statistics and research methods how to lie, sway, and mislead using statistics
TRANSCRIPT
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Statistics and Research Methods
How to lie, sway, and mislead using statistics
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When confronted with any type of data, ask yourself…
o who is included in the sample?► Science – uses random sampling► Pseudoscience – biased selection
o how large is the sample?► Science – >100 if lab, >1K if other ► Pseudoscience – N=1, anecdotal
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When confronted with any type of data, ask yourself…
o what data is being presented?► Science – presents all data ► Pseudoscience – only biased
o how is the data presented? ► Science – graphing standards► Pseudoscience – graphs can
lie!
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Misleading Graphs
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Mean, Median, Mode
1994 Baseball strike about salary:
-Owners argued: typical salary is $1.2 Million
-Players argued: typically salary is $415,000
Which measure of central tendency was each side using?
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Mean, Median, and Mode
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When confronted with any type of data, ask yourself…
o is this correlation or causation?
► To understand the difference between correlation and causation, we first need to understand how the data is collected…
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Research Methods
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Correlations
Correlation coefficients range from –1.0 to +1.0
Sign indicates direction ( positive +, or negative - )
Number refers to the strength of the relationship ( higher = stronger )
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Experiment
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Correlation v. Causation
Depressed Mood Impaired Sleep
Depressed Mood Impaired Sleep
Family Conflict
Depressed Mood Impaired Sleep
Cause?
Cause?
Caus
e?
Cause?
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Apply what we have learnedo Quizzes taken from Learning
Module - http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~ITL/ct/
o Does watching violent TV make children aggressive?o How would you conduct a correlational study
testing this research question? o How would you conduct an experimental study
testing this research questions?
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Correlational? or Causational?o A newspaper headline reads, Heavy Drinkers
Get Lower College Grades.
o Your psychology textbook states that some people remember concrete words better than abstract words.
o People who were abused as children are more likely than others to become child abusers
o A health magazine reports that depressed people who continue medication for at least six months are less likely to relapse than people who take medication for less than six months
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Horoscope Study
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Writing Exercise #2o Horoscope experiment