STATES OF MATTERSTATES OF MATTER

•The Five States of MatterThe Five States of Matter•SolidSolid

•LiquidLiquid

•GasGas

•PlasmaPlasma

•Bose-Einstein CondensateBose-Einstein Condensate

STATES OF MATTERSTATES OF MATTER

Based upon particle arrangementBased upon energy of particlesBased upon distance between particles

STATES OF MATTERSOLIDS

•Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position.

•Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. Heat

STATES OF MATTERLIQUID

Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another.

Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume. Heat

STATES OF MATTERGAS

Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.

Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Heat

Phase Properties

Phase

Particle Properties

Proximity Energy Attraction Volume Shape

Solid

Liquid

Gas

close little strong definite definite

close moderate moderate definite indefinite

far apart a lot weak indefinite indefinite

But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…

between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?

Will everything just be a gas?

STATES OF MATTERPLASMA

A plasma is an ionized gas.

A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.

Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.

STATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Tightly packed, in a regular pattern

Vibrate, but do not move from place

to place

Close together with no regular arrangement.Vibrate, move

about, and slide past each other

Well separated with no regular arrangement.

Vibrate and move freely at high

speeds

Has no definite volume or shape and is composed

of electrical charged particles

Some places where plasmas are found…

1. Flames

2. Lightning

3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to

100 nano degrees above

“Absolute Zero” (-273°C)

Will everything just be a

frozen solid?

Not Necessarily!In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert

Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures.

Einstein Bose

+

The 5th state of matter:

Bose-Einstein Condensate

Finally, in 1995 (only 11 years ago!), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time.

Ketterle and his students

In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as

individuals.

Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell

them apart!

A computer image of a Bose-Einstein Condensate

In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for

discovering Bose-Einstein condensate:

The Nobel Prize

The five states of matter:

LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES

Higher Temperature

Lower Temperature

PLASMAS

(only for low density ionized gases)

BOSE-EINSTEIN

CONDENSATE

States of Matter

The Kinetic Theory of Gases

1. All matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules, or ions).

2.They are in constant, random motion.

3.They constantly collide with each other and with the walls of their container.