states of consciousness
DESCRIPTION
States of Consciousness. Levels of Consciousness. We know that various levels exists beyond the conscious level. Mere-exposure effect Priming Blind sight. Levels of Consciousness. Conscious Level Nonconscious Level Preconscious Level Subconscious Level Unconscious Level. Sleep. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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States of Consciousness
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Levels of ConsciousnessWe know that
various levels exists beyond the conscious level.
• Mere-exposure effect
• Priming• Blind sight
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Levels of Consciousness
• Conscious Level• Nonconscious Level• Preconscious Level• Subconscious Level• Unconscious Level
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Sleep• Sleep is a state of
consciousness.• We are less aware
of our surroundings.
• Circadian Rhythm
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Sleep Cycle
• Use an EEG machine to measure stages of sleep.
• When you are the onset of sleep you experience alpha waves.
• Produces mild hallucinations, like a feeling of falling.
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Stage 1
• Kind of awake and kind of asleep.
• Only lasts a few minutes, and you usually only experience it once a night.
• Your brain produces Theta Waves.
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Stage 2
• More Theta Waves that get progressively slower.
• Begin to show sleep spindles…short bursts of rapid brain waves.Click image to see Stage Two of sleep.
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Stages 3 and 4
• Slow wave sleep.• You produce Delta
waves.• If awoken you will
be very groggy.• Vital for restoring
body’s growth hormones and good overall health.From stage 4, your brain begins to speed up and you
go to stage 3, then 2….then ……
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REM Sleep
• Rapid Eye Movement
• Often called paradoxical sleep.
• Brain is very active.• Dreams usually
occur in REM.• Body is essentially
paralyzed.• REM Rebound
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Sleep Disorders
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Insomnia
• Persistent problems falling asleep
• Effects 10% of the population
• Primary versus Secondary Insomnia
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Narcolepsy
• Suffer from sleeplessness and may fall asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate times.
• Directly into REM sleep
• Less than .001 % of population.
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Sleep Apnea• A person stops
breathing during their sleep.
• Wake up momentarily, gasps for air, then falls back asleep.
• Very common, especially in heavy males.
• Can be fatal.
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Night Terrors
• Wake up screaming and have no idea why.
• Not a nightmare.• Most common in
children (boys) between ages 2-8.
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Somnambulism
• Sleep Walking• Most often occurs
during the first few hours of sleeping and in stage 4 (deep sleep).
• If you have had night terrors, you are more likely to sleep walk when older.
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Dreams
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Freud’s Theory of Dreams
• Dreams are a roadway into our unconscious.
• Manifest Content (storyline)
• Latent Content (underlying meaning)
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Activation-Synthesis Theory
• Our Cerebral Cortex is trying to interpret random electrical activity we have while sleeping.
• That is why dreams sometimes make no sense.
• Biological Theory.
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Information-Processing Theory
• Dreams are a way to deal with the stresses of everyday life.
• We tend to dream more when we are more stressed.
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Hypnosis
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Hypnosis
• Altered state of consciousness?
• Posthypnotic suggestion
• Posthypnotic amnesia
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Hypnotic Theories
Role Theory• Hypnosis is NOT an
altered state of consciousness.
• Different people have various state of hypnotic suggestibility.
• A social phenomenon where people want to believe.
• Work better on people with richer fantasy lives.
State Theory• Hypnosis is an altered
state of consciousness.
• Dramatic health benefits
• It works for pain best.
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Dissociation Theory
• Theory by Ernest Hilgard.
• We voluntarily divide our consciousness up.
• Ice Water Experiment.
• We have a hidden observer, a level of us that is always aware.
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Drugs
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Drugs• Our brain is
protected by a layer of capillaries called the blood-brain barrier.
• The drugs that are small enough to pass through are called psychoactive drugs.
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Drugs are either….
• Agonists• Antagonists• Reuptake inhibitorsIf a drug is used often, a
tolerance is created for the drug.
Thus you need more of the drug to feel the same effect.
If you stop using a drug you can develop withdrawal symptoms.
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Stimulants• Speed up body
processes.• More powerful ones
(like cocaine) give people feelings of invincibility.
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Depressants
• Slows down body processes.
• Alcohol• Anxiolytics
(barbiturates and tranquilizers)
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Alcohol
• More than 86 billion dollars are spent annually on alcoholic beverages.
• Alcohol is involved in 60% of ALL crimes.
• Alcohol is involved in over 70% of sexually related crimes.
• Is it worth the cost?
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Hallucinogens
• Psychedelics• Causes changes in
perceptions of reality
• LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms and marijuana.
• Reverse tolerance or synergistic effect
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Opiates
• Has depressive and hallucinogenic qualities.
• Agonist for endorphins. • Derived from poppy
plant.• Morphine, heroin,
methadone and codeine.
• All these drugs cross the placental barrier….teratogens.