status in wales 61 2006.pdf · status note amended march 2013 ... characteristics of floor finishes...

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Status Note amended March 2013

HEALTH TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 61

Building Component Series Flooring

2006

STATUS IN WALES

ARCHIVED

This document was superseded by Welsh Health Building Note 00-10 Part A

Flooring 2014

This document replaced

HTM 61 Building Component Series Flooring

1995

2000inner zone

intermediate zone

external zone

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Health Technical Memorandum 61:Flooring

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Chapter 1 Introduction page 1BackgroundScope and statusApplicationRelationship to other dataTerminology

Chapter 2 User requirements page 3Categories of performance of finishesPhysical and performance characteristicsFinishes related to groups and categories

Chapter 3 Design guidance page 6Range of finishesGuide to selection of materialsCharacteristics of materialsPerformance ratingsScreedsAreas with special requirementsSlip resistanceMaintenance manual

Appendix A Schedule of activity space requirements page 17

References Acts and Regulations page 26Department of Health resourcesBritish StandardsOther publicationsTrade associations

Contents

iii

Health Technical Memorandum 61: Flooring

iv

Background1.1 This is one of a series of Health Technical

Memoranda which provides specification anddesign guidance, not adequately covered by currentBritish Standards, on building components forhealth buildings.

1.2 The numbers and titles of the Health TechnicalMemoranda in the series are:

• 54 Building components and user manual

• 55 Windows

• 56 Partitions

• 57 Internal glazing

• 58 Internal doorsets

• 59 Ironmongery

• 60 Ceilings

• 61 Flooring

• 62 Demountable storage system

• 63 Fitted storage system

• 64 Sanitary assemblies

• Wayfinding (supersedes Health TechnicalMemorandum 65 Signs)

• 66 Cubicle curtain track

• 67 Laboratory fitting out systems

• 68 Duct and panel assemblies

• 69 Protection

• 71 Materials management modular storage.

Scope and status1.3 This Health Technical Memorandum offers

guidance on the technical design and outputspecifications of flooring.

1.4 Its content does not diminish either themanufacturer’s responsibility for fitness for purpose of products or the design team’s responsibility for

selection and application of products to meetproject requirements. Design teams are alsoreminded of their obligations under theConstruction, Design and Management (CDM)Regulations 1994 (as amended 2000) to ensuresafe construction, and of the need to meet therequirements of the Disability Discrimination Act1995.

Application1.5 Because of the wide-ranging considerations

necessary to successful selection, specification,installation, and use of flooring, this HealthTechnical Memorandum should be made availableto project teams, design teams and thoseresponsible for construction, commissioning andmaintenance of health buildings, including healthand safety teams, as well as all parties involved inrisk management.

1.6 It is mainly concerned with new building work,but much of the information it contains is equallyapplicable to renewal of flooring in existingbuildings.

Relationship to other data1.7 The main sources of data used in the preparation

of this Health Technical Memorandum are listed inthe References section.

1.8 This Health Technical Memorandum was preparedfor publication in January 2006. After this date,readers should ensure that they use the latest ornew edition of all building legislation, BritishStandards etc, which may post-date the publicationof this document.

1.9 First preference should be given to organisationswith BS EN ISO 9000 certification. Suppliersoffering products other than to British or relevantEuropean standards should provide evidence toshow that their products are at least equal to suchstandards.

1 Introduction

1

1.10 This guidance should be used in conjunction withsections of the National Building Specification(NBS) relevant to flooring. NBS is a library ofstandard specification clauses covering most kindsof building work and comprising a wide range ofclauses with accompanying guidance notes. Allclauses are optional, and their combination into ajob specification is left to the specifier. NBS hasgreat flexibility, and it can be adapted to suit thetechnical needs and preferences of differentprojects, organisations and specifiers. Specificationsgo out of date as a result of technical innovation ormajor review of a key BSI/CEN document. AsNBS sections become affected by such majorchanges, they are re-issued to members of thesubscription service. Users are advised to ensurethat they refer to the current edition. Refer to theNBS website at http://www.thenbs.com.

1.11 Any enquiries regarding the technical content ofthis Health Technical Memorandum should be e-mailed to [email protected] regarding the slip resistance of flooringmay be directed to [email protected].

Terminology1.12 The following terms are used throughout this

Health Technical Memorandum. Others aredefined in the sections in which they are used.

1.13 Flooring system – the combination of one ormore of the following:

• underlay – material laid on or applied to a baseor screed to render it suitable to accept theselected finish;

• screed – a well-compacted mixture of sand andcement laid in-situ onto a base and suitablyfinished to receive the final flooring;

• bed – a layer of cement and sand to enablerigid tiles and slabs to be levelled and fixed inposition;

• finish – the uppermost layer;

• any applied coating (that is, polishes orsealants);

• accessories – skirtings, stair treads etc.

Base – material that supports the flooring system.

Separating layer – a layer of material isolating the basefrom the screed or bed.

Damp-proof membrane – a layer or sheet of materialwithin a floor to prevent the passage of moisture.


2

http://www.thenbs.com



Categories of performance of finishes2.1 Six categories of performance have been established

as a means of relating user requirements for floor finishes to the physical and performancecharacteristics of floor finishes available on themarket (see Table 1). These categories are used as aconvenient method of stating user requirements onthe schedule of activity spaces (see Appendix A)and in Activity DataBase.

2.2 The categories in Table 1 do not include anyspecial user requirements such as soundabsorption, resistance to chemicals, etc.

Physical and performancecharacteristics

Hard finishes

2.3 A hard finish is a homogeneous material formedfrom one or more of the following:

• thermoplastics;

• natural stone;

• clay;

• sand;

• cement;

• wood;

• thermosetting resins.

2.4 The physical and performance characteristics ofhard finishes may be defined as:

• impervious – able to resist the penetration ofliquids;

• jointless – without joints or having joints whichare sealed by materials and methods whichmake the whole surface impervious and preventthe collection of dirt and bacteria in the joint;

• smooth – smooth to the touch, withoutpronounced texturing of the face exposed totraffic;

• slip-resistant – see the Health & SafetyExecutive’s (2004) ‘The assessment ofpedestrian slip risk: the HSE approach’.

3

2 User requirements

Physical andperformancecharacteristics

Categories of performance of finishes

1hard finish

2hard finish

3hard finish

4hard finish

5hard finish

6soft finish

Impervious • • • • • • (1)

Jointless • • • • •

Smooth • • • •

Slip-resistant •

Low liquid absorption •

Low radius of ignition •

Low dirt retention •

Patterned •

1 Soft finishes need to be impervious only in the activity spaces listed in Appendix A which are marked with an asterisk to indicate that wetspillage is likely. In situations where spillage is likely, special attention should be paid to floor surface slip resistance

Table 1 Categories of performance of finishes

Note: Surfaces in areas which may become wet (orsimply periodically damp after cleaning) should ideallysatisfy the performance requirements of the Health &Safety Executive’s (2004) ‘The assessment of pedestrianslip risk: the HSE approach’. The Workplace (Health,Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 have severalrequirements for floors. There is also an important dutyin these Regulations to the standard of “reasonablepracticability” to keep floors free from substances thatcould cause slipping. See also the Health & SafetyExecutive’s information sheet ‘Slips and trips in thehealth services’.

Soft finishes

2.5 A soft finish is a textile material, woven, stitched orotherwise formed from natural or man-made fibresor both.

2.6 The physical and performance characteristics ofsoft finishes may be defined as:

• impervious – constructed with an imperviousbacking to resist the passage of liquids;

• low liquid absorption – does not readily absorbliquids;

• low radius of ignition – the determination offlammability as defined in BS 5287:1988 whentested in accordance with BS 4790:1987 (thehot metal nut method);

• low dirt retention – has a pile that is cut orotherwise formed so that it does not easilyretain dirt;

• jointless – without joints, or with minimumjointing.

Hygiene and cleaning

2.7 A new “model cleaning contract” for hospitals hasbeen developed. This has three key elements:

• the National Specifications for Cleanliness(introduces measures for HCAI cleaning anddisinfection);

• the NHS Cleaning Manual (sets out bestpractice methods for cleaning);

• cleaning frequencies (these should bedetermined to address the element of riskidentified in accordance with the NationalSpecifications for Cleanliness and taking intoaccount any further advice and guidance in themodel cleaning contract and the NHS CleaningManual).

2.8 All types of flooring should be cleaned followingthe methods advised in these specifications.

2.9 For other relevant information on cleaning, see:

• the Tile Association’s (2000) ‘The cleaning ofceramic tiles’;

• BS 5385-3:1989;

• Health Facilities Note 30 – ‘Infection control inthe built environment’;

• the Health & Safety Executive’s (2005) ‘Slipsand trips: the importance of floor cleaning’(http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/web/slips02.pdf ).

Finishes related to groups andcategories2.10 Table 2 groups floor finishes according to their

performance and physical characteristics. Eachgroup is related to one or more of the six categoriesof performance set out in paragraphs 2.1–2.2.


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5

2 User requirements

Ref Group MaterialsCategory

1 2 3 4 5 6

S Sheet pvcpvc resilient backedlinoleum

•••

SW Sheet: welded joints

pvcpvc resilient backedlinoleum

•••

•••

•••

TF Tile:flexible

pvcsemi-flexible pvclinoleum

•••

TREJ Tile: rigidepoxy joints

ceramicterrazzo: cement-based

••

••

TRCJ Tile: rigidcement joints

ceramicterrazzo: cement-basedclay floor quarries

•••

IS In-situ terrazzo: cement-basedresin-based

••

••

••

ISU In-situutilitarian

concretegranolithic

••

SR Slip-resistant slip-resistant pvc sheet: weldedjointsceramic tiles: epoxy jointsslip-resistant resin-based

•

••

T Textile woventuftedbondedflockedfibre bonded (needle punch)

•••••

Table 2 Performance and physical characteristics of floor finishes

Range of finishes

Thin flexible finishes

3.1 Thin flexible materials (2.0 mm; 2.5 mm; 3.2 mm;4.5 mm) are normally laid on a screed and it isessential that this should be of adequate strength,well compacted and with a smooth surface. Anyblemishes, trowel marks and minor defects in thesurface of the screed will show through thethinnest of these materials.

3.2 To overcome this problem, smoothing/levellingcompounds are now used in new, remedial andrefurbishment work provided all aspects of properspecification and attention to manufacturers’recommendations are adhered to (see paragraphs3.32–3.35). The quality of such compounds hasimproved considerably over recent years.

3.3 Experience also shows that, provided carefulpreparation of screed or power floated slab is carried out and/or the requirements of asmoothing/levelling compound and the adhesivehave been carefully followed, consideration can begiven to the use of 2.0 mm thick flexible materials.A satisfactory surface finish to receive vinyl sheetor tiles should be dry, level and smooth, withconsistent porosity, and be free from surfaceaggregates which might be released during theadhesive application. Compression and tensilestrengths of all components below the finishshould be equal to, or greater than, the minimumrequirement specified.

3.4 See BS 8203: ‘Sheet and tile flooring’ for guidanceon flexible materials.

3.5 Refer to manufacturers’ product literature fordetails of materials available on the market.

3.6 If underfloor heating is used, care must be taken toensure compatibility of adhesives and to avoidpolymer migration.

Clay tiles and cementitious finishes

3.7 These are normally supplied and laid usingtraditional materials and skills. The publicationslisted in the References section give specificationand installation guidance, but the following areparticularly relevant:

• BS 8204: ‘Screeds, bases and in-situ flooring’;

• The National Federation of Terrazzo, Marbleand Mosaic Specialists: ‘Specification sheet forprecast and in-situ terrazzo and mosaic’.

Resin-based finishes

3.8 These are supplied and laid by specialistsemploying new and continuously evolvingmaterials and techniques.

3.9 Specification, mix, workmanship andenvironmental conditions during laying andprotection of the finished floor must be carefullycontrolled.

3.10 Refer to manufacturers/installers’ product literaturefor details of materials and laying instructions,which should be strictly adhered to. Refer also tothe Federation of Resin Flooring Formulators andApplicators (http://www.ferfa.org.uk/index.html).

Textile floor coverings

3.11 Carpets should be avoided in all clinical areas (Health Facilities Note 30 – ‘Infection control inthe built environment’).

3.12 Refer to manufacturers’ product literature fordetails of textile floor coverings. Recommendationsfor their installation and advice on the selection of materials and their properties are contained inBS 5325: ‘British Standard Code of Practice forthe installation of textile floor coverings’.

Skirtings

3.13 The junction of wall and floor should recognisethe cleaning regime required for each situation.


6

3 Design guidance

http://www.ferfa.org.uk/index.html

3.14 Integral coved skirtings or set-in skirtings areessential where wet cleaning processes arenecessary; PVC sit-on skirtings, timber laminate or metal finishes could be used. In refurbishmentworks, sit-on coving (if not fitted correctly) has therisk of causing dirt traps. Therefore it may be saferto specify set-in skirting.

3.15 Clay tiles:

• skirting tile to match the floor finish.

3.16 Cementitious materials:

• coved skirting formed in-situ from floormaterial;

• no skirting is necessary where utilitarianmaterials abut fair-faced brickwork.

3.17 Resin materials:

• coved skirting formed in-situ from floormaterial.

3.18 Textile floor coverings:

• wood, wood laminate, metal and PVC skirting;

• alternatively the textile covering may be takenup the wall, backed by a suitable cove.

3.19 Wood or wood laminate:

• timber skirting.

Guide to selection of materials3.20 The schedule in Appendix A relates categories of

performance to groups of suitable materials foractivity spaces in all of the major departmentalareas in health buildings.

Characteristics of materials3.21 The characteristics of the materials listed in

Table 2 are given in this section (Tables 3–9).Manufacturers should be consulted regardingproprietary products.

Textile

3.22 General to all carpets (see Table 10):

• carpets should be avoided in all clinical areas (Health Facilities Note 30 – ‘Infection controlin the built environment’);

• carpets offer greater comfort and in some areascan create a “domestic” atmosphere;

• carpets will normally provide good slipresistance;

• carpets provide high sound absorption andelimination of noise from footsteps;

• despite their softness, a risk of injury in theform of “friction burns” is possible to somedegree with some types of carpet;

• certain synthetic piles, if not properly treated,can cause static electricity problems (see HealthGuidance Note – ‘Static discharges’);

• all carpets can suffer from cigarette burns, butthe synthetic piles are prone to char much morethan wool;

• they are less suitable for areas prone to frequentwet spillage and soiling;

• the deeper pile carpets are not suitable for areassubject to much wheeled traffic.

Performance ratings3.23 BS EN 1307 ‘Textile floor coverings: Classification

of pile carpets’ gives four ratings (only three applyin healthcare settings) of performance based onlevel of use class and intensity. The followingratings are suitable for health buildings:

Rating Description Application

4 Extra heavy use Heavy contract: locationwhere very high wearstandards are required

3 Heavy use Heavy domestic use andgeneral contract areas

2 General use Normal domestic use

Screeds

General

3.24 A satisfactory screed will only be achieved as aresult of careful attention to the following:

• specification of the appropriate thickness,design mix, materials and workmanship;

• preparation of the base;

• mixing, laying and compacting;

• finishing, curing and protecting;

• slump testing during laying and testing theinstalled screed.

7

3 Design guidance


8

Group ref Description Usualthickness(mm)

Characteristics (Note: for guidance on slip resistancecharacteristics, see the Health & Safety Executive’s (2004) ‘The assessment of pedestrian slip risk: the HSE approach’)

S & SW pvc sheet:BS EN 649:1997

2.02.5

• good recovery from indentation• flexible• requires dpm in ground-floor applications• good resistance to chemicals• fair resistance to cigarette burns

S & SW pvc resilient backed sheet:BS EN 651:1997 Part 2

2.5 to 4.5 • generally as for unbacked pvc but less resistant to indentation• good impact sound reduction• suitable for foot and light wheeled traffic only

S & SW linoleum sheet:BS EN 12104:2000

2.5 “special grade”

3.24.5

• good recovery from indentation• “special grade” means having high resistance to indentation• flexible• requires dpm in ground-floor applications• resistance to chemicals may not be as good as pvc• must be bonded to screed• good resistance to cigarette burns

Table 3 Sheet and sheet with welded joints



TF pvc tiles:BS EN 649:1997 Type Aand B

2.02.5

• generally as for pvc sheet

TF linoleum tiles:BS EN 12104:2000

2.5 “special grade”

3.2

• generally as for linoleum sheet

TF semi-flexible pvc tiles:BS EN 654:1997

2.02.5

• good resistance to indentation• relatively inflexible• dpm advisable in ground-floor applications• resistance to chemicals not as good as pvc• negligible sound absorption• manufacturers’ descriptions vary; basically all tiles are manufactured

to BS EN 654:1997

Table 4 Tile: flexible



TREJ ceramic tiles 8.0 to 12.5up to 19.0for specialduty

• easier to clean with plain or lightly textured face• resistant to most chemicals and bacteria• epoxy jointed ensures resistance is maintained throughout the floor

surface

TREJ terrazzo tiles: cement-basedBS EN 13748-1:2004

15.0 to 40.0 • attacked by strong acids and caustic alkalis

Table 5 Rigid tiles with epoxy joints

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3 Design guidance



TRCJ ceramic tiles:BS 6431-1:1983; BS EN 87:1991

8.0 to 12.5up to 19.0for specialduty

• as TREJ

TRCJ clay floor quarriesBS 6431-1:1983; BS EN 87:1991

8.0 to 12.5up to 19.0for specialduty

• performance generally slightly inferior to that of ceramic tiles

TRCJ terrazzo tiles: cement-based:BS EN 13748-1:2004

15.0 to 40.0 • as TREJ

Table 6 Rigid tiles with cement joints



IS terrazzo: cement-based max 60 forcompletesystem

• attacked by strong acids and alkalis• can be easily damaged by structural movement

IS resin-based as follows:epoxy mortarepoxy self-levelling systemspolyesterpolyurethaneneoprene

5–62–3up to 5up to 103–12

Resin-based materials generally:

• hard-wearing and inherently jointless• good resistance to chemical and cleaning agents, particularly the

epoxy types• dpm required in ground-floor locations• surface finishes vary from trowelled to mechanically ground

Manufacturers’ product literature should always be consulted before a choice is made

Table 7 In-situ



ISU in-situ concrete 75 (min) • strong but surface prone to dusting unless specially treated• scope for application very limited

ISU granolithic 40 (min)when laid onmature baseconcrete

20 when laidmonolithicallyon a freshlylaid concretebase

• provides a hard-wearing strong topping to a concrete base

• may be used as a finish or as a high-bearing-strength screed toreceive another material

ISU mastic asphalt 20–30 • grade III suitable for general-purpose industrial flooring

Table 8 In-situ: utilitarian

3.25 This can be achieved only by a high standard ofsite supervision in addition to appropriate designand specification.

3.26 Reference should be made to BS 8204-1:2003 andalso BS 8203:2001 for screed guidance in design,thickness and laying etc. This indicates, forinstance, that the minimum thickness for bondedscreeds is 25 mm and suggests that a designthickness of 40 mm would be likely to achieve this.

3.27 With bonded screeds over 40 mm thick there willbe an increased risk of loss of adhesion with thebase.

3.28 Screeds should be laid in as large an area aspossible in one operation to minimise the numberof joints.

3.29 BS 8204-2:2003 recommends 100 mm minimumthickness for unbonded concrete toppings tominimise the risk of curling, as does BS 8204-1:2003 for unbonded or floating screeds. There aremany proprietary screeds that achieve lesserdimensions than those quoted in BS 8204.Table 11 has been amended accordingly.

3.30 The thickness of a screed will be the minimumconstructural thickness required plus an allowancefor the permissible deviation of the base. Differentthicknesses of floor material may require differentthicknesses of screed. Where a flooring system isthicker than the common dimension, a decisionmust be made as to how it will be accommodated,for example by adjusting the levels of the base.


10



SR pvc sheet: welded joints 2.02.5

SR ceramic tiles: epoxy joints seemanufacturers’product data

• manufactured with grooved, ribbed, dimpled, studded surfaces orcarborundum finish to enhance slip resistance

SR resin-based seemanufacturers’product data

• some materials possess inherent slip resistance properties

SR polymer modifiedcementitious screed andwearing surfaces toBS 8204 Part 3

seemanufacturers’product data

• in addition to slip resistance some materials have other inherentproperties including sound deadening and watertightness

Table 9 Slip-resistant

Group ref Description Characteristics (Note: for guidance on slip resistance characteristics, see theHealth & Safety Executive’s (2004) ‘The assessment of pedestrian slip risk: the HSE approach’)

T woven • traditional carpets (Axminster and Wilton)• good performance from highest-quality product

T tufted • can be identical in appearance to woven and has similar qualities

T bonded • performance similar to woven and tufted• has medium pile• hard-wearing

T flocked • the very short pile requires compatible cleaning equipment• more able than other types to withstand wet spillage• very hard-wearing but especially prone to cigarette charring

T fibre bonded (needlepunch)

• considered the “cheaper end” of the soft floor-covering market• hard-wearing but inferior appearance retention• less suitable for use in areas prone to frequent wet soiling, particularly food and

drink

Table 10 Textile

Types of construction

3.31 The following types of screed construction are ingeneral use (see Table 11):

• Monolithic – the screed is laid as a topping tothe base concrete while it is still green, that is,within three hours of being placed (or lessertime in hot weather). This type of constructionensures complete adhesion of the screed,reducing problems of differential shrinkage.Difficulties can arise from the need to protectthe screed for long periods during construction.

• Bonded – the screed is laid on a hardenedconcrete base. A cement slurry or proprietaryagent may be used to adhere the screed to the

base, which must be properly prepared bymechanical or other means to obtain maximumadhesion.

• Unbonded – the screed is separated from thebase, for example by the presence of a damp-proof membrane, and therefore cannot adhereto it. This type of screed will usually be muchthicker than those of monolithic or bondedconstruction, with the exception of asphalt.Precautions will need to be taken to reduce therisk of “curling” along joints.

Self-levelling and smoothing compounds

3.32 The use of self-levelling and smoothingcompounds on screeds and concrete slabs is now

11

3 Design guidance

Description ofscreed

Type ofconstruction

Thickness(mm)

Mix (by weight) Remarks

cement andsand

monolithic 12–25 (max)1:3 cement : fine aggregate

bonded 25 (min) 1:3 cement : fine aggregate

or

1:4.5 cement : fine aggregate

1:3 mix suitable for thin sheet materials fixedwith adhesive. Can give high bearing strength

1:4.5 mix suitable for other materials includingtextile. See paragraph 3.31 regarding curling

unbonded 100 (min)

modifiedcement andsand

bondedSee manufacturers’ data

Suitability as for cement and sand but withadditional attributes – see manufacturers’ dataunbonded

syntheticanhydrite

unbonded 26 (min)See manufacturers’data

Sensitive to water and should never be used inareas where water penetration is likely. Mustalways be laid on a dpm on ground floors.Should be protected from moisture prior tolaying of materials

granolithicmonolithic 12–25 1:1:2 cement : fine

aggregate : coarseaggregate

High bearing strengthbonded 40 (min)

fine concrete

bonded20–40(in-situ base) 1:1.5:2 cement : fine

aggregate : coarseaggregate

High bearing strength

Where a screed exceeds 65 mm thickness, fineconcrete should be consideredunbonded

100 (min)(pre-castbase)

mastic asphalt bonded 15–20See manufacturers’data

Not recommended for operating theatres andareas subject to heavy wheeled traffic

BS 6925 Grade 1 “Special hard flooring” issuitable for use elsewhere in health buildings

cement base

self-levelling

bondedSee manufacturers’ data

Must not promote or sustain the growth ofbacteria or fungiunbonded

Table 11 Available screeds

more common. The quality of such compoundsnow available and acceptable for use has improvedsubstantially, but it is important that the correctchoice of underlayment is used:

• to suit the traffic conditions;

• to suit the type of sub-floor;

• compatible with the adhesive for laying thematerial;

• of a type which does not promote or sustain thegrowth of bacteria or fungi.

3.33 Self-levelling and smoothing compounds are usedparticularly in remedial and refurbishment work.

3.34 The smoothing compound may be latex-based,acrylic-based or water-based, the choice dependingon the hardness of surface required and the type ofsub-base. In most cases a solid base construction isrequired.

• Acrylic-based compounds provide a hardsurface, but generally cannot be pumped.

• Latex compounds have different grades ofhardness and, being more flexible, may beconsidered to be suitable for timber-flooringstructures.

• Water-based compounds are mainly self-levelling compounds requiring the minimum oftrowelling, and provide a smooth and hardsurface. Some can be pumped for speed ofapplication.

3.35 It is important to seek the recommendations of all manufacturers in determining the correctlevelling/smoothing compound and to check itscompatibility with the sub-base surface treatment.

Self-levelling screeds

3.36 These high-strength, cement-based screeds areavailable without protein content so as not topromote or sustain the growth of bacteria or fungi.Such screeds range from 4 mm to 50 mm inthickness, usually with a designed thickness rangeof 8–10 mm on a concrete-floated slab. Upperfloors require a minimum thickness of preferably5 mm at the top of the chamber to concrete planksin prestressed construction.

3.37 This type of self-levelling screed is freely available,and can afford a fast and easy application coveringa large area in a short space of time. Someproprietary systems include fibre reinforcement

and glass-fibre mesh, enabling them to be laiddown on a variety of bases, including overlayingexisting floor materials for rapid refurbishmentprogrammes.

3.38 Self-levelling screeds are generally fast-setting,allowing light foot traffic after only a few hoursand floor materials following a drying period offrom one day to about four weeks.

3.39 These screeds can be laid down very late in theconstruction programme, giving less potential fordamage to the finished surface by following trades.

Areas with special requirements3.40 The list of areas outlined in paragraphs 3.41–3.68

is not exhaustive, but is only intended to giveexamples of specific slip resistance requirements ofcertain areas in the healthcare environment.

Operating theatres and ancillary accommodation

3.41 Floors can be subjected to severe static anddynamic loading. Progressive failure of a flooringsystem can stem from initial small faults in thejointing of the material or from insufficientbearing strength or poor workmanship in layingthe screed. The structural details and the selectionand installation of the flooring system must begiven meticulous attention.

3.42 One of the earliest considerations for the designteam should be the type of operating theatre tablewhich will be used, as this will have an importantbearing on the type of flooring system selected andthe structural design.

3.43 It is also important to establish whether the tablewill be used for patient transfer in and out of theoperating theatre.

3.44 Theatre tables with softer tyres, giving a greatercontact area, will significantly reduce possibledamage to the floor.

3.45 Floors should be able to withstand harsh treatmentincluding:

• the rolling loads of heavy mobile equipment;

• frequent spillages with subsequent “moppingup”;

• regular hard cleaning.


12

Finishes

3.46 Flooring should also have the followingcharacteristics (note: carpets are not acceptableanywhere in the operating department):

• hygienic finishes;

• slip-resistant;

• continuous;

• smooth;

• impervious;

• sealed joints;

• easily cleanable;

• wear-resistant.

3.47 Manufacturers’ information on suitable cleaning,disinfection and maintenance procedures isimportant at the design stage.

3.48 There should be a continuous return between thefloor and the wall; for example, coved skirtingsreturn a minimum of 100 mm, which allow easycleaning and avoid microbial colonisation.

3.49 The skirting material used should be integral with,and have properties similar to, the floor material.

3.50 In areas where frequent wet cleaning methods are employed, the flooring material should beunaffected by germicidal cleaning solutions.

3.51 The floor material should be properly anchored tothe underlying surface.

3.52 Sheet vinyl, linoleum or rubber should havewelded joints. The flooring should be at least2 mm thick. Such flooring is tolerant of smallmovements in the structural floor. The floor screedshould be perfectly smooth, crack-free and stable.Adhesives should be powerful enough to resist theformation of “waves” in the floor material that canresult when heavy equipment is moved. Sufficienttime should be allowed for the adhesive to set priorto use. Thresholds at doorways between adjacentrooms require particular attention because they arepoints of stress in the floor material.

Showers

3.53 The needs of walking, disabled and wheelchairpatients must all be taken into account whendesigning showers. The height of a floor-mountedshower tray presents a barrier to a wheelchairpatient, so the preferred solution would be onewhere the showering area is dished below the level

of the surrounding floor. Gently graded accessramps should provide an approach to the shower,but attention should be paid to the slip resistanceof the materials used, as the presence of a gradientwill increase the slip risk. The level of thestructural slab may have to be adjusted toaccommodate any changes in the depth of theflooring system.

3.54 The material should be slip-resistant (see Health &Safety Executive (2004)) and dressed into a flooroutlet.

3.55 Proprietary flush-to-floor trays are now availablewhich allow the floor material to be dressed intothe tray.

Central kitchens

3.56 The essential performance requirements of thematerial are the need to combat the slipperinesscaused by water and grease lying on the surface,and the need to maintain the high level of hygienerequired in food preparation areas.

3.57 Selection of an appropriate finish should be madein consultation with environmental health officers(EHOs) and reference to the Health & SafetyExecutive’s (2004) ‘The assessment of pedestrianslip risk’.

3.58 The skirting should be in the same/similar materialto the floor, nominally 100 mm high, coved at thejunction with the floor and jointed with the wallmaterial to give an impervious finish.

Entrances

3.59 Much damage and soiling can be caused by dirt,grit and liquids brought into a building on the feetof those using it. Figure 1 illustrates a typicalarrangement to prevent ingress of dirt.

3 Design guidance

2000inner zone

intermediate zone

external zone

canopy over

3000

2000(min)

13

Suitable types of flooring

3.60 External zone:

• slip-resistant hard surface.

3.61 Intermediate zone:

• barrier mat with built-in scraper action.

3.62 Inner zone:

• dust control mat;

• barrier mat with built-in scraper action.

3.63 Matting is one control that can be used to reducethe risk of slips at entrances by removing wetcontamination from pedestrian footwear. It willwork best when used in conjunction with othercontrols including effective or enclosed canopiesand heating, in particular underfloor heating andventilation. If considered early enough in thedesign process, the location and orientation ofentrances may also help to control the risk byreducing the ingress of wind-driven rain and snow.

3.64 BS 7953:1999 identifies typical matting materialsand provides some guidance on their selection,installation and maintenance. However, mostcurrently available matting materials/systemsappear to be primarily concerned with the removalof grit and dirt from shoes to protect the floorfrom damage. Some materials are quite effective at removing water from shoes; limited researchsuggests that natural fibre materials are the mosteffective, but further work is required.

3.65 The pendulum test can be used to determine theslip resistance of mats. The property may bedirectional, and this should be tested by theoperator.

3.66 Surface microroughness measurements cannot bemade on the matting materials themselves but mayprovide additional useful information on metal,plastic, rubber or other inserts (often an integralpart of the matting, which is used to help removegross contamination from footwear).

3.67 It is difficult to be prescriptive about the numberof footfalls required to completely remove moisturefrom footwear. The more footfalls the mat takes,the more effective it will be. If wet footprints are visible beyond the matting, it is beingcompromised, and further controls will have to beconsidered.

3.68 Matting should extend to, and include, thethreshold. There should be no strips of

unprotected floor between threshold and matting.The matting should be fixed securely such that itdoes not present a tripping hazard. It should becleaned and maintained appropriately andregularly. If wet cleaning techniques are used, themats should have sufficient time to dry before use.Worn matting may present a trip risk.

3.69 If supplementary matting is needed, it should bebutted up to the fixed matting with no gaps andshould not be allowed to curl or ruck so as tointroduce a trip risk.

3.70 The way in which pedestrians use the entranceshould determine how and where the mattingshould be positioned. The position and dimensionsshould prevent short-cut routes across the matting.

3.71 Matting is functional, and designers should avoidusing it to make aesthetic design statements.

3.72 Consideration of the particular entrancerequirements of accident and emergencydepartments and entrances in general, in additionto the use of automatic doors, may increaserelevant dimensions. Reference should be made to Health Building Note 22 – ‘Accident andemergency facilities for adults and children’.

Streets and corridors

3.73 These areas must be capable of withstanding theloads imposed by heavy wheeled traffic andintensive pedestrian traffic.

3.74 In selecting and specifying the system, thefollowing points need to be considered:

• type and volume of traffic will vary greatlydepending upon whether the corridor is used asa main whole-hospital service street, or is usedsolely by one department;

• mobile equipment may range from wheelchairsand small trolleys to comparatively heavybattery-powered “tugs” hauling a train ofloaded trucks;

• a high-bearing-strength screed is recommended.Wherever possible, movement and expansionjoints should be located in positions wherewheeled equipment will cause minimumdamage;

• joints in the floor material can be a source ofprogressive failure in heavily trafficked areas,and materials requiring the minimum amountof jointing should be chosen in such areas.


14

Flatness of the surface is important inminimising damage to the floor finish.

Radiodiagnostic rooms

3.75 The equipment in this activity space may changeseveral times during the life of the department, and it is possible to provide flexibility in theconstruction of the floor to allow for alterations(see Health Building Note 6 – ‘Facilities fordiagnostic imaging and interventional radiology’).

3.76 Hollow floors are sometimes used, but mustprovide structural support for the table and otherheavy equipment. Floors to radiodiagnostic rooms,processing and associated accommodation shouldbe jointless and impervious.

Slip resistance3.77 The Health & Safety Executive’s (2004) ‘The

assessment of pedestrian slip risk’ concerns theclassification of floor surface slip resistance. The document describes accepted test methodswidely used and referenced in British Standards.(This document is available free of charge fromhttp://www.hse.gov.uk/slips/index.htm.) New goodpractice guidance on all aspects of slips is to belaunched in January 2006. This work is beingcoordinated by the Construction Industry Researchand Information Association (CIRIA) andsponsored by the Health & Safety Executive, theDepartment of Health, London Underground –Rail Safety and Standards Board and others. Forfurther information, visit http://www.ciria.org/rp713.htm.

3.78 Traditional smooth surfaces (such as thermoplasticsor smooth natural stone) are unlikely to providesatisfactory levels of slip resistance in wetconditions. This is likely to be the case under evenextremely low levels of wet contamination.

3.79 Research has suggested that the surfacemicroroughness contributes more to the slip-resistant properties of the floor than the presenceof visible patterning or texturing on the surface ofeither hard or soft flooring.

3.80 The requirement to leave floor surfaces dry afterthe use of wet cleaning regimes is one that is oftenneglected. The presence of low levels of wetcontamination after the use of wet cleaningregimes (such as the slight dampness left after theuse of a wrung-out, still damp mop) can be morethan sufficient to result in a pedestrian slip.

Pedestrian access to areas of flooring which haverecently been cleaned should therefore be restrictedfor a short time using cordons to allow evaporationof residual wetness. Alternatively, specialistproprietary methods can be used to simply removeresidual contamination before pedestrians use theflooring.

3.81 The effectiveness of traditional floor cleaningmethods is highly reliant not only on the use ofthe correct type of cleaning solution (detergentchoice etc) but also on both the concentration andthe temperature of the solution. It is a commonmisconception that a more highly concentratedcleaning solution than that recommended will bemore effective for removal of contamination.

3.82 It is recommended that flooring manufacturersand/or suppliers be consulted during thespecification process and that reliable slip resistanceinformation (based on “Pendulum” data,undertaken in line with BS 7976–2 and the Health& Safety Executive’s (2004) guidance document)be supplied. Specifiers should be aware of potentialdifferences in the slip-resistant properties of ex-factory flooring materials and the effect ofinstallation processes and applied finishes on them.

3.83 Once floorings have been installed, it isrecommended that their slip resistance levels bemonitored at regular intervals throughout theirservice lives to identify any changes.

Risk assessment

3.84 When conducting a risk assessment for a new flooror replacement floor, the following elementsshould be considered:

3.85 The choice of flooring for wet or contaminatedareas needs careful consideration. A slip-resistantfloor, with appropriate cleaning regime, may be aneffective control in some areas, such as kitchens orshower rooms. The choice of flooring will be

15

3 Design guidance

FLOOR

SLIP POTENTIAL

CONTAMINATIONENVIRONMENT

USE FOOTWEAR

RISKASSESSMENT

http://www.hse.gov.uk/slips/index.htm

http://www.ciria.org/rp713.htm

http://www.ciria.org/rp713.htm

influenced by the likely source of contamination.However, it is important to establish with suppliersthat slip-resistant flooring can be cleaned toappropriate hygiene standards. In certain areas,such as operating theatres, where hygiene isparamount, this is especially important. Otheroptions to control slip risk such as spillageprocedures, more frequent cleaning and slip-resistant footwear should also be considered.

3.86 The flooring is just one – albeit important –element in the slip potential model, and in areaswhere contamination occurs only occasionally, itmay be more appropriate to control the riskthrough enhanced cleaning regimes.

3.87 Consideration should be given to the consequencesof using floor surfaces of lower slip resistancedirectly adjacent to those with slip-resistantproperties, as contamination may be spread onpedestrian footwear or trolley wheels.

Maintenance manual

General

3.88 An operation and maintenance manual should becompiled by the project architect and should behanded to the maintenance staff immediatelyfollowing the practical completion of the contract.

3.89 The manual should include the followinginformation:

• names of floor materials or systems andmanufacturer or proprietor;

• any adhesives used, if known;

• screeds;

• damp-proof membrane;

• structural floor base;

• instructions on cleaning and maintenance.

Cleaning

3.90 Guidance on cleaning routines is set out inparagraphs 2.7–2.9. Reference should also be madeto BS 6263-2:1991.


16

Where an activity space under consideration does notappear in the schedule, refer to space of a similar type.

Where two categories of performance are shown againstsome activity spaces, either category may satisfy the userrequirements.

For cost reasons it may be important to rationalise floormaterials where there is a choice of different materialswithin one performance category; for example, floormaterials in bays off a circulation space will generally bethe same as those in the circulation space.

17

Appendix A Schedule of activity spacerequirements

Department/ Category GroupActivity Space

Accident & EmergencyCirculation Space 5 S/SWCleaners’ Room 2 SWCleansing Room/Shower 4 SRClean Utility 3 SWConsulting 3/6 SW/T*Dirty Utility 2 SWDisposal 2 SWDrugs and Alcohol Recovery 4 SRInterview Room 5/6 S/TF/TMajor Treatment 1 ASOffice 5/6 S/TF/TReception/Records 5/6 S/TF/TResuscitation 3 SWStaff Base 3 SWStore 5 TFTreatment 3 SWWC 2 SW

AdministrationCirculation Space 5/6 S/TF/TCleaners’ Room 2 SWCommitte Room 6 TCommon Room 6 TInterview Room 6 TLibrary 6 TOffice 5/6 S/TF/TReception 6 TRest Room 6 TStore 5 TFWC 2 SW


Adult Day Surgeryrefer also to OperatingBathroom 4 SRCirculation Space 5/6 S/T*Cleaners’ Room 2 SWClean Utility 3 SWConsulting/Examination/Doctors’ Office 3/6 SW/T*Dirty Utility 2 SWDisposal 2 SWMulti-bed Room 3/6 SW/T*Office 5/6 S/TF/TPatient Changing Cubicle 5/6 S/T*Patient Waiting 5/6 S/T*Reception 6 TTShower 4 SRSingle-bed Room 3/6 SW/T*Sitting/Recovery 3/6 SW/T*Staff Base 5/6 STStaff Changing 5 TFStore 5 TFTreatment 3 SWWaiting 6 TWC 2 SW

For an explanation of abbreviations, refer to Table 2 on page 5


Adult Acute – Nursing sectionBathroom 4 SRCirculation Space 5/6 S/T*Cleaners’ Room 2 SWClean Room 3 SWCloakroom 5 TFDay Room 5/6 S/TF/T*Dining Room 5/6 S/TF/T*Dirty Utility 2 SWDisposal 2 SWFlower Bay 5/6 S/T*Linen Bay 5/6 S/T*Multi-bed Room 3/6 SW/T*Office 5/6 S/TF/TPantry 2 SWRelatives’ Room 6 TSeminar W S/TF/TShower 4 SRSingle-bed Room 3/6 SW/T*Staff Base 5/6 STStore 5 TFSwitchroom 5 TFTreatment Room 3 SWWC 2 SWWheelchair Park 5/6 S/T*

AmbulanceCirculation Space 5 S/SWCleaners’ Room 2 SWControl Room 5/6 S/TF/TDrying Room 2 SWGarage Area 3 ISUKitchen 2 SWMess Room 5/6 S/TF/TOffice 5/6 S/TF/TShower 4 SRSluice Room 4 SRStaff Changing 5 TFStore 5 TFWC 2 SW

BoilerhouseBoiler Room 3/5 TRCJ/

ISU/ISCalorifier Room 3/5 TRCJ/

ISU/ISCirculation Space 5 ISUFuel Store 5 ISUStaff Accommodation 5 TFStaff WC and Washroom 2 SWSwitchroom 5 ISU

Children – Day patient accommodationCirculation Space 5/6 S/TF/T*Clean Utility 3 SWDirty Utility/Disposal 2 SWMulti-bed Room 3/6 SW/T*Pantry 2 SWSingle-bed Room 3/6 SW/T*Treatment/Examination 3 SWWaiting/Play 5/6 S/TF/T*WC 4 SR


Children – In-patient accommodationBathroom 4 SRCirculation Space 5/6 S/TF/T*Clean Utility 3 SWDirty Utility 2 SWFlower Bay 5/6 S/TF/T*Linen Store 5/6 S/TF/T*Multi-bed Room 3/6 SW/T*Office 5/6 S/TF/TPantry 2 SWPlay/Dining/Education 5/6 S/TF/T*Shower 4 SRSingle-bed Room 3/6 SW/T*Staff Base 5/6 S/TF/T*Store 5 TFWC 2 SW

Children – Shared accommodationAdmission/Examination 3/6 SW/T*Adolescent’s Day Room 5/6 S/TF/T*Baby Feed Store 5 TFCirculation Space 5/6 S/TF/T*Cleaners’ Room 2 SWDisposal 2 SWEducation Space 5/6 S/TF/T*Equipment Bay 5/6 S/TF/T*Office/Interview 5/6 S/TF/T*Parents’ Bedroom 6 TParents’ Sitting Room 6 TSeminar 5/6 S/TF/T*Shower 4 SRStaff Changing 5 TFStaff Locker Room 5 TFSwitchroom 5 TFTeachers’ Base 5/6 S/TF/T*Treatment 3 SWWC 2 SW

DentalCirculation Space 5/6 S/TF/TLaboratory and Darkroom 3 SWOffice 5/6 S/TF/TRecovery Room 3 SWStore 6 TFSurgery 3 SWSwitchroom 5 TFWaiting Area 5/6 S/TWC 2 SW

Dining RoomCirculation Space 5/6 S/TF/TCleaners’ Room 2 SWCloakroom 5/6 S/TF/TCoffee Room 6 TDining Room 5/6 S/TF/T*Office 5/6 S/TF/TSandwich Room 5/6 S/TF/TServery 2 TREJStaff Changing Room 5 TFStore 5 TFWC 2 SW


18


Educational AccommodationAudio-visual 6 TClassroom 5/6 S/TF/TCommon Room 6 TDemonstration 5/6 S/TF/TDining 5/6 S/TF/TEntrance/Reception/Waiting Area 5/6 S/TF/TLecture/Seminar/Discussion 5/6 S/TF/TLibrary 6 TOffice 5/6 S/TF/TServery 2 SRStaff Room 6 TStore 5 TFWC 2 SW

Fracture ClinicAppliance Fitting Room 3 SWClean Supplies & Preparation 3 SWCleaners’ Room 2 SWConsulting/Examination Room 3/6 SW/T*Circulation Space 5/6 S/TDirty Utility 2 SWDisposal Holding 2 SWPlaster Room 3 SWReception, Sub-waiting & Wheelchair Park 5/6 S/TStore 5 TFWC 2 SW

Geriatric Care – Day hospitalBathroom 4 SRBedroom 6 T*Circulation Space 3/6 SW/T*Cleaners’ Room 2 SWClean Utility 3 SWClothes Hanging/Waiting/Wheelchair Park 3/6 SW/T*Consulting/Examination Room 3 SWDining 3 SWDirty Utility 2 SWDisposal 2 SWGeneral Sitting Space 3/6 SW/T*Interview Room 6 T*Kitchen 2 SWOccupational Therapy 3/6 SW/T*Office 5/6 S/TF/TPantry 2 SWPhysiotherapy 3/3 SW/T*Quiet Room 3/6 SW/T*Shower 4 SRStaff/Seminar Room 6 TSpeech Therapy/Consultants/Examination

Room 6 T*Staff Cloakroom 5 TFStore 5 TFSwitchroom 5 TFTreatment Room 3 SWUtility/Laundry 4 SRWC 2 SW


Geriatric Care – Nursing sectionBathroom 4 SRBathroom/Treatment 4 SRCirculation Space 3/6 SW/T*Cleaners’ Room 2 SWClean Utility 3 SWCloakroom 5 TFDay Room 3/3 SW/T*Dining Room 3 SWDirty Utility 2 SWDisposal 2 SWFlower Bay 3/6 SW/T*Linen Bay 3/6 SW/T*Multi-bed Room 3/6 SW/T*Occupational Therapy 3/6 SW/T*Office 5/6 TF/TPantry 2 SWPhysiotherapy 3/6 SW/T*Relatives’ Room 6 TSeminar 5/6 S/TF/TShower 4 SRSingle-bed Room 3/6 SW/T*Staff Base 3/6 SW/T*Store 5 TFSwitchroom 5 TFWaiting Area 3/6 SW/T*WC 2 SWWheelchair Park 3/6 SW/T*

Health CentreChild Assessment 5/6 TF/T*Chiropody 3 SWCirculation Space 5/6 S/TF/TCleaners’ Room 2 SWConsulting/Examination Room 3/6 SW/T*Consulting Room – Audiology 6 TDental Surgery 3 SWDispensary 3 SWDisposal 2 SWHealth Education 5/6 S/TF/TInterview Room 6 TKitchen/Teabar 3 SWLaboratory & Darkroom 3 SWNurses’ Service Room 5 TFOffice 5/6 S/TF/TPharmacy 3 SWPhysiotherapy 3/6 SW/TPhysiotherapy – Utility Area 3 SWPlayroom 5/6 S/TF/T*Pram Shelter (inside) 3/5SW/TRCJRecovery Room 3 SWSeminar/Library 5/6 S/TF/TSpeech Therapy 6 TStaff Common Room 6 TStore 5 TFSwitchroom 5 TFTreatment Room 3 SWWC 2 SW

19

Appendix A Schedule of activity space requirements


Intensive Therapy UnitCirculation Space 3 SWCleaners’ Room 2 SWClean Utility 3 SWDirty Utility 2 SWDisposal 2 SWLaboratory 3 SWMulti-bed Room 3 SWOffice 5/6 TF/TPantry 2 SWRelatives’ Room/Doctors’ Room/Overnight Stay 6 TSingle-bed Room 3 SWStaff Base 3 SWStaff Changing 5 TFStaff Rest Room 5/6 TF/TStore 5 TFSwitchroom 5 TFWC 2 SW

KitchenBulk Provisions Store 2 TREJ/ISCentral Beverage Preparation Space 2/4 TREJ/ISCentral Cooking 2/4 TREJ/SRCentral Tray Preparation Space 4 SRCentral Tray Service Space 4 SRCentral Wash-up 4 SRCleaners’ Room 5 TRCJCooling Room or Larder 2 TREJDay to Day Store 2 TREJDiet Preparation 4 SRDisposables Store 5 TRCJEquipment Store 5 TRCJFish Storage SpecialGeneral Preparation 4 SRKitchen Cold Room SpecialKitchen Deep Freeze SpecialMeat Cold Store SpecialOffice 5 TFPan Wash 4 SRPastry & Sweets Preparation 4 SRRaw Meat & Fish Preparation 4 SRSandwich Preparation 4 SRStaff Changing 5 TFStaff Rest Room 5/6 TF/TTrolley Parking Space 2/5 SW/TF/

TRCJTrolley Wash 4 SRVegetables, Salads & Fruit

Preparation 4 SRVegetable Store 2 TREJWashing-up Materials Store 5 TRCJWC/Washroom 2 SW


LaundryAssembling, Parking & Despatch 5 TRCJBarrier Room 3 SWColandering 3 SWCalorifier 5 TRCJCentral Disinfection Area 4 SRClassification 3 SWCleaners’ Room 2 SWDrying 4 SRMachine Cloth Store 5 TFMess Room 5/6 TF/TOffice 5/6 TF/TPlantroom 5 TF/TRCJPressing 3 SWReception 3 SWRest Room 5/6 TF/TSolution/Preparation/Storage Area 4 SRStore 5 TFSwitchroom 5 TFWashing 4 SRWashing Materials Store 5 TFWC 2 SW

Maternity – AdministrationCirculation 5/6 TF/TClassroom 5/6 TF/TDisposal 2 SWOffice 5/6 TF/TStaff Cloaks 5 TFStore 5 TFWC 2 SW

Maternity – Central delivery suiteAbnormal Delivery Room 1 ASAdmission Suite 3 SWBathroom 4 SRChanging Room 5 TFCirculation Space 3 SWCleaners’ Room 2 SWClean Utility 3 SWDay Room 5/6 TF/TDelivery Room 3 SWDirty Utility 2 SWDisposal 2 SWEquipment Store 5 TFLinen Room 5 TFOffice 5/6 S/TF/TPantry 2 SWScrub-up & Gowning 4 SRShower 4 SRStaff Base 3 SWTrolley Space 3 SWWC 2 SW


20


Maternity – Nursing sectionAssisted Shower/WC/Wash 4 SRBaby Feed/Demonstration Room 2 SWBathroom 4 SRCirculation Space 5/6 S/TCleaners’ Room 2 SWClean Utility 3 SWDay/Dining Room 5/6 TF/T**Dirty Utility 2 SWDisposal 2 SWEquipment Store 5 TFFlower Bay/Linen Store 5/6 S/T*Multi-bed Room 3/6 SW/T*Nursery 3 SWOffice 5/6 TF/TPantry 2 SWSeminar Room W TF/TSingle-bed Room 3/6 SW/T*Staff Base 5/6 S/TStaff Changing 5 TFSwitchroom 5 TFWC 2 SW

Maternity – Special care baby unit and central baby feed kitchenBedroom* 3/6 SW/TBeverage Point – Baby Feed Demonstration 3 SWBlond Gas Analysis Room 3 SWCentral Milk Kitchen 3 SWCirculation Space 3 SWCleaners’ Room 2 SWClean Utility 3 SWDay Room & Play Room 5/6 TF/T*Dirty Utility 2 SWDisposal 2 SWEntrance, Visitors’ Gowning 3 SWIncubator Nursery 3 SWLinen Room 5 TFNursery 3 SWOffice/Interview/Seminar Room 5/6 SF/TF/TReception, Breast Milk 3 SWShower 4 SRStaff Base 3 SWStaff Changing 5 TFSwitchroom 5 TFWC 2 SW


Medical Photography and IllustrationChanging Cubicle 5/6 TF/TCirculation Space 5/6 S/TF/TCleaners’ Room 2 SWDarkroom 3 SWDisplay 3 SWEditing 3 SWFinishing Room 3 SWOffice 5/6 S/TF/TReproduction & Copying Room 3 SWStaff Room 6 TStore 5 TFStudio 3 SWWC 2 SW

Mental Illness – Day hospitalArt Room 3 SWBeauty/Hairdressing 3 SWBehavioural Therapy 3/6 SW/TCirculation Space 5/6 S/TCleaners’ Room 2 SWCloakroom 5 TFDining Room 5/6 S/TF/T*Disposal Room 2 SWGames Room 5 S/TFGroup Therapy/Library/Music/Quiet/Sitting 6 THeavy Workshop 5 S/TRCJHobbies Room 5/6 S/TF/THorticulture 3ISU/TRCJInterview Room 6 TKiln Room 3ISU/TRCJKitchen 2 SWLaundry 4 SRLight Workshop 5 S/TFObservation Room 6 TOffice 5/6 S/TF/TPatients’ Washroom 2 SWPottery Room 3ISU/TRCJRecreation Store 5 TFServery 2 SWSitting 6 TStaff/Seminar Room 6 TStore 5 TFSwitchroom 5 TFTimber Store 3 ISUTreatment/Clean Utility 3 SWWC 2 SW

Mental Illness – ECTAnteroom 5/6 S/TF/TCirculation Space/Reception 5/6 S/TF/TDisposal Room 2 SWRecovery Room 3 SWStore 5 TFTreatment Room 3 SWWashroom, Assisted WC 2 SW

21



Mortuary and Post-mortemAttendants’ Room 3/6 SW/TBier Room 2/4 SR/TREJ/ISBody Store/Trolley Bay 2/4 SR/TREJ/ISCirculation Space 2/4 SR/TREJ/ISCleaners’ Room 2 SWClean Stock 3 SWCompressor and Switchroom 5 TFInstruments 3 SWLinen Room 5 TFMedical Observation Room 3 SWOffice 5/6 TF/TPathologists’ Changing Room 3 SWPost-mortem Room 2/4 SR/TREJ/ISRefrigerate Chambers SpecialShower 4 SRSluice 2/4 SR/TREJ/ISSpecimen Room 3 SWViewing Cubicle 3 SWViewing Room 5/6 S/TVisitors’ Entrance 3/6 S/TWaiting Room 3/6 S/TWC 2 SW

OperatingAnaesthetic Room 1 AS/SW/

TREJ/ISBeverage Bay 3 SWCentral Store 3 SWChanging Room 3 SWCirculation Space 3 SWClean Corridor 3 SWClean Utility 3 SWDirty Utility 2 SWDisposal, Holding or Collection 2 SWEntrance/Reception/Transfer Area 3 SWEquipment Store 3 SWExit 3 SWOffice 3 SWOperating Theatre 1 AS/SW/

TREJ/ISOuter Corridor 2 SWPlaster Room 2 SWPost-operative Recovery Area 2 SWPreparation 2 SWScrub-up 4 SRShower 4 SRStaff Control Base 3 SWStaff Rest Room 3/6 SW/T*Switchroom 5 TFWC 2 SWX-ray Processing 3 SW


Out-patients – ChildrenCirculation Space 5/6 S/TConsulting/Examination 3/6 SW/T*Dirty Utility 2 SWMother & Baby Room 3/6 SW/T*Office 5/6 TF/TPram/Wheelchair Area 5/6 S/TTreatment Room 3 SWWC 2 SWWeighing/Measuring Room 2 SW

Out-patients – Children’s comprehensive assessment Type AAssessment/Observation/Remedial/Therapy/

Treatment Rooms 3 SWOffice/Seminar 5/6 TF/TStore 5 TFViewing 3/6 SW/T*Waiting/Dining Room 5/6 S/T*

Out-patients – Children’s comprehensive assessment Type BAssessment/Observation/Remedial/Therapy/

Treatment Rooms 3 SWCirculation Space 5/6 S/TConsulting/Examination 3/6 SW/T*Dirty Utility 2 SWOffice 5/6 TF/TOffice/Seminar 5/6 TF/TPram Store/Wheelchair Park 3/5 SW/TRCJStaff Locker Room 5 TFStore 5 TFSwitchroom 5 TFViewing Room 3/6 SW/T*Waiting/Dining Room 5/6 S/T*WC 2 SW

Out-patients – GeneralConsulting/Examination Room 3/6 SW/T*Changing Cubicle 5/6 S/TCirculation Space 5/6 S/TCleaners’ Room 2 SWClean Utility 3 SWDirty Utility 2 SWDisposal 2 SWOffice 5/6 TF/TOphthalmic Room 3/6 SW/TPorters’ Room 5/6 SDReception 5/6 S/TStore 5 TFTest Room 3 SWTreatment Room 3 SWTrolley & Wheelchair Area 5/6 S/TWC 2 SW


22


Out-patients – Mental illnessAssisted Washroom & WC 4 SRCirculation Space 5/6 S/TCloakroom – Patients 5 TFConsulting/Examination 3/6 SW/TDirty Utility/Disposal 2 SWInterview Room 6 TMedical Records 5/6 S/TF/TOffice 5/6 S/TF/TPsychological Testing Room 3/6 SW/TStaff Changing 5 TFStore 5 TFTreatment/Clean Utility 3 SWWC 2 SW

Out-patients – OphthalmicCirculation Space 5/6 S/TCleaners’ Room 2 SWClean Utility 3 SWConsulting/Examination Room 5/6 S/TF/TDarkroom 3 SWDirty Utility 2 SWDispensing Optician 5/6 S/TF/TFluorescein Angiography 5/6 S/TF/TOffice 5/6 S/TF/TOrthoptist 3 SW/TStaff Base 5/6 S/TF/TLocker Room 5 TFStore 5 TFSwitchroom 5 TFTreatment Room 3 SWWaiting/Recovery Area 5/6 S/TF/T*WC – Patients 2 SRWC – Staff 2 SW

PathologyBlood Bank 3 SWCentrifuge Room 3 SWCirculation Space 3/5 S/TFCleaners’ Room 2 SWCloakroom 5 TFDisposal Room 2 SWExamination Room 3 SWHot/Cold Room 3 SWLaboratory 3 SWMedia Room 3 SWMounting/Preparation 3 SWMuseum 3 SWOffice 5/6 S/TF/TStaff Room 6 TSterilizing Room 3 SWStore 5 TFWaiting Area 5/6 S/TF/TWashing-up 3 SWWC 2 SWWorkshop 5 TF


PharmacyAdvisory Cubicle 5/6 S/TF/TAseptic Filling 2 SWAseptic Room 2 SWBalance Room 3 SWBottle Preparation 4 SRChanging Room/Robing/Interchange Area 2 SWChemicals Store 3 SWCirculation 3 SWCleaners’ Room 2 SWCloakroom 5 TFContainer Preparation 2 SWContainer – Clean 3 SWDispensary 3 SWDressing Store 3 SWDrug Information Library 5/6 S/TF/TEmergency Store 5 TFEquipment Cleaning 2 SWFinished Products Store 5 TFFinished Products Quarantine Store 5 TFFlammable Store SpecialGoods Reception 5 TFIncubation 3 SWIncoming Materials (Quarantine) 5 TFInspection/Label/Preparation/Labelling 3 SWLaboratory 3 SWLaundry Facility 4 SRMaterials Store 5 TFMedia Kitchen 3 SWMedical Gas Cylinder Store 5 TRCJ/ISUMicrobiological Media Store 3 SWOffice 5/6 S/TF/TPackaging & Overwrap 5 TFWard Service Area 3 SWWC 2 SWPatient Waiting 5/6 S/TF/TPorters’ Room/Base 5/6 S/TF/TPreparation/Filling Area 2 SWPreparation Room 2 SWSamples Store 5 TFRepackaging 5 TFReusable Container Collection 5 TFSecurity Store 5 TFSeminar 5/6 S/TF/TStaff Entrance 5/6 S/TF/TSterilization 3 SWStill Room 3 SWStore 5 TFTrolley & Equipment Park 5 TF

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RadiodiagnosticCirculation Space 5/6 S/TF/TCleaners’ Room 2 SWClean Utility 3 SWDarkroom 3 SWDirty Utility 2 SWDisposal 2 SWDressing Cubicle 5/6 S/TF/TLavage Room 4 SRLinen 5 TFMobile X-ray Store 5 S/TFOffice 5/6 S/TF/TRadiodiagnostic Room 3 SWRadiographer 5/6 S/TF/TRecords 5/6 S/TF/TRecovery Room 3 SWStaff Room 6 TStore 5 TFTrolley Space 5 S/TFUltrasound 3 SWViewing & Sorting Room 3 SWWC 2 SW

RehabilitationApparatus Bay 5 S/TFApparatus Bay – Hydrotherapy 4 SRApparatus Store 5 TFBathroom 4 SRBedroom 6 TChanging Cubicle – Gymnasium 5/6 S/TF/TChanging Cubicle – Hydrotherapy 4 SRChanging Cubicle – Treatment 5/6 S/TF/TCirculation Space 5/6 S/TF/TCleaners’ Room 2 SWClinical Room 3 SWConsulting/Examination Room 3/6 SW/TDisposal Room 2 SWElectronyography Room 3/6 SW/TGymnasium SpecialHeavy Workshop 3 ISUHydrotherapy 4 SRIndividual Open Exercise Area 5/6 S/TF/TInterview Room 6 TKitchen 3 SWLaundry 4 SRLight Workshop 5 TFMain Waiting 5/6 S/TF/TPatients’ Shower 4 SRPlaster & Plaster Splints 3 SWPorters’ Base 5/6 S/TF/TPreparation Bay 5 S/TFReception/Records Office 5/6 S/TF/TRecovery Room 5/6 S/TF/TSpeech Therapy 6 TStaff Changing 5 TF


Staff Changing Cubicle – Hydrotherapy 4 SRStaff Room/Seminar 6 TStore 5 TFSwitchroom 5 TFTimber/Materials Store 3 ISUTreatment Cubicle 3/6 SW/TWax Treatment Room 3 SWWC 2 SWWheelchair Bay 5/6 S/TF/T

Resident AccommodationBathroom 3 SWBedroom 6 TBathroom 4 SRBed-sitting Room 6 TCirculation Space 6 TCleaners’ Room 2 SWCloakroom 5 TFCommon Room 6 TKitchen 3 SWLiving Room 6 TOffice 5/6 S/TF/TShower 4 SRSitting Room 6 TUtility Store 5 TFWC 2 SW

Secure UnitBathroom 4 SRCirculation 5/6 S/TF/TClassroom 3 SWClinical/Examination Room 3 SWCleaners’ Room 2 SWCommunal Area 5/6 S/TF/TDuty Room 5/6 S/TF/TGroup Therapy Room 6 TGymnasium SpecialInterview/Conference 6 TKitchen 2 SWLaunderette/Utility Room 4 SRLibrary 5/6 S/TF/TLinen 5 TFOffice 5/6 S/TF/TOT Hobbies Room 5 TFQuiet Room 6 TSecure Room 3 SW/ISShower 4 SRSingle-bed Room 3/6 SW/TStaff Rest Room 6 TStore 5 TFStudy Room 5/6 S/TF/TTraining Room 5/6 S/TF/TVisitors’ Room 6 TWC 2 SW


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Sterilizing and Disinfecting UnitCirculation Space 3 SWCleaners’ Room 2 SWDisposal Collection 2 SWDisposal Holding Area 2 SWMaterials Holding Store 5 TFMedical Equipment Test Area/Service/

Work Area 3 SWOffice 5 S/TFReception – Clean Supply 3 SWReception – Soiled Goods 3 SWStaff Changing 5 S/TFStaff Room 5/6 TF/TSterile Goods Store 3 SWSterilizer Working Area 3/5SW/TRCJ/ISTrolley Unloading/Maintenance Area 3/5SW/TRCJ/ISTrolley Wash 4 SRWashroom 4 SRWC 2 SWWork Area 3 SW

StreetCirculation Space 5/6 S/TF/T*Sub-waiting 5/6 S/TF/T*Stairs 5/6 S/TF/T*Lift Lobby 5 S/TFDisposal Room 2 SW

Main EntranceEntrance Lobby 5/6 S/TEntrance Foyer/Waiting 5/6 S/T*Quiet Room 5/6 S/T*Reception/Enquiries 5/6 S/TF/TShop 4 SRStore 5 TFOffice 5/6 S/TF/TAdmissions 5/6 S/TF/TDuty Room 5/6 S/TF/T


Works UnitCirculation Space 5 TFOffice 5/6 TF/TStaff Accommodation 5/6 TF/TStaff Changing 5 TFStore 3 ISUWC 2 SWWorkshop 3 ISU

Younger Disabled UnitBathroom 4 SRBedroom 3/6 SW/TCirculation Space 5/6 S/TF/TClean Utility 3 SWCleaners’ Room 2 SWClinical/Examination 3 SWDay Space 6 TDining Room 5/6 S/TF/TDirty Utility 2 SWHobbies Room 5 TFOffice 6 TPantry 2 SWQuiet Room 6 TShower 4 SRStore 5 TFVisitors’ Room 6 TWC 2 SW

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Acts and regulations(The) Building Regulations 2000 (SI 2000: 2531).HMSO, 2000.http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si2000/20002531.htm

Construction (Design and Management)(Amendment) Regulations 2000, SI 1994 No. 3140,HMSO, 2000.http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1994/Uksi_19943140_en_1.htm

Construction (Design and Management)(Amendment) Regulations 2000, SI 2000 No. 2380,HMSO, 2000.http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/si/si2000/20002380.htm

Disability Discrimination Act 1995. HMSO, 1995.http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1995/Ukpga_19950050_en_1.htm

Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations1992, SI 1992 No. 3004, HMSO, 1992.http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1992/Uksi_19923004_en_1.htm

Department of Health resourcesActivity DataBasehttp://adb.dh.gov.uk

Health Building Note 06 – Facilities for diagnosticimaging and interventional radiology. The StationeryOffice, 2004.

Health Building Note 22 – Accident & emergencyfacilities for adults and children. The StationeryOffice, 2004.

Health Building Note 26 – Facilities for surgicalprocedures. The Stationery Office, 2004.

Health Facilities Note 30 – Infection control in thebuilt environment. The Stationery Office, 2004.

Health Guidance Note – Static discharges. TheStationery Office, 1996.

NHS Cleaning Manualhttp://patientexperience.nhsestates.gov.uk/clean_hospitals/ch_content/home/home.asp

National Specifications for Cleanlinesshttp://patientexperience.nhsestates.gov.uk/clean_hospitals/ch_content/home/home.asp

British Standards BS 1881 Testing concrete. British Standards Institution.

BS 4027:1996 Specification for sulfate-resisting Portlandcement. British Standards Institution, 1996.

BS 4247-2:1982 Surface materials for use in radioactiveareas. Guide to the selection of materials. BritishStandards Institution, 1982.

BS 4551-1:1998 Methods of testing mortars, screedsand plasters. Physical testing. British StandardsInstitution, 1998.

BS 4790:1987 Method for determination of the effectsof a small source of ignition on textile floor coverings(hot metal nut method). British Standards Institution,1987.

BS 5287:1988 Specification for assessment and labellingof textile floor coverings tested to BS 4790. BritishStandards Institution, 1988.

BS 5325:2001 Installation of textile floor coverings.Code of practice. British Standards Institution, 2001.

BS 5385-3:1989 Wall and floor tiling. Code of practicefor the design and installation of ceramic floor tiles andmosaics. British Standards Institution, 1989.

BS 5385-5:1994 Wall and floor tiling. Code of practicefor the design and installation of terrazzo tile and slab,natural stone and composition block floorings. BritishStandards Institution, 1994.

BS 5395-1:2000 Stairs, ladders and walkways. Code ofpractice for the design, construction and maintenance ofstraight stairs and winders. British Standards Institution,2000.


26

References

http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si2000/20002531.htm

http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1994/Uksi_19943140_en_1.htm

http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/si/si2000/20002380.htm

http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1995/Ukpga_19950050_en_1.htm

http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1992/Uksi_19923004_en_1.htm

http://adb.dh.gov.uk

http://patientexperience.nhsestates.gov.uk/clean_hospitals/ch_content/home/home.asp

http://patientexperience.nhsestates.gov.uk/clean_hospitals/ch_content/home/home.asp

BS 5442-1:1996 Classification of adhesives forconstruction. Classification of adhesives for use withflooring materials. British Standards Institution, 1996.

BS 5557:1992, ISO 2424:1992 Textile floor coverings.Vocabulary. British Standards Institution, 1992.

BS 5606:1990 Guide to accuracy in building. BritishStandards Institution, 1990.

BS 5808:1991 Specification for underlays for textilefloor coverings. British Standards Institution, 1991.

BS 6263-2:1991 Care and maintenance of floorsurfaces. Code of practice for resilient sheet and tileflooring. British Standards Institution, 1991.

BS 6431-1:1983, EN 87:1991 Ceramic floor and walltiles. Specification for classification and marking,including definitions and characteristics. BritishStandards Institution, 1991.

BS 6925:1988 Specification for mastic asphalt forbuilding and civil engineering (limestone aggregate).British Standards Institution, 1988.

BS 7953:1999 Entrance flooring systems. Selection,installation and maintenance. British StandardsInstitution, 1999.

BS 8000-2.1:1990 Workmanship on building sites.Code of practice for concrete work. Mixing andtransporting concrete. British Standards Institution,1990.

BS 8000-9:2003 Workmanship on building sites.Cementitious levelling screeds and wearing screeds. Codeof practice. British Standards Institution, 2003.

BS 8004:1986 Code of practice for foundations. BritishStandards Institution, 1986.

BS 8203:2001 Code of practice for installation ofresilient floor coverings. British Standards Institution,2001.

BS 8204-1:2003 Screeds, bases and in-situ floorings.Concrete bases and cement sand levelling screeds toreceive floorings. Code of practice. British StandardsInstitution, 2003.

BS 8204-2:2003 Screeds, bases and in-situ floorings.Concrete wearing surfaces. Code of practice. BritishStandards Institution, 2003.

BS 8204-3:1993 Screeds, bases and in-situ floorings.Code of practice for polymer modified cementitiouswearing surfaces. British Standards Institution, 1993.

BS 8204-4:1993 Screeds, bases and in-situ floorings.Code of practice for terrazzo wearing surfaces. BritishStandards Institution, 1993.

BS 8204-5:1994 Screeds, bases and in-situ floorings.Code of practice for mastic asphalt underlays andwearing surfaces. British Standards Institution, 1994.

BS 8204-6:2001 Screeds, bases and in-situ floorings.Synthetic resin floorings. Code of practice. BritishStandards Institution, 2001.

BS 8204-7:2003 Screeds, bases and in-situ floorings.Pumpable self-smoothing screeds. Code of practice.British Standards Institution, 2003.

BS EN 649:1997 Resilient floor coverings.Homogeneous and heterogeneous polyvinyl chloridefloor coverings. Specification. British StandardsInstitution, 1997.

BS EN 651:1997 Resilient floor coverings. Polyvinylchloride floor coverings with foam layer. Specification.British Standards Institution, 1997.

BS EN 654:1997 Resilient floor coverings. Semi-flexiblepolyvinyl chloride tiles. Specification. British StandardsInstitution, 1997.

BS EN 1307:1997 Textile floor coverings. Classificationof pile carpets. British Standards Institution, 1997.

BS EN 12104:2000 Resilient floor coverings. Cork floortiles. Specification. British Standards Institution, 2000.

BS EN 12620:2002 Aggregates for concrete. BritishStandards Institution, 2002.

BS EN 13748-1:2004 Terrazzo tiles. Terrazzo tiles forinternal use. British Standards Institution, 2004.

BS EN ISO 9000:2005 Quality management systems.Fundamentals and vocabulary. British StandardsInstitution, 2005.

CP 102:1973 Code of practice for protection ofbuildings against water from the ground. BritishStandards Institution, 1973.

Other publicationsHealth & Safety Executive (2003). Slips and trips inthe health services. Health services information sheetNo 2. Health & Safety Executive.http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/hsis2.pdf

Health & Safety Executive (2004). The assessment ofpedestrian slip risk: the HSE approach. Guidance noteS&T1 (Slips and trips 1). Health & Safety Executive. http://www.hse.gov.uk/slips/issues.htm

27

References

http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/hsis2.pdf

http://www.hse.gov.uk/slips/issues.htm

Health & Safety Executive (2005). Slips and trips: theimportance of floor cleaning. Information sheet (Slipsand trips 2). Health & Safety Executive. http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/web/slips02.pdf

SAN(SC)05/08. Flooring materials: risk of pedestrian“slip and trip” accidents. NHS Scotland.http://www.show.scot.nhs.uk/shs/hazards_safety/SANPDF/PSAN0508.pdf

Trade associationsGuidance may be available from:

British Cement Association: http://www.bca.org.uk

Federation of Plastering and Drywall Contractors:http://www.fpdc.org.uk

The Health and Safety Laboratory:http://[email protected]

Mastic Asphalt Council:http://www.masticasphaltcouncil.co.uk

Contract Flooring Association: http://www.cfa.org.uk

Construction Industry Research and InformationAssociation: http://www.ciria.org.uk

The Fibre Bonded Carpet Manufacturers Association:http://www.aecportico.co.uk

The National House Building Council: http://www.nhbc.co.uk

The Carpet Foundation: http://www.carpetfoundation.com

National Institute of Carpet and Floor Layers: http://www.nicfltd.org.uk

The British Textile Technology Group: http://www.bttg.co.uk

British Resilient Flooring Manufacturers Association

The British Carpet Manufacturers Association Ltd


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http://www.show.scot.nhs.uk/shs/hazards_safety/SANPDF/PSAN0508.pdf

http://www.bca.org.uk

http://www.fpdc.org.uk

http://www.hsl.gov.uk


http://www.masticasphaltcouncil.co.uk

http://www.cfa.org.uk

http://www.ciria.org.uk

http://www.aecportico.co.uk

http://www.nhbc.co.uk

http://www.carpetfoundation.com

http://www.nicfltd.org.uk

http://www.bttg.co.uk

status in wales 61 2006.pdf · status note amended march 2013 ... characteristics of floor finishes...

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