statistics. question tell whether the following statement is true or false: nominal measurement is...
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StatisticsStatistics
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QuestionQuestion
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Nominal measurement is the ranking of objects based on their relative standing on an attribute.
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AnswerAnswer
Nominal measurement: the classification of characteristics into mutually exclusive categories
Ordinal measurement: the ranking of objects based on their relative standing on an attribute
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MeasurementMeasurement
• Nominal measurement: the classification of characteristics into mutually exclusive categories
• Ordinal measurement: the ranking of objects based on their relative standing on an attribute
• Interval measurement: indicating not only the ranking of objects but the amount of distance between them
• Ratio measurement: distinguished from interval measurement by having a rational zero point
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Descriptive StatisticsDescriptive Statistics
• Summarize quantitative data
• Describe quantitative data
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QuestionQuestion
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Frequency distributions impose order on raw data. Numeric values are ordered from lowest to highest, accompanied by a count of the number of times each value was obtained.
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AnswerAnswer
True
Frequency distributions impose order on raw data. Numeric values are ordered from lowest to highest, accompanied by a count of the number (or percentage) of times each value was obtained.
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Frequency DistributionsFrequency Distributions
• Impose order on raw data.
• Numeric values are ordered from lowest to highest, accompanied by a count of the number (or percentage) of times each value was obtained.
• Common methods of display
– Histograms
– Frequency polygons
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Distribution Distribution • Symmetric: two halves are mirror images of each other
• Skewed: Asymmetric with one tail longer than the other
– Positively skewed
– Negative skewed
• Modality: number of peaks
– Unimodal
– Multimodal
• Normal distribution
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QuestionQuestion
What is the median?
A.Average or typical value of a set of scores
B.Value that occurs most frequently in a distribution
C.Point above which and below which 50% of the cases fall
D.Arithmetic average of all scores
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AnswerAnswer
C
Central tendency are indexes, expressed as a single number, that represent the average or typical value of a set of scores. The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a distribution, the median is the point above which and below which 50% of the cases fall, and the mean is the arithmetic average of all scores.
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Central TendencyCentral Tendency
• Central tendency are indexes, expressed as a single number, that represent the average or typical value of a set of scores.
• Mode: value that occurs most frequently in a distribution
• Median: point above which and below which 50% of the cases fall
• Mean: arithmetic average of all scores
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QuestionQuestion
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Range is distance between the highest and lowest scores
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AnswerAnswer
True
Range is distance between the highest and lowest scores.
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VariabilityVariability
• Variability: how spread out the data is
• Range: distance between the highest and lowest scores
• Standard deviation: indicates how much, on average, scores deviate from the mean
• Calculation:
– Deviation scores represent the degree to which each person’s score deviates from the mean. The variance is equal to the SD squared.
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Bivariate Descriptive StatisticsBivariate Descriptive Statistics• Relationships between two variables
• Contingency table two-dimensional frequency distribution in which the frequencies of two nominal- or ordinal-level variables are crosstabulated.
• Correlation coefficients describe the direction and magnitude of a relationship between two variables.
– Product moment correlation coefficient (Pearson’s R)—interval or ratio
– Spearman rho coefficient—ordinal
• Scatter plot
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Risk IndexesRisk Indexes• Absolute risk reduction: expresses the estimated
proportion of people who would be spared from an adverse outcome through exposure to an intervention
• Relative risk: expresses the estimated proportion of people who would be spared from an adverse outcome through exposure to an intervention
• Relative risk reduction: estimated proportion of untreated risk that is reduced through exposure to the intervention
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Risk IndexesRisk Indexes
• Odds ratio: ratio of the odds for the treated versus untreated group
• Number needed to treat: estimate of how many people would need to receive the intervention to prevent one adverse outcome