “Networks of Terror: Theoretical Assumptions and Pragmatic Consequences.” Communication Theory 47 (2): 93–124.

Stohl, Michael. 1980. “The Nexus of Civil and International Conflict.” In Handbook of Political Conflict, ed. Ted Robert Gurr. New York: Free Press, 297–330.

Stohl, M. 2012. “Don’t Confuse Me with the Facts: Knowledge Claims and Terrorism.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 5 (1): 31–49.

Stotzky, Irwin. 1997. Silencing the Guns in Haiti. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Sung, H. E. 2004. “State Failure, Economic Failure, and Predatory Organized Crime: A Comparative Analysis.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 41 (2): 111–129.

Super, Gail. 2010. “The Spectacle of Crime in the New South Africa.” British Journal of Criminology 50: 165–184.

Svensson, Isak. 2007. “Fighting with Faith: Religion and Conflict Resolution in Civil Wars.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 51 (December): 930–949.

Svensson, Isak. 2013. “One God, Many Wars: Religious Dimensions of Armed Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa.” Civil Wars 15 (4): 411–430.

Tadesse, Getaw, Bernardina Algieri, Matthias Kalkuhlc, and Joachim von Braun. 2014. “Drivers and Triggers of International Food Price Spikes and Volatility.” Food Policy 47: 117–128.

Tanner, Murray Scot. 2000. “Will the State Bring You Back In? Policing and Democratization.” Comparative Politics 33 (1): 101–124.

Tarrow, Sidney. 1989. Democracy and Disorder: Protest and Politics in Italy 1965–1975. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Tarrow, Sidney. 1992. “Mentalities, Political Cultures, and Collective Action Frames: Constructing Meaning through Action.” In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. A. D. Morris and C. McClurg Mueller. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Tarrow, Sidney. 1994. Power in Movement: Social Movement, Collective Action and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Tarrow, Sidney. 1998. Power in Movements, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Tarrow, Sidney. 2005. The New Transnational Contention: Movements, States, and Internationalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Taydas, Zeynep and Dursun Peksen. 2012. “Can States Buy Peace? Social Welfare Spending and Civil Conflicts.” Journal of Peace Research 49 (2): 273–287.

Taylor, Charles and Michael Hudson. 1972. World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators, 2nd edn. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Taylor, Michael. 1989. “Structure, Culture, and Action in the Explanation of Social Change.” Politics & Society 17: 115–162.

TeleSUR. 2015. “Evo Morales: Latin America Must Struggle Against Imperialism.” December 7. www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Evo-Morales-Latin-America-Must-Struggle-Against-Imperialism-20151207-0017.html (accessed December 23, 2016).

Teorell, Jan, Sören Holmberg, and Bo Rothstein. 2008. Quality of Government Dataset, Version 7 January 2008. Göteborg: Göteborg University, Quality of Government Institute.

Tessler, Mark and Michael D. H. Robbins. 2007. “What Leads Some Ordinary Arab Men and Women to Approve of Terrorist Acts Against the United States?” Journal of Conflict Resolution 51: 305.

The Conversation. 2015. “Evo Morales Champions Indigenous Rights Abroad, but in Bolivia It’s a Different Story.” http://theconversation.com/evo-morales-champions-indigenous-rights-abroad-but-in-bolivia-its-a-different-story-38062 (accessed December 23, 2016).

Theisen, Ole Magnus. 2008. “Blood and Soil? Resource Scarcity and Internal Armed Conflict Revisited.” Journal of Peace Research 45 (6): 801–818.

Theisen, Ole Magnus. 2012. “Climate Clashes? Weather Variability, Land Pressure, and Organized Violence in Kenya 1989–2004.” Journal of Peace Research 49 (1): 81–96.

Theisen, Ole Magnus, Nils Petter Gleditsch, and Halvard Buhaug. 2013. “Is Climate Change a Driver of Armed Conflict?” Climatic Change 117 (3): 613–625.

Theisen, Ole Magnus, Helge Holtermann, and Halvard Buhaug. 2011/12. “Climate Wars? Assessing the Claim that Drought Breeds Conflict.” International Security 36 (3): 79–106.

Thies, Cameron. 2010. “On Rulers, Rebels and Revenues: State Capacity, Civil War Onset, and Primary Commodities.” Journal of Peace Research 47 (May): 321–332.

Thompson, J. L. P. 1989. “Deprivation and Political Violence in Northern Ireland, 1922–1985: A Time-Series Analysis.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 33: 676.

Tickner, Ann J. 1992. Gender in International Relations: A Feminist Perspective on Achieving Global Security. New York: Colombia University Press.

Tillema, Herbert. 1989. “Foreign Overt Military Intervention in the Nuclear Age.” Journal of Peace Research 26: 179–195.

Tilly, Charles. 1964. The Vendée. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Tilly, Charles. 1985a. “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime.” In Bringing the State Back In, ed. Peter Evens, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 169–191.

Tilly, Charles. 1985b. “Connecting Domestic and International Conflicts, Past and Present.” In Dynamic Models of International Conflict, ed. Urs Luterbacher and Michael D. Ward. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. 517–532.

Tilly, Charles. 1993. European Revolutions, 1492–1992. London: Blackwell.

Tilly, Charles. 1995. “To Explain Political Processes.” The American Journal of Sociology 100 (6): 1594–1610.

Tilly, Charles. 2003. The Politics of Collective Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Tilly, Charles. 2008. “Social Movements and National Politics.” In Social Movements: A Reader, ed. V. Ruggiero and N. Montagna. New York: Routledge, 186–200.

Tilly, Charles and Sidney Tarrow. 2006. Contentious Politics. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.

Toft, Monica Duffy. 2007. “Getting Religion? The Puzzling Case of Islam and Civil War.” International Security 31 (Spring): 97–131.

Toft, Monica Duffy. 2011. “Religion, Rationality, and Violence.” In Religion and International Relations Theory, ed. Jack Snyder. New York: Columbia University Press, 115–140.

Toft, Monica Duffy. 2012a. “Religion, Terrorism, and Civil Wars.” In Rethinking Religion and World Politics, ed. Timothy Samuel Shah, Alfred Stepan, and Monica Duffy Toft. New York: Oxford University Press, 127–148.

Toft, M. D. 2012b. “Self-Determination, Secession, and Civil War.” Terrorism and Political Violence 24 (4): 581–600.

Toft, Monica Duffy, Daniel Philpott, and Timothy Samuel Shah. 2011. God’s Century: Resurgent Religion and Global Politics. New York: Norton.

Tønnesson, Stein, Erik Melander, Elin Bjarnegård, Isak Svensson, and Susanne Schaftenaar. 2013. “The Fragile Peace in East and South East Asia.” In SIPRI Yearbook 2013. Armament, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 28–40.

Tonry, Michael and David Farrington. 2005. “Punishment and Crime Across Space and Time.” In Crime and Punishment in Western Countries 1980–1999, ed. Michael Tonry and David Farrington. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research Vol. 33. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1–40.

Totten, S. and S. Jacobs, eds. 2002. Pioneers of Genocide Studies: Confronting Mass Death in the Century of Genocide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Touraine, Alain. 1981. The Voice and the Eye: An Analysis of Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Trent, C. L. S. and William A. Pridemore. 2012. “A Review of the Cross-national Empirical Literature on Social Structure and Homicide.” In Handbook of European Homicide Research, ed. Marieke C. Liem and William A. Pridemore. New York: Springer, 111–136.

Trimberger, Ellen Kay. 1978. Revolution from Above: Military Bureaucrats and Development in Japan, Turkey, Egypt, and Peru. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

Tsebelis, George. 1990. Nested Games. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Tsebelis, George and John Sprague. 1989. “Coercion and Revolution: Variations on a Predator-Prey Model.” Mathematical and Computer Modelling 12 (4–5): 547–559.

Tseloni, Andromachi, Jen Mailley, Graham Farrell, and Nick Tilley. 2010. “Exploring the International Decline in Crime Rates.” European Journal of Criminology 7: 375–394.

Turner, Brian S. 1991. Religion and Social Theory, 2nd edn. London: Sage.

Tusicisny, Andrej. 2004. “Civilizational Conflicts: More Frequent, Longer, and Bloodier?” Journal of Peace Research 41 (4): 485–498.

Ulfelder, Jay and Michael Lustik. 2005. “Modeling Transitions to and from Democracy.” PITF Phase V Findings Report presented at the annual convention of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, September 3.

Ulfelder, Jay and Benjamin Valentino. 2008. “Assessing the Risks of State-Sponsored Mass Killings.” Social Science Research Network. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1703426orhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1703426 (accessed December 11, 2016).

UN. 2007. “Security Council Holds First-ever Debate on Impact of Climate Change on Peace Security, Hearing over 50 Speakers.” 5663rd Meeting. New York: United Nations, Department of Public Information. www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/sc9000.doc.htm (accessed December 11, 2016).

UN General Assembly. 1948. “Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. A/RES/260.” December 9. www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f0873.html (accessed February 7, 2017).

Ungerer, Jameson Lee. 2012. “Assessing the Progress of the Democratic Peace Research Program.” International Studies Review 14 (1): 1–31.

United Nations. 1945. “Charter of the United Nations. 1 UNTS XVI.” https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf (accessed February 7, 2017).

United Nations Office of the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide. n.d. “The Responsibility to Protect.” www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/adviser/responsibility.shtml (accessed September 28, 2012).

UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2006a. Why Fighting Crime Can Assist Development in Africa: Rule of Law and Protection of the Most Vulnerable. Vienna: UNODC.

UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2006b. 2006 World Drug Report. Vienna: UNODC.

US Commission on Weak States. 2003. On the Brink: Weak States and US National Security. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.

USAID. 2005a. Fragile States Strategy. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDACA999.pdf (accessed September 28, 2012).

USAID. 2005b. “State Capacity: The Dynamics of Effectiveness and Legitimacy in Government Action in Fragile States.” Working Papers on Fragile States No. 2, produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development and prepared by the IRIS Center at the University of Maryland at College Park, June.

Valentino, B. 2004. Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Van Aalst, Maarten K. 2006. “The Impacts of Climate Change on the Risk of Natural Disasters.” Disasters 30 (1): 5–18.

Van Cott, D. L. 2004. “Broadening Democracy: Latin America’s Indigenous Peoples Movements.” Current History 103 (February): 80–85.

Van den Berghe, P. L. 1981. The Ethnic Phenomenon. New York: Elsevier.

Van Dijk, Jan. 2008. The World of Crime: Breaking the Silence on Problems of Security, Justice and Development Across the World. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Van Dijk, J. J. M., J. N. van Kesteren, and P. Smit. 2008. Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective: Key Findings from the 2004–2005 ICVS and EU ICS. The Hague: Boom Legal Publishers.

van Weezel, Stijn. 2014. “Economic Shocks & Civil Conflict Onset in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1981–2010.” Defence and Peace Economics 26 (2): 153–177.

Varshney, Ashutosh. 2002. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Vasquez, John A., ed. 2000. What Do We Know About War? 1st edn. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Vasquez, John A., ed. 2012. What Do We Know About War? 2nd edn. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Vasquez, John A. and Marie T. Henehan. 2001. “Territorial Issues and the Probability of War, 1816–1992.” Journal of Peace Research 38: 123–138.

Vasquez, John A. and Paul D. Senese. 2003. “A Unified Explanation of Territorial Conflict: Testing the Impact of Sampling Bias, 1919–1992.” International Studies Quarterly 47 (2): 275–298.

Väyrynen, Raimo, ed. 2006. The Waning of Major War. Theories and Debates. London and New York: Routledge.

Victoroff, J. 2005. “The Mind of the Terrorist: A Review and Critique of Psychological Approaches.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (1): 3–42.

Vines, A. 2006. “Dousing the Flames of Resource Wars.” South African Journal of International Affairs 13 (2): 85–100.

Vision of Humanity. 2015. “The Global Peace Index.” www.visionofhumanity.org/#/page/indexes/global-peace-index (accessed December 11, 2016).

Viterna, Jocelyn S. 2006. “Pulled, Pushed, and Persuaded: Explaining Women’s Mobilization into the Salvadoran Guerrilla Army.” American Journal of Sociology 112 (1): 1–45.

von Uexkull, Nina. 2014. “Sustained Drought, Vulnerability and Civil Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Political Geography 43: 16–26.

Vreeland, James. 2008. “The Effects of Political Regime on Civil War: Unpacking Anocracy.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 52 (3): 401–425.

Walker, S. and S. C. Poe. 2002. “Does Cultural Diversity Affect Countries’ Respect for Human Rights?” Human Rights Quarterly 24: 237–263.

Wallensteen, Peter. 1973. Structure and War. On International Relations, 1920–1968. Stockholm: Rabén & Sjögren and Uppsala: The Political Science Association in Uppsala.

Wallensteen, Peter. 2011. Peace Research: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.

Wallensteen, Peter. 2012. “Future Directions in the Scientific Study of Peace and War.” In What Do We Know About War? 2nd edn, ed. John A. Vasquez. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 257–270.

Wallensteen, Peter. 2015a. Understanding Conflict Resolution, 4th edn. London: Sage.

Wallensteen, Peter. 2015b. Quality Peace: Peacebuilding, Victory and World Order. New York: Oxford University Press.

Wallensteen, Peter and Anders Bjurner, eds. 2015. Regional Organizations in Peacemaking. Challengers to the UN? London: Routledge.

Wallensteen, Peter, Karl DeRouen, Jr., Jacob Bercovitch, and Frida Möller. 2009. “Democracy and Mediation in Territorial Civil Wars in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific.” Asia Europe Journal 7 (2): 241–264.

Waller, J. 2007. Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing, 2nd edn. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1974. The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press.

Wallman, Joel and Alfred Blumstein. 2006. “After the Crime Drop.” In The Crime Drop in America, ed. Alfred Blumstein and Joel Wallman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 319–347.

Walt, Stephen. 1987. The Origins of Alliances. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Walt, Stephen M. 1996. Revolution and War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Walt, S. 2015. “What Should We Do if the Islamic State Wins?” Foreign Policy, June 10.

Walter, Barbara. 2004. “Does Conflict Beget Conflict? Explaining Recurring Civil War.” Journal of Peace Research 41 (May): 371–388.

Walton, John. 1984. Reluctant Rebels: Comparative Studies of Revolution and Underdevelopment. New York: Columbia University Press.

Waltz, Kenneth N. 1979. Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Wantchekon, Leonard. 1999. “Why do Resource Dependent Countries Have Authoritarian Governments?”

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.35.1293&rep=rep1&type=pdf (accessed December 11, 2016).

Wapner, P. 1996. Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.

Watson, Katy. 2014. “Indigenous Bolivia Begins to Shine under Morales.” BBC News. December 27. www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-29686249 (accessed December 23, 2016).

Way, Lucan. 2008. “The Real Causes of the Color Revolutions.” Journal of Democracy 19 (3): 55–69.

Wayman, F. and A. Tago 2009. “Explaining the Onset of Mass Killing, 1949–87.” Journal of Peace Research 47 (1): 3–13.

Weber, M. 1921. “Politikals Beruf.” In Gesammelte Politische Schriften. Munich, 396–450. Reprinted as “Politics as a Vocation.” 1946. In From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, ed. and trans. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. New York: Oxford University Press, 77–128.

Weinberg, Bill. 2004a. “Bolivia: Mandate or Muddle on Oil and Gas Resources?” www.americas.org/item_15806 (accessed February 10, 2005).

Weinberg, Bill. 2004b. “Bolivian Leaders Speak in Wake of Black October.” Indian Country Today, March 3.

Weinberg, Leonard B. and William L. Eubank. 1998. “Terrorism and Democracy: What Recent Events Disclose.” Terrorism and Political Violence 10 (1): 108–118.

Weinberg, Leonard, William Eubank, and Ami Pedahzur. 2002. “Characteristics of Terrorist Organizations 1910–2000.” Presented at the 25th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology in Berlin, Germany.

Weingast, Barry R. 2002. “Rational-Choice Institutionalism.” In Political Science: The State of the Discipline, ed. Ira Katznelson and Helen V. Milner. New York: Norton, 660–692.

Weiss, Herbert. 1995. “Zaire: Collapsed Society, Surviving State, Future Polity.” In Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority, ed. William I. Zartman. London: Lynne Rienner, 157–170.

Weiss, M. and H. Hassan. 2015. ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror. New York: Regan Arts.

Wentz, Richard. 1987. Why People Do Bad Things in the Name of Religion. Macon, GA: Mercer.

Werner, Suzanne, David Davis, and Bruce Bueno de Mesquita. 2003. “Dissolving Boundaries: Introduction.” International Studies Review 5 (1): 1–7.

Weyland, Kurt. 2009. “The Diffusion of Revolution: ‘1848’ in Europe and Latin America.” International Organization 63 (3): 391–423.

Weyland, Kurt. 2014. Making Waves: Democratic Contention in Europe and Latin America since the Revolutions of 1848. New York: Cambridge University Press.

White, Robert W. and Terry Falkenberg White. 1995. “Repression and the Liberal State: The Case of Northern Ireland, 1969–1972.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 39: 330.

Wickham-Crowley, Timothy. 1992. Guerillas and Revolutions in Latin America: A Comparative Study of Insurgents and Regimes since 1956. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Widner, Jennifer. 1995. “State and Statelessness in Late Twentieth-Century Africa.” Daedalus CXXIV: 136–137.

Wight, Colin. 2009. “Theorizing Terrorism: The State, Structure and History.” International Relations 23: 99–106.

Williams, Phil. 2001. “Transnational Criminal Enterprises, Conflict, and Instability.” In Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict, ed. Chester A. Crocker, Fen O. Hampson, and Pamela Aall. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 97–112.

Wilmer, Franke. 1993. The Indigenous Voice in World Politics: Since Time Immemorial. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Wilson, Bryan R. 1966. Religion in Secular Society. Baltimore, MD: Penguin.

Wilson, Bryan R. 1976. “Aspects of Secularization in the West.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 3 (4): 259–276.

Wimmer, Andreas. 2015. “Race-centrism. A Critique and a Research Agenda.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 38: 2186–2205.

Wimmer, A., L. E. Cederman, and B. Min. 2009. “Ethnic Politics and Armed Conflict: A Configurational Analysis.” American Sociological Review 74 (2): 316–337.

Wintrobe, Ronald. 1990. “The Tinpot and the Totalitarian: An Economic Theory of Dictatorship.” American Political Science Review 84 (3): 849–872.

Wischnath, Gerdis and Halvard Buhaug. 2014a. “Rice or Riots: On Food Production and Conflict Severity across India.” Political Geography 43: 6–15.

Wischnath, Gerdis and Halvard Buhaug. 2014b. “On Climate Variability and Civil War in Asia.” Climatic Change 122 (4): 709–721.

Witsenburg, Karen M. and Wario Roba Adano. 2009. “On Rain and Raids: Violent Livestock Raiding in Northern Kenya.” Civil Wars 11 (4): 514–538.

Wittebols, James. 1991. “The Politics and Coverage of Terrorism: From Media Images to Public Consciousness.” Communication Theory 3: 253–266.

Wolf, Eric R. 1969. Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century. New York: Harper & Row.

World Bank. 2016. Economic Data, Bolivia. http://data.worldbank.org/country/bolivia?view=chart (accessed December 23, 2016).

World Bank. n.d. “World Development Indicators.” http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators (accessed December 11, 2016).

Wright, J., K. Dietrich, M. Ris, R. Hornung, S. Wessel, B. Lanphear, M. Ho, and M. Rae. 2008. “Association of Prenatal and Childhood Blood Lead Concentrations with Criminal Arrests in Early Adulthood.” PLOS Medicine 5 (5): 732–740.

Wright, Quincy. 1942. A Study of War. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Wright, Quincy. 1965. A Study of War, 2nd edn. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press.

Wright, Quincy. 1968. “War: The Study of War.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, ed. David L. Sills. New York: Macmillan, 453–468.

Wyler, Liana Sun. 2008. “Weak and Failing States: Evolving Security Threats and US Policy.” In CRS Reports for Congress. Washington, DC: Library of Congress.

Yamin, Saira. 2010. “Revisiting the Discourse on State Failure: Towards a Conflict Resolution Trajectory.” PhD dissertation, School of Conflict Analysis and Resolution, George Mason University.

Yashar, Deborah. 1999. “Democracy, Indigenous Movements, and the Postliberal Challenge in Latin America.” World Politics 52 (1): 76–104.

Yeeles, Adam. 2015. “Weathering Unrest: The Ecology of Urban Social Disturbances in Africa and Asia.” Journal of Peace Research 52 (2): 158–170.

Yoon, Ok Kyung and Joo Hee-Jong. 2005. “A Contextual Analysis of Crime Rates: The Korean Case.” Crime Law and Social Change 43: 31–55.

Zartman, William I., ed. 1995a. Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority. London: Lynne Rienner.

Zartman, I. William, ed. 1995b. Elusive Peace. Negotiating an End to Civil Wars. Washington, DC: Brookings.

Zartman, I. William, ed. 2000. Traditional Cures for Modern Conflict. African Conflict ‘Medicine’. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Zelditch, Morris, Jr. 2001. “Theories of Legitimacy.” In The Psychology of Legitimacy: Emerging Perspectives on Ideology, Justice, and Intergroup Relations, ed. John T. Jost and Brenda Major. New York: Cambridge University Press, 33–53.

Ziaja, Sebastian and Javier Fabra Mata. 2010. State Fragility Indices: Potentials, Messages and Limitations. Bonn: German Development Institute.

Zimring, Franklin E. 2006. The Great American Crime Decline. New York: Oxford University Press.

Zipf, G. K. 1949. Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Zunes, Stephen. 1994. “Unarmed Insurrections against Authoritarian Governments in the Third World: A New Kind of Revolution.” Third World Quarterly 15 (3): 403–426.