std08 science tm 7

8/6/2019 Std08 Science TM 7

1/40

ir mGjK

176

a a r Ir l (1642-1727) ma cy fwj

mayhsfS xUt. t yhJ ehil rhjfjayhs, aayhkW thayh. irSI myF t bganltHfgLwJ.

13. ir mGjK

wj, Fj, cijj, Gj, jSj nghw braf e mwhl th eilbgW ybrafshF. braf midJmit vbghU J bragLwdnth mt iyia khWwd.

nkny gl cs brafmidJ Gj myJ jSjvw brafSFnsna mlFtij ftfsh? j _y

bghU iyia khw GjmyJ jSj nghw VnjD xUKa njitgLwJ vgijmnwh. jifa Kaianair vnwh.

KUfD, yh 8M tF gY khztf. mtf mwhlth eilbgW y braghLf nH glfshf bfhLfgLsd.

xU bghU iyia khw myJkhw KaF tif mj JbragL jSj myJ Gjbrany ir MF.

ir myFgdhL myF Kiw ( SI myF

Kiw) ir myF l MF.


2/40

ir mGjK

177

m y F

13.1. bghUf af iyir xU bghU J bragL

nghJ mbghU iy VgLkhwfis J bfhs nfhFLfis bfhL xU isahLisahLnth.

A vw nfh Fil Xl L.mj dhUJ B vw nfhFlh mojh vd fwJvd fhngh. nfh FL A Kig l D ntfkhf XLwJ.Vbd nfh FL B MdJ AJ xU iria brYJwJ.

nkY uL nfh FLf C kW Dia vLJ bfhnth. uL nfh FLfisgl fhoathW vbu irXlL mtiw nkhj Lnth.nkhjYF C kW D vw uL nfh FLf XL irkhLtij fhnwh. F C kW DF ilna ir bragLtnj ir khwF fhuz.

vdnt, ir xU bghUntfij khWwJ myJ mj aF iria khWwJ. yneuf uilnk khWwJ.

xU bghU ntfnyh myJmj aF irnyh myJ uoYnkh VgL khwijbghU af iy Vglkhwkhf Twyh.

vdnt, ir xW xU bghU af iy khwijVgLJwJ.

xU bghU af iy vgJ

mj ntf kW ir MatwhtiuaWfgLwJ. xU bghU X iynyh myJ af iynyh Ufyh. uLnk bghU af iy vdgL.

13.2.ir braghL kWisf

nH mltiz y Niyfmltiz Kj bjhFY,y braf glf ulhtJ

xU bf kilia oJbfh.cdJ egid cid nehxU bf gij vkhW TW.vagL gij kilah Xmo. nghJ g af iyVnjD khw fwjh?

B A

C D

irF ntW y myFfScL. il, nyhu ir kWg ir Mait irmyFfns.


3/40

ir mGjK

178

a a

bjhFY bfhLfgLsd.NiyF VwthW glfisbghUJf.

nkfl braUJ irahdJ

z X iyYs xU bghUis af brayh z Vfdnt af cs xU

bghU ntfij khwyh z xU Fl ir aF

bghU iria khwyh. z xU bghU totijkhwyh.

tW VnjD y myJmidij xU bghUJ brayh.

nkfl midJ brafSnk

ir braglhk eilbgwhJ vgij eh Fghf mJ bfhnth.

13.3. bjhL irf ekh xU ghidia bjhlhknyna

f Kokh? xU nkiria eifah bjhlhknyna js Kokh?

bghJthf xU bghU Jiria brYj mbghUnshL ehxU bjhlig VgL bfhsntosJ. bjhLtj _y xUbghU J iria brY mj

bjhF 1 bjhF 2

X iyYsxU bghUis efj

Vfdnt afcs xUbghUntfijkhWj

xU Flir aFbghUiria

khWj

xUbghUtotijkhWj

ir vnghJ xU bghU af iy khwij VgLj ntoamtaiy. vLJfhlhf cdJmiw Rtiu c iffsh jgh. vts ir bfhLjhY Rt eftiy. jdh irna brYjiy vd MfhJ. bfhLj ir,Rtiu efj nghJkhdjhf iy.mtsnt!


4/40

ir mGjK

179

m y F af iy khwid VgLJnthkhdh mjifa iria bjhL

ir vnwh.nkfl braf ghidia

fnth myJ nkiria jsnth ekJ jirf braghlhjh ekh iria bfhLf KojJ.vdnt, jifa bjhL iriajir ir vd Twyh.

bjhL ir ntW VnjDtiff csdth vd Muhnth.

isahLl cUnlhLxU gJ gogoahf ntf FiwJ

W W LwJ. isahLl f tHtHghf UFgr gJ D mf ucUnlhoUF myth? V?

g ntf Fiwa fhuz,gF isahL lYF ilna xU ir bragLwJ. jirna g ntf Fiwafhuz. ir cuh irvdgL. cuh ir vnghJ aF bghU irF vir mikJ mj afijvF tif UF.

F cuh irahdJisahL lYF gJF ilna VgL bjhldhcUthwJ. cuh ir VnjD U bghUfSilna VgLbjhldh cUthwJ. mU

bghUf VnjD xnwh myJ uLnkh af UfntL. cuh ir xU bjhLirjhnd? M.

13.4. bjhlh irfxU bghU J neuo

bjhl bragL irfbjhlh irf vdgL.

fhjir

bjhlh irf


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ir mGjK

180

a a

13.4.3. iy ir

}l bgw xU bghU}l bgw myJ }lkwkbwhUbghU J bragLJirna iya irvdgL. J bghUf xnwhblhW bjhLbfhshj iybragLwJ. vdnt, J xU bjhlhir MF.

13.4.2.


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ir mGjK

181

m y F

uL jfigfis vLJ

bfhnth. xU ig thgilahf, kwj thbkjhf UfL. nghJglilahd th cs igjffis itJ igia enjh th_y bjhfLnth.

jfig vilia ekJnjhgil czU ir_y czJ bfhnth. mLJjffis migUJvLJL bkjhd th csig itngh. j igia ekJ

njh bkjhd th _y bjhf Lnth. nghJ e njh vtsvil cznwh?mfykhd th cs jfigia ekJ njh FnghJ Fiwthdvilia cznwh myth? V? jfhd ilia tU gF bjJ bfhnth.

xU tgl bgiy, jhisvLJbfhnth. jh bgjilahd Kidia bfhL xU Jisia VgLj Kanth. nghJbg Tuhd Kidia bfhLjh Jisia VgLj Kanth.bg viy vJisVgLj KojJ? uL ffY rkkhd msiria eh bfhLjhY bgTikahd Kidah ekh v Jis VgLj KowJ. VbdTKidah mGj bfhLFgu jilahd Kidah eh mGj bfhLF guigl aJ. jdh ir bra mfkhf csJ

13.5. mGj


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ir mGjK

182

a a

gh ghf (1623-1662)

t gndHh whof wj mayhs. txU FHij Ph. t uh ehil nrj fjayhs, aayhs, fLoghs,vGjhs kW jJt Ph.mGj SI myF tbganl tHfgLwJ.

mGj = --------------------------------------ir bragL gu

ir

mGj = --------------------------------------ir bragL gu

ir

mGj = -----------------------2 2

100

fzif fKa brnth!

xU ut ir 4 2 gu

bragLwJ. mj mGj25 . -2 v mj J bragLir vts?

nkfl brafUJ eh xUir is mj bragLguig bghUjJ vgij Jbfhsyh.

j _y eh xU a aabrhiy tiuaWfyh. XuyFgu bragL irna mGjvdgL.

gdhL myF Kiw ( SI myFKiw) mGj myF . -2 MF.ghf (Pa) vw myfhYmsfgL

fl gl xU brf_W iyf itfglLsJ.viy mbrf mf mGjij bfhLF vd cfsh TwKokh?

fgl fzF :

xU ut 100 l iria2 2 gu brYJwJ v,mGj vts?

ir = 100 gu = 2 2

mGj = ?

kfis ul

= 50 . -2

mGj = 50 . -2

13.6. kf kW thfVgL mGj

kf kW thfis ghkf vd miHfyh vgij Kngmf. kf vnghJ


8/40

ir mGjK

183

m y Fnehna mGjij bfhLwd. Mdh ghkf mt midJ

irfY mGjij bfhLwd. kfsh VgL mGj

cgnahfyhj xU sho j ghoiy vLJ bfhnth. mjmoKidfU xU W fzho FHhia bghWJnth. fzhoFHhia brUf mj Kidia J neuNLgL d sho gho vjhfbrUfyh. j brUfgl lUJfah tz brJ bfhnth. fzhoFHh kWKid xU W ug Joid Wf fLnth. nghJ gho jiughasF unth. vd fhnwh?fzhoFHh Kid cs ug JLJFwJ. nghJ D mfkhf jCWnth. nghJ ug JL Dmfkhf JFtij fhzyh.

j _y kf mit cs fy gffY mGjbfhLwd vgij J bfhsyh.

x CLUt Toa xU fzho FHhianahmyJ xU sho FHhianah vLJbfhnth. FHh s 15 br Mf mjl 5 br UJ 7.5 br tiu UfL. ey xU lkhd W ug JilvLJ bfhnth (xU ug g W JlhfTl Ufyh)

ug Jil FHh xU Kid WffLnth. FHhia neuhf oJ bfhLFHhF J CWnth. ug JL btna JFtij ftngh. nghJ FHhF msit FJbfhL nkY CWnth. ug JLJFtj msit ftnjhkhdh ms mff ug Jo Jf mfkhtij czuyh.

vdnt kf mogF mGj mk bkhj cauijbghWjJ vgij j _y mayh.


9/40

ir mGjK

184

a a

kWbkhU sho jghoiy vLJ bfhnth.mj moUJ rkcau RY ehFW Jisfis Lnth. nghJ gho j unth. eh fhgJvd? ehF Jisftna bttUj rk u brWGtij fhnwh.

j _y utfxnu MH xnu msmGjij bfhLwd vgij J bfhsyh.

kbwhU shoj ghoiy vLJbfhnth. ghobtntW cauf_W Jisfis Lnth. nghJgho iu unth. eh fhgJ vd?_W Jisftna bttU

j btntW uf Gtijftnwh. MHmff j G uK mfwJ.

j _y utf MH mff mGj mfF vgijmayh.


10/40

ir mGjK

185

m y F

uL rkkhd mss fzho Kfitfis vLJ bfhnth. xUfzho Kfit js jU kbwhU Kfit jUFrkkhd ms ghjurij vLJ bfhnth.

uL Kfitfis xbthwhf ekJ if itJ mtW vjKfit mf fdkhf njhWwbjd fhngh.

U KfitfS rk mGjij eiff J brYJwdth? iy. uo mGj fSrkkhf Ugiy. ghjur cs

Kfit j cs Kfitialmf mGjij bfhLwJ.Vbd ghjur mlj mlial mf.

vdnt utf mGj mt mlia bghWjJ vd eh mayh.

j cs xU fzhoFtis Y, yY xnu ms

mGjij bfhLFkh? iy.


11/40

ir mGjK

186

a a

13.7. thf VgL mGjgykhf fhW RnghJ eh mjid

vJ rhiy elUngh.fhiw vJ elF eh VnjDiria czUnwhkh? ekJto laf cs fhW uggl o btojh bgU x

nfwjyth? vjdh?

thfS mit UFfy gff mGjijbfhLwd.

gl fhosthW _Wghufis vLJbfhnth.mt mogFUJ rk

cauF Jisf L mtrk cauF CWnth.vghu Jis tna mfmGj tUwJ?

13.8. tkly mGj ekJ ahdJ fhwh Fl

cauF NHgLsJ. ekJia Rs fhWciwiana tkly vnwh.tkly nkny gynyhl. cauF guJsJ. fhW kly JbrYJ mGjnk tklymGj vdgL.

mGj vgJ XuyF gubragL ir vgij ehmnth. nk XuyFguig fUJnth. mgu JxU f caukhd fhW cUistkly cauksFcsjhf fgid brnthkhdhmjifa fhW cUis vilnatkly mGj MF.

fl kl ms tklymGj k 1,00,000 / 2(105 / 2 ) MF. UJ eh nkny

bry bry tkly mGjms FiwwJ.

bt uf btFbrY nghJ w cilfismwhf. V bjkh? ekJclD cs uj mGjkhdJclYF btna cs fhWmGjij


12/40

ir mGjK

187

m y Ftkly mGjij msj

tkly mGj vyh lfY xnu msthf Ugiy. UJ nkny bry brytkly mGj FiwwJ.tkly mGjij msfgagL fU ghukh ( Barometer )MF.

. 1643- lhbr vw jha ma mP Kjghjur ghukhia cUthdh.muhL ghukh kW ghoghukh Ma ghukhfStkly mGjij msfgagLwd.

xU Ftis vLJ bfhnth.xU cR FHh ( Straw) vLJ mghas iu cRnth. ekJ filuyh cR FHh nk Kidia_Lnth. nghJ cR FHhia iu L btna vLngh. vd

fwJ? eh uiy vLJlhvd fwJ?

xU ik uia vLJbfhnth.mj mogFia mG fhiwbtna L, mjK Kidia ikDitJ ifia vLjhvd fwJ?

xU ug gij vLJbfhnth. g RY Vuhskhd Jisf Lnth. nghJgij D mK mjD iu unth. nghJ gij btnavLJ e ifah gij mGJnth.vd fwJ?

g midJ JisfUJj rkkhd msbttUwJ. j _y ehmtJ vd?

13.9. ghf _lgl iy xU utxU gF bfhLfgLmGjkhdJ mj midJgFfY rkkhf fljgLwJ. gig KjKj brJfhoat ghf vw mamP. vdnt J ghf vWmiHfgLwJ.

e mwhl th gagLJJCB, kG jilf nghwit jJtnyna ntiy brwd

xU cUilahd FLitiavLJ bfhnth. FLitiaRY Vuhskhd Jisf Litngh. FLit fGJgF nkY G afjftif l xiw bghUJ


13/40

ir mGjK

188

a a

nth. FLit u, lnH jsglh, midJ

Jisf tahf rk mGjbttUtij fhzyh. lbfhLfgL mGj midJ Jisf tahf rkkhffljgLtij nrhjidfhLwJ. Jnt ghf ahF.

13.10. cuhFHijf fh rfufis

fo bfhL rW isahLtijghUnwh. ekh btWfhyh rW isahl Kokh?

ekJ fhiy jiu njf KgLnghJ fh afij vFirna cuh vdgL.

cuh ir xU bjhLirvgij Kdnu goUnwh.

U bghUf xw J kbwhW

efU nghnjh myJ efu KgLnghnjh cUthF irna cuhir vdgL.

cuh Vgl fhuz gufcs nkLgsfns MF. ekJffSF f tHtHghf bjguf Tl cik VuhskhdnkLgsfis bfhoUF. j nkLgsfis bfhl U

guf xw J kbwhW efUnghJ nkLgsf xW bfhWizJ bfhwd. jdhbghUf efu, j izigKaof eh mf iriabfhLf ntosJ. brhubrhughd guf nkL gsf fmf. vdnt cuh irbrhubrhughd guf mf.

13.10.1. cuhit ghFfhufcuh ir tU fhufis

rhJsJ.1. iw

2. bghUf bjhl bfhSgu jik.

bghU iw mfjh,cuh ir mfF. xU U Fil bf gijxnu neu jiu cUo lhbf gJ U Fillmf u brwJ. V?

gu tHtHghf UFnghJcuh ir Fiwthf UF, xU


14/40

ir mGjK

189

m y Fgij isahL ikjhd kW e

L jiu cUo LnghJ j ntWghil mayh.

13.10.2. cuh-mwhlth gF e mwhl th cuh xU

Ka gF twJ. cuh afij jLgjh mJ ikgawJ vd eh idfyh.Mdh mJ njitahd xU F. mJvthW vd fhngh?cuh mta

1. cuh ir csjhjh ehjiu elfnth, XlnthKowJ. cuh ir Fiwjhnyh myJ iybawhnyh ekh jiu elf KoahJ.nH GJ Lnth.

2. bgoF, FF ilna cuh iy vFia gwitf KoahJ.

3. ngUJ, kGJ nghw thfdf rfufSF, rhiyF cuh ir Ugjhnynamit rhiy bry KowJ.

4. ekJ ngdh KidgFFjhSFilna cuh ir iyba ekh vGjKoahJ.

cuh ikf1. cuh fhuzkhf btg

cUthwJ. nkY jfhuzkhf vuf ghffnjwd.

2. thfdf laf kWfhyf moghf nghwitc u h d h n j k h d milwd.

13.10.3. cuhit mfjYFiwjY

e mwhl th cuhnjitia g eh mnjh.cuhit mff Kokh?

fhyf mogF nkLgsf Ugij eh ghUnwh. mJ V? mnkLgsf Ugjdh jh cuhmfJ jiunahL ey oigVgLJwJ.

laf fhzgL nfhLnfhlhdgsf kGJf, ouFfkW nlhrf jiunahL eyizig VgLj cjwd.

tHtHghd jiuf kz kW shfgl ff (gravel) nghwtiw tj _y cuhitmffyh.


15/40

ir mGjK

190

a a

cuhit mfgJ nghyntcuhit Fiwf Ko.cuhit Fiwj

1. jFj cuh bghUfisga gLJtj _y cuhitFiwfyh (v.fh. vbz(a vufSF) (bga vufSF).

2. nj gufis tHtHghFtj _y mtiw bkikahmj _y cuhit Fiwfyh.

3. rfufis, cUil jhfis (Ball bearings) gagLcuhit Fiwfyh.

rfuf uL gufSilna cs cuhit bgUksFiwwd.

cUil jhf (Ball bearings) a v~F gJfis cnyhfguilna bghU cUthf

gLwd. it Tiu f(Celing fan) tof (bicycles) nkhlh tof (motor cycles) nghwt mRF FlJF

( hub) il bghUjgLcuhit bgUks FiwfgagLwd.

cUil jh

cuhit xU nghJ KYxf KoahJ. midJ gufSnkL gsfis njDcilaitna. nkLgsfswgufns iy vdyh.

cUiljh


16/40

ir mGjK

191

m y FkL

1. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.

m) mGj myF -2 j myif ____________ vd Twyh.(ghf, l, #&)

M) fl kl ms tkly mGj k ____________ ( 105 -2 , 107 -2 , 103 -2 )

2. nfhol lij uf cuh xU _______________ ir (bjhL/bjhlh)3. bghUJf

m) rfufS cUil jhfS bjhlhirM) nfhLnfhlhd gsf ghf mogil) k njhof (JCB) cuhit mfF


17/40

ir mGjK

192

a a

7. mGj = ir / gu vgij mnth.xU ut J 50 l ir bragLwJ. jdh mut25. -2 mGjij czwJ. mGj bragL gu vtsvgij fhf.

8. mD mtU ehF brffis bfhL isahobfhoUjd. m jlUj ehF brffis gl A - csthW mLdh. mt, gl B - csthW rW caukhfmLdh.fltiw rahd thijianjbjLJ uf(rkkhf, mfkhf,Fiwthf)m. jiu J A bfhLF irahdJ B

bfhLF irF ______ csJ.M. jiu A milJbfhS gu B milJbfhS guF ______ csJ.. jiu J A brYJ mGj B brYJ mGjF ______ csJ.

9. mGj p=hdg vw rkgho cjbfhL msfglyh vgijmnth.xU brtf totbjho ghu ut usJ. bjhocau 2 . ghu ml 800 ./ 3 .


18/40

ir mGjK

193

m y F14. cuh ir bghU iwia rhjJ vgij mnth. eh xU

U Fil fhgij jiu cUs lh vgJ mf uF brY V?

15. xU cRFHh tna cRnghJ ut nkny tUwJ. V vdsFf.

16. xU fh y gFf cuh Fiwfgl ntL. kW y gFfcuh mtakhdJ. fltF uL vLJfhLf jUf.m) fh cuh mtakhd gFfM) cuh Fiwfgl ntoa gFf

17. muR xU bghUfhF brwh. mF x mu xU juthTikahd Mfis cila xU MgLif gLJ vGtijflh. nkY mjuthF vj fhaK Vgliy. muR

ijfL f ajh. cdh muRF j d csjJtij sf Kokh?

lgxU brfiy vLJbfh. mj s, mfy kW caid msJbfh. brf vilia xU ca juh cjbfhl msJbfh. nghJ brfiy xU nkir J btntW iyf khkh itJ xbthU Kiw mJ nkiria bjhL guig fhf.brf vilna mJ nkir J bfhLF ir kghF.

nghJ btntW iyf brf nkir J bfhLFmGj kig fhf. cdJ kLfis mltizgLJ.

njngh xU jf, xU kufil nghw bghUf njitahdmsfis msJ mit nkir J brYJ mGjidfzL mltizgLJ.


19/40

ir mGjK

194

a a

17M whil nrj b#k ehil nrj ma mPMnlhth FUnf vgt xU fy cs fhiw btnaW

g xiw fljh. mgig bfhL tkly mGjiria fwghdbjhU nrhjidia bfhL sdh. mt 51br.. lKila uL miunfhsfis xW nrJ, mjD csfhiw g cjbfhL btnadh. d xbthU gfY8 Fiufis bfhL Gf brjh. mtwh miunfhsfisf ayiy. tkly mGj mjifa tikilaJ.

cdF bjkh?

nkY ma

f Advanced Physics - Keith Gibbs-

Cambridge University Press (1996)

Physics Foundations and Frontiers - G.Gamov and

J M Cleveland - Tata McGraw Hill 1978

Complete Physics for IGCSE - Stephen pople-

Oxford University Press

iza jsf www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pressure

www. starwars.wikia.com/wiki/the force

www.powermasters.com/heat energy.html

www.thetech.org/exhibits/online/topics/lla.html

www.kidwind.org


20/40

rhua kW btga

196

a a

flj PhwW KUf jdJ eg Md oFbrUjh. mt o miHkia mGL fhUjKUfid Md fjit wJcns miHJbrwh. KUffl fh F glkhffhlgLsJ. f glghgJ vd? tf thifrhu iyba vthW UF vgij cfsh fgidbrJ ghf Kowjh?

rhu ekJ mwhl th fKa gid twJ. rhuMw ekF gy tf cjahfcsJ. rhu iyba ekJ ed thif iybanwTwyh.


21/40

rhua kW btga

197

m y Fbjhl kW gfRWf

KUfD uhK egf. xUehmtf UtU xU RW mikgjfhd Ka


22/40

198

a a

xbthU sF j jahfff _y fy UKidfY iz fgLsd. jifa RW gfRWvdgL. jifa RxbthU s tna btntW ms rhu ghwJ.

R VnjDbkhU sFvLfglhnyh myJ gGjhdhnyhvd fG? F kw sFf xU. Vbd kw sFfSF rhu bry jghij csJ.

14.2 utf flJwfhg, mYa, U, jf

nghw cnyhff j tna rhu bry mDkgit. mjdh,mit flfshF vgij ehKng mUnwh. mnj nghyku, sho, ug, fzhonghw bghUf j tna rhubry mDkgiy. mjdh it fljh bghUf vgij eh mnth.

1. xU bjhl Riw xU gfRiw_W sFfis bfhLmt FpLfis kL ga

gL tiuf.2. uL fyf kW ehF sFfis bfhL xU bjhlRiw xU gfRiw tiuf.

xU fzho Kfitia vLJ mjid myJ VnjD xU utjh u. wF gl fhosthWxU Riw cUthF. Ufyf xU x c ilnahLsF(vo) tiw gagLxU Riw cUth f U Kidfis xiwbahWbjhlhk D mJ. nghJ x c ilnahL sFxjh ut rhuij eFflJwJ vd mayh. vosF xuiy v utrhuij fljiy vdmayh.nkY, x c ilnahL sFxUnghJ fufhrkhf xjhmut rhuij eFflJwJ vd x c ilnahLsF ufhr F xjhmut rhuij Fiwj msntflJwJ vd mayh.

ekJ Lf cs midJ rhjdfS gfRW Kiwnyna izfgLwd. Vbd gfRnyna xbthU rhjdKjjahf rhuij bgWwd. eh xU rhjdij WdhY kw rhjdfbjhlJ aF.

rhua kW btga

utf rhuij flJkh? jid xU nrhjid _y mnth


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rhua kW btga

199

m y F

nkny fl nrhjiiia nHbfhLfgLs utfisbfhL L brJ mt flJ wid mltiz F.

nkfl mltizUJ yutf rhuij eF flJ

wd vd y utf rhuij Fiwthf flJwdvgij mayh.

nkflnrhjidia Lthiy toiu bfhL UgbrJgh. vd fhwh? thiyto rhuij flJwjh? iy. vdnt, thiyto xUfljh bghUshF. nghJjs cig thiyto fyF.

nghJ cs rhuij eFflJ.

FHh, moFHh, zW kWFsf UJ eh bgW uhdJ ikahdJ my. t aifnyna js cf fiuJsd.vdnt, xU ey flahfbragLwJ.

x c ilnahL ( LED )bghJthf xU R gh ndhlij cW bra xU

sif gagL cW brJbfhsyh. UD, ghndhl ms fFiwthf U sF xuhknghF. vdnt, sFF gyhf xU x c ilnahil gagLfFiwj ndhlY xu brayh.

x c ilnahL vgJ Fiwfl bghUfsh braglJ. tiw xubra fFiwjndhlnk nghJkhdJ. ehrhjd F filf x

c ilnahil iyF thfyh. it U fhfSl fhzgL.xU fh bgajhf kbwhWajhf fhzgL. t a fh vnghJ vKidlDbga fh neKidlD izfglntL. x c ilnahLt, gir, kr, y vdgy tzf ilwd. x cilnahLf W bgUks gagLjgLtUwd.

t.v ut e fl

Fiwfl

1.rhjhuzcfiur

2.

iAnuh

Fnshmy

3. vYirrhW

4. bgnuh


24/40

rhua kW btga

200

a a

vdnt, ndhlij flJutf midJ my, fhu kWc fiurfshfnt csd.14.3 ndhl ntis

utf (fiurf) tnandhl ghnghJ vd fwJ? fiurf tna ndhlghnghJ mtD xU ntkhwij VgLJwJ. jidnandhl nt isvnwh.

xU fzho Kfitia vLJbfhnth. mjD fhgrngfiuriy vLJbfhnth. fiurD uL fhg jfLfisghasF nk _f itngh.

xU jfoid xU fy ne KidnahL kbwhU jfoidv KidnahL izJitngh.

fiur tna ndhlbrY nghJ, fiuryhdJ fhg

ne mafshf, rngv mafshf wJ.fhg ne maf vRikila jfoid neh efJm gowd. rng vmaf, ne Rikilajfoid neh efJ m csfhgnuhL idJ fhgrnglhf khWwJ.

nkfl nrhjidUJ fhgrngo J ndhl ntis vjhf sFwJ. Ffhg rngo ntkhw

fwJ. jidna dhgFvnwh.

xU fiurD _ itfgLndhlij brYjgagL uL jfLfS thf vdgL. nkfl nrhjid uLfhg jfLf thfshF.

ndhlij flJ xUfiur myJ cUa iy csxU bghUisna gF vnwh.nkfl nrhjid fhg rngfiur gFahF.

xU gF fiur tahfndhl brYjgLnghJ gFfiur mafshf f dhgF vdgL.

14.4. ndhl

ntis gaghLfndhl ntis f

Ka gaghL R brjyhF.

14.4.1 RjfKyh rgl Mguzfis

f ghUf myth?mit vgo cUthwd?

VnjD iy Fiwthdcnyhff J jfij RbrJ mit cUthfgLwd. R vwh vd?

dhgF Kiw VnjDbkhUflJ gu J kbwhUcnyhfij bkjhd mLfhf goabr Kiwna R brjvdgL.

neth vth

fhgrngfiur


25/40

rhua kW btga

201

m y FR bragLnghJ vbghU

J kbwhU cnyhfij goaitf ntLnkh mbghU vthahf, R bra gagL

cnyhf nethahf vLJbfhsgL.

R brj gaf

nH cs glf vd fhf? ga ekFbjthf bjwjyth? bjhrhiyf R mf msgagLjgLwJ. kGJf

ghff, rfuf gagLcnyhfgFf, Fayiw FHhf nghwit U J Fnuhacnyhfjh R braglitMF. rhghL nkir gagLbghUf kW bjhl rhjdf nghwit btah RbragLwd. vffhzgL cUil jhfY it gagLwd.

jfKyh rgl Mguzfiffofhuf f mf msgagLjgLwd. U JUojiy Jjehf Kyh Rtj_y jLfyh. jhaf kWL cgnahfbghUf fkW Fnuha Kyh rglbghUf gagLwd.

14.5 X iy }lf

aif fwj ffSxwhd d th btnfhlhf ftij eh fhnwh.d vgJ xU bghna MF. ekJ bjUf cs fgfvnghnjD bghf Gtij eh ghUnwh. ffrhjhuzkhf eilbgW ff. it V fwd?

Jjehf Kyh rgl UfhtidRL U ( GI ) vdgL. J JUofh U FHhfbragagLwJ. Vbd, Jjehf R JUojiy

jLwJ.R bra

ntoaJ vth neth gF

Jjehf () U Jjehf Jjehfrng

bt U bt btienu

jf bt jf jfFnshiuL


26/40

rhua kW btga

202

a a

d vthW VgLwJ vgJbeLfhykhf kjDF ahjuhfnt UJ tjJ. Mdh, W d Vglfhuznkff cUthF }lfnsvgij eh mJ itJnsh.}lfisg nghJbjJbfhnth.

KUf xUeh fhiy gFbry jahuhbfhL Ujh.mt jiy vbz jltjFKdh, gh jiyKoia L,ig nkirJ itjh. mnghJnkir Uj W fhjJLfig neh


27/40

rhua kW btga

203

m y F

nkfl U brafY ehmtJ vd? g kW cRFHh uoYnk fgahnjfgl wF Vnjh xU khw fwJ. khwnk }lbgWj vdgL. fgah njfgLnghJ cuh fhuzkhf}lf U bghUfS

ilna khwgLwd. Fcuh fhuzkhf g kWcR FHh uL }lbgWwd. jifa bghUf}l bgw bghUf vdgL.

bra fH fhuz iya jJtkhF. fljhbghU x wgu }lf nrU fiana iy

a vnwh. F iy vwbrh gagLjgl fhuz }lf eftiy. }lvwh vd? }lfisgJbfhs eh bghUfis gf Ea ms bjJbfhsntL. eik RsmidJ bghU fS mQfmyJ _y TWfshnyna Mdit.

X mQ _W tifahd Jffis bgWsJ. mit vyuh,nuhlh kW uh MF.vyuh vgJ vRikila

Jf. nuhlh vgJ neRikila Jf. uh vgJRikaw xU Jf.

xU mQ rk vifv Jffis ne Jffis bgUF. (vyuh,nuhlh vif rkkhf UF). vdnt, xU mQ eLiyjik cilaJ. vdntjh

eik Rs bgUghyhdbghUf eL iyjikcilajhf csd.

xU mQ vyuh kWnuhlhf vif rk yhj nghJ mj mQ Rikcilajhf fUjgL. nuhlhf vif vyuhfvifia l mfkhFnghJ

mQ neRik cilajhf,vyuhf vif nuhlhf vifia lmfkhFnghJ mQ vRikcilajhf khWwJ.

vdnt, Rikbgw bghUfneRik cilajhfnth myJvRik cilajhfnth UF.

bra 14.5shofh bra gl U cRFHhfis vLJbfhnth. xUcRFHhia kufil x nk

itngh. nghJ kbwhU FHhiaxU fg J eF njJKdj mU bfhL brnth.vd fwJ? cR FHhfxiwL xW yFwd.

nuhlh + vyuh - uh


28/40

rhua kW btga

204

a a

nkfl braUJ eh1. U tifahd }lf

csd.m) ne }l - fzho

jL gL J njfgLnghJ bgWtJ.

M) v }l - shojL fg J njfgLnghJ bgWtJ.

2. }lfSilna irxW bragLwJ.

xU fzho jil gL fo bjhfLnth. mjid gLJx eF njJ itJL kbwhU fzho jil vLJ mjidgLJah njJ, bjhflgl jo mUnf bfhLtUnth. vd fwJ vgij ftngh.

nghJ xU sho jil vLJ gL fo bjhfLnth. joid xU fg J eF njJ itJ jdUnf fgahnjfgl kbwhU sho jil bfhL tUnth. vd fwJ vdfhngh. U ffY jLf xiwbahW yFtij fhzyh. nghJfgah njfgl sho jil, bjhflgLs gLJnjfgl fzho jo mUnf bfhL tUnth. vd fwJ? U jLfS xiwbahW


29/40

rhua kW btga

205

m y F

flj _y }lmilabrj

}l bgw xU bghUdhbjhLt _ynk xU bghUis}l mila brayh. Kiwna flJj _y }lmilabrj vdgL.

eLiy cs xU bghUis}l bgw xU bghUdh

bjhLnghJ }lf khwgL U bghUfSnk }lKila bghUfshf khWwd. Lj _y }lkilabrj

}l bgw xU bghUdh

bjhlhknyna Tl eLiycs xU bghUis }lkilabrayh. jidna Lj _y}lkila brj vnwh. Kiw }l bgw xUbghU eLiy cs xUbghUSF mU bfhLtugLwJ. nghJ eLiy csbghU }lf kWgL

3. xnu tifahd }lf(ne kW ne myJ v kWv) xiwbahW yFwd.

4. vbu }lf (nekW v) xiwbahW


30/40

rhua kW btga

206

a a

brJ bfhwd. jdh }l bgw bghUSF mUcs Kid mjbfuhd}lf cUthwd. F

bghUfSil vyuhfkhwgLtiy.}l fho

}lfis fltjFmtiw msgjF gagLfUna }lfho vdgL. fU flJj myJ Lj_y }lkila brjJt aFwJ.

}lfhoahdJ fzhoFLit x itfgl cnyhfjlh MdJ. bgUghY jisjL gagLjgLwJ. cnyhfjo nkKid xU cnyhftL Kid f bka Ucnyhf iyf xWbfhW izahf bjhflgLsd.mit fbkjhf Ugjh mit iyf vd miHfgLwd.Mug fhy jf iyfgagljh }lfhojfiy }lfho vWmiHfglJ.

}l bgw bghU xW}lfho cnyhf toid bjhLnghJ, }lftoF flj Kiw khwgLwd. }lf cnyhfjo kWKid cs cnyhf iyfSF fljgLwd.

iyf nghJ xiw bahWyF. Vbd mit xnutifahd }l bgWsd.

}l bgw bghU xW}l mw bghUnshL bjhlbfhS nghJ, }lfgkhWwd. uoY }lms rkkhF tiu gkhw fwJ. jidna wfvnwh.

jisjL

cnyhf tL

jf iyf

}lfho

}l bgw bghU xiwflJ ff _ykhfnth myJbjhLj _ykhfnth nahL izgijna iz vnwh. Vuhskhd }lfis bgwxU mizfL nghwJ. mjndhLbjhl bfhS bghUSF Vgvyuhfis mfnth myJVfnth br ailaJ. ekJ Lf gagL bgUghyhdrhjdf (Frhjd bgo,khtiuF au, JJitF au nghwit) izbragoUF. Vbd Jkjfis, rhjdfisghJfhF.


31/40

rhua kW btga

207

m y F iyf xiwbahW yFtijbfhL bghUf }l

Ugij eh mayh. Ltj _y }l

fho toid }lkilabrtj _y bghU vjtifahd }l csJvgij eh mayh14.5.3 d kW o

d vgJ ndhldh aif fG xU mjfhahF. bgU onahir nfFKd eh diy fhzyh.d vgJ fbgUks}lf xU nkfUJkbwhU nkfnfh myJ xUnkf xU gFUJ kbwhUgFnfh myJ nkfUJjiunfh gh fahF.

kiH nkff }lfisbgWsd. }lf jkFns J bfhwd. bgUghY nkf nk ghf mfms ne }lfis ghf mf ms v }lfis cilajhf mikwJ.

nkff cs jifa}lf f mf msthfbgU UF. Mdh }lf xU nkfYUJ kwjnfhmyJ nkfUJ nfh gha ayhJ. Vbd tWilcs fhW xU fljh bghUshf bragL. Mdh }l

f fbgUks bgUFnghJfh fljhg ObudkhWwJ. j fhuzkhf wf fwJ. jdh }lf

vbu }lfis bgw UnkffSilnyh myJ nkfUJ nfh ghwd. Jufhrkhd xia clhFwJ. jidna eh dyhffhnwh.

d clhF nghJ VgLfbgUks btg fhiw cldoahf tila, mtilabrwJ. jdh bgU xVgLwJ. bthiana oahfnfnwh.14.5.4 d ghJfh

d vgJ fbgUks Mw XlUJ knwh lF gh fthF. dbgUks MwY, btgKbgUgjh ia mil nghJf fLikahd isfis

VgLJwJ. vdnt, o dUJ eik ghJfhJ bfhStKiwfis eh mUfntL. d nghJ nkbfhsntoa y ghJfh eltoiff.

1. o d VgLnghJ kufSF mo xJf TlhJ.d


32/40

rhua kW btga

208

a a

4. ghJfhghd l ilfiyba, eh UF lnyna KGfhLjiyia fJ mkJ

lyh. Jnt, dnghJghJfhghd iyahF.

ma mP bgruh, d vgJ

dhw isnt vgij %f jdJ ugykhd gl

nrhjidia brJ fhodh. o,dYl, kiH bgj xU ehmt gl lh. gl kW

Kid xU cnyhf rh xiwfoUjh. d jhaJ,dyhdJ gl tnarh tiu rhukhf ghjJ.

uh mUJc iHjJ X mrank!

nkfUJnkfF

nkfUJ F

nkfF


33/40

rhua kW btga

209

m y F ojh (d jh)

caukhd fllfis dUJ ghJfhf d jhf(o jhf) gagLwd. o

jhia fLojt bgr ~uh vw mayhsMth. ojh vgJ TikahdKidia bfhl X cnyhfjlhF ghJfhfgl ntoafllf nk jL bghUjgoUF. jlhdJ flJffsh nahL izfgoUF. cnyhf jnlhL

izj fhg (jhu) jL izfgL MHkhf ijfgoUF. d cnyhfjiljhFnghJ, dhwyhdJ flJff _y fljgLwJ. jdhfllF vj gh VgLtiy14.6 btga

uh Co twh. mtbrid tF j egKUfid j oF nfhil

LKiw y ehf j brymiHUjh. KUf CoFbrwnghJ UtUF ilna elj ciuahliy ftngh.KUf: brid jnghJ bt

f mfkhf csJ. btg iy 40 C ms csJ.

uh: CoY jnghJ btgmfkhfjh csJ.

btgiy 27 C mscsJ.

KUf: J xW mfkhd btg iy iyna uh!

uh: J mfjh KUf! rhjhuzkhf CoMLKGtJ ruhrahf17 C btgiyna UF.mij xL nghJ 27 CvgJ mf jhnd!

KUf: Mdh brid thGkfSF 27 C vgJrhjhuzkhd btg iyjh. vdF FsNiy f oUwJ. vid CoF LKiwia ff miHjikF cdF e brhyntL uh.

nkfl ciuahlUJ uhKFmfkhf cs btgiy KUfDFmf btgiyahf njhwiyvgij eh mnwh. njnghyjh FU xUtUF FuhfnjhW iy kwtUF Fawjhf njhwyh. vdnt btgF nghwit iyahdit my.mit kwtiw rhnj khfgLwd. vd eh mnwh. xUbghU Nlhf csjh myJFahf csjh vgij njhuhakhf bjhLtj _y mayh.mthW msLj frahdjhf Ugiy. mayhsf xU

bghU btg myJ Fmsit msgjfhf btgiy vwmsoid cUthUwhf.

btg vgJ xU tifahdMw, caj btgiy csxU bghUUJ jhj btg iy cs xU bghUSF ghMw btg vdgL. btg iyahdJ btgiykhf _ymslgL


34/40

rhua kW btga

210

a a

isfis g thffhngh.1. btgiy ca

xU bghUis btggLjgLnghJ mj btgiy cawJ.Mdh bghUUJ btg Mw

vLfgLnghJ mj btgiyFiwwJ. vdnt bghUfisbtggLjgL nghJ mtbtgiy khw VgLwJ.

btntW bghUfSF xnu msbtgiyia caj btntWms btg njitgL. vLJfhlhf jiu l vbziu btgkil.

2. iy khwlbghUis btg gLjgL

nghJ xU Fl btgiycU utkhf khWwJ. btg iy mj cUFiy vdgL.

mnjngh utbghUis btggLjgL nghJ xU Flbtgiy bfhJ ththfkhWwJ. Fl btgiymj bfhiy vdgL.

vdnt, bghUfis btggLjgLnghJ mt iy khwVgLwJ.

14.6.1. btg isfNa btg Mw f wj Mw _y MF. Na Mw

iyna vjbjhU cdK cthH KoahJ. btgisfshf ekJ mwhl th Jfis cyuitj, bkGFt

vj, gfo cUFj kW cz rikj nghwtiw fhnwh.


35/40

rhua kW btga

211

m y F3. aa gf khw

btg bghUf aagf khwij VgLJwJ.v.fh. miw btgiy fodkhdjhf behWF jiklDcs Jjehf ca btgiyNLgLjgLnghJ bkikahf,tisaToajhf khWwJ. mnjngh Uig NLgLdh mJbkikahf, vtotYkhwToajhf khWwJ.

xU fl jil kmjid btggLJ nghJmfwJ.

xU fhj btggLjgLnghJmj fhjjikia HwJ.4. ntkhw

btg ntkhwij ntfkhf eilbgw brwJ. v.fh. fhafhgndil btggLjgLnghJijtilwJ.5. tilj

bghUf btggLj gLnghJ

tilwd kW FfgLnghJ RUFwd.lbghUf tilj

lbghUf VgL itFLtisa nrhjid vw vanrhjid _y brJ fhlyh.

xU cnyhfFL kW cnyhftisaij vLJ bfhnth.tisa lkhdJ, miw btg iy cnyhf FL f rahf

mjD EiH msF UFkhWvLJbfhs ntL.

cnyhf Fil eF NLgL Jnth. NLgLjgl Foid

tisaD EiHf Kglh, EiHahJ. j _y FL btgdh tilJsij mayh.FL Ffgl wF LtisaD EiHwJ.

nkfl braUJ lbghUf btgjh tiltijmayh. xU bghU btgiycaUnghJ mjYs mQfmyJ _yTWf ruhrahf mfntfJl a xiwbahWy brwd. jdh bghUf tilwd. jidnabtg vnwh.

Mdh xU y bghUfis ju,vyh lbghUfS utfSkW thfS tilwd.xU bghU _W iyfYtilj fwJ.

xnu ms btg bfhLfgLnghJ lbghUf f Fiwthf, thf f mfkhftilwd.btg e mwhl thgy tf gagLwJ.1. u jlthsf mikF

nghJ, mtF il W ilbt UFkhW mikfgLwd. Ugh bragl


36/40

rhua kW btga

212

a a

jlthsf nfhilfhyfmf btgjh til wd. ilbt iyba til jlthsf tisJ uf fH neL.

2. bjhiy ng ff beLbjhiyF fgf _y izfgLsd. it nfhilfhyf tileJ jsJ,F fhyf RU W

fhzgL. vdnt, U fgfSilna mikfgLbjhiy ng ff jstjF WFtjF Vg mikfgLwd.

3. xU fzho gho cs milghid wf Koahj nghJ, mjKidgFia btggLj mJtil. Mdh milgh

tilahJ. vdnt, vmilghid f yh. njnghngdh _o ia btggLwfyh.

4. xU fzho Ftis fNlhd myJ fFuhd iuCWnghJ m rfVgL. Vbd fzhoFtis xU btg fljh bghU.fzho FtisD Nlhd iu CWnghJ mj mtcgF tilwJ. MdhbtgF tilt iy. thW mj Rt c, btgFf VgL rkkw Ftis riy VgLJwJ.f Fj iu CW nghJcgF RUFwJ. MdhbtgF RUFtiy. vdntFtis r clhwJ.

utf lbghUfisnghy, utfS

btgjh tilwd. utfSF iyahd fdms cLMdh iyahd tot ilahJ.vdnt utf VgL mt gUkth magLwJ.utf lbghUfisl mfkhf til.thf

thf btgiy mfFnghJ mt fdms mfwJ. jdh fhwh uggl lafcs fhWFHhf nfhilfhyf btogij fhnwh. J mt cs fhW mf btgjh tiltjdhnyna fwJ.

xU fzho

FLitia vLJbfhnth. mjD iu u xU Jismilghdh _Lnth. xU Jistna EiH cilaxU fzho FHhiabrUFnth. fzhoFHhD rWnkny UF.

klij A vdFJ bfhnth. nghJ FLitiaNLgLdh fzho FHhD kl catij fhzyh.caj klij C vdFngh j _y utfbtgjh tilwd vdmayh


37/40

rhua kW btga

213

m y F jid xU

nrhjid _ysFnth.

xU fzho

gho thgF gxiw bghUJnth. nghJghoiy Nlhd cs KfitD itjh gCj glijnghW bgjhtijfhzyh. gho btna vLfglh, g L RUFwJ. J ghoD cs fhW btgjh tiltij fhLwJ.

14.7 btg gujbtgkhdJ mf btgiy

cs xU gFUJ Fiwjbtgiy cs gFF guvgij eh mnth.

xU bghUUJ kbwhU bghUSF btg khw _W tf eilbgWwJ. mit

m) btgflj M) btgryd ) btg fr

btgfljbtg xU bghUUJ kw

bghUSF xiwbahW bjhLbfhoUfnghJ guwJ.

vLJfhlhf xU cnyhf fuo,Nlhd itfglh, UJbtgij vLJbfhL NlhwJ.mfuoia bjhlh ekhbtgij czu Ko. thWmf btgiy cs xUbghUUJ Fiwthd btg iy cs xU bghUSF mitxiwbahW bjhLnghJ _yTWf af gu f

btg flj vdgL.btgryd xU tltot cnyhfjfL xid vLJbfhnth. jidC x KidRHyToa tifbghWJnth. xUv bkGF tia

tikF nHitngh. nghJ tl tot jLRHtij fhzyh. Vbd vbkGFtF nkny cs fhWbtg fhuzkhf tilJnkny brtjh, mj ghij cstltotjL RHwJ.

xU Kfit Fj iu vLJbfhL, js bghlha gkhfndil m nghl. nghJKfitia nyrhf NLgLdh Cjh w nknyWtij fhzyh. JNlhd _yTWf nkny brtjhnyna fwJ. Jnt btgrydMF.


38/40

rhua kW btga

214

a a

ghkfis (utf kWthf) btggLJnghJ btg_yF mU cs _yTWfKj btgkilJ tilwd.

jdh mt ml FiwwJ. jifa _yTWf nkny bryfdkhd _yTWf nH btg_yJF mU tUwd. F_yTWf af csJ. thW _yTWf cikahd afjh btg gu Kiwbtg ryd vdgL.btg fr

ekJ UJ Na fbgUbjhiy csJ. j ilbt bgUghY btlkhfntcsJ. UD ekh Nabtgij czu KowJ.

Na btg ekJ ia btgflj _ykhfnth myJ btg

ryd _ykhfnth tjila KoahJ.Vbd btl Nabtgij flj _yTWf iy.

thW btg XlUJkbwhU lF vj gUbghUClfK gu KiwFbtgfr vW bga.

btg fljbtg ryd

btgfr

fhW Rj vgJ fh VgL btg rydjh ftjhF. gf neuf ygu, fl iul mfkhf NlhwJ. jdh ygu cs NlhdfhW nkny vGwJ kW fl guUJ Fj fhW yij nehRwJ. jdh gf neuf fhW fl gFUJ y neh RwJ. jid fl fhW vnwh. u neuf ygu fl iul iu FtilwJ. fl gucs Nlhd fhW nkny vGg, yguUJ Fj fhW fl gF nehRwJ. jdh u neuf fhW yUJ fl neh RwJ. jid yfhW vnwh.


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rhua kW btga

215

m y FkL

1. nfhol lij ufm) fiurf tna ndhl ghnghJ ____________ khwij

VgLJwJ.(aa/nta)M) }lfis fla, msf gagL fU ____________ (fho/ wkhiykh)

2. bghUJfm) d btg gujM) Fiwj ms ndhl xiwbahW


40/40

rhua kW btga

a a

9. FHijf ilahL l isaho bfhoUjd. Obudnkff uL bgUj ol dY cUthdJ. nghJFHijf vd bra ntL.m) jf LfSF Xl ntL.

M) xU kudo ngh f ntL.) mtf UFlnyna f ntL.

std08 science tm 7

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