status of medicinal plants of chalsa forest range under jalpaiguri … · keywords: medicinal...
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine 2017; 5(5): 196-215
E-ISSN: 2321-2187
P-ISSN: 2394-0514
IJHM 2017; 5(5): 196-215
Received: 17-07-2017 Accepted: 18-08-2017
Anup Kumar Sarkar
Assistant Professor, Department
of Botany, Dukhulal Nibran
Chandra College, Aurangabad,
Murshidabad, West Bengal,
India
Manas Dey
Assistant Teacher, Jurapani
High School, Dhupguri,
Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India.
Mallika Mazumder
Post Graduate Student,
Department of Botany, Raiganj
University, Uttar Dinajpur,
West Bengal, India
Correspondence
Anup Kumar Sarkar
Assistant Professor, Department
of Botany, Dukhulal Nibran
Chandra College, Aurangabad,
Murshidabad, West Bengal,
India
Ecological status of medicinal plants of Chalsa forest
range under Jalpaiguri division, West Bengal, India
Anup Kumar Sarkar, Manas Dey and Mallika Mazumder Abstract The use of Traditional plant in the treatment of disease has shown a good interest in the last few decades.
Different types of human communities traditionally use such medicinal plants. As the forest regions are
rich in medicinal plants, people collect such plants from forest vigourously. Excess harvest of such plants
or their propagule may results the extinction of the species from the forest, which may led to the change
in entire forest vegetation. Considering this view point in mind, a phytosociological survey has been
carried out on naturally occurring medicinal plants of the Chalsa Forest Range. The present paper throws
light on the description and uses of certain species of medicinally important plants along with their
ecological status in this forest.
Keywords: Medicinal plants, Traditional knowledge, Phytosociology, Community Index, Threatened,
Conservation
1. Introduction Chalsa Forest Range, a Himalayan foot hill forest range, represents one of the unique
biodiversity region of world which is under little but continual disturbance by biological and
anthropogenic factors. It is situated in Malbazar Subdivision of district Jalpaiguri, West
Bengal, India. Vegetation of the forest is unique in the Nature. The forest is characterized by
dense vegetation and a rich wild life. The forest range is very close to the river Jaldhaka. In
addition Mithi river, Raidak river and Diana river are also very close to the forest range.
Jaldhaka basin in the Chalsa region created some excellent habitats which have rich
biodiversity that contains diverse assemblage of herbs, shrubs, trees, animals and microbes.
The range is 535 ft from sea level. The soil is fertile in nature and strongly acidic. The
temperature of this area varies from 20 oC to 32 oC during summer and from 8 oC to 22 oC
during winter. Most of the area of this forest range is wet annual and humid. The forest is more
or less homogenous in composition with admixed type of tree species. The forest is famous for
some timber vegetation like Shorea robusta Gaertn., Lagerstromia speciosa Pers., Terminalia
belerica Roxb., Chuckrasia tabularis A. Juss., Terminalia tomentosa Roth., Sterculia villosa
Roxb., Persea fructifera Kosterm., Beilschmiedia roxburghiana Nees., etc. [1]. However there
is no reliable study on different types of non-timber plants, their habitat, ecology and
phytosociology. The forest range is also a house of endemic and exotic medicinal plants. The
plants having various proprieties, which are useful in our day to day life. Some are used as
medicine, while some are consumed as edible nutritious vegetables or fruits. Different tribal
communities belonging to the villages adjacent to such forest are dependent upon the forest
resources for their day to day livelihood practice. Many of the traditional healers, Kabiraj, Bez,
also collect the medicinal plants for treatment of various diseases. In the process they collect
the roots, rhizomes, bulbs, flowers, bark, fruits and other medicinally important parts of the
plants for extracting drugs and unused parts of the plants were left in the forest. In this way,
sometimes they destroy the important medicinal plants. Present paper deals with the
occurrence of valuable medicinal herbaceous and shrubby plants in the study area and their
ecological and phytosociological aspects.
Many of the plant species were used by people for medicinal purposeS which was documented
in anient literature including Charak Samhita and Sushruta Samhita [2]. It can be stated that
existence of human on planet earth depends on diverse species of plants for its medicinal and
other beneficial properties. The world health organization estimates that about 80% of the
population of most developing countries relies on herbal medicines for their primary
healthcare need. About 80% of human population in India is using herbal medicine to care
different kind of diseases [3].Different types of plants are used to cure different types of
disease. Some herbal alternatives assist prevention of the secondary complications of the
disease.
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine Since medicinal plants and its derivatives continue to play a
major role in the in medical therapy, it is of utmost
importance to conserve these resources for the sake of
mankind and future generations. For this regular ecological
monitoring of such plants in any vegetation including forest
patches is obligatory.
Phytosociological evaluation of the medicinal plant species is
very important aspect in the field of forestry as well as in
other scientific studies like conservation, management and
bioprospecting of phytoresources. Information on changes in
the herb and shrub layer of any forest ecosystem or natural
ecosystem may be useful to assess present-day issues of
management relating to sustainability and biodiversity in
forestry and nature conservation[4].In present days the lack of
proper ecological knowledge can seriously hinder the
conservation and sustainable use of non-timber plant species,
especially in the face of anthropogenic threats including
overexploitation[5].Herbs and shrubs are associated with a
wide variety of organisms, and are increasingly recognized to
play an important role in controlling food chain and
ecological stability. Such plants provide food and shelter to to
animal communities. However a little cares was taken only
for traditionally used medicinal plants. Thus, this study aims
at assessing the species composition, diversity,
Phytosociological and Ecological characteristics of herbs and
shrub communities.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Description of Study Site The present study has been carried out in four beat forests of
Chalsa Forest Range of Jalpaiguri Forest Division, West
Bengal, India, The forest beats are named as Panjhora Beat,
Nagrakata Beat, Sipchu Beat and Kharia Bandor Beat.
Vegetation of the forest is unique in the world as most of its
plants are evergreen and semi-evergreen. It consists of lots of
floristically diverse plants, of which some of them are rare,
endangered and threatened. The flora shows much more
diversity with the change in topography. The vegetation
varies considerably with the change in altitude, soil, humidity,
rainfall and presence of water passages called Jhora. The
topography ranges between riverine to slightly hilly.
Fig 1: Map of the Forest Beats of Chalsa Forest range.
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine Table 1: Topographical and Climatic characteristics
Name of the Forest beat Area(Ha) Type of Soil pH Organic
C (%)
Organic
Matter (%)
Available
N (%)
Total
N (%)
Available
P205 (ppm)
Available
K20 (ppm)
Panjhora Beat 2255.92 Dry 4.90 1.057 2.709 0.040 0.130 36.73 26
Nagrakata Beat 2148.85 Dry 4.75 1.715 2.955 0.043 0.145 57.39 55
Sipchu Beat 1757.58 Wet 5.12 1.571 2.906 0.035 0.135 53.35 50
Kharia Bandor 387.26 Wet 5.35 0.378 0.240 0.021 0.091 18.36 51
2.2 Field Investigation and Data Collection The composition of standing shrub and herb vegetation data
of Chalsa forest range was investigated in between the
January 2015 and February 2017.A total of 64 quadrates 16 in
each of four forest beats were selected which were laid at 100
m interval along 1000 m long line transects having quadrate
size of 20m x 20m (400 m2) following Esmailzadeh et al. We
further systematically placed five 2m×2m shrub quadrates
(one at the centre and the other four at the corners) to
investigate shrubs, and five 1m×1m herb quadrates were fixed
to the upper left corner of each shrub quadrate to investigate
herbs in each plot. Overall 64 plots, including, 320 shrub
quadrates and 320 herb quadrates from natural forest sites.
Plant species found within each sampling plot were
photographed and identified by their vernacular and scientific
names using various book and internet. Knowledgeable
persons of communities and traditional herbal healers were
contacted and information was collected through interviews,
observations and discussions held during field survey through
well prepared questionnaires. In order to analyze the diversity
of vegetation Frequency, Relative frequency, density and
Relative density were calculated. Importance Value Index was
calculated by adding Relative frequency Relative density and
Relative Height [6-9].
(a) Frequency (%): This term refers to the degree of
dispersion of individual species in an area and usually
expressed in terms of percentage. It is calculated by the
equation:
(b) Relative Frequency (%): The degree of dispersion of
individual species in an area in relation to the number of all
the species occurred.
(c) Density: Density is an expression of the numerical
strength of a species where the total number of individuals of
each species in all the quadrates is divided by the total
number of quadrates studied. Density is calculated by the
equation:
(d) Relative Density (%): Relative density is the study of
numerical strength of a species in relation to the total number
of individuals of all the species and can be calculated as:
(e) Relative Dominance (%): Dominance of a species is
determined by the value of the Height/Length. Relative
dominance is the height value of a species with respect to the
sum of coverage of the rest of the species in the area.
(f) Abundance: It is the study of the number of individuals of
different species in the community per unit area. By quadrates
method, samplings are made at random at several places and
the number of individuals of each species was summed up for
all the quadrates divided by the total number of quadrates in
which the species occurred. It is represented by the equation:
(g) Importance Value Index: This index is used to determine
the overall importance of each species in the community
structure. In calculating this index, the percentage values of
the relative frequency, relative density and relative dominance
(Relative Height/Length) are summed up together and this
value is designated as the Importance Value Index or IVI of
the species.
IVI= Relative Frequency + Relative Density + Relative
Height/Length
3. Data processing and Phytosociological Analysis:
All the data both spatial and especial collected from different
sources has been tabulated and analyzed separately. The data
collected were used to compute community indices like –
(a) Species diversity (H'): Species diversity of different tree
species; it was calculated using the Shannon- Weiner Index
(Shannon and Weiner, 1963) [10]
(H') = - ∑ [(ni / N). ln (ni / N)]
Where ‘ni’ is the IVI of individual species and N is the total
IVI of all the species.
(b) Species dominance (Cd): Species dominance was
calculated following Simpson (Simpson, 1949) [11]:
Cd = Σ (ni/N)2,
Where, ni and N are the same as those for Shannon Weiner
information function.
(c) Equitability of evenness (e): Equitability of evenness
refers to the degree of relative dominance of each species in
that area. It was calculated according to Pielou (1966) [12] as:
Evenness (e) = H'/log S
Where, H'= Shannon index, S = number of species.
(d) Species richness (D): Species richness was determined by
Margalef index (1968) [13] as:
D=(S-1)/ln N.
S = number of species. N= total number of individuals.
(e) Menhinick’s index (Dmm): Menhinick’s index (Whittaker
1977) [14] is expressed as Dmm=S/N, where N is the number of
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine individuals in the sample and S is the species number.
(f) Equitability Index: The Shannon’s equitability Index
(Lloyd and Ghelard, 1964) [15] is expressed as (EH)=H/Hmax
= H/ln S
(g) Berger-Parker Dominance Index: The Berger-Parker
Dominance Index [16] is a simple measure of the numerical
importance of the most abundant species and is expressed as
d= Nmax/N.
N max is the number of individuals in the most abundant
species and N is the total number of individuals in the sample.
The increase in the value of reciprocal of Berger-Parker
Dominance Index reflects the increase in diversity and a
reduction in dominance.
3. Result and Discussion
The present studies reflect the phytosociological and
ecological status of herb and shrub vegetation. Some of the
area of the forest range is occupied by the small water
passages called “Jhora”, which enhanced the growth of
aquatic and semi aquatic plant.
Table 2: Habitat and Type of Plants
Sl. No Name Family Habitat Type
1 Spermacoce alata Aubl. Rubiaceae Perennial Herb Dicot
2 Chromolaena odoratum (L.) King & H. Rob Asteraceae Perennial Herb Dicot
3 Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC Rubiaceae Perennial Herb Dicot
4 Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Lamiaceae Perennial Shrub Dicot
5 Dioscorea alata L. Dioscoeaceae Climbing herbaceous vine Monocot
6 Phyllanthus Fraternus G.L. Webster Phyllanthaceae Annual Herbs Dicot
7 Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC Oxalidaceae Annual Herbs Dicot
8 Sauropus compressus Müll. Arg. Phyllanthaceae Annual Shrubs Dicot
9 Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. Ex. Schult. Caryophyllaceae Procumbent, Annual Herb Dicot
10 Globba racemosa Sm. Zingiberaceae Rhizomatous, Annual Herb Monocot
11 Desmodium gangeticum (L.)DC. Fabaceae Erect Annual Herb Dicot
12 Ageratum conyzoides L. Asteraceae Annual Herb Dicot
13 Ageratum houstonianum Mill. Asteraceae Annual Herb Dicot
14 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Lamiaceae Annual Herb Dicot
15 Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites Araceae Perennial Herb Monocot
16 Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross Polygonaceae Perennial Herb Dicot
17 Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre Polygonaceae Annual Herb Dicot
18 Enhydra fluctuans Lour. Asteraceae Annual Herb Dicot
19 Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae Perennial Herb Dicot
20 Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees Acanthaceae Annual Herb Dicot
21 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. Araceae Perennial Herb Monocot
22 Commelina diffusa Burm. f. Commelinaceae Annual Herb Monocot
23 Osbeckia nepalensis Hook. f. Melastomataceae Perennial Undershrub Dicot
24 Crotalaria pallida Aiton. Fabaceae Perennial Undershrub Dicot
25 Elephantopus scaber L. Asteraceae Perennial Herb Dicot
26 Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae Annual Herb Monocot
27 Curcuma caesia Roxb. Zingiberaceae Rhizomatous Annual Herb Monocot
28 Impatiens tripetala Roxb. Balsaminaceae Annual Herb Dicot
29 Torenia cordifolia Roxb. Linderniaceae Annual Herb Dicot
30 Lindernia ciliate (Colsm) Pennell Linderniaceae Annual Herb Dicot
31 Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell Linderniaceae Annual Herb Dicot
32 Lindernia ruellioides (Colsm.) Pennell Linderniaceae Annual Herb Dicot
33 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Annual Herb Dicot
34 Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Annual Undershrub Dicot
35 Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers Menispermaceae Perennial Climber Dicot
36 Coffea benghalensis B. Heyne ex. Schult. Rubiaceae Perennial shrub Dicot
37 Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Benth. ex.
Kurz. Apocynaceae Perennial shrub Dicot
38 Desmodium trifolium (L.)DC. Fabaceae Prostrate Perennial Herb Dicot
39 Desmodium heterophyllum (Willd.) DC. Fabaceae Prostrate Perennial Herb Dicot
40 Melastoma malabathricum L. Melastomataceae Perennial shrub Dicot
41 Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae Perennial shrub Dicot
42 Sida rhomboidea Roxb. Malvaceae Perennial shrub Dicot
43 Abrus pulchellus Thwaites Fabaceae Climber shrub Dicot
44 Ampelocissus barbata (Wall.) Planch. Vitaceae Scandent climber shrub Dicot
45 Achyranthes bidentata Blume Amaranthaceae Perennial Herb Dicot
46 Piper longum L. Piperaceae Climbing Perennial Herb Dicot
47 Dioscorea bulbifera L. Dioscoreaceae Climbing woody shrub Monocot
48 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Malvaceae Annual Herb Dicot
49 Boerhavia repens L. Nyctaginaceae Prostrate annual Herb Dicot
50 Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. Urticaceae Perennial shrub Dicot
51 Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T. Aiton Fabaceae Perennial Shrub Dicot
52 Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl. Verbenaceae Perennial Herb Dicot
53 Urena lobata L. Malvaceae Perennial shrub Dicot
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine 54 Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. Ex Rottl.) Roxb. Acanthaceae Perennial climber Dicot
55 Mimosa pudica L. Fabaceae Perennial undershrub Dicot
56 Mimosa invisa Colla. Fabaceae perennial sub-woody shrub Dicot
57 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. Araliaceae Prostrate Annual Herb Dicot
58 Mikania micrantha Kunth. Asteraceae Annual, creeping/climbing Herb Dicot
59 Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.) Merr. Amaranthaceae Perennial climber shrub Dicot
60 Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Prostrate Annual Herb Dicot
61 Xanthium strumarium L. Asteraceae Annual Herb Dicot
62 Mecardon procumbens (Mill.)Small Plantaginaceae Annual prostrate Herb Dicot
63 Scoparia dulcis L. Plantaginaceae Annual Herb Dicot
64 Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. Asteraceae Annual Herb Dicot
65 Trichosanthes tricuspidata Laur. Cucurbitaceae Annual climbing Herb Dicot
66 Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees. Acanthaceae Perennial shrub Dicot
67 Acmella calva (DC.) R.K. Jansen Asteraceae Annual Herb Dicot
68 Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem. Cucurbitaceae Annual climbing Herb Dicot
69 Tephrosia purpurea L.(Pers.) Fabaceae Annual/perennial Herb Dicot
70 Physalis minima L. Solanaceae Annual Herb Dicot
71 Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Lamiaceae Perennial aromatic Herb Dicot
72 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae Annual aromatic Herb Dicot
73 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Perennial woody shrub Dicot
74 Pupalia atropurpurea (Lam.) Moq. Amaranthaceae Annual Herb Dicot
75 Merremia vitifolia (Burm. F.) Hallier f. Convolvulaceae Annual,climbing Herb Dicot
76 Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. Fabaceae Annual,Climbing Herb Dicot
77 Kyllinga monocephala Thunb. Cyperaceae perennial greenhead Sedge Monocot
78 Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. Asteraceae Annual Herb Dicot
79 Murdania nudiflora (L.)Brenan Commelinaceae Annual Herb Monocot
80 Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Asteraceae Annual Herb Dicot
81 Digitaria bicornis (Lam.)Roemer & J.A. Schultes ex.
Loud Poaceae Annual prostrate/lawn Grass Herb Monocot
82 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sapindaceae Climbing/trailing annual Herb Dicot
83 Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae Annual Herb Dicot
84 Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P. Beauv. Poaceae Annual Herb Monocot
85 Cleome rutidosperma DC. Cleomaceae Annual Herb Dicot
86 Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae Annual, erect or somewhat prostrate
Herb Dicot
87 Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht Zingiberaceae Annual, rhizomatous Herb Monocot
88 Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae Perennial shrub Dicot
89 Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae Annual Herb Dicot
90 Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprenge Rutaceae Perennial woody-shrub Dicot
91 Natsiatum herpeticum Hamilton Icacinaceae Perennial Shrub Dicot
92 Pouzolzia zeylenica (L.)Benn. Urticaceae Perennial Herb Dicot
93 Auxonopus compressus (Swartz.)P.Beauv. Poaceae Creeping perennial Grass Herb Monocot
94 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae Perennial Grass Herb Monocot
95 Smilax zeylanica L. Smilacaceae Perennial Climbing shrub Monocot
Graph 1: Status of family in herb and shrub vegetation of Chalsa forest range
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine
Graph 2: Status of Monocot and Dicot Genus in Chalsa forest range
Graph 3: Status of Herbs, Shrubs and Climbers in Chalsa forest range
In this study we also present general descriptions of medicinal plant communities and their medicinal and economical aspects.
Table 3: Description of Flowering, Origin and Medicinal importance
Sl.
No Name of The Plant
Flowering
Season Origin Parts Used Medicinal Importance
1 Spermacoce alata Aubl. June-January Naturalized
Exotic
Root and
Leaves
Used to cure malaria, Ophthalmic,
inflammation of eye, headache.
2 Chromolaena odoratum (L.) King
& H. Rob October-April Invasive Leaves
Used to treat Skin wounds and to stop
bleeding.
3 Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC Throughout the
year Exotic
Leaves and
Root
Used against Ulcers, anti-inflammatory,
leprosy pimple and skin diseases.
4 Clerodendrum infortunatum L. February-July Native Root and
Leaves
Used as Anti-inflammatory, pain-relief
substance and also useful in skin diseases,
leprosy and bone injury.
5 Dioscorea alata L. November Native Tuber
Used as Diuretic, anthelmintic,
contraceptive and also useful in diabetes,
leprosy, gonorrhea, strangury.
6 Phyllanthus fraternus G.L.
Webster March -October Native Whole plant
Used to treat Dysentery, gonorrhoea,
dropsy, diarrhoea and malaria, bronchitis,
asthma, leprosy, anaemia.
7 Biophytum sensitivum (L.)DC August-January Native Whole plant
Used as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant, cardioprotective,
radioprotective, chemoprotective,
immunomodulatory, wound-healing, anti-
diabetic agent.
8 Sauropus compressus Müll. Arg. February-
November Native Leaves
The fresh leaves are used for the treatment
of retained Placenta. A mouth-wash made
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine of the juice of fresh leaves and honey and
applied to the tongue.
9 Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. Ex.
Schult.
August -
December
Naturalized
Exotic whole plant
Used in sinus, headache, cold, snake bite,
fever, asthma, diphtheria, pneumonia,
throat pain.
10 Globba racemosa SM. June to October Native Whole plant
Relief from mouth ulcer, post natal care of
mother and child, conjunctivitis, eye
abrasions, asthma, leucoderma, cough, food
poisoning, analgesic, antipyretic, heart pain
and Stomach pain.
11 Desmodium gangeticum (L.)DC. July-February Native Whole plant,
Root, Bark
Anti-inflammatory, fever reducing,
carminative, digestive, laxative, diuretic,
cough, anti-dysenteric, anti-diarrhoeal.
12 Ageratum conyzoides L. Throughout the
year Exotic
Leaves,
Flowers,
Root, whole
plant
Leaves used in wounds, cuts and burns;
root juice antibiotic, plants used febrifuge.
13 Ageratum houstonianum Mill. January -
December
Naturalized
Exotic
Leaves,
Flowers,
Root, whole
plant
Leaves used in wounds, cuts and burns;
root juice antibiotic, plants used febrifuge.
14 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Throughout the
year Native
Leaves,
Flower
Used in jaundice, odema, asthama,
wormicide, nasal drops in sinusites, cold
and jaundice, flowers used in cough and
cold.
15 Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites August-October Native Leaves,
Inflorescence
Plant recommended for colic, rheumatism,
and intestinal disease.
16 Persicaria chinensis (L.) H.Gross February-June Native Leaves Leaf is used for treatment dysentery,
enteritis, and sore throat
17 Persicaria hydropiper (L.)
Delarbre May-December Native Whole plant
Effective cure for toothache, epilepsy,
gangrene, rheumatism, and gout.
18 Enhydra fluctuans Lour. November-
March Native Young twig
Eaten as a vegetable; uses for blood
purifier, nervous diseases, gonorrhea,
paralysis, epilepsy, digestion problem.
19 Achyranthes aspera L. October-March Native Root and
whole plant
Root is used for piles, jaundice, fever, skin
diseases and sex diseases.
20 Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees Throughout the
year Native Whole plant Juice of plants is applied as febrifuge
21 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. September Native Leaves Leaf petiole is used in jaundice and petiole
juice is used in cut and wounds.
22 Commelina diffusa Burm. f. August-
November Native
Leaves and
whole plant
Bruised plant is used against boils,
dysentery
23 Osbeckia nepalensis Hook. f. Throughout the
year Native Root
Decoction of roots is used in urinary
problem and diabetes.
24 Crotalaria pallida Aiton. September.-
January
Naturalized
Exotic
Leaves,
Flower
Leaves and floral parts of the plants are
some times used in paralysed part.
25 Elephantopus scaber L. August.-
February. Native Leaves, Root
Leaves are anti-diabetic. Root paste cure
chronic abdomen and stomach pain.
26 Commelina benghalensis L. August.-
December Native
Leaves and
whole plant
Leaf paste is used against constipation,
boils, skin diseases
27 Curcuma caesia Roxb. May-June Native Rhizome The rhizome is used in bone fracture, fever,
epilepsy, pains, toothache.
28 Impatiens trilobata Colebr. July - October Exotic Root, Leaves,
Seeds
Root used to treat migraine pain. seed is
used for cancer treatment.
Leaves is used for wounds and skin
inflammations.
29 Torenia cordifolia Roxb. Predominantly
Rainy season Native Whole plants
Plant juice is useful against swelling. Stem
juice is taken against gastric trouble and
ulcers.
30 Lindernia ciliate (Colsm) Pennell Throughout the
year Native
Leaves and
whole plant
Decoction of leaves is used as a remedy for
gonorrhea, jaundice, urinary problem,
bronchitis, headache, liver complaints,
spleen diseases, constipation, fever, loss of
appetite, asthma, cough, skin diseases.
31 Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.Muell July-December Native Leaves and
whole plant
Leaf paste is used against dysentery, ring
worm, indigestion.
32 Lindernia ruellioides (Colsm.)
Pennell May-October Native Leaves
Leaves are useful in wounds, bruises, boils,
jaundice, snakebite, dysentery, urinary
trouble and quick healing of wounds.
33 Senna tora (L.)Roxb. Throughout the
year Native Leaves
Leaves are applied for skin diseases such as
leprosy, ringworm, itching and psoriasis
and snakebites
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine
34 Senna sophera (L.)Roxb. Throughout the
year Native
Root and
Leaves
Paste prepared from root along with black
pepper is given to treat jaundice and paste
prepared from leaf mixed with sugar candy
is taken one or two tea spoonful twice-
thrice daily to treat dysuria.
35 Stephania japonica (Thunb.)
Miers February-April Native Rhizome
Rhizome used to treat Jaundice, diabetes,
fever, Dyspepsia, insomnia.
36 Coffea benghalensis B.Heyne ex.
Schult.
March-
December Native
Young twig
and Flower
Young shoot is used for indigestion and
stomachache. Flower is used in child birth
and conjunctivitis
37 Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. &
Binn.) Benth. ex. Kurz.
Throughout the
year Native Bark Dried bark is used in dysentery.
38 Desmodium trifolium (L.)DC. August-
February Native
Leaves and
Root
Leaves are applied for diarrhoea, dysentery
and convulsion.
Roots are used as carminative, tonic,
diuretic and used in bilious complaints.
Decoction of plant or leaves is externally
applied on wounds, ulcers, and for skin
diseases.
39 Desmodium heterophyllum
(Willd.) DC.
September-
February Native Leaves
leaves are used to treat urinary retention
and digestive complaints, diuretic. Plant
decoction used for stomach aches.
40 Melastoma malabathricum L. October-April Native Leaves Leaf paste used against boils skin problems.
41 Sida acuta Burm.f. August-Deceber Naturalized
Exotic
Leaves
Leaf prevents blood urea, boils and
Nephritis.
42 Sida rhombifolia L. July-Deceber Native Leaves and
Root
The roots and leaves are used in
rheumatism, migraine and colic.
43 Abrus pulchellus Thwaites August -June Native Seeds Seeds are used as Purgative, Emetic,
Aphrodisiac, Ophthalmic.
44 Ampelocissus barbata (Wall.)
Planch. June-October Native Whole plant Plants are used in fever, cough-cold tonic.
45 Achyranthes bidentata Blume Throughout the
year Native
Whole plant,
Root
Root juice is used for toothache, decoction
as a diuretic and leech bites.
46 Piper longum L. May-October Native Seeds Seed is used in cough and cold.
47 Dioscorea bulbifera L. Throughout the
year Native Tuber
Tubers used against asthma and snake
bite.
48 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Septeber-April Naturalized
Exotic
Root and
Leaves
Decoction of the root is used for internal
ulcerations; Leaves are antihypertensive,
astringent, diuretic and used for diarrhoea,
dysentery, internal hemorrhages and
gonorrhea.
49 Boerhavia repens L. Throughout the
year Native Leaves
Leaf juice is applied for snake-bite and
oedema, urinary problem.
50 Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. August-January Naturalized
Exotic
Bark, whole
plant
Decoction of whole plant is used for
rheumatism, leprosy, skin diseases and
diuretic; snake bite, colic pain.
51 Flemingia strobilifera (L.)
W.T.Aiton
December-
March Native
Leaves and
Root
Decoction of leaves and root are effective
against dysentery, epilepsy, hysteria.
52 Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl. March-June Native Leaves
Leaves are consumed for blood cleanser,
asthma, ulcerated stomachs and control
blood pressure.
53 Urena lobata L. September-
March Native
Leaves and
Root
Leaves and Roots are used widely to treat
bowel complaints, especially colic,
stomach-ache, diarrhoea and dysentery, and
gonorrhea, urinary diseases.
54 Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. Ex
Rottl.) Roxb.
April-
November Native Whole plant Whole plant used to treat Snake bite.
55 Mimosa pudica L. July- November Introduced
Invasive
Leaves, Root
and seed
Toothache, leprosy, dysentery, vaginal and
uterine complaints, inflammation,
leucoderma, fatigue, asthma, blood
diseases, jaundice, leprosy, ulcers, small
pox.
56 Mimosa invisa Colla. June to
September Native Leaves, Root
Leaves are applied against snake bites and
having antioxidant and antibacterial.
57 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. March-
November Native Whole plant
Decoction of whole plant is used for
asthma, bone fracture, edema, fever,
detoxication, throat pain, psoriasis.
58 Mikania micrantha Kunth. June-March Exotic Leaves Leaf sap prevents bleeding, antiseptic, anti-
inflammatory.
59 Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.)
Merr.
November -
April Native
Leaves and
Root
Decoction of the leaves is used for
dysentery, inflammatory tumours.
Root is used to treat jaundice.
~ 204 ~
International Journal of Herbal Medicine 60 Oxalis corniculata L.
Throughout the
year
Cosmopolitan-
Native Whole Plant
Dysentery, diarrhea, piles, asthma, skin
disease; refrigerant, appetizer.
61 Xanthium strumarium L. December-May Exotic Leaves
Decoction of the leaves is used to prevent
minor external bleeding and also used as
antiseptic medicine.
62 Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.)
Small
Throughout the
year
Naturalized
Exotic Whole Plant
skin problems, cold, fever, cough,
headache, diarrhoea, fertility problems,
toothache, stomach ache, wounds, diabetes,
rheumatism, asthma, dysentery, small pox,
bone fractures, earache, hair loss and snake
bite.
63 Scoparia dulcis L. Throughout the
year
Naturalized
Exotic Leaves
Leaf is used against boils and tumors as
well as pneumonia, anti-diabetic.
64 Cyanthillium cinereum (L.)
H.Rob.
Throughout the
year Native Whole Plant Relief from Common cold,cough.
65 Trichosanthes tricuspidata Laur. July-December Native Young twig
and Fruits
The unripe fruit and the tender
shoots used as vegetable to improve
appetite, digestion and anti-diabetic.
66 Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees. February-April Native Leaves,
Flower
Cough and cold, leprosy, vomiting, urinary
discharge, asthma, bronchitis, piles;
astringent, tonic, antipyretic.
67 Acmella calva (DC.) R.K.Jansen March-April Introduced
esxotic
Root, Leaves
and Flower
Flower heads are chewed to relieve the
toothache and other mouth related troubles.
Leaves are used externally in treatment of
skin diseases, diuretic and lithotriptic,
dysentery.
68 Mukia maderaspatana (L.)
M.Roem. January-August Native
Leaves, Root,
Seed
Plant uses for anti-inflammatory, anorexia,
astringent, antiarthritic and acid-reflux.
69 Tephrosia purpurea L.(Pers.) April-October Native Whole plant
and Root
Decoction of the roots is given in
dyspepsia, diarrhea, rheumatism, asthma
and urinary disorders. Whole plant is used
for leprosy, ulcers, asthma, and tumors, as
well as diseases of the liver, spleen, heart,
and blood.
70 Physalis minima L. Throughout the
year
Naturalised
exotic Whole plant Relief from Colic, ulcers, cough, bronchitis.
71 Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Septeber-March Native Leaves and
Root
Carminative, astringent, uterine infection
and Decoction of the plant for dysentery,
inflammation, boil, fever, cough.
Root is antiallergic, cures sores and ulcers
of the mouth.
72 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. October -
January
Naturalized
exotic
Root and
Leaves
Decoction of the roots is valued as an
appetizer, emmenagogic, rheumatism.
Leaves are used stomach problems, fevers,
cold.
73 Lantana camara L. Throughout the
year
Naturalized
exotic
Leaves, Bark,
Flower
Leaves are applied for headaches, fever,
flu, coughs, colds toothaches and
indigestion boils, swellings and pain of the
body. Bark is used for leprosy and ulcer.
Flower for tuberculosis.
74 Pupalia atropurpurea (Lam.)
Moq.
November-
February Native Whole plant,
The leaves are antitussive, diuretic and
febrifuge. The decoction of plant is also
applied in frictions to treat oedema.
75 Merremia vitifolia (Burm. F.)
Hallier f. February-July Native Whole plant
Juice of the whole plant is considered
cooling and diuretic, high fever, strangury
and urethral discharges, malaria and
smallpox.
76
Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.)
Benth. Var subspicata (Benth.)
Maesen
November-
April Native Whole plant
Decoction of the plant is used as an anti-
infective agent, ulcers and boils.
Root is cooked as vegetable.
77 Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. Throughout the
year Exotic Whole plant
Decoction of the whole plant is used
against malaria; colds with fever; whooping
cough; bronchitis, diarrhea.
78 Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. October-April Native Leaves
Cooked young leaves are taken to
increase lactation. It is also used in
cough and cold as well as glossitis.
79 Murdania nudiflora (L.)Brenan July-November Native Whole plant
Plant paste is used against leprosy,
headache, asthma, piles. Root used to treat
jaundice.
80 Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Throughout the
year Exotic Leaves
Leaf-sap is used for stomachache,
rheumatism, earache, laxative.
81 Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roemer August-October Globally Native Leaves Decoction of leaf is used to treat skin
~ 205 ~
International Journal of Herbal Medicine & J.A. Schultes ex. Loud diseases.
82 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. April-January Naturalized
Exotic Leaves
Leaves used to treat snake bite, skin
diseases, rheumatism, nervous problem,
earache.
83 Bidens pilosa L. June-December Introduced
Exotic Whole plant
Used in toothache, rheumatism, leprosy,
skin disease; checks bleeding.
Leaf juice used in ear and eye complaint.
84 Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.)
P.Beauv.
October -
January
Naturalized
Exotic Leaves Decoction of leaf is used in eye treatments.
85 Cleome rutidosperma DC. March-
December Invasive exotic Leaves
Decoction of leaf is used to treat malaria,
appetizer, laxative applied to soothe
irritable skin conditions, convulsions and
earache, inflammation and deafness.
86 Amaranthus viridis L. Throughout the
year Native Leaves
Decoction of leaf is used as dysentery and
inflammations and purify the blood
87 Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig)
C.D.Specht August-october Native Rhizome
Rhizome used to treat stomach Problem,
blood in urine, diabetes.
88 Solanum torvum Sw. Throughout the
year
Introduced and
Naturalized
Root, Fruit,
Leaves
Root decoction is venereal diseases, boil.
Fruit is diuretic and is used for malaria,
stomach aches. Leaves are an effective
antimicrobial and diuretic, anti-diabetic.
89 Heliotropium indicum L. November-
April
Introduced
Exotic Whole plant
Decoction of the whole plant is used to
treat thrush, diarrhoea, diabetes, ulcers,
dysentery, and bronchitis. Root sap is used
in eye treatment.
90 Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprenge April-June Native Leaves,Root,
Bark
Leaves are used as vegetable, anti-diabetic,
appetizer, antimicrobial and relief from
vomiting and dysentery.
Bark and Root are used for external
wounds, stomachic.
91 Natsiatum herpeticum Buch.-
Ham. ex Arn.
October-
February Exotic Whole plant
Whole plant with other ingredients like
ginger, black piper, leaf of lemon, leaf
of Vitex, Eupatorium, is used to treat
head-ache.
92 Pouzolzia zeylenica (L.)Benn. September-
January Native Roots
Roots eaten to cure dysentery, cough and
Asthma.
93 Auxonopus compressus (Swartz.)
P.Beauv.
Throughout the
year
Naturalized
Exotic Whole plant
Decoction of the whole plant is used to
treat diabetes, heart problems and skin
diseases. It has antimicrobial and anti-
oxidant properties also.
94 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Throughout the
year
Naturalize
Exotic Whole plant
Decoction of the whole plant is used to
treat leucoderma, inflammation, leprosy,
dysentery, cough and urogenital disorder.
95 Smilax zeylanica L. Mar.-Aug. Native Leaves and
Root
Root is used for veneral diseases, rheumatic
swellings, urinary complaints and
dysentery, jaundice, wound healing.
Leaf juice is used for skin problems.
Graph 2: Status of Medicinally Used Plant Parts
Landscape position, soil type, disturbance, biological
interactions and chance factors determine the suite and
proportion of species within a given area. Competition
between individuals of same species creates growth
constraints through resource depletion. Other biological
interactions such as seed movement, anthropogenic harvest,
predation, herbivore and nutrient cycling also affect plant
growth and distribution. All of these factors determine the
attractiveness and suitability for both existing and potentially
existing plants and indirectly set the template for a natural
~ 206 ~
International Journal of Herbal Medicine progression of plant communities. Physical attributes also
influence plant productivity and the development of plant
associations. Such attributes include resource availability,
management past and present land management and natural
disturbance.
Table 4: Different Phytosociological values
Sl.No. Name of The Plant Family H/L D Fr
(%) RH RD
RF
(%)
1 Spermacoce alata Aubl. Rubiaceae 35.711 9.125 67.188 0.0125 0.1470 4.0604
2 Chromolaena odoratum (L.) King & H.Rob Asteraceae 30.092 2.875 56.250 0.0105 0.0463 3.3993
3 Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC Rubiaceae 11.750 3.313 43.750 0.0041 0.0533 2.6439
4 Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Lamiaceae 32.371 2.188 59.375 0.0113 0.0352 3.5882
5 Dioscorea alata L. Dioscoeaceae 27.974 0.594 37.500 0.0098 0.0095 2.2662
6 PhyllanthusFraternus G.L. Webster Phyllanthaceae 7.1040 1.203 31.250 0.0024 0.0193 1.888
7 Biophytum sensitivum (L.)DC Oxalidaceae 16.633 0.469 37.500 0.0058 0.0075 2.2662
8 Sauropus compressus Müll.Arg. Phyllanthaceae 26.355 0.484 37.500 0.0092 0.0077 2.2662
9 Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. Ex. Schult. Caryophyllaceae 9.6550 2.719 35.938 0.0033 0.0438 2.1718
10 Globba racemosa Sm. Zingiberaceae 31.267 0.703 48.438 0.0109 0.0113 2.9272
11 Desmodium gangeticum (L.)DC. Fabaceae 37.364 0.172 14.063 0.0130 0.0027 0.8498
12 Ageratum conyzoides L. Asteraceae 14.118 1.594 34.375 0.0049 0.0256 2.0774
13 Ageratum houstonianum Mill. Asteraceae 12.565 0.719 17.188 0.0044 0.0115 1.0387
14 Leucas aspera (Willd.)Link Lamiaceae 16.375 0.125 7.813 0.0057 0.0020 0.4721
15 Lasia spinosa (L.)Thwaites Araceae 15.353 0.266 6.250 0.0053 0.0042 0.3777
16 Persicaria chinensis (L.) H.Gross Polygonaceae 16.813 0.250 12.500 0.0058 0.0040 0.7554
17 Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre Polygonaceae 36.400 0.234 6.250 0.0127 0.0037 0.3777
18 Enhydra fluctuans Lour. Asteraceae 21.174 0.359 4.688 0.0074 0.0057 0.2833
19 Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae 11.189 3.313 39.063 0.0039 0.0533 2.3607
20 Rungia pectinata (L.)Nees Acanthaceae 9.822 3.688 43.750 0.0034 0.0594 2.6439
21 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. Araceae 17.200 0.156 9.375 0.0060 0.0025 0.5665
22 Commelina diffusa Burm. f. Commelinaceae 22.071 0.219 7.813 0.0077 0.0035 0.4721
23 Osbeckia nepalensis Hook. f. Melastomataceae 18.000 0.063 4.688 0.0063 0.0010 0.2833
24 Crotalaria pallida Aiton. Fabaceae 52.250 0.063 6.025 0.0183 0.0010 0.3641
25 Elephantopus scaber L. Asteraceae 24.231 0.406 37.500 0.0084 0.0065 2.2662
26 Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae 20.857 0.219 7.813 0.0073 0.0035 0.4721
27 Curcuma caesia Roxb. Zingiberaceae 51.167 0.375 26.563 0.0179 0.0060 1.6052
28 Impatiens trilobata Colebr. Balsaminaceae 30.348 0.359 25.000 0.0106 0.0057 1.5108
29 Torenia cordifolia Roxb. Linderniaceae 22.833 0.563 21.875 0.0079 0.0090 1.3219
30 Lindernia ciliate (Colsm) Pennell Linderniaceae 5.857 0.438 14.063 0.0020 0.0070 0.8498
31 Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.Muell Linderniaceae 6.275 0.625 18.750 0.0021 0.0100 1.1331
32 Lindernia ruellioides (Colsm.)Pennell Linderniaceae 26.333 0.563 18.750 0.0092 0.0090 1.1331
33 Senna tora (L.)Roxb. Fabaceae 16.750 0.250 17.188 0.0058 0.0040 1.0387
34 Senna sophera (L.)Roxb. Fabaceae 27.750 0.188 17.188 0.0097 0.0030 1.0387
35 Stephania japonica (Thunb.)Miers Menispermaceae 14.214 0.219 12.500 0.0049 0.0035 0.7554
36 Coffea benghalensis B.Heyne ex. Schult. Rubiaceae 47.222 0.281 17.188 0.0165 0.0045 1.0387
37 Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Benth. ex. Kurz. Apocynaceae 46.063 0.250 18.750 0.0161 0.0040 1.1331
38 Desmodium trifolium (L.)DC. Fabaceae 12.395 1.859 26.563 0.0043 0.0299 1.6052
39 Desmodium heterophyllum (Willd.) DC. Fabaceae 12 0.188 4.688 0.0042 0.0030 0.2833
40 Melastoma malabathricum L. Melastomataceae 19.222 0.141 9.375 0.0067 0.0022 0.5665
41 Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae 23.346 0.406 29.688 0.0081 0.0065 1.7941
42 Sida rhombifolia L. Malvaceae 23.200 0.234 17.188 0.0081 0.0037 1.0387
43 Abrus pulchellus Thwaites Fabaceae 20.75 0.125 12.500 0.0072 0.0020 0.7554
44 Ampelocissus barbata (Wall.) Planch. Vitaceae 44.500 0.094 9.375 0.0155 0.0015 0.5665
45 Achyranthes bidentata Blume Amaranthaceae 16.219 1.172 14.063 0.0056 0.0188 0.9442
46 Piper longum L. Piperaceae 33.222 0.141 14.063 0.0116 0.0022 0.8498
47 Dioscorea bulbifera L. Dioscoreaceae 72.286 0.109 10.938 0.0253 0.0017 0.6610
48 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Malvaceae 36.000 0.250 14.063 0.0126 0.0040 0.8498
49 Boerhavia repens L. Nyctaginaceae 36.952 0.328 12.500 0.0129 0.0052 0.7554
50 Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. Urticaceae 23.375 0.250 15.625 0.0081 0.0040 0.9442
51 Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T.Aiton Fabaceae 32.214 0.219 12.500 0.0112 0.0035 0.7554
52 Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl. Verbenaceae 26.056 0.281 15.625 0.0091 0.0045 0.9442
53 Urena lobata L. Malvaceae 25.611 0.563 29.688 0.0089 0.0090 1.7941
54 Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. Ex Rottl.) Roxb. Acanthaceae 64.000 0.172 17.188 0.0224 0.0027 1.0387
55 Mimosa pudica L. Fabaceae 45.038 0.406 26.563 0.0157 0.0065 1.6052
56 Mimosa invisa Colla. Fabaceae 93.600 0.078 7.813 0.0327 0.0012 0.4721
57 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. Araliaceae 10.642 1.266 21.875 0.0037 0.0204 1.3219
58 Mikania micrantha Kunth. Asteraceae 39.455 0.172 15.625 0.0138 0.0027 0.9442
59 Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.)Merr. Amaranthaceae 23.429 0.109 6.250 0.0082 0.0017 0.3777
60 Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae 11.550 0.313 10.938 0.0040 0.0050 0.6610
61 Xanthium strumarium L. Asteraceae 17.000 0.125 7.813 0.0059 0.0020 0.4721
62 Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.)Small Plantaginaceae 15.944 0.281 4.688 0.0055 0.0045 0.2833
~ 207 ~
International Journal of Herbal Medicine 63 Scoparia dulcis L. Plantaginaceae 14.750 0.188 9.375 0.0051 0.0030 0.5665
64 Cyanthillium cinereum (L.)H.Rob. Asteraceae 19.000 0.234 12.500 0.0066 0.0037 0.7554
65 Trichosanthes tricuspidata Laur. Cucurbitaceae 60.833 0.094 7.813 0.0213 0.0015 0.4721
66 Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees. Acanthaceae 133.667 0.047 4.688 0.0468 0.0007 0.2833
67 Acmella calva (DC.) R.K.Jansen Asteraceae 16.213 0.734 20.313 0.0056 0.0118 1.2275
68 Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.Roem. Cucurbitaceae 52.375 0.125 12.500 0.0183 0.0020 0.7554
69 Tephrosia purpurea L.(Pers.) Fabaceae 20.545 0.172 9.375 0.0071 0.0027 0.7554
70 Physalis minima L. Solanaceae 19.667 0.094 9.375 0.0068 0.0015 0.6610
71 Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Lamiaceae 42.200 0.313 14.063 0.0147 0.0050 0.7554
72 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae 31.000 0.313 14.063 0.0108 0.0050 0.4721
73 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae 55.389 0.281 15.625 0.0194 0.0045 1.3219
74 Pupalia atropurpurea (Lam.)Moq. Amaranthaceae 12.337 1.438 18.750 0.0043 0.0231 1.1331
75 Merremia vitifolia (Burm. F.) Hallier f. Convolvulaceae 56.333 0.094 7.813 0.0197 0.0015 0.3777
76 Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.)Benth.Var subspicata
(Benth.)Maesen Fabaceae 45.333 0.047 4.688 0.0158 0.0007 0.6610
77 Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. Cyperaceae 13.106 1.031 20.313 0.0045 0.0166 0.4721
78 Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. Fabaceae 17.318 0.344 10.938 0.0060 0.0055 0.2833
79 Murdania nudiflora (L.)Brenan Commelinaceae 11.823 0.891 14.063 0.0041 0.0143 0.5665
80 Synedrella nodiflora (L.)Gaertn. Asteraceae 15.409 0.688 17.188 0.0053 0.0110 0.7554
81 Digitaria bicornis (Lam.)Roemer & J.A. Schultes ex.
Loud Poaceae 14.647 0.531 12.500 0.0051 0.0085 0.4721
82 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sapindaceae 66.250 0.125 10.938 0.0232 0.0020 0.2833
83 Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae 22.433 0.469 12.500 0.0078 0.0075 1.2275
84 Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P.Beauv. Poaceae 16.250 0.313 7.813 0.0056 0.0050 0.7554
85 Cleome rutidosperma DC. Cleomaceae 18.800 0.078 4.688 0.0065 0.0012 0.2833
86 Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae 13.875 0.125 4.688 0.0048 0.0020 0.2833
87 Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht Zingiberaceae 106.000 0.063 6.250 0.0371 0.0010 0.3777
88 Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae 105.333 0.047 4.688 0.0369 0.0007 0.2833
89 Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae 20.333 0.047 4.688 0.0071 0.0007 0.2833
90 Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprenge Rutaceae 28.286 0.109 9.375 0.0099 0.0017 0.5665
91 Natsiatum herpeticum Buch.-Ham. ex Arn. Icacinaceae 47.000 0.063 6.250 0.0164 0.0010 0.3777
92 Pouzolzia zeylenica (L.)Benn. Urticaceae 10.867 0.234 6.250 0.0038 0.0037 0.3777
93 Auxonopus compressus (Swartz.) P.Beauv. Poaceae 12.709 2.953 39.063 0.0044 0.0475 2.3607
94 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae 12.833 0.844 10.938 0.0044 0.0136 0.6610
95 Smilax zeylanica L. Smilacaceae 74.000 0.016 1.563 0.0259 0.0002 0.0944
D=Density, Fr=Frequency, H/L =Height or Length, RD=Relative Density, RF=Relative Frequency, RH= Relative Height or Length
Table 4: Different Community Index values
Sl. No Name of The Plant A IVI S.I Cd E
1 Spermacoce alata Aubl. 13.5813 4.2199 0.130587 0.001667 0.066028
2 Chromolaena odoratum (L.) King & H.Rob 5.1111 3.4561 0.113629 0.001118 0.057454
3 Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC 7.5714 2.7013 0.095253 0.000683 0.048163
4 Clerodendrum infortunatum L. 3.6842 3.6347 0.117729 0.001236 0.059527
5 Dioscorea alata L. 1.5833 2.2855 0.084288 0.000489 0.042618
6 PhyllanthusFraternus G.L. Webster 3.8500 1.9097 0.073748 0.000341 0.037289
7 Biophytum sensitivum (L.)DC 1.2500 2.2795 0.084124 0.000486 0.042536
8 Sauropus compressus Müll.Arg. 1.2916 2.2831 0.084222 0.000487 0.042585
9 Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. Ex. Schult. 7.5652 2.2189 0.082466 0.000460 0.041697
10 Globba racemosa Sm. 1.4516 2.9494 0.101494 0.000814 0.051319
11 Desmodium gangeticum (L.)DC. 1.2222 0.8655 0.040050 0.000070 0.020251
12 Ageratum conyzoides L. 4.6363 2.1079 0.079388 0.000415 0.040141
13 Ageratum houstonianum Mill. 4.1818 1.0546 0.046785 0.000104 0.023656
14 Leucas aspera (Willd.)Link 1.6000 0.4798 0.024941 0.000021 0.012611
15 Lasia spinosa (L.)Thwaites 4.2500 0.3872 0.020931 0.000014 0.010583
16 Persicaria chinensis (L.) H.Gross 2.0000 0.7652 0.036321 0.000054 0.036321
17 Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre 3.7500 0.3941 0.021236 0.000014 0.010738
18 Enhydra fluctuans Lour. 7.6666 0.2964 0.016789 0.000008 0.008489
19 Achyranthes aspera L. 8.4800 2.4179 0.087853 0.000547 0.044421
20 Rungia pectinata (L.)Nees 8.4285 2.7067 0.095391 0.000685 0.048233
21 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. 1.6666 0.5750 0.028883 0.000030 0.014604
22 Commelina diffusa Burm. f. 2.8000 0.4833 0.025089 0.000021 0.012686
23 Osbeckia nepalensis Hook. f. 1.3333 0.2906 0.016516 0.000007 0.008351
24 Crotalaria pallida Aiton. 1.0000 0.3834 0.020762 0.000013 0.010498
25 Elephantopus scaber L. 1.0833 2.2811 0.084168 0.000487 0.010498
26 Commelina benghalensis L. 2.8000 0.4829 0.025072 0.000021 0.012677
27 Curcuma caesia Roxb. 1.4117 1.6291 0.065416 0.000248 0.033076
28 Impatiens trilobata Colebr. 1.4375 1.5271 0.062276 0.000218 0.031488
29 Torenia cordifolia Roxb. 2.1457 1.3388 0.056302 0.000167 0.056302
30 Lindernia ciliate (Colsm) Pennell 3.1111 0.8588 0.039805 0.000069 0.020131
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine 31 Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.Muell 3.3333 1.1452 0.049891 0.000122 0.025226
32 Lindernia ruellioides (Colsm.)Pennell 3.0000 1.1513 0.050097 0.000124 0.025331
33 Senna tora (L.)Roxb. 1.4545 1.0485 0.046573 0.000102 0.023548
34 Senna sophera (L.)Roxb. 1.0909 1.0514 0.046674 0.000103 0.023599
35 Stephania japonica (Thunb.)Miers 1.7500 0.7638 0.036268 0.000054 0.018333
36 Coffea benghalensis B.Heyne ex. Schult. 1.6363 1.0597 0.046961 0.000105 0.023745
37 Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Benth. ex. Kurz. 1.3333 1.1532 0.050162 0.000124 0.025363
38 Desmodium trifolium (L.)DC. 7.0000 1.6394 0.065730 0.000251 0.033235
39 Desmodium heterophyllum (Willd.) DC. 4.0000 0.2905 0.016511 0.000007 0.008348
40 Melastoma malabathricum L. 1.5000 0.5754 0.028899 0.000030 0.014612
41 Sida acuta Burm.f. 1.3684 1.8087 0.070798 0.000306 0.035798
42 Sida rhombifolia L. 1.3636 1.0505 0.046642 0.000103 0.023584
43 Abrus pulchellus Thwaites 1.0000 0.7646 0.036298 0.000054 0.018353
44 Ampelocissus barbata (Wall.) Planch. 1.0000 0.5835 0.029227 0.000031 0.014778
45 Achyranthes bidentata Blume 8.3333 0.8598 0.039842 0.000069 0.020145
46 Piper longum L. 1.0000 0.8636 0.039981 0.000069 0.020215
47 Dioscorea bulbifera L. 1.0000 0.6880 0.033365 0.000044 0.016870
48 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 1.7777 0.8664 0.040083 0.000070 0.020267
49 Boerhavia repens L. 2.6250 0.7735 0.036634 0.000056 0.018523
50 Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. 1.6000 0.9563 0.043329 0.000085 0.021908
51 Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T.Aiton 1.7500 0.7701 0.036506 0.000055 0.018458
52 Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl. 1.8000 0.9578 0.043383 0.000085 0.021935
53 Urena lobata L. 1.8947 1.8120 0.070895 0.000307 0.035847
54 Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. Ex Rottl.) Roxb. 1.0000 1.0638 0.047103 0.000105 0.023817
55 Mimosa pudica L. 1.5294 1.6274 0.065365 0.000247 0.033050
56 Mimosa invisa Colla. 1.0000 0.5060 0.026043 0.000023 0.013168
57 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. 5.7857 1.3460 0.056535 0.000169 0.028585
58 Mikania micrantha Kunth. 1.1000 0.9607 0.043486 0.000086 0.043348
59 Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.)Merr. 1.7500 0.3876 0.020948 0.000014 0.010592
60 Oxalis corniculata L. 2.8571 0.6700 0.032663 0.000042 0.016515
61 Xanthium strumarium L. 1.6000 0.4800 0.024949 0.000021 0.012615
62 Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.)Small 6.0000 0.2933 0.016643 0.000008 0.008415
63 Scoparia dulcis L. 2.0000 0.5746 0.028867 0.000030 0.014596
64 Cyanthillium cinereum (L.)H.Rob. 1.8750 0.7657 0.036340 0.000054 0.018374
65 Trichosanthes tricuspidata Laur. 1.2000 0.4949 0.025578 0.000022 0.012933
66 Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees. 1.0000 0.3308 0.018386 0.000010 0.009296
67 Acmella calva (DC.) R.K.Jansen 3.6153 1.2449 0.053229 0.000145 0.026914
68 Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.Roem. 1.0000 0.7757 0.036717 0.000056 0.018565
69 Tephrosia purpurea L.(Pers.) 1.8333 0.5906 0.029513 0.000032 0.014923
70 Physalis minima L. 1.0000 0.5830 0.029207 0.000031 0.014768
71 Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze 2.2222 0.8597 0.039838 0.000069 0.020143
72 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 2.2222 0.8588 0.039805 0.000069 0.020126
73 Lantana camara L. 1.8000 0.9521 0.043179 0.000084 0.021833
74 Pupalia atropurpurea (Lam.)Moq. 7.666 1.1605 0.050408 0.000126 0.025488
75 Merremia vitifolia (Burm. F.) Hallier f. 1.2000 0.4802 0.004646 0.000021 0.024958
76 Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth.Var subspicata (Benth.)
Maesen 1.0000 0.2936 0.016657 0.000008 0.008422
77 Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. 5.0769 1.2503 0.053407 0.000146 0.027004
78 Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. 3.1428 0.7085 0.034157 0.000046 0.017271
79 Murdania nudiflora (L.)Brenan 6.3333 0.8672 0.040113 0.000070 0.020282
80 Synedrella nodiflora (L.)Gaertn. 4.0000 1.0590 0.046937 0.000104 0.023733
81 Digitaria bicornis (Lam.)Roemer & J.A. Schultes ex. Loud 4.2500 0.7652 0.036321 0.000054 0.018365
82 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. 1.1428 0.6693 0.032636 0.000041 0.016502
83 Bidens pilosa L. 3.7500 0.7751 0.036695 0.000056 0.018554
84 Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P.Beauv. 4.0000 0.4879 0.025283 0.000022 0.012784
85 Cleome rutidosperma DC. 1.6666 1.3458 0.056528 0.000169 0.028582
86 Amaranthus viridis L. 2.6666 0.9686 0.043767 0.000087 0.022130
87 Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht 1.0000 0.3989 0.021448 0.000014 0.010845
88 Solanum torvum Sw. 1.0000 0.6775 0.032956 0.000042 0.016663
89 Heliotropium indicum L. 1.0000 0.4932 0.025506 0.000022 0.012896
90 Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprenge 1.6666 0.2948 0.016713 0.000008 0.008451
91 Natsiatum herpeticum Buch.-Ham. ex Arn. 1.0000 0.5849 0.029283 0.000032 0.014806
92 Pouzolzia zeylenica (L.)Benn. 3.7500 0.7717 0.036566 0.000055 0.018489
93 Auxonopus compressus (Swartz.) P.Beauv. 7.5600 0.4857 0.025190 0.000022 0.012737
94 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 7.7142 0.3085 0.017355 0.000008 0.008775
95 Smilax zeylanica L. 1.0000 1.2428 0.053159 0.000014 0.026879
A= Abundance, IVI= Importance Value Index, S= Shannon Index,Cd= Species dominance, E= Evenness
4. Conclusion In this work it was found that Chalsa forest range is rich in
medicinal plants. Such medicinal plants are often used in rural
areas because of its easy availability. During the past few
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine decades, the traditional knowledge on medicinal properties of
plants gathered by many generations is declining rapidly. The
erosion of traditional knowledge is primarily due to
development of modern health care facilities,
commercialization and socioeconomic changes and lack of
interest on learning the knowledge by indigenous community.
Sometime, over exploitation of a particular species can also
lead to the incidental disappearance of other non-targeted
species. In addition excess commercialization of such
medicine in local market also creates threat to these medicinal
plants as well as the forest biodiversity. The information
generated from the present study regarding the medicinal
plant use by the people of this region need a thorough
phytosociological investigation including allelopathic analysis
and soil seed bank analysis. This could help in creating mass
awareness regarding the need for conservation of such plants
and also in the promotion of ethno-medico-botany knowledge
within the region besides contributing to the preservation and
enrichment of the natural resources of such biodiversity rich
forest range before they are lost forever.
In the present work an attempt has been made to investigate
the ecological and phytosociological status of medicinal
plants in Chalsa forest range and it may be useful to the health
professionals, scientists and scholars working in the field of
Botany, Ecology, Forestry pharmacology and therapeutics to
develop. This also covers the conservation prospective of
medicinal plants, in forest patches. The traditional knowledge
on medicinal values of plant is developed through course of
time by co-existence with surrounding floristic diversity and
its conservation management is developed through the
ecological and phytosociological status. The phyto-
sociological analysis revealed that Spermacoce alata Aubl is
the most abundant species of this forest range. Abundance
value is also good for Achyranthes aspera L., Rungia
pectinata (L.)Nees, Pupalia atropurpurea (Lam.) Moq.,
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Enhydra fluctuans Lour.,
Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd.
Ex. Schult., Auxonopus compressus (Swartz.)P.Beauv. and
Desmodium trifolium (L.) DC. Abundance value is low for
some plants (Table.5).
This study also determines the Importance Value Index (IVI)
for several medicinal plants to evaluate the status of their
overall existence in this forest. IVI was recorded maximum
for Spermacoce alata Aubl. as 4.2199. IVI was also good for
Clerodendrum infortunatum L., Chromolaena odoratum (L.)
King & H.Rob, Dioscorea alata L.,Biophytum sensitivum (L.)
DC., Sauropus compressus Mull. Arg., Drymaria cordata (L.)
Willd. Ex. Schult., Globba racemosa Sm. etc. However IVI
was recorded very poor for many plants (Table 5.).This result
indicates the majority of medicinal plants of this forest range
need a proper and scientific conservation method.
Eight diversity indices used were used to analyze the status of
medicinal plants of this forest. Shannon and Weiner index
represents entropy. It is a diversity index taking into account
the number of individuals as well as the number of taxa. It
varies from 0 for communities with only single taxa to high
values for community with many taxa each with few
individuals. Simpson’s dominance index was very less than 1,
which showed that the sites were not dominated by single
species. On the contrary a few species dominate the forest.
The primary conclusion is that there is low grazing pressure
and moderate human impact on normal distribution of such
species which may cause reduction in medicinal plant
community in next few decades in the forest ecosystem. To
measure richness of species Menhinick’s index and
Margalef’s index were determined (Table 6).
Table 6: Different Community indices for medicinal plants of the Forest Range
Community indices Value
Species diversity (H') 4.316388
Species dominance (Cd) 0.003409
Equitability of evenness (e) 1.000449
Species richness (D) 11.343377
Menhinick’s index (Dmm) 0.023923
Equitability Index 0.947849
Berger-Parker Dominance Index 0.003420
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine Photoplate 1:
1. Melastoma malabathricum L., 2. Mimosa pudica L., 3. Impatiens trilobata Colebr., 4. Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. Ex Rottl.) Roxb., 5.
Crotalaria micans Link. 6. Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross, 7. Urena lobata L., 8. Desmodium gangeticum (L.)DC., 9. Lindernia ruellioides
(Colsm.) Pennell, 10. Biophytum sensitivum (L) DC, 11. Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T. Aiton, 12. Ageratum conyzoides L., 13. Torenia
cordifolia Roxb., 14. Mimosa diplotricha Sauvalle 15. Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Benth. ex. Kurz.
Therefore, this study recommends protection and
conservation of wild plant of the area for sustainable use in
future and a detailed documentation of ethno-medicinal
knowledge for the use of future generation. The medicinal
plants are to be conserved by the laws and legislations of the
forest department and by the active people’s participation.
The threatened medicinal plants of this forest should also
conserved by the botanist by propagation practices in the
botanical garden.
4
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine Photoplate 2:
16. Bidens pilosa L., 17. Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. Var subspicata (Benth.) Maesen 18. Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers, 19.
Coffea benghalensis B. Heyene ex. Schult., 20. Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze, 21. Elephantopus scaber L., 22. Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites 23.
Sauropus compressus Mull. Arg., 24. Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small 25. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq., 26. Spermacoce alata Aubl., 27.
Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud., Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees, 29. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., 30. Phyllanthus fraternus G.L. Webster.
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine Photoplate 3:
31. Solanum torvum Sw., 32. Costus speciosus (Koening ex Retz.) Smith, 33. Cardiospermum halicacabum L., 34. Trichosanthes
tricuspidata Laur., 35. Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbe, 36. Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl., 37. Clerodendrum infortunatum
L., 38. Sida acuta Burm. f. 39. Acmella calva (DC.) R.K. Jansen, 40. Curcuma caesia Roxb. 41. Abrus precatorius L., 42.
Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. 43. Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes ex. Loud, 44. Senna tora (L.) Roxb. 45.
Lantana camara L.
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine Photoplate 4:
46. Enhydra fluctuans Lour., 47. Senna sophera (L.) Roxb., 48. Sida rhombifolia L., 49. Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.). Merr.,
50. Achyranthes aspera L., 51. Ampelocissus barbata (Wall.) Planch., 52. Scoparia dulcis L., 53. Lindernia ciliate (Colsm)
Pennell, 54. Desmodium heterophyllum (Willd.) DC., 55. Physalis minima L., 56. Oxalis corniculata L., 57. Tephrosia purpurea
L., 57. Tephrosia purpurea L. (Pers.), 58. Commelina diffusa Burn. f., 59. Smilax zeylanica L., 60. Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.
Roem.
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine Photoplate 5:
61. Mikania micrantha Kunth, 62. Drymaria cordata (L.) Wild. Ex. Schult., 63. Dominant Clerodendrum infortunatum Under-
shrub, 64. Dominant Chromolaena odoratum under-shrub, 65.-75 Authors and Forest Guards working at different study sites of
Chalsa Forest Range
6. Acknowledgements
We convey our thanks and gratitude to Principal Chief
Conservator of Forest, West Bengal; Chief Conservator of
Forest and Divisional Forest Officer, Jalpaiguri Division, for
their kind permission. We also great full to Dr. Archan
Bhattacharya for his unreserved professional advice and
encouragement. We also convey our thanks to Mr. Pallab
Mukherjee, Range Officer, Chalsa Range and his staffs for
their kind cooperation during field study. Above all we also
thankful to the local people and traditional medicinal
professionals for providing their valuable knowledge
regarding the medicinal value of the plants.
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