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State of Environment Report Gujarat 2012 Urban, Rural & Built Environment

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Status of Waste Management in Urban & Rural Areas

1.1 Introduction

Waste generation is an integral part of ecological cycle. Every element of ecosystem directly or indirectly produces waste. With the advancement in human activities, inventions and discoveries, the quantum of waste generation has gone high. It has not only increased in volume but also has become more and more complex in composition which cannot be decomposed completely through natural processes. Hence waste management becomes an important responsibility of all the stakeholders generating waste and authorities managing human habitat and environment. This section aims at presenting the scenario of waste management in Gujarat. It covers all broad classifications of wastes, their status of generation, collection, treatment and disposal, likely impacts and response mechanism of various stakeholders.

1.1.1 What is Waste? – Definition and types

“Wastes” are materials which are discarded after use at the end of their intended life-span. (MoEF, Report of the Committee to Evolve Road Map on Management of Wastes in India, 2010) Waste can be categorized in various ways depending on their source of generation, physical state and composition to name a few. For the purpose of this study, waste has been classified based on source of generation i.e. mainly waste generated by domestic and allied activities both in Urban and rural areas and Industrial activities. Biomedical and E-waste is generated in any of these locations i.e Urban, rural or industrial but they have been dealt with separately as there are separate rules that govern its management and separate infrastructure exists in the state to manage these.

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3

2

1

E- Waste

Bio-Medical Waste

Industrial Waste

Domestic Waste Urban Waste

Rural Waste

Solid/Liquid (Non Hazardous)

Waste

Hazardous waste


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The waste can be classified on the bases of their physical state and composition into liquid waste and solid waste;

1. Liquid Waste: Liquid waste means sludge resulting from, but not limited to, waste treatment works, air pollution control facility, domestic, commercial, mining, institutional, agricultural, or governmental operations; or other waste materials, including materials to be recycled or otherwise beneficially reused; or septic tank, grease trap, sediment trap, portable toilet, or oil and grease separator pump-outs; or solvents, sewage, industrial waste, hazardous waste, semisolid waste, or potentially infectious waste; or any similar materials which would cause a nuisance if discharged to the ground waters. (Center of Excellence for Environmental Education, GoI) The solid by-products of sewage treatment are classified as sewage wastes or liquid waste. They are mostly organic and derive from the treatment of organic sludge from both the raw and treated sewage. The inorganic fraction of raw sewage such as grit is separated at the preliminary stage of treatment, but because it entrains putrescible organic matter which may contain pathogens, must be buried/disposed off without delay. The bulk of treated, dewatered sludge is useful as a soil conditioner but invariably its use for this purpose is uneconomical. The solid sludge therefore enters the stream of municipal wastes unless special arrangements are made for its disposal. (CPHEEO)

2. Solid Waste: Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and are discarded as useless or unwanted. (Center of Excellence for Environmental Education, GoI) Solid waste includes all types of waste in municipal waste category arising from human and animal activity and all residential, commercial and institutional buildings.Various categories of wastes discussed in the following sections can be defined as follows: "Municipal solid waste"(MSW) includes commercial and residential wastes generated in municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes. (MoEF, Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000) MSW also includes construction and demolition waste which is often mixed with the domestic waste. This waste has high potential for reuse and recycling and so need to be handled separately. Construction and demolition wastes are the waste materials generated by the construction, refurbishment, repair and demolition of houses, commercial buildings and other structures. It mainly consists of earth, stones, concrete, bricks, lumber, roofing materials, plumbing materials, heating systems and electrical wires and parts of the general municipal waste stream, but when generated in large amounts at


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building and demolition sites, it is generally removed by contractors for filling low lying areas and by urban local bodies for disposal at landfills. (CPHEEO) Industrial waste, as name indicates, it is purely contributed by industrial units. Its type and characteristic majorly depend on the type of industry, processing and raw materials. It can be broadly classified into industrial Solid/Liquid waste and Hazardous waste. Industrial Solid/Liquid waste differs from Hazardous waste in respect of their composition. This type of waste has to be handled separately and requires different treatment from domestic waste. It mainly contains ashes, chemicals, dyes, byproducts of the industry and heavy metals. Management of Industrial Solid Waste (ISW) is not the responsibility of local bodies. Industries generating solid waste have to manage such waste by themselves and are required to seek authorisations from respective State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) under relevant rules. However, through joint efforts of SPCBs, local bodies and the industries, a mechanism could be evolved for better management. (CPHEEO) Hazardous waste means any waste which by reason of any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive characteristics cause danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or substances, and shall include waste specified in Schedule I, II & III of the Rules. (MoEF, Hazardous wastes (Management, handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008) Hazardous wastes may be defined as wastes of industrial, institutional or consumer origin. In some cases although the active agents may be liquid or gaseous, they are classified as solid wastes because they are confined in solid containers. Typical examples are: solvents, paints and pesticides whose spent containers are frequently mixed with municipal wastes and become part of the urban waste stream. Certain hazardous wastes cause explosions in incinerators and fires at landfill sites. Others, such as pathological wastes from hospitals and radioactive wastes, require special handling at all time. Good management practice should ensure that hazardous wastes are stored, collected, transported and disposed off separately, preferably after suitable treatment to render them innocuous. (CPHEEO) Apart from Hazardous wastes generated from industrial areas, households do contribute some of the wastes that are hazardous in nature, though they produce it occasionally. Wastes like aerosol canes, batteries from flash lights and button cells, bleaches and household kitchen and drain cleaning agents, car batteries, oil filters and car care products and consumables, chemicals and solvents and their empty containers, chemical based cosmetic items, ,insecticides and their empty containers, light bulbs, tube-lights and compact fluorescent lamps, paints, oils, lubricants, glues, thinners, and their empty containers, pesticides and herbicides and their empty containers, photographic chemicals, styrofoam and soft foam packaging from new equipment and mercury-containing products are considered as domestic Hazardous Waste and they are to be stored separately from ‘Bio-degradable’ and ‘recyclable’ domestic waste in dedicated bins and disposed by municipal authority as per the Hazardous waste Management Rules. (CPHEEO)


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"Bio-medical waste" means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biologicals, and including categories mentioned in Schedule I of the Bio-Medical Waste Rules. (MoEF, Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998).Biomedical waste is mainly attributed to waste from hospitals, medical clinics and laboratories. Biomedical waste differs from other waste because of its infectious nature which asks for specialized treatment. It mainly contains medicines, injections, cotton, decayed body parts, bottles and the like. E-waste is electronic waste which encompass wide range of electrical and electronic devices such as computers, hand held cellular phones, personal stereos, including large household appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners, microwaves and many more. E Waste means waste electrical and electronic equipments, whole or in a part or rejects from their manufacturing and repair process, which are intended to be discarded. (MoEF, e Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011, 2011)

1.2 Approach

PressureIncrease in Waste

Generation, Quality of Waste Generated

StateAdequacy of scientific treatment and disposal

ImpactPollution of water

bodies, land

ResponseMore investment,

Improved coverage, treatment and disposal

Awareness programmes

Driving ForceUrbanization, Economic Development, Change in

the Life Style,

Figure 4. 1 - Conceptual Framework: Pressures, Impact & Response along the Value chain of

Waste Management


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While increasing urbanization, industrialization, fast growing rural areas and changing lifestyles are widely accepted key drivers for waste generation, the Pressures and Impacts are observed in different magnitudes across the value chain. Hence section on waste management presents the status and resulting pressure caused by solid and liquid waste along different key components of sanitation chain (also often termed as value chain) namely generation/capture, collection (storage and transport), treatment and disposal. Waste management has been discussed in four main sections. The responses have been discussed for each section in terms of institutional, financial, technology and promotion/awareness related response measures by different government, non-government stakeholders.

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Capture Storage Transport Treatment Reuse

WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Technology

Finance

Institution

Promotion

Pressure and

Impact

Response

Source: Adapted based on Infrastructure Planning Studio Presentation on City Sanitation Plan, CEPT University, 2010 First section covers domestic waste (solid and liquid) from urban centres. Urban centers (municipal corporations and municipalities1) in Gujarat have been classified into 4 Classes viz. Class A to D depending on the population. Refer Annexure I for classification of urban centers. State of urban waste is presented for Municipal corporations and Municipal Class A to D to see the variations in status of generation, collection, treatment and disposal due evidently varied population, administrative, financial and technical capacities of Urban Local Bodies of different class. The same has also been presented for five regions2 of Gujarat to bring out spatial variation in waste generation, collection, treatment and disposal. Second section presents the status of solid and liquid wastes generated by Gram Panchayats of Gujarat - district wise as well as for five regions as in case of Urban waste. Third section

1 For administrative purposes, under the BPMC Act and Gujarat Nagarpalika Act (1963), urban areas are classified as municipal corporations and municipalities. In 2001 there were 7 municipal corporations and 159 municipalities. The remaining Census towns having population less than 15000 are governed under the rural administrative setup as per the provisions of the Gujarat Panchayat Act (1995). . (Urban Development & Urban Housing Department, GoG) 2 The five regions have distinct geographic features, agroclimatic conditions and nature of development.


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covers biomedical waste management collection, treatment and disposal. Fourth section details out the E-waste generation and ongoing efforts for management in Gujarat

1.3 Status of Urban Solid Waste

Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 recommends the process for managing the domestic solid waste through segregation, collection, storage, transportation, processing and disposal; and makes it obligatory on part of the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to execute the same. In following section been assessed the state of urban solid waste from its generation to final disposal. 1.3.1 Waste Characterization

It would be pertinent to start with waste characterization for the Urban Solid Waste before going into statistics of generation, collection, treatment & final disposal. Waste characterization of Urban Solid Waste was carried out by Gujarat Urban Development Company Limited (GUDC) under the statewide project on Municipal solid waste management in the year 2008-2009. The state was divided into different clusters and sampling was done at 15 different locations within each of the ULBs. Figure 4. 2 shows the waste characterization averaged at state level. Analysis shows that organic waste constitutes about 40 percent, followed by inert material which constitutes 22.94 percent. plastic, rubber & synthetic and paper & cardboard contribute 21.21 percent & 10.41 percent respectively. Average moisture content is 26.03 percent with calorific value of around 2232.88 calorie/gram. For district wise figures refer to annex.

Figure 4. 2 – Waste Characterization Gujarat Figure 4. 3 - Waste Characterization in Typical Indian City

Source: GUDC, 2008-2009

Source: State of Environment Report - India, 2009 Comparing the same with waste composition of typical Indian cities as shown in Figure 4. 3 it can be said that cities of Gujarat have higher proportion of inert/stone debris in municipal waste compared to typical Indian waste characteristics. Proportion of Glass & Ceramic is

40.7

10.4

22.9

4.7

21.2

0.1 Organic waste

Paper & Cardboard

Inert (stone debries, Ash &Fine earth)

Glass & Ceramic

Plastic, Rubber &Synthetic

Metal

40

27

15

5 6 4 3

Organic waste

Paper & Cardboard

Inert

Glass & Ceramics

Textile

Plastic/Rubber

Metal


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almost same. organic waste constitutes almost 40 percent in both the cases while the high percentage of plastic waste in the Gujarat indicates increasing use of plastic products. Due to the changing lifestyles there has been shift in waste composition specially paper, plastic and metal content has increased and organic content has reduced (Refer Table c, Annexure III). Current composition of organic waste, plastic waste, moisture content and calorific value compares well with the composition of high income countries; whereas for composition of paper and card board, glass & ceramic waste constituents, it fits with middle income countries. Waste composition for low, medium and high income countries and change in waste composition in India are given in annex. Understanding of waste characteristics/composition is essential requirement for the determination of appropriate treatment and disposal methods. Each type of waste requires different treatment before final disposal. Stones debris along with the construction and demolition waste like brick/concrete blocks, cement, broken tiles, gypsum sheets and the likes can be crushed into smaller particles which can be then recycled to make paving blocks and construction blocks. Paper and cardboards can be recycled to make recycled paper and boards. Organic waste can be easily decomposed to form compost to be used as a soil enricher. Hazardous waste and biomedical waste have to be separately treated and disposed. Integrated Solid Waste Management system tries to address this issue by proper segregation of the waste collected so as to give them proper treatments along with maximum recycling and reuse. 1.3.2 Waste Generation

Gujarat cities on an average generate 345 gm/capita/day of waste as against the all India average of 500 gm/capita/day. (Annepu, 2012) . Though some of the corporations have much higher per capita generation. The high rate of urbanization and cities being the driving force has resulted in generating huge amount of waste. Comparison of the average per capita waste generation in Gujarat with that of low, medium and high income countries reveals that it is even lower than per capita generation in low income countries (410 to 685 gms/capita/day) (UNEP, 2011) (Refer section d, Annexure III); however large population results in large quantities of waste generation daily. Figure 4. 4 - Solid Waste Generated in Urban Centers of Gujarat

Total solid waste generated from all the urban areas in Gujarat amounts to 8566.54 tons per day. Seven Municipal Corporations3 contribute almost 72 percent of the total Solid waste from Urban Areas. Analysing the same across different regions of the Gujarat (Refer Figure 4. 9 and 4.10), it is observed that maximum generation is through urban centers of Central Gujarat which is of an order of 53 percent followed by Saurashtra and North Gujarat. Source: Survey of ULBs by PAS, 2008-2009

3 There are 8 Municipal Corporation in Gujarat as per census 2011. However, the reported data is for year 2008-2009

72.64

10.47

7.33 5.30 4.26

MC

A

B

C

D


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Urban centers of North Gujarat and Kachchh together do contribute around 6 percent of total solid waste generation. 1.3.3 Waste Collection

Primary collection at door step is the first step of solid waste management and determines the extent of coverage of service to the residents of the city. It is observed that all class of cities have average waste collection efficiency ranging from 71 percent to 82 percent with class B and C cities being more efficient than others. However in some of major cities collection efficiency is more than 95 percent. Maximum door to door collection is being done in South Gujarat, which covers almost 88 percent of the total households while Kachchh covers least households under door to door collection. Figures on total generation and collection at household level for different classes as well as for regions of Gujarat are given in annex. Figure 4. 5 - Household Level Coverage (% ) Figure 4. 6 - Household Level Coverage

Regionwise (%) (Class wise)

Source: Survey of ULBs by PAS, 2008-2009 Source: Survey of ULBs by PAS, 2008-2009 Figures suggest that percentage coverage of household collection of municipal solid waste has been consistently increasing in Class B, C & D cities in last three years, where as in Class A cities have shown a minor decline in the year of 2009 this could be attributed to rapid growth of Class A cities and their inability to cope with demand of services. Data for selected corporations for household collection of wastes indicates that quantum of waste collected has increased many fold in Ahmedabad and Surat. Refer annex for household collection figures for 14 cities for the year 1999 & 2009.

80

71

82 81 75

6466687072747678808284

Mun

icip

alCo

rpor

atio

n A B C D

80 55

75 77 88

0102030405060708090

100

Cent

ral G

ujar

at

Kach

chh

Nor

th G

ujar

at

Saur

asht

ra

Sout

h Gu

jara

t


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Figure 4. 7 – Change in household level collection in Gujarat

Source: Directorate of Municipalities, 2007-09, Survey of ULBs by PAS 2008

Figure 4. 8 – Variation in household level collection of waste for few Select Cities over the decade

Source: NIUA, 1999 & Survey of ULBs by PAS, 2008-09 1.3.4 Waste Treatment & Disposal

Out of total waste generated 8566.54. TPD, 17.58 percent is put into treatment system, 63.21 percent is thrown into open dumps and only 1.63 percent is disposed into Scientific Landfill Sites (SLF) after due treatment and about 17.58 percent of the waste generated is left unattended. All the cities together have waste treatment facilities of an order of 2637.20 TPD of which they receive and treat 1505 TPD (only 5.6 percent of the total solid waste generated). Which means only 57 percent of the installed capacity is utilized, which indicates a substantive quantity of untreated waste dumped into open. This highlights substantial need of implementation of more number of innovative and effective waste treatment systems. Dumping areas which are receiving huge quantities of this waste need to be designed scientifically to reduce its impact on the environment. Of the total waste treated 89 percent is treated in Municipal Corporations, 8 percent in class C and D together and remaining 3 percent in class A and B. This can be largely attributed to large

0

20

40

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A B C DClass

2007

2008

2009

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

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Ahm

edab

ad

Bhav

naga

r

Sura

t

Juna

gadh

TPD

HH Collection (1999) as perSurvey Conducted by NIUA

HH Collection (2009) as perSurvey Conducted by PAS


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number of vermi composting and composting plants available with the towns4. It also highlights the fact that capital intensive and highly technical system to treat and dispose waste is feasible in Municipal Corporations.

Figure 4. 9 – Status of Urban Solid Waste Management in Gujarat (Class wise)

Source: Survey of ULBs by PAS, 2008-2009 Only four Municipal Corporations own compliant scientific landfill sites; two in Surat, one in Rajkot and one in Vadodara and one in Ahmedabad5. Looking at treatment capacity, urban centers of North Gujarat are have maximum treatment facility available i.e. almost 42 percent of total waste generation and Katchchh has minimal treatment facility of only 10 percent of total waste generation. Though North Gujarat has maximum treatment facility, input to the treatment plants is only 23 percent of total capacity which leads to significant amount of open dumping, i.e. 80 percent of total waste generation. Class wise and Region wise details of solid waste treatment & disposal is given in Annex. For District wise details too please refer to Annex.

4 These were funded by Government of Gujarat, through GUDC project on Municipal Solid Waste Management 5 As reported by AMC, Ahmedabad has capacity wise Asia's Biggest Secured Engineered Landfill Site at ‘Gyaspur’, being Operational Since 14.10.2009 with a capacity of 1.15 million tons of Phase I. It has Also earmarked land of 164 acres for future need of 30 years for more 5 phases.

6223

4831

2100 1340

3521

140 0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

MC A B C D

TPD

Total Solid waste generated in ULB (TPD)

Total Solid Waste Collected from from HHs by Door to Door Collection (TPD)

Capacity of all the Installed Treatment Facility (TPD)

Quantity of waste input in Treatment Systems (TPD)

Quantity of waste received in Open dumps (TPD)

Quantity of waste received in Scientific Land fill site(TPD)


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Figure 4. 10 – Summary: Status of Urban Solid Waste Management in Gujarat (Region wise)

Source: Survey of ULBs by PAS, 2008-2009 Figure 4. 11 and 4.12 clearly show that though North Gujarat and Saurashtra have better installed capacity for the treatment of waste the net used capacity is high in South Gujarat. It also highlights the fact that there have been investments in treatment facilities made in North Gujarat which is not yielding results. Thus it is important to revisit the infrastructure created to analyse its actual utilization. The reasons for this could be low technical knowledge, inappropriate technology or merely incomplete structures or systems installed.

Source: Survey of ULBs by PAS, 2008-2009 Source: Survey of ULBs by PAS, 2008-2009

4519.74

1340.00 689.85

263.60

2767.75

0 0.00

500.001000.001500.002000.002500.003000.003500.004000.004500.005000.00

Central Gujarat Kachchh North Gujarat Saurashtra Sourth Gujarat

Total Solid waste generated in ULB (TPD)

Capacity of Installed MSW Treatment Systems

Quantity of waste input (in all the Treatment Systems TPD)

Quantity of waste rejected after treatment (e.g., inert matter) (TPD)

Quantity of waste received in Open Dumps(TPD)

Figure 4. 12 - Municipal Solid Waste: Installed Capacity v/s Utilisation In urban Centers of Gujarat

Figure 4. 11 - Municipal Solid Waste: Generation v/s Installed Capacity In urban Centers of Gujarat


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1.4 Status of Urban Liquid Waste

In December 2008 India published its first National Urban Sanitation Policy to achieve the MDG goal by 2015. The policy aims at “All Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthy and liveable and ensure and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women.” This policy provides a guiding principle for states to design their programs and strategies to achieve 100 percent sanitation in all cities. It induces the cities to prepare city sanitation plan through a sanitation task force and consider all aspects and sections of the citizens in achieving open defecation free and environmentally safe cities. This highlights the need of toilets and drainage system in urban centers. The vulnerable section of the cities including slums need to be the priority to reduce the health and environment risk due to improper sanitation. 1.4.1 Toilet Coverage and Coverage of Sewage Network:

Urban liquid waste or sewage from cities is mainly organic waste from toilets, septic tanks and storm drains. Average toilet Coverage in terms of percent of total households in Gujarat is about 82 percent for the urban centers with maximum at Corporations and least in Class D towns. Out of 166 urban centers of all the class including corporations, 67 urban centers (40 percent) (Figure 4. 13) are sewered and rest do not have piped sewage network.

Table 4. 1 – Toilet Coverage and Coverage & Efficiency of Waste Water Collection Network in Urban Centers of Gujarat Class Total Number of

Cities/Towns Coverage of toilets (% of total households)

Coverage of waste water network services (% of total households )

WW collected by sewage network (% of MLD generated)

MC 7 84 71 73

A 18 81 23 29

B 33 82 25 30

C 44 83 18 21

D 64 78 10 12 Source: Survey of ULBs by PAS, 2008-2009


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Figure 4. 13 – Sewage Network in the Urban centers of Gujarat (Class wise)

Source: Survey of ULBs by PAS, 2008-2009 Municipal Corporations register maximum coverage in terms of individual households connected with sewage network followed by Class B & Class A cities. Very less percentage for Class C & D towns is attributed to the fact that these towns do not have established sewage network in place. Collection efficiency for the Corporations ranges from 64.9 percent (Ahmedabad) to 100 percent (Vadodara). Figure 4. 14 explains the situation in different regions of Gujarat. Saurashtra and North Gujarat are have very few sewered cities whereas Kachchh cities have a better drainage system laid. This could be due to new infrastructure laid post earthquake.

Figure 4. 14 - Sewage Network in the Urban centers of Gujarat (Region wise)

Source: Survey of ULBs by PAS, 2008-2009

Figure 4. 15 - Waste Water Generated in Urban Centers of Gujarat (% of Total wastewater generated in the state))

7 10

20 17

13 0

8

13 27

51

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MC A B C D

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ities

/Tow

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Sewered

5 10 27 10 15 1

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Kachchh Sourth Gujarat Central Gujarat North Gujarat Saurashtra

No.

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ities

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Non Sewered

Sewered


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Source: Survey of ULBs by PAS, 2008-2009 The total urban domestic sewage generated in the state of Gujarat amounts to 2288 MLD of which 73 percent is contributed by 7 Municipal Corporations. About 70 percent of the total sewage generated can be managed by available treatment facilities with total treatment capacity of 1639.2 MLD. Figure indicates that Class C towns can treat 95 percent of their wastewater generation with total treatment capacity of 106 MLD against total waste water generation of 112 MLD. But distributions of STPs are skewed. Out of 44 cities in the Class C only 5 cities have primary treatment facility.

Figure 4. 16 – Treatment Capacity for Urban Liquid Waste in Gujarat

Source: Survey of ULBs by PAS, 2008-2009 Whereas Municipal Corporations have treatment capacity of an order of 86 percent of total waste water generation. Class B and Class D towns are in a deplorable state having insignificant treatment facilities. Class B towns have treatment capacity of only 4 percent of total waste water generation while class D towns do not own any kind of treatment facility at all. (Figure 4. 17).

73.48

9.42

7.76

4.88 4.45

MC

A

B

C

D

1681

1223

1446

1167.7

0200400600800

10001200140016001800

MC A B C D

MLD

Total Waste Water Generated (MLD) Total Waste Water Collected (MLD)Installed Capacity of STPs (MLD) Waste water Treated (MLD)


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Figure 4. 17 - Status of Urban Liquid Waste treatment in Gujarat


On an average 53 percent of all the waste water generated in Gujarat is being treated. Municipal Corporations treat almost 70 percent of all the waste water generated by them while class A and class C cities/towns treats almost 12 and 16 percent of total waste generated by them respectively. Analysing the figures region wise suggests that Kachchh has maximum numbers of cities/towns connected with piped sewage network, of an order of 84 percent while Saurashtra registers least number of cities connected with Sewage Network. Kachchh and South Gujarat are in excess of treatment capacity but the distributions of the treatment plants/facilities are skewed (Figure 4. 19 and 4.20). As for Kachchh region out of 6 urban centers only 3 have STPs and for South Gujarat, out of 16 urban centers 4 have STPs. Central Gujarat generates maximum, 48 percent, of total waste water, followed by South Gujarat & Saurashtra with 25 percent and 21 percent contribution respectively, followed by North Gujarat and Kachchh with meager 4 percent & 2 percent contribution respectively. Whereas in terms of collection, South Gujarat collects maximum waste water of its total generation, which is of an order of 91 percent. Kachchh and Central Gujarat collect around 63 percent each of their total waste water generation while Saurashtra and North Gujarat collect around 28 and 26 percent of their total waste water generation respectively.

0200400600800

10001200140016001800

MC A B C D

MLD

Class

Estimated quantity of untreatedWaste Water (MLD)

Treated Waste Water (MLD)


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Figure 4. 18 - Status of Urban Liquid Waste Management in Gujarat (Region wise)


Details of the waste water collection & treatment for each class and region of the state of Gujarat is given in annex.

Figure 4. 19 - Waste Water: Generation v/s Installed Capacity

In Urban centers of Gujarat

Figure 4. 20 - Waste Water: Installed Capacity v/s Utilisation

In Urban centers of Gujarat

Source: Survey of ULBs by PAS, 2008-2009 Source: Survey of ULBs by PAS, 2008-2009

1088.89

569.03

820

615 672.06

518.67 584.80

520.40

4 3

386.79

120.62

0.00

200.00

400.00

600.00

800.00

1000.00

1200.00

Central Gujarat Kachchh North Gujarat Saurashtra South Gujarat

Total Waste Water Generated (mld)

Installed Capacity of STPs (MLD)

Total Waste Water Collected (mld)

Daily avg inflow in Treatment Systems (MLD)

Water conveyed for recycling/ reuse after treatment (MLD)

Estimated quantity of untreated waste water disposed (MLD)


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1.4.2 Major water bodies with wastewater discharge and its water quality:

Total quantum of untreated sewage discharged from all the urban centers of Gujarat amounts to 969.23 MLD. 57 percent of total untreated sewage is discharge on land, 29 percent in river, 11.5 percent in sea and 2.5 percent in inland tank/lakes. This indicates indiscriminate use of land for discharge of untreated sewage. The same trend follows among the different classes ranging from Municipal Corporation to Class D towns as shown below.

Table 4. 2 - Discharge of Untreated Waste Water in Urban Centers of Gujarat

Discharge Point Estimated quantity of untreated waste water disposed (MLD)

Land 549.51

River 283.36

Sea/Gulf/Creek 111.82

lake 24.54

Total 969.23


Figure 4. 21 – Discharge of Untreated Sewage in Urban Centers of Gujarat


Region wise analysis suggests that Central Gujarat and Saurashtra regions have maximum amount of untreated waste water disposed, which is of an order of 393 MLD & 320 MLD respectively. While South Gujarat and North Gujarat follows them with quantum of 120 MLD and 104 MLD respectively. Kachchh region has least amount of untreated waste water disposed, i.e. 32 MLD. Figure 4. 22 represents the same.

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MC A B C D

MLD

Class

Sea/Creek/Gulf

Land

River

Pond


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Figure 4. 22 – Total Quantity of Untreated Waste Water Disposed by Urban Centers of Gujarat


Table 4. 3 – Discharge Points of Untreated Waste Water in Urban Centers of Gujarat

Region No of Cities Pond River Land Sea/Creek/Gulf Estimated quantity of untreated waste water

disposed (MLD)

Central Gujarat 54 6.44 198.08 169.77 18 392.29 Saurashtra 64 0.5 28.7 202.03 89.42 320.65

South Gujarat 16 0.44 41.58 74.2 4.4 120.62 North Gujarat 26 17.16 15 71.85 0 104.01

Kachchh 6 0 0 31.66 0 31.66

Total 166 24.54 283.36 549.51 111.82 969.23



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Discharge of Untreated Waste Water into River, Sea, Land & Inland Lakes from various Regions of Gujarat



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1.5 Response for Urban waste management:

The magnitude of problem, current status of waste management as discussed in previous sections and its effect on the environment have been responded in varying magnitude by urban local bodies, state government, central government and citizens. Some of the responses at local authority level include setting up of additional collection and transport infrastructure largely through JnNURM and UIDSSMT funds. Other urban centers have received substantial support from the state government through its Nirmal Gujarat programme. For details on UIDSSMT and Nirmal Gujarat refer Annex. Apart from Nirmal Gujarat Scheme, Government of Gujarat came up with 50 point programme to celebrate Golden Jubilee year of the formation of state of Gujarat. Under which agenda no 28 specifically focuses on Solid Waste Management in Urban Sectors of Gujarat, for which GUDC is declared as State Level Nodal Agency. Till March 2012 it was planned that 97 percent of the ULBs to be covered under Door to Door Mechanism and across 96 ULBs, 18 Sites were planned as Scientific Landfill Disposal Sites. Municipal corporations have also added solid waste treatment capacity through public private partnerships. In absence of adequate treatment capacity for solid waste, use of scientific landfill sites for safe disposal of treatment rejects is very limited. Urban centers other than Municipal corporations have been/will be provided solid waste treatment facilities under Gujarat Urban Development Company’s MSWM project (Refer annex). Scientific landfill site locations have been identified for clusters of cities using scientific site identification methods. AMC and SMC have also started year long Information, Education and Communication programmes (Refer annex) to increase awareness about proper waste handling by citizens. Besides, there have been many anecdotal experiences of smaller, discrete IEC programmes like drawing competitions, cleanliness drives etc held in cities of all classes. Besides the JnNURM funding, MoUD has also initiated ‘Sanitation Rating’ programme, In order to rapidly promote sanitation in urban areas of the country (as provided for in the National Urban Sanitation Policy and Goals 2008), and to recognize excellent performance in this area. It is intended to rank cities annually on this front. For the year of 2009-2010, Rating was done by MoUD for 423 cities of India, which covers 24 cities across Gujarat. This evaluation on the basis of performance of cities on sanitation parameters encourages the cities to move up the rating by improving the services year by year. National Urban Sanitation Policy was announced in 2008, the international year of sanitation. The Policy was formally launched through a workshop on 12th November 2008. The National Urban Sanitation Policy envisages transforming all the towns and cities of India into 100 percent sanitized, healthy and livable spaces and ensuring sustained public health and improved environmental outcomes for all its citizens. As a response 10 States have formulated State Urban Sanitation Strategies (Gujarat has not developed the same yet) and around 100 cities throughout India have started preparing City sanitation Plans. As a response two cities of Gujarat have started preparing CSP. For details on National Urban Sanitation Policy please refer to Annex.


21

1.6 Solid Waste Management in Rural Area

Waste generated in rural areas is very organic and less in quantity as compared to urban areas. Thus handling of rural waste becomes much easier. The organic wastes in rural areas are consumed by cattle and in farms. District level data received suggest that 25 percent of the Gram Panchayats across the State are having Door to Door collection and Dumping in Pit and almost 52 percent of the same depends on self disposal of waste in field for solid waste management. Around 23 percent Panchayats are having Waste Collection through Falia dustbin and dumping in pit. Porbandar district has maximum percent coverage of solid waste management systems of about 85.43 percent, followed by Dahod district with coverage of around 72.86 percent. Next is Kheda and Surat district with coverage of 65.68 percent and 60.18 percent respectively. The rest districts have less than 50 percent Panchayats with waste management systems. For district wise details of Solid Waste Management system in GPs across the Gujarat, please refer to Annex. Regional assessment shows that South Gujarat has maximum number (33.89 percent) of Gram Panchayats where Solid Waste Management System is in place. Whereas in Saurashtra Region only 15 percent of all the Gram Panchayats, whose base line data are received as on January 2012, are having Waste Management System either in one form or other.

Figure 4. 23 –Status of Solid Waste Management in Rural Areas in Different Regions of Gujarat

Source: http://tsc.gov.in/RuralSanitationNew/State.aspx

http://tsc.gov.in/RuralSanitationNew/State.aspx


22

In South Gujarat 21 percent GPs having door to door Collection and dumping in pit system, 24 percent of the GPs are having waste collection through ‘Falia’ dustbin and dumping in pit and rest 55 percent of GPs are doing self disposal of waste in the fields. Saurashtra Region has minimum GPs (only 15 percent) having SWM facility out of which maximum number of GPs, of an order of 73 percent resort to self disposal of waste in the fields.

Figure 4. 24 – Solid Waste Management Systems in Rural Areas of Gujarat.


Table 4. 4 – Status of Solid Waste Management in Rural Areas in Different Regions of Gujarat

Region

Total number of panchayats

in this block from MoPR (as

on 13/1/2012)


whose Baseline

data received

Total GP's having Solid

Waste Management

(SWM) System

No of GP having Door to Door collection and Dumping in Pit

No of GP having self disposal of waste in field

No of GP havingWaste Collection through Falia Dustbin and dumping in pit

Percent GPs in District with of SWM

System

Central Gujarat 4188 4104 921 152 663 106 27.10

Kachchh 945 896 377 228 149 0 20.76

North Gujarat 2568 2559 542 251 3 288 21.18

Saurashtra 4573 4511 680 18 497 165 15.07

South Gujarat 2185 2166 734 152 403 179 33.89

Total 14459 14236 3254 801 1715 738 22.86 Source: http://tsc.gov.in/RuralSanitationNew/State.aspx

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

CentralGujarat

Katchch NorthGujarat

Saurashtra SouthGujarat

No.

of G

ram

Pan

chay

ats

Region

No of GP havingWaste Collectionthrough Falia Dustbin anddumping in pit

No of GP having self disposal ofwaste in field

No of GP having Door to Doorcollection and Dumping in Pit




23

1.7 Liquid Waste Management in Rural Area:

As the figures suggest that 30.02 percent of the households in the rural areas of Gujarat have toilets, with maximum toilet overage in the Gandhinagar district (64 percent) and least toilet coverage in Dahod district (1.28 percent). Central Gujarat has toilet coverage of 39 percent followed by South Gujarat with 34 percent, while North Gujarat has least toilet coverage in the rural areas with coverage of 20 percent. For details of households with toilet in different districts of Gujarat refer Annexure.

Figure 4. 25 – Toilet Access in Rural Areas of Gujarat

Source: http://tsc.gov.in/RuralSanitationNew/State.aspx District level data received suggest that 31 percent of the Gram Panchayats across the State have underground drainage Network and almost 30 percent of the same are having Soak Pit based system for liquid waste management. Around 21 percent Panchayats are having combination of both. 1 percent of the total Panchayats have recorded Open Drainage System for disposal. Kheda district has maximum percent coverage of waste management systems of about 65.68 percent, followed by Porbandar district with coverage of around 64.90 percent and Surat district with coverage of 56.33 percent. In rest districts less than 50 percent Panchayats have waste management systems like Soak Pits and Underground or Open Drainage network.For district wise details of Liquid Waste Management system in GPs across the Gujarat refer Annex.

863509

70510

282003 328682 301545

1346696

179821

1125497 1061236

590483

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

CentralGujarat



No

of H

ouse

Hol

ds

Region

Households without Toilet

Households With Toilet



24

Regional analysis shows that almost 85 percent of the GPs in South Gujarat have liquid waste management system in place, where as Saurashtra region has 35 percent of the total GPs in the region with liquid waste management system.

Figure 4. 26 - Status of Liquid Waste Management in Rural Areas in Different Regions of Gujarat

Source: http://tsc.gov.in/RuralSanitationNew/State.aspx 45 percent of GPs in South Gujarat use household waste water for Kitchen Garden while 42 percent of GPs in South Gujarat have Soak pit and Drainage System, where as in the case of Saurashtra region, majority of the GPs (43 percent) are having system of Soak Pits.

Figure 4. 27 – Liquid Waste Management Systems in Rural Areas of Gujarat


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

CentralGujarat



No.

of G

ram

Pan

chay

ats

Region

No of GPs usingHH water for Kitchen Garden

No of GP havingOpen Drainage

No of GP havingSoak pit + Drainage

No of GP having UndergroundDrainage

No. of GP havingSoak pits




25

Table 4. 5 - Status of Liquid Waste Management in Rural Areas in Different Regions of Gujarat

Region

Total number

of GPs as per

MoPR (as on

13/1/2012)


whose Baseline

data received

Total GP's having Liquid Waste

Management (LWM) System

No. of GP having Soak pits

No of GP having Underground Drainage

No of GP having Soak pit + Drainage

No of GP having Open Drainage

No of GPs using HH water for Kitchen Garden

Percent Coverage of LWM System in GPs

South Gujarat 1776 1757 744 120 111 156 0 357 84.27 Central Gujarat 4597 4513 1297 383 450 218 7 239 57.19 North Gujarat 2568 2559 600 180 136 284 0 0 46.66 Kachchh 945 896 194 60 120 14 0 0 43.09 Saurashtra 4573 4511 796 340 311 113 32 0 35.12 Total 14459 14236 3631 1083 1128 785 39 596 25.51 Source: http://tsc.gov.in/RuralSanitationNew/State.aspx

1.8 Response for Rural waste management:

Total Sanitation Campaign, which is duly infiltrated at grass root levels, can be looked as one of the tools aimed at providing toilet access and proper sanitation to the individual. ‘Nirmal Gram Puraskar’ scheme under TSC provides an opportunity for ‘Gram panchayats’ to achieve the Status of clean/green villages/blocks, free from the practice of "Open defecation". More than 1859 villages of Gujarat have won this coveted award as on 2011. One of the most exciting and challenging program envisaged by the Commissionarate of Rural Development (CRD) is Swarnim Gram -a concept that supplements the existing Nirmal Gram Program under Total Sanitation Campaign. In the Swarnim year 2010-11, Commissionarate of Rural Development, Gujarat, committed to make 453 villages (2 villages from each taluka),already recognized and felicitated with Nirmal Gram, to another level of sanitation campaign called Swarnim Gram. Listed here below is the progress of villages in terms of achieving ‘Swarnim’ Gram status and ‘Open Defecation free’ village status by the year 2011. On an average 60 percent of the villages that of targeted have achieved Swarnim Gram status.



26

Table 4. 6 – Performance of ‘Swarnim Gram’ Campaign

Sr No. Districts No of Villages

selected for Swarnim Gram

No. of GP achieved Swarnim

Status

percentage Achievement

1 Ahmedabad 21 11 52 2 Amreli 22 7 32 3 Anand 16 14 88 4 Banaskantha 26 14 54 5 Bharuch 16 7 44 6 Bhavnagar 23 12 52 7 Dahod 14 0 0 8 Dang 3 2 67 9 Gandhinagar 8 8 100

10 Jamnagar 20 11 55 11 Junagadh 28 10 36 12 Kachchh 20 18 90 13 Kheda 20 14 70 14 Mehsana 18 11 61 15 Narmada 8 4 50 16 Navsari 10 8 80 17 Panchmahal 22 16 73 18 Patan 14 8 57 19 Porbandar 6 6 100 20 Rajkot 28 18 64 21 sabarkantha 28 25 89 22 Surat 18 14 78 23 Surendranagar 20 7 35 24 Vadodara 24 11 46 25 Valsad 10 9 90 26 Vapi 10 6 60

Total 453 271 60 Source: http://tsc.gov.in/RuralSanitationNew/State.aspx Open defecation is a sensitive and delicate issue in the rural context and to bring in the change in the mindset of rural folks, to give up the practice of open defecation, is a tedious and painstakingly slow process. Tulsi van is a very innovative strategy to eliminate the practice of open defecation in rural India as “Tulsi” has got religious value and people ensure cleanliness around the surrounding areas of Tulsi. Therefore, covering up the open defecation areas in the village through Tulsi van forces the people to discontinue the practice of open defecation and also keep the area clean.



27

Though only 60 percent of the villages achieved ‘Swarnim Village’ Status, 73 percent of the targeted villages have achieved ‘Open defecation free’ status by the year 2011, details of the same is as follows:

Table 4. 7 – Performance of ‘Open Defecation Free Village’ Campaign

Sr No Districts No of Villages No. of GP achieved

Open defecation free status

%age Achievement

1 Ahmedabad 21 15 71 2 Amreli 22 15 68 3 Anand 16 16 100 4 Banaskantha 26 0 0 5 Bharuch 16 15 94 6 Bhavnagar 23 18 78 7 Dahod 14 5 36 8 Dang 3 3 100 9 Gandhinagar 8 8 100

10 Jamnagar 20 13 65 11 Junagadh 28 19 68 12 Kachchh 20 18 90 13 Kheda 20 17 85 14 Mehsana 18 18 100 15 Narmada 8 8 100 16 Navsari 10 8 80 17 Panchmahal 22 21 95 18 Patan 14 0 0 19 Porbandar 6 5 83 20 Rajkot 28 27 96 21 Sabarkantha 28 20 71 22 Surat 18 15 83 23 Surendranagar 20 9 45 24 Tapi 10 9 90 25 Vadodara 24 20 83 26 Valsad 10 9 90

Total 453 331 73 Source: http://tsc.gov.in/RuralSanitationNew/State.aspx



28

Figure 4. 28 – Open defecation area fenced and turned into Tulsi Van

Source: TSC – Swarnim Gujarat report, 2011 As Part of IEC (Information Education and Communication) campaign, twenty workshops have been organized between December 2009 and June 2011 covering 105 villages which primarily targeted school teachers, Anganwadi workers, Asha workers, Sakhi mandals, mobilizers, talatis and Gram Panchayat members. A performance review was carried out in March, 2011 to assess the impact CLTS workshops and to prepare the future strategy and plan of action. Apart from achieving status ‘of Swarnim Gram’ or ‘Nirmal Gram’ there are few cases where make shift change has been noticed in waste management. One such example is ‘Plastic Free Taluka – Dhansura’ in Sabarkantha District. Another example is a project called Gram Laxmi that too in Sabarkantha District.


29

Plastic Free Block (Taluka) – Dhansura, Dist : Sabarkantha

Dhansura, one of the talukas of Sabarkantha district is located on way to Modasa and Bayad – 40 km from District head quarter Himmatnagar. The total population of the taluka is 96389 with 3 percent of BPL families as per the official records. The main occupation of the villagers is agriculture and animal husbandry and estimated number of cattle inclusive of goat, cow, buffalo, and bullocks is around 54,000. In July 2011, as a part of Integrated Waste Management campaign, a special drive was launched in Dhansura to make it ‘plastic free’ taluka with the cooperation of block and village panchayat. With the cooperation of the Taluka Panchayat and Taluka Development Officer, a meeting of all the Sarpanches, Talati-cum-Mantris of all the villages of the Taluka was convened on 14th July 2011, wherein the blue-print of project to make Dhansura as “Plastic-free Taluka” was explained. 11 Mobilizers were deputed to 124 villages of 33 village panchayats of Dhansura Taluka for a period of one month for this campaign under the Total Sanitation Campaign in the district. 7092 women members of 608 Sakhi Mandals of Taluka are involved across the taluka for sensitization and mobilization. Resolutions were passed by all the Village Panchayats not to throw plastic waste on open spaces. It was appealed to the villagers to store the plastic waste at source and dispose it by selling it to the local merchants. discussions were held by the Sarpanch, Talati-cum-Mantri and the Mobilizer at every village with the local shopkeepers for convincing them to purchase waste at the rate of Rs.3/- per kg and sale of such waste to the local trader at Taluka level at the rate of Rs.4/- per kg and a shopkeeper each for every village was decided and Letter of Consent was obtained from such trader. The plastic waste collected by local merchants of the villages are being purchased wholesale trader of plastic and the plastic so purchased by him is in turn, sold to plastic processing units located at Bayad, Dahegam and Himmatnagar. Wholesale trader, till November 2011, purchased about 6000 kg of plastic waste

. Source: Swarnim Villages of Gujarat - A report on innovative and inclusive initiatives on Integrated Waste Management by rural communities of Gujarat by Commissionerate of Rural Development, GoG, 2011


30

Gram Laxmi – a Community based vermin composting Unit

DRDA (district rural development agency) Sabarkantha, has initiated a project named GRAM LAXMI (Community vermi- compost unit). The vermin composting strategy has been used by the agency to recycle all the agriculture and animal husbandry waste into nutritional agriculture organic fertilizer. Any SHG member, Farmer and Village Community as a whole can be a participant of it. Each Gram Laxmi unit is on Gauchar/ Public land measuring 360 Square metre. (12*30), and each unit will have 40 beds for vermi composting measuring 5*1*0.75=3.75 cubic meters. 1 bed will contain almost 600 kg of waste material and 20 Kg of worms. 42 Gram Laximi community vermi composts have been approved by the district administration in various talukas, out of which 25 unit’s construction is completed and 17 units are under construction. 16 out of the 25 constructed units are functioning well and have started production as well. The 16 functional units have produced 576000 kg of vermin compost out of which 540000 kg of vermin compost is being used by SHG members in their own fields, 36000 kg is being sold by the SHGs for the amount of Rs. 180000/- by the year of 2011. Apart from Gram Laxmi Scheme, similar schemes are into place in different districts. As on 2011, total 69 villages across 17 districts of Gujarat have system of vermin composting in place, with total of 517 beds, with total production of 91168 kgs of compost; which has resulted in the income generated of an account of 279011 Rs.

Source: Swarnim Villages of Gujarat - A report on innovative and inclusive initiatives on Integrated Waste Management by rural communities of Gujarat by Commissionerate of Rural Development, GoG, 2011


31

1.9 Bio Medical Waste:

Medical care is vital for our life, health and well being. But the waste generated from medical activities can be hazardous, toxic and even lethal because of their high potential for diseases transmission. Its propensity to encourage growth of various pathogen and vectors, and its ability to contaminate other non-hazardous/non-toxic municipal waste, jeopardises the efforts undertaken for overall municipal waste management. (UrbanIndia, 2012) In country like India, where there is big and complex health care system, mixed economy, private and Government hospitals working together; managing waste becomes challenging. It is estimated that the quantity of waste generated from hospitals in our country ranges between 0.5 to 2.0 kg/bed/day. (N. B. Pandit, 2005) . The total quantity of biomedical waste generated in India is about 410 Metric Tons / Day and the total quantity of bio-medical waste treated is 295 Metric Tons /Day (.only about 75 per cent of the total generation) is collected, segregated and treated in accordance with the Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 19986 and the rest is apparently disposed of without any treatment along with the municipal solid waste. The treatment infrastructure in the country comprises of 11,948 captive treatment and disposal facilities developed within some Health Care Facilities (HCFs) and 177 Common Treatment and Disposal Facilities developed mostly by the private entrepreneurs. (Ministry of Environment and Forest, 2011). Studies have shown that about three fourth of the total waste generated in health care establishments is non-hazardous and non-toxic. Some estimates put the infectious waste at 15% and other hazardous waste at 5%. (UrbanIndia, 2012) 1.9.1 Health Care Inventory In Gujarat:

Total number of Health Care Facilities including private hospitals and health care units as on March 2012 in the state of Gujarat is 25,961. Details of the same are as follows:

Table 4.23 – Health Care Facilities in Gujarat (As on March 2012)

Sr No Bed Strength No of Health Care Facilities

1 0

(only consulting facility) 17550 2 1-50 8078 3 51-200 262 4 201-500 46 5 >500 25

6 For prevention of these improper practices, the Government of India had formulated ‘Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling)Rules 1998’. It was published by Govt. of India, under Sections 6, 8 & 25 of Environmental Protection Act, 1986 on 20-7-98 and appeared in official gazette of India on 27-7-98. Section 4 specifies duty of occupier (generator) to take all steps to ensure that such waste is handled without any adverse effect to human health and the environment and Section 5 specifies the segregation in category and treatment methods to be adopted.


32

Total 25961 Source: Gujarat Pollution Control Board, 2012 As per the section 8 of the Bio-Medical waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1988, every occupier of an institution generating, collecting, receiving, storing, transporting, treating, disposing and/or handling bio-medical waste in any other manner, providing treatment/service to more than 1000 patients/month, shall make an application in Form I to the prescribed authority for grant of authorisation. Authorisation is granted for a period of 3 years, or the case may be, including an initial trial period of one year from the date of issue by the State Pollution Control boards. (GPCB). Details of Authorization granted under Bio Medical waste (M&H) Rules, 1988 by the board is as follows: Table 4.24 – Authorization Granted under ‘The Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998

Sr. No. Particulars 2007-2008

2008-2009

2009-2010

2010-2011

Cumulative (up to 31.3.2011)

1 Application for Authorisation on Hand 2633 1875 3868 2188 20352

2 Authorisation issued 2457 1497 3462 1703 18421 3 Authorisation rejected 39 9 110 135 753 4 Files Closed 0 0 0 2

5 Application returned to applicants 27 11 0 1 827

6 Applications under scrutiny 110 358 296 349 349

Source: GPCB Annual Reports The table shows that 18421 units have authorization for generating, collecting, segregating, transporting and treating Bio-Medical waste in the State. Remaining units (7540) are members of CBWTF but do not require authorization as patients treated per month are less than 1000 and these are clinics with only outpatient department (OPD). 1.9.2 Treatment & Disposal:

Figure 4.32: Category wise Biomedical waste treatment (2010 and 2011)


33

The ‘Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998’ specify treatment and disposal options according for 10 different categories7 of waste generated in health care establishments in Schedule I of the rules. Table 4.25 shows that total biomedical waste treated for the year 2011 amounts to 12636 tonnes in the state of Gujarat which is almost double the waste treated in 2010. This includes captive treatment facilities available with health care facilities and statewide centralized facilities. It is evident that major increase in treatment capacity has been in incineration based treatment of category VI solid waste whereas other categories show marginal change in quantity treated.

Table 4.25 –Categorywise Status of Bio-Medical Waste Treatment as on March 2012

Sr No

Category of Waste Type of Waste Mode of

Treatment

2010 2011 Waste

Collected (TPA)

Waste Treated (TPA)

Waste Collected (TPA)

Waste Treated (TPA)

1 Category I Human Anatomical waste

Incineration 1293.78 1293.78 1335.76 1335.76

2 Category II Animal waste (tissues, body parts, carcass etc.)

Not Available 69.05 69.05 82.13 82.13

3 Category III Microbiology and biotechnology waste(mainly Laboratory waste)

Incineration

122.51 122.51 188.42 188.42

4 Category IV Sharp Autoclave 427.57 427.57 494.83 494.83 5 Category V Discarded

medicines and cytotoxic drugs

Incineration 306.56 306.56 272.25 272.25

6 Category VI Solid waste* Incineration 2414.97 2414.97 3135.20 3135.20 7 Category VII

Solid waste** Autoclave &

Shredding 832.84 832.84 945.00 945.00

7 Refer Annex for 10 different categories of Bio-Medical waste.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Cate

gory

I

Cate

gory

II

Cate

gory

III

Cate

gory

IV

Cate

gory

V

Cate

gory

VI

Cate

gory

VII

Cate

gory

VIII

Cate

gory

IX

Cate

gory

X

TPA

Waste Treated (TPA) Waste Treated (TPA) For Year 2010 and 2011 respectively


34

8 Category VIII Liquid waste

Chemical Treatment 49.42 49.42 20.81 20.81

9 Category IX Incineration ashe TSDF 44.83 44.83 502.54 502.54 10 Category X Chemical waste Not Available 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total 5561.53 5561.53 6976.94 6976.94 Source: Gujarat Pollution Control Board, 2012 *Items contaminated with blood, and body fluids including cotton, dressings, soiled plaster casts, lines, beddings etc. ** Wastes generated from disposable items other than the waste sharp, tubings, catheters, intravenous sets etc. Common Bio-medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBWTF) is set up where bio-medical waste, generated from a number of healthcare units, is imparted necessary treatment to reduce adverse effects that this waste may pose. The treated waste may finally be sent for disposal in a landfill or for recycling purposes. Installation of individual treatment facilities by small healthcare units requires comparatively high capital investment. In addition, it requires separate manpower and infrastructure development for proper operation and maintenance of treatment systems. Figure 4.33: Waste handled by Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facility

*For CBWTF Id refer Sr.No of Annexure The concept of CBWTF not only addresses such problems but also prevents proliferation of treatment equipment in a city. In turn it reduces the monitoring pressure on regulatory agencies. By running the treatment equipment at CBWTF to its full capacity, the cost of treatment of per kilogram gets significantly reduced. Its considerable advantages have made CBWTF popular and proven concept in many developed countries.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

TPA

CBWTF Id *

waste handeled in TPA (2010) waste handeledin TPA (2011)


35

Currently 13 CBWTFs are functional(4 proposed) in the state of Gujarat which handle total of 6977 Tonnes per annum waste from 91337 beds of 21654 health care units in year 2011. Refer Figure 4.34 in Annexure II for district wise jurisdiction of each CBWT and Table in Annex for details of 13 CBWTs.

1.9.3 Response:

Gujarat Pollution Control Board has been organizing awareness workshops for medical staff, doctors and other related practitioners since inception of rules. Recently training cum workshop for the operators of Common Bio-Medical Treatment Facilities of Gujarat was organized by GPCB in April 2012. The objective of the programme was to train the operators about the ‘XGN’ facility provided by the board which allows the operators to submit daily data on biomedical waste received and treated. It allows filing online submission of application for grant/renewal of authorization as operator by the Board. Operators can file data of member units/hospitals/health care units, their bed strength, their registration and validity of the same by the online facility. The training was imparted with the view that with the help of the facility, operator as well as occupier should be updating daily figures of the bio-medical waste generated, received and treated in order to keep proper record and build a sound data base.

Figure 4.32 –Common Bio Medical Waste Management Facility

Source: Gujarat Pollution Control Board, 2012

Figure 4.33 – Bio Medical Waste Management : CBWTF Network in Gujarat


36


1.10 Electronic Waste:

Electronic waste (e-waste) comprises waste electronics/electrical goods that are not fit for their originally intended use or have reached their end of life. This may include items such as computers, servers, mainframes, monitors, CDs, printers, scanners, copiers, calculators, fax machines, battery cells, cellular phones, transceivers, TVs, medical apparatus and electronic components besides white goods such as refrigerators and air-conditioners. In general e-waste can be defined as “Any electronic goods or a part of a electronic good which have been used till end of their life span and have been discarded by their users”. In India E-waste has been defined twice, first definition was developed in Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2003 which defines “Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) including all components, sub assemblies and their fractions except batteries falling under these rules”. Presently in e-waste( Management and Handling) rules 2011, the definition was modified as “Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, whole or a part or rejects from their manufacturing and repair process, which are intended to be discarded.” (Sumskrutha, 2012) Table 4. 87 – WEE generating top ten States

Sr. No State WEEE/Year (Tonnes)


37

Source: (E Waste Management in India, 2009) The growth of e-waste has significant economic and social impacts. The increase of electrical and electronic products, consumption rates and higher obsolescence rate leads to higher generation of e-waste. According to a recent estimate 3, 30,000 metric tonnes of e-waste is generated annually in India and is expected to touch 8, 00,000 metric tonnes by 2012; however, only 19,000 metric tonnes of e-waste are known to be recycled and there is no accountability of the rest of the e-waste. (Manufacturers’ Association for Information Technology, 2007). The composition of e-waste consists of diverse items like ferrous and non ferrous metals, glass, plastic, electronic components and other items. Iron and steel constitutes about 50% of the e-waste followed by plastics (21%), non ferrous metals (13%) and other constituents.

Table 4.28 – WEE generating top ten cities Sixty-five cities in India generate more than 60% of the total e-waste generated in India. Ten states generate 70% of the total e-waste generated in India. Maharashtra ranks first followed by Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab in the list of e-waste generating states in India. Among top ten cities generating e-waste, Mumbai ranks first followed by Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur. (gtz, 2009)

Source: (E Waste Management in India, 2009)

1 Maharashtra 20270.59 2 Tamil Nadu 13486.24 3 Andhra pradesh 12780.33 4 Uttar pradesh 10381.11 5 West bengal 10059.36 6 Delhi 9729.15 7 Karnataka 9118.74 8 Gujarat 8994.33 9 Madhya pradesh 7800.62 10 Punjab 6958.46

Sr. No. City WEEE/Year

(Tonnes)

1 Mumbai 11017.1 2 Delhi 9730.3 3 Bangalore 4648.4 4 Chennai 4132.2 5 Kolkata 4025.3 6 Ahmedabad 3287.5 7 Hyderabad 2833.5 8 Pune 2584.2 9 Surat 1836.5 10 Nagpur 1768.9


38

At present most of e-waste generated in the country is recycled in the informal sector having small capacities and poor processing technologies contributing significantly to the pollution load and environmental degradation as E-wastes contain over 1000 different substances many of which are toxic and potentially hazardous to environment and human health.

The Basel Action Network (BAN) which works for prevention of globalisation of toxic chemicals has stated in a report that 50 to 80 per cent of e-waste collected by the US is exported to India, China, Pakistan, Taiwan and a number of African countries. This is done because cheaper labour is available for recycling in these countries. Accurate figures not available for rapidly increasing e-waste volumes generated by imports. Figure 4.34: e-waste management stakeholders

In India and Gujarat till date largely the e-waste management has been carried out by informal sector. Refer Figure 4.34. However, with increasing regulatory pressure steps have been taken to establish formal recycling units. Source: (Sumskrutha, 2012) The major approach to treat e-waste is to reduce the concentration of these

hazardous chemicals and elements through recycle and recovery. In the process of recycling or recovery, certain e-waste fractions act as secondary raw material for recovery of valuable items. The recycle and recovery includes Dismantling, Segregation, Refurbishment and reuse, Recycling/recovery of valuable materials: and Treatment/disposal There are total of 23 e-Waste Re-processor units registered with CPCB/MoEF as recyclers/re-processors having environmentally sound management facilities as on 23rd September, 2010. Recyclers are registered under Hazardous waste (Management, Handling & Transboundary movement) rules-2008. Out of them only one unit is in Gujarat at Jaghadia, District Bharuch. (CPCB, 2010). Currently, in light of implementation of e-waste (Management & handling) Rules, 2011, effective from 1st May 2012, there are four registered recyclers for collection and treatment of e-waste in Gujarat. Table 4.29: Registered e-waste recyclers in Gujarat

Sr. No. Name Activities

Capacity (MTA)

1

E-Coli Waste Management P. Ltd, Himmatnagar.

collection segregation, transportation,dismantling and primary processing 6012

2 ECS Environment Ltd. , Ahmedabad

collection segregation, transportation,dismantling, refurbishing,repairing, shredding, cutting etc i.e primary processing 5000

3 M/s Pruthvi E-Recycle Pvt.Ltd, Rajkot

collection segregation, transportation,dismantling and primary processing 1069.2


39 Collection center in Baroda

Source: Primary survey, (Sumskrutha, 2012)

4 E-Process house, Vapi collection segregation, transportation,dismantling and primary processing 350

Source: Gujarat Pollution Control Board, 2012 Figure 4.35– Authorized Recycling Facilities for E-Waste – As on March 2012


These facilities will re-cycle/re-process e-waste in scientific manner. One of the Facilities has set up 29 collection centres across the state to ensure regular flow of e-waste into the facility. Refer Figure 4.35 and Annexure 1 for details of collection centres.

1.11 Response:

The e-waste collection center was inaugurated in Baroda in April 2012. This collection center was set with the support of Gujarat Pollution Control Board in association with E-coli recycling private limit and NGO, namely Eco – Sarjan The role of the E-coli recycling private limited is to collect waste from the collection center and recycle the same. At present there a team of people moving cities like surat,

Pic 29: E-waste form hospital Source: Primary survey


40

Baroda, Surendra nagar etc for collection of e-waste, based on the registration done online.

As per the records of the collection center about 95% of the waste collected is from the bulk consumers like computer training institutes, Hospital, IT companies etc, who majorly approached the collection center for the environmental clearance regarding the disposal of their electronics, which is part of their policy. E-coli waste Management Pvt. Ltd is an e-waste management company started the recycling of hazardous e-waste in 2007. E-coli Waste Management Company has signed MOU with Government of Gujarat for recycling the e-waste generated. It provides online registration and door step delivery services. Discarded electronics from bulk consumers like research institutes, IT companies, Hospitals are collected, waste from

individual HH is currently not collected from door step as it is not financially viable for the recycler to collect the waste at door step and recycle it. Similarly, with the case of Green recycling private limited, this collects only laptops and computers form the commercial and corporate users and provide online registry with door step collection services. Thus, the recyclers play the role of collector, transporter, dismantler and metal extractor. According to the recyclers it is not financially viable for them to collect waste from individual HH and they expect that collection centers will play a major role in collecting electronic waste which includes individual HH. Proposal of developing India’s first “Waste recycling zone” known as GEPIL Recycling And Management Zone (GRAMZ) in Dahej, Bharuch district. GEPIL and Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC) are involved in this project development, with the help of Japan Development Institute(JDI) who played a Key role in developing the 'Kitakyushu EcoTown'' in Japan. Awareness programmes for e-waste and plastic waste management were organized by GPCB in November-December 2011 at 21 locations across the state

Collection van at collection center at Baroda Source: Primary survey, (Sumskrutha, 2012)


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status of waste management in urban & rural areasgujenvis.nic.in/pdf/waste.pdf · status of...

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