The purpose of this article is to explain the static analy sis

of slug flow using Caesar II. This article will cover the

following points in brief:

Introduction

Calculation of Slug Force

Static Analy sis

Inputs Required

Assumptions

Case Study showing an example

INT RODUCT ION

Slug Flow is ty pical two phase flow where a wave is picked up periodically by the rapidly moving gas to

form a frothy slug, which passes along the pipe at a greater velocity than the average liquid velocity .

In this ty pe of flow, slugs can cause severe and, in some cases, dangerous v ibrations in piping sy stems

because of the impact of the high-velocity slugs against fittings such as bend, Tee etc.

Slug flows generate dy namic fluid forces, which may induce structural v ibration.

What is PipingAn attempt to explain process piping engineering basics in detail to help all the process piping engineering

professionals around the world.

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7 th August 201 4 want2learn Caesar II 2 Comments

Static Analysis of Slug flow: A Presentation for

Beginners

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Slug Flow

Excessive v ibration may lead to component failures due to fatigue or resonance.

Such v ibration problem may be avoided by thorough analy sis, preferably at design stage.

Two ty pes of Analy sis Methods are prevalent- o Static Analy sis and o Dy namic Analy sis

Examples of Slug flow: o Vacuum Transfer Lines o Condenser Outlet Lines o Re-boiler Return Lines o

Fired Heater outlets o Boiler Blow down lines.

SLUG FORCE

Slug force is equal to the change in momentum with respect to time. Refer the below attached figure:

Diagram Showing Slug Force Application

Use the following equations to calculate Slug Force.

Multiply the calculated value with a suitable DLF. Normally a DLF of 2.0 is common to use.

http://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Slug-Flow.jpghttp://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Diagram-Showing-Slug-Force-Application.jpg

Diagram Showing Slug Force Equation

ST AT IC ANALYSIS

INPUT S REQUIRED FOR ANALYSIS:

Stress isometrics of complete sy stem.

Line parameters such as line temperatures, pressures, fluid density , pipe material, corrosion allowance,

insulation thickness, density etc.

Parameters required for Slug force calculation like slug density or liquid density , two phase velocity etc.

Nozzle allowable if connected to equipment.

ASSUMPT IONS FOR ANALYSIS:

It is assumed that the slug is formed across the full cross section of the pipe for the maximum impact.

This configuration is least probable for vertically down word flow as no hold up is possible for

accumulation of liquid and eventual formation of slug. Hence slug force at elbows for vertically

downward flow lines are not considered.

It is assumed that the reader knows normal static analy sis of piping sy stem using Caesar II.

http://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Diagram-Showing-Slug-Force-Equation.jpg

CASE ST UDY FOR ANALYSIS:

Lets assume the shown sy stem is subjected to slug flow. The parameters for the pipe are as mentioned

below:

Pipe: A106B, 6, Sch 40

CA=3 mm

T1=100 degree C

T2=7 5 degree C

P1=15 bar

Liquid Density =950 Kg/m^3

Two phase Velocity =10.53 m/s

Stress System under consideration

After modeling the piping sy stem following conventional method we have to calculate the slug force and

apply the same into the sy stem. Normally all organizations have their excel spreadsheet to calculate Slug

Force. A ty pical excel spreadsheet for slug force calculation is shown in the below attached figure for y our

reference.

Malleable Fittings Indiajainsonsindustries.com

Malleable Fitting, Ductile Fittings For Gas Distribution & Fire Fightin

http://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Stress-System-under-consideration.jpghttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CVfXLppz9U_SaCY2juASRqYHACrm_9p4FodGIh5IBwI23ARABIMfI6yFQ4IbPoPz_____AWDlgoCA2A7IAQGpAg200S-QwFE-qAMByAPDBKoEmwFP0J_1oeai_JB6elzyDfUs1OUnfd6Itumz2UTZ72h2DxbGjas2zek6AS8WWUwKkM5oSTXge4LBd_VfyhFuccpWSw-5veRev5KJgJA5BUj4kZyWpLnGTVD66FWCugaGSlesDxUjCJK1R1hzWpk82BErZls8ZjOiE3Cexh1Lx6CwRlULjVyhvD02yVs8nuRxiiQvPl9jsMRqaNhGpIAHvZv1BA&num=1&sig=AOD64_1lWBYxEhqLJqSeifoAnmMBUFz8fA&client=ca-pub-7884054934090230&adurl=http://www.pipefittings.inhttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CVfXLppz9U_SaCY2juASRqYHACrm_9p4FodGIh5IBwI23ARABIMfI6yFQ4IbPoPz_____AWDlgoCA2A7IAQGpAg200S-QwFE-qAMByAPDBKoEmwFP0J_1oeai_JB6elzyDfUs1OUnfd6Itumz2UTZ72h2DxbGjas2zek6AS8WWUwKkM5oSTXge4LBd_VfyhFuccpWSw-5veRev5KJgJA5BUj4kZyWpLnGTVD66FWCugaGSlesDxUjCJK1R1hzWpk82BErZls8ZjOiE3Cexh1Lx6CwRlULjVyhvD02yVs8nuRxiiQvPl9jsMRqaNhGpIAHvZv1BA&num=1&sig=AOD64_1lWBYxEhqLJqSeifoAnmMBUFz8fA&client=ca-pub-7884054934090230&adurl=http://www.pipefittings.inhttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CVfXLppz9U_SaCY2juASRqYHACrm_9p4FodGIh5IBwI23ARABIMfI6yFQ4IbPoPz_____AWDlgoCA2A7IAQGpAg200S-QwFE-qAMByAPDBKoEmwFP0J_1oeai_JB6elzyDfUs1OUnfd6Itumz2UTZ72h2DxbGjas2zek6AS8WWUwKkM5oSTXge4LBd_VfyhFuccpWSw-5veRev5KJgJA5BUj4kZyWpLnGTVD66FWCugaGSlesDxUjCJK1R1hzWpk82BErZls8ZjOiE3Cexh1Lx6CwRlULjVyhvD02yVs8nuRxiiQvPl9jsMRqaNhGpIAHvZv1BA&num=1&sig=AOD64_1lWBYxEhqLJqSeifoAnmMBUFz8fA&client=ca-pub-7884054934090230&adurl=http://www.pipefittings.inhttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CVfXLppz9U_SaCY2juASRqYHACrm_9p4FodGIh5IBwI23ARABIMfI6yFQ4IbPoPz_____AWDlgoCA2A7IAQGpAg200S-QwFE-qAMByAPDBKoEmwFP0J_1oeai_JB6elzyDfUs1OUnfd6Itumz2UTZ72h2DxbGjas2zek6AS8WWUwKkM5oSTXge4LBd_VfyhFuccpWSw-5veRev5KJgJA5BUj4kZyWpLnGTVD66FWCugaGSlesDxUjCJK1R1hzWpk82BErZls8ZjOiE3Cexh1Lx6CwRlULjVyhvD02yVs8nuRxiiQvPl9jsMRqaNhGpIAHvZv1BA&num=1&sig=AOD64_1lWBYxEhqLJqSeifoAnmMBUFz8fA&client=ca-pub-7884054934090230&adurl=http://www.pipefittings.in

Excel Spreadsheet for Slug force calculation

So if we use a DLF of 2 then each of axial and orthogonal force will be 4240N. We have to incorporate this

force in Caesar II input spreadsheet. Check the below mentioned figure for direction of forces.

Slug force in Bends with Application direction

http://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Excel-Spreadsheet-for-Slug-force-calculation.jpghttp://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Slug-force-in-Bends-with-Application-direction.jpg

Now we will input the axial and orthogonal forces at all changes in direction as shown in attached figure.

To enter forces click on the Forces button in Caesar II spreadsheet.

Prov ide the node number and magnitude of forces with proper direction.

Similarly input forces in all bends (other than vertically downward bends).

Caesar Spreadsheet Showing input methodology of Slug Force

Next step is to prepare the required load cases. Few additional load cases need to be prepared for static

analy sis of slug force. The same has been shown in the below mentioned figure.

Caesar II Load cases for Slug Flow Analysis

http://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Caesar-Spreadsheet-Showing-input-methodology-of-Slug-Force.jpghttp://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Caesar-II-Load-cases-for-Slug-Flow-Analysis.jpg

Prepare the load cases as mentioned in the figure.

Make stress ty pes as occasional

Use combination methods as Scalar

OUT PUT REPORT

Additionally We have to check code compliance for load cases L14 to L17 and ensure that the values are

well within code allowable values.

We have to check forces and displacements for load cases L1 to L9.

Refer below mentioned figures for reference:

Caesar II Code compliance check report

Caesar II Restraint Summary check report

http://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Caesar-II-Code-compliance-check-report.jpghttp://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Caesar-II-Restraint-Summary-check-report.jpg

Keep all stresses, forces and displacements within allowable limit. If exceeds then try iteration with support

location change, support ty pe change or routing change.

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3. Few Im portant points for Stress Analy sis based on ASME B 31.4

4. T op 12 m ust have Piping books for a begineer into Piping industry

5. Steps followed for Stress Analy sis of Underground Piping using Caesar II

6. Stress Analy sis of Centrifugal Com pressor Connected Piping Sy stem s using Caesar II:

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This article has 2 comments

sridhar

Thursday 7 August 2014, 5:46 pm

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Dear Anup,

This is very good article for beginners and use full one.

In the slug force calculation spread sheet all input units are in KG then how force is calculated in

newton.

I think the calculated force will be 20797.2 N and after considering DLF the force will be 41595 N.

Reply

want2learn

Thursday 7 August 2014, 7:53 pm

May be I have made a mistake..I will check that in the original spreadsheet..The figure is

just for illustration purposethanks for your response

Reply

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