statistical spotlight - 16/04/2014 more than 50% big (more than … · 2014. 8. 22. · members’...
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Further information on page 5
BriefingStatistical Spotlight - 16/04/2014
© EuroGeographics for the administrative boundaries
Predominant farm size
Less than 50% small (up to 5 ha)Less than 50% medium (between 5 and 50 ha)Less than 50% big (more than 50ha)More than 50% small (up to 5 ha)More than 50% medium (between 5 and 50 ha)More than 50% big (more than 50ha)
© EuroGeographics for the administrative boundaries
Predominant farm size
Less than 50% small (up to 5 ha)Less than 50% medium (between 5 and 50 ha)Less than 50% big (more than 50ha)More than 50% small (up to 5 ha)More than 50% medium (between 5 and 50 ha)More than 50% big (more than 50ha)
© EuroGeographics for the administrative boundaries
Predominant farm size
Less than 50% small (up to 5 ha)Less than 50% medium (between 5 and 50 ha)Less than 50% big (more than 50ha)More than 50% small (up to 5 ha)More than 50% medium (between 5 and 50 ha)More than 50% big (more than 50ha)
Author: Eulalia Claros, Members’Research ServiceEuropean Parliament Research Service 140794REV1 Page 1 of 6http://www.eprs.ep.parl.union.eu — http://epthinktank.eu — [email protected]
Small Farms1. Predominant farm area
The map shows the distribution of agricultural farms according to sur-face classification as follows:
Small: up to 5 haMedium: between 5 and 50 haBig: more than 50 ha
In twelve predominantly southern and eastern regions small farms represent more than 90% of all farms (from Romania to Portugal through Greece, Italy and Bulgar-ia), whilst they are less than 5% of overall farm numbers in Sjælland, Midtjylland and Nordjylland in Denmark, Niedersachsen, Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern and Bayern in Germany and in the British regions of Northumberland and Tyne and Wear, West Midlands and Northern Ireland.
Predominantly large farms (< 50%)
Predominantly medium farms (> 50%)
Predominantly medium farms (<50%)
Predominantly small farms (> 50%)Predominantly large farms (> 50%)
Predominantly small farms (< 50%)
In 2015 farmers will have the possibili-ty to opt for the small farmers’ scheme, which will regroup into one lump-sum all direct payments for approximately 2,3 million eligible farms, whose sup-port does not exceed €1 250.The European Parliament resolution on the future of small agricultural hold-ings highlights the role of small farms in preserving Europe’s countryside and biodiversity, as well as their role in pre-serving local manufacturing traditions and products, and providing a liveli-hood for millions of Europeans. It also highlights the difficulties of establish-ing a single universal definition of what constitutes a small farm.For the purpose of this paper, a small farm has been defined as one with ei-ther a surface of less than 5 hectares or with an economic output of less than €25 000. As illustrated here, statistics on small farms vary widely, depending on whether economic (some 3 million farms and 20 million regular workers) or physical (more than 8 million farms and 16 million workers) criteria are used to define them.
Further information on page 5
EPRS Small Farms
Members’ Research Service 16/04/2014140794REV1 Page 2 of 6
2. Small area and economically small farms by Member State
69% of all farms in the EU-28, have a surface of less than 5 hectares and together represent 7% of the EU’s agricultural area. Farms with an output of less than €25 000 represent 86% of all EU farms, but their combined output of €11 billion accounts for
only 13% of the economic output from all EU farms.
3. Economically small farms by region
In Romania, Bul-garia, Croatia, Por-tugal and in the majority of regions in Greece, more than 95% of farms have an econom-ic output of less than €25 000. By contrast, less than 25% of farms in 14 regions across the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and France fall into
this category.
Number of economically small farms as % of all farms
Less than 10%
From 10% to less than 30%
From 30% to less than 60%
From 60% to less than 90%
Over 90%
Farms with a surface of less than 5 ha as % of all farms
Horticultural products CerealsBerries and fruit trees Vineyards
% of farms of small economic size24
28
97
61
43
34
87
74
92
77
39
94
81
93
95
96
2796
94
28
62
90
91
9990
86
61
69
51
More than 75%
More than 50% and less than 75%
More than 25% and less than 50%
From 60% to less than 90%From 30% to less than 60%From 10% to less than 30%Less than 10%
90% and over
24 % of farms of small economic size
Between 50% and 75%
Between 25% and 50%
More than 75%
Less than 25%
No dataNumber of small farms as % of all farms
Further information on page 5
Small FarmsEPRS
Members’ Research Service 16/04/2014140794REV1 Page 3 of 6
5. Production specialisation of small area farms 4. Economic output of small farms
Average economic output of small area farms varies greatly across Mem-ber States, depending, among other things, upon the farm’s product spe-
cialisation.
In the EU28, of all farms specialised in cereal produc-tion, 54% are small area farms. Small area farms account for a high proportion of farms specialising in horticultural production, of vineyards and or-chards (81% ,73% and 76% respec-
tively).
% of specialist farms Cereals VineyardsHorticultural
produceOrchards
FinlandSweden
BelgiumBulgaria
DenmarkGermanyEstoniaIrelandGreeceSpainFranceCroatiaItalyCyprusLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgHungaryMaltaNetherlandsAustriaPolandPortugalRomaniaSloveniaSlovakia
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech republic
Denmark
Germany
Estonia
Ireland
Greece
Spain
France
Croa�a
Italy
Cyprus
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Hungary
Malta
Netherlands
Austria
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovenia
Slovakia
Finland
Sweden
United kingdom
Czech Republic
United Kingdom
Average output of small area farms (right axis)
Average output of economically small farms (left axis)
€thousand €thousand
00
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
00
03
06
09
12
15
18
21
24
RO LV LT BG HU HR PL SI GR PT CY MT IT AT EE SK LU ES IE SE FR FI UK CZ BE DE NL
DK
More than 75%
Between 50% and 75%
Between 25% and 50%
Less than 10%
From 10% to less than 30%
From 30% to less than 60%
From 60% to less than 90%
Over 90%
Farms with a surface of less than 5 ha as % of all farms
Horticultural products CerealsBerries and fruit trees Vineyards
% of farms of small economic size24
28
97
61
43
34
87
74
92
77
39
94
81
93
95
96
2796
94
28
62
90
91
9990
86
61
69
51
More than 75%
More than 50% and less than 75%
More than 25% and less than 50%
Less than 10%
From 10% to less than 30%
From 30% to less than 60%
From 60% to less than 90%
Over 90%
Farms with a surface of less than 5 ha as % of all farms
Horticultural products CerealsBerries and fruit trees Vineyards
% of farms of small economic size24
28
97
61
43
34
87
74
92
77
39
94
81
93
95
96
2796
94
28
62
90
91
9990
86
61
69
51
More than 75%
More than 50% and less than 75%
More than 25% and less than 50%
Less than 10%
From 10% to less than 30%
From 30% to less than 60%
From 60% to less than 90%
Over 90%
Farms with a surface of less than 5 ha as % of all farms
Horticultural products CerealsBerries and fruit trees Vineyards
% of farms of small economic size24
28
97
61
43
34
87
74
92
77
39
94
81
93
95
96
2796
94
28
62
90
91
9990
86
61
69
51
More than 75%
More than 50% and less than 75%
More than 25% and less than 50%
Less than 10%
From 10% to less than 30%
From 30% to less than 60%
From 60% to less than 90%
Over 90%
Farms with a surface of less than 5 ha as % of all farms
Horticultural products CerealsBerries and fruit trees Vineyards
% of farms of small economic size24
28
97
61
43
34
87
74
92
77
39
94
81
93
95
96
2796
94
28
62
90
91
9990
86
61
69
51
More than 75%
More than 50% and less than 75%
More than 25% and less than 50%
Less than 10%
From 10% to less than 30%
From 30% to less than 60%
From 60% to less than 90%
Over 90%
Farms with a surface of less than 5 ha as % of all farms
Horticultural products CerealsBerries and fruit trees Vineyards
% of farms of small economic size24
28
97
61
43
34
87
74
92
77
39
94
81
93
95
96
2796
94
28
62
90
91
9990
86
61
69
51
More than 75%
More than 50% and less than 75%
More than 25% and less than 50%
Less than 10%
From 10% to less than 30%
From 30% to less than 60%
From 60% to less than 90%
Over 90%
Farms with a surface of less than 5 ha as % of all farms
Horticultural products CerealsBerries and fruit trees Vineyards
% of farms of small economic size24
28
97
61
43
34
87
74
92
77
39
94
81
93
95
96
2796
94
28
62
90
91
9990
86
61
69
51
More than 75%
More than 50% and less than 75%
More than 25% and less than 50%
Less than 10%
From 10% to less than 30%
From 30% to less than 60%
From 60% to less than 90%
Over 90%
Farms with a surface of less than 5 ha as % of all farms
Horticultural products CerealsBerries and fruit trees Vineyards
% of farms of small economic size24
28
97
61
43
34
87
74
92
77
39
94
81
93
95
96
2796
94
28
62
90
91
9990
86
61
69
51
More than 75%
More than 50% and less than 75%
More than 25% and less than 50%
Less than 10%
From 10% to less than 30%
From 30% to less than 60%
From 60% to less than 90%
Over 90%
Farms with a surface of less than 5 ha as % of all farms
Horticultural products CerealsBerries and fruit trees Vineyards
% of farms of small economic size24
28
97
61
43
34
87
74
92
77
39
94
81
93
95
96
2796
94
28
62
90
91
9990
86
61
69
51
More than 75%
More than 50% and less than 75%
More than 25% and less than 50%
Less than 10%
From 10% to less than 30%
From 30% to less than 60%
From 60% to less than 90%
Over 90%
Farms with a surface of less than 5 ha as % of all farms
Horticultural products CerealsBerries and fruit trees Vineyards
% of farms of small economic size24
28
97
61
43
34
87
74
92
77
39
94
81
93
95
96
2796
94
28
62
90
91
9990
86
61
69
51
More than 75%
More than 50% and less than 75%
More than 25% and less than 50%
Less than 10%
From 10% to less than 30%
From 30% to less than 60%
From 60% to less than 90%
Over 90%
Farms with a surface of less than 5 ha as % of all farms
Horticultural products CerealsBerries and fruit trees Vineyards
% of farms of small economic size24
28
97
61
43
34
87
74
92
77
39
94
81
93
95
96
2796
94
28
62
90
91
9990
86
61
69
51
More than 75%
More than 50% and less than 75%
More than 25% and less than 50%
Less than 10%
From 10% to less than 30%
From 30% to less than 60%
From 60% to less than 90%
Over 90%
Farms with a surface of less than 5 ha as % of all farms
Horticultural products CerealsBerries and fruit trees Vineyards
% of farms of small economic size24
28
97
61
43
34
87
74
92
77
39
94
81
93
95
96
2796
94
28
62
90
91
9990
86
61
69
51
More than 75%
More than 50% and less than 75%
More than 25% and less than 50%
Less than 10%
From 10% to less than 30%
From 30% to less than 60%
From 60% to less than 90%
Over 90%
Farms with a surface of less than 5 ha as % of all farms
Horticultural products CerealsBerries and fruit trees Vineyards
% of farms of small economic size24
28
97
61
43
34
87
74
92
77
39
94
81
93
95
96
2796
94
28
62
90
91
9990
86
61
69
51
More than 75%
More than 50% and less than 75%
More than 25% and less than 50%
Small FarmsEPRS
Members’ Research Service 16/04/2014140794REV1 Page 4 of 6
Country code: Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Bulgaria (BG), Cyprus (CY), Czech Republic (CZ), Denmark (DK), Estonia (EE), Finland (FI), France (FR), Germany (DE), Greece (GR), Croatia (HR), Hungary (HU), Ireland (IE), Italy (IT), Latvia (LV), Lithuania (LT), Luxembourg (LU), Malta (MT), Netherlands (NL), Poland (PL), Portugal (PT), Romania (RO), Slovakia (SK), Slovenia (SI), Spain (ES), Sweden (SE), United Kingdom (UK), European Union (EU28).Extraction date: data has been extracted in March 2014.
Notes
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
ATBEBGCY
CZDEDKEE
ESFIFR
GRHRHUIE
ITLT
LULVM
TNLPLPTRO
SESISK
UK
Persons employed by small farms (as % of persons employed in all farms)
<€25k as % of total<5 ha as % of total LF
7. Small farms labour force6. Organic farming and small area farms
Some 9 million hectares were cultivated organically in the EU-28 in 2010, 5% of those in small farms of less than 5 hectares.
In Sweden, more than 85 690 per-sons worked as regular workforce in farms with an output of less than €25 000 in 2010, whilst there were 15 520 people working in farms of less than 5 hec-tares. Only in the Netherlands and Malta, is the regu-lar work force in small area farms bigger than the one in economi-cally small farms.
Organic area in small farms as % of organic area
Organic area % of total agricultural area
Further information on page 5 and 6
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
atbebgcyczdedkeeesfi
frgrhrhuieitltlulv
mtnlplptrosesi
skuk
in economically small farms in small area farms
12 Small organic farms % of all organic farms
% of agricultural labour force
0 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 510
12 13 14 15 15 1618 20
25 27
3741 42
51
75
00
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
SK SE CZ UK LV DK LT DE BE EE IE FI HU FR LU PT NL PL RO ES AT BGHR IT SI GR CY
Small FarmsEPRS
Members’ Research Service 16/04/2014140794REV1 Page 5 of 6
Further information
The map presents the distribution of the farms across the EU NUTS level II regions, according to the predominant farm area in each region. Farms have thus been distributed in three groups, according to their surface:Large farms (more than 50 hectares); medium farms (between 5 and 50 hec-tares) and small farms (less than 5 hectares).In each group a different colour shade indicates whether the predominance is of more or less than 50%. For instance, the Belgian province of Antwerpen, for which the small-medium-large distribution is of 31%, 58%, 11% appears in the map in dark orange whilst in the German Hamburg, where small farms are 54% of all farms and medium and large farms are respectively 37% and 9%, the map colour is dark blue, and Eastern Scotland with a distribution of 5%, 39% and 56% is dark green.
Data source:Eurostat
2. Small area and economically small farms
1. Predominant farm area
The second map on this page presents the European regions shaded acord-ing to the share represented by farms with an standard output of less than €25 000. Regions with very few farms of small economic size include, in ad-dition to the urban regions of Hamburg, Ile de France, Berlin, Bruxelles and Inner London, Flevoland, Zeeland, Namur and 8 other regions, also in the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Germany, below the threshold of 25%. At the opposite extreme, there are 42 regions in Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Portugal, Poland and Hungary where 90% of the farms are of small economic size.
Data source: Eurostat
4. Economic output of small farmsThe bar chart presents the average output both of economically small farms (less than €25 000 of standard economic output) in the left axis and of small area farms (of less than 5 hectares) in the right axis. Average output is ex-pressed in € 1 000 per farm and is calculated as the standard output divided by the number of farms under each category. The standard output, exclud-ing direct payments and production costs, cannot be taken as a measure of the farm’s productivity, though it is a useful criterion for comparison. Whilst average output of economically small farms is rather homogeneous across Member States, the distribution of the small area farms output is more di-verse, with 6 Members States well above the average.
Data source:Eurostat
3. Economically small farms by NUTS II region
The infographic presents, for a selection of agricultural products, the part that small area farms represent in the total number of farms under each product specialisation. In Slovakia, for instance, small farms are predominant among orchards and those producing vegetables, whilst they are less than
5. Production specialisation of small area farms
All figures quoted are sourced in the Farm Structure Survey compiled by Eurostat from surveys carried out by the Member States for the reference year 2010.Regional data is reported according to the NUTS 2010 classification. NUTS level II regions are presented in both maps in page 1 and two, with the ex-ception of Germany where NUTS level I regions are displayed.The standard output of a specific agricultural product is the average mon-etary value of that agricultural product at farm-gate price, in euro per hec-tare. The sum of all the standard output per hectare of crop and per head of livestock in a farm is a measure of its overall economic size.
Definitions
tend also to be those where the economic size of most farm is small. On the other hand, in Member States with fewer small area farms the frequency of farms of small economic size also tends to be smaller.
Data source: Eurostat
The map presents in different shades the share of small area farms (of less than 5 hectares) across Member States and in the circles the percentage of economically small farms, with a standard economic output of less than €25 000. Generally speaking, countries where small area farms are predominant
Small FarmsEPRS
Members’Research Service 16/04/2014140794REV1 Page 6 of 6This document provides a general statistical overview: Members requiring more detailed statistical information or analysis are welcome to contact the EPRSDisclaimer and Copyright: This document is a summary of published information and does not necessarily represent the views of the author or the European Parliament. The document is exclusively addressed to the Members and staff of the European Parliament for their parliamentary work. Links to information sources within this document may be inaccessible from locations outside the European Parliament network. Copyright © European Parliament, 2014. All rights reserved. http://www.eprs.ep.parl.union.eu — http://epthinktank.eu — [email protected]
The graph presents the regular labour force directly employed by small farms as percentage of the total regular labour force of all farms. Regular labour force consists of persons permanently employed in the farm, as well as those who work on an occasional basis (including family members).
Data source: Eurostat
7. Small farms labour force6. Organic farming and small farms
The chart looks at the relationship between small area farms and organic farming, from two diferent perspectives:i) the yellow bars present, where relevant, the area cultivated organically in small farms as percentage of the total area cultivated organically.ii) the encircled figures show the percentage of small area farms among or-
50% of the vineyards and farms specialised in cereals production. In Italy or in Romania small area farms are predominant in any of the selected produc-tion specialities.
Data source:Eurostat
ganic farms. In addition, the green bars show the total agricultural area that is cultivated organically in each Member State. Malta has not been included due to inconsistencies on organic farming data.
Data source: Eurostat