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Steam Engine

The research of a number of scientistsespecially thoseof Robert Boyle of England with atmospheric pressure, ofOtto von Guericke of Germany with a vacuum, and of the

French Huguenot Denis Papin with pressure vessels

helped to equip practical technologists with the theoreticalbasis of steam power. Distressingly little is known aboutthe manner in which this knowledge was assimilated bypioneers such as Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen,but it is inconceivable that they could have been ignorant

of it. Savery took out a patent for a new Invention for

Raiseing of Water and occasioning Motion to all Sorts of

Mill Work by the Impellent Force of Firein 1698 (No.

356). His apparatus depended on the condensation ofsteam in a vessel, creating a partial vacuum into whichwater was forced by atmospheric pressure.

Credit for the first commercially successful steamengine, however, must go to Newcomen, who erected hisfirst machine near Dudley Castle in Staffordshire in 1712.It operated by atmospheric pressure on the top face of apiston in a cylinder, in the lower part of which steam wascondensed to create a partial vacuum. The piston was connected

to one end of a rocking beam, the other end ofwhich carried the pumping rod in the mine shaft.Newcomen was a tradesman in Dartmouth, Devon, andhis engines were robust but unsophisticated. Their heavyfuel consumption made them uneconomical when usedwhere coal was expensive, but in the British coalfieldsthey performed an essential service by keeping deepmines clear of water and were extensively adopted for thispurpose. In this way the early steam engines fulfilled oneof the most pressing needs of British industry in the 18thcentury. Although waterpower and wind power remained

the basic sources of power for industry, a new prime moverhad thus appeared in the shape of the steam engine, withtremendous potential for further development as andwhen new applications could be found for it.


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Little development took place in the Newcomenatmospheric engine until James Watt patented a separatecondenser in 1769, but from that point onward the steamengine underwent almost continuous improvements for

more than a century. Watts separate condenser was the

outcome of his work on a model of a Newcomen enginethat was being used in a University of Glasgow laboratory.

Watts inspiration was to separate the two actions of heating

the cylinder with hot steam and cooling it to condensethe steam for every stroke of the engine. By keeping thecylinder permanently hot and the condenser permanentlycold, a great economy on energy used could be effected.This brilliantly simple idea could not be immediatelyincorporated in a full-scale engine because the engineeringof such machines had up to that point been crude anddefective. The backing of a Birmingham industrialist,

Matthew Boulton, with his resources of capital and technicalcompetence, was needed to convert the idea into acommercial success. Between 1775 and 1800, the period

over which Watts patents were extended, the Boulton

and Watt partnership produced some 500 engines, whichdespite their high cost in relation to a Newcomen enginewere eagerly acquired by the tin-mining industrialists ofCornwall and other power users who badly needed a moreeconomic and reliable source of energy.

During the quarter of a century in which Boulton and

Watt exercised their virtual monopoly over the manufactureof improved steam engines, they introduced manyimportant refinements. Basically they converted theengine from a single-acting (i.e., applying power only onthe downward stroke of the piston) atmospheric pumpingmachine into a versatile prime mover that was doubleactingand could be applied to rotary motion, thus drivingthe wheels of industry. The rotary action engine wasquickly adopted by British textile manufacturer SirRichard Arkwright for use in a cotton mill. And althoughthe ill-fated Albion Mill, at the southern end of Blackfriars

Bridge in London, was burned down in 1791when it had

been in use for only five years and was still incompleteit

demonstrated the feasibility of applying steam power tolarge-scale grain milling. Many other industries followedin exploring the possibilities of steam power, and it soonbecame widely used.


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STEAM ENGINE

1641

LORD EDWARD SOMERSET, 2ND MARQUESS OF WORCESTER 16011667,

RAGLAN, WALES

Formerly known as Lord Herbert of Raglan Castle, in 1655 Somerset wrote a book describing

over 100 inventions, including the steam engine. Unfortunately, his huge fortune was lost in

supporting the Royalists in the Civil War, but there is evidence that he had a steam pump

in operation before war broke out in 1642. He was later too impoverished to resurrect his

invention. The pump he describes used steam in two ways. First, steam was allowed into a

sealed chamber which was then cooled. This created a vacuum, which sucked open a valve

connecting to a pipe, with its end in the water which was to be pumped. Water rushed up

the pipe into the empty chamber and, pressure then being equalized, the valve closed of its

own accord. Then, more steam was admitted and the water in the chamber was forced upwards

through another valve into the exit pipe, to a height of perhaps 40 feet (12 m). In the

great ruins of Raglan Castle, despoiled in the Civil War, stands the six-sided Yellow Tower

of Gwent, which in height and strength surpassed almost every other tower in Britain. This

tower was joined to the castle by an arched bridge having an outer wall with six arched turrets,

adjoining a deep moat 30 feet (9 m) broad. Here Lord Herbert had artificial waterworks,

which by means of steam he made spout up to the height of the castle. The position of these

waterworks, as described by a contemporary, can even now be traced. In the stonework on

the side of the wall facing the moat are grooves which mark the spot where steam was first

used in England.

The Scottish writer Samuel Smiles tells us: One of his first cares, on the partial recovery of

his property [after the Civil War], was to obtain a legal protection for his inventions; and in

the year following the Restoration we find him taking out a patent for four of his schemes,

a watch or clock, guns or pistols, an engine to give security to a coach, and a boat to sail

against wind and tide. In the session of Parliament, 16623, he obtained an Act securing to

himself the profits of the watercommanding engine.

Regarding the boat invention, Somerset said it was applicable to any vessel or boat whatsoever,

without being therefore made on purpose, and worketh these effects: it roweth, it

draweth, it driveth, (if need be) to pass London Bridge against the stream at low-water, and a

boat laying at anchor, the engine may be used for loading or unloading.

SOMERSETS DEFENCE OF RAGLAN CASTLE

AT THE commencement of the rebellion some country men, in the interest of the Parliament,

came to search the castle for arms; it was not then garrisoned. Lord Herbert admitted

them, and brought them over the high bridge of which we have spoken that arched

over the moat between the castle and the great tower, wherein Lord Herbert had newly contrived

certain waterworks, which, when the several engines and wheels were to be set a-going,

much quantity of water through the hollow conveyances of the aqueducts was to be let

down from the top of the high tower. These engines were set to work, and the rustics, who

had never heard the noise and roar of steam engines, were so terrified that they ran away as

fast as they possibly could, and only drew breath outside the castle, being told that the lionshad got loose; for the earl had as was the custom then a menagerie within his courts. The

water could also be so managed as to wash away by its sudden rush any assailants in the

courts. Taken from description of Raglan Castle in Laura Valentine, Picturesque England,

Inventions Steam EngineMay-06-13

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1891

Worcesters engine was granted a patent in 1663, with Somerset calling it his water commanding

engine, as its function was to raise water. The steam pump could have been used

for supplying water to canals, or for draining water from mines or marshes. A model of the

engine was demonstrated at Vauxhall, London from 1663 until 1667, the year of Worcesters

death, and the device was illustrated in History and progress of the steam engine in 1830.

Made from the barrel of a cannon, it was the prototype for what we know as the steam engine,

and Somerset noted that a vessel of steam could raise 40 similar vessels of water 40 feet (12m) in the air. When he died Somerset suggested that a model of what he called his semi-omnipotent

engine should be buried with him, so proud was he of its invention.

In 1663, separate accounts by Sorbire and Magalotti describe his steam engine working.

Samuel Smiles, in his Lives of Boulton and Watt (1865), makes a firm case for this being

the genesis of the modern steam engine (see Newcomen). Somerset never made a penny out

of his machine, but the idea was again taken up more than half a century later by Thomas

Savery, who probably read about it in Somersets 1655 book, and is also credited with being

the inventor of the steam engine. The steam engine was the driving force of the Industrial

Revolution across the world.

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STEAM ENGINE IMPROVEMENTS

1769

JAMES WATT1 17361819, SCOTLAND

The innovation of a separate condenser made engines far more efficient, and enabled them to

drive many more machines than just steam pumps, so accelerating the pace of the Industrial

Revolution. An instrument maker and engineer, in 1763 Watt was sent a Newcomen steam

engine for repairs, and he realized how he could make it far more efficient. A lot of heat was

lost when condensing the steam, as this cooled the cylinder. This did not matter unduly at

a colliery, where unsaleable small coal (slack) was available, but it significantly increased

the mining costs where coal was not so readily available, as in Cornwall. Watt realized that

designs based on the Newcomen engine wasted energy by repeatedly cooling and re-heating

the cylinder. He therefore introduced a design enhancement, a condenser separate from

the main cylinder, which avoided this waste of energy and radically improved the power,

efficiency and cost-effectiveness of steam engines. It was patented in 1769. Not having the

funds to market his new design, he took his ideas to Matthew Boulton in 1775. Boulton was

a wealthy businessman who now undertook manufacture of Watts machines, and sold them

to colliery owners to pump water from their mines. Watts steam pump was four times more

powerful than a Newcomen engine. In 1781 Watt produced a rotary-motion steam engine.

His earlier machine, with its up-and-down pumping action, was ideal for draining mines, but

this new steam engine could be used to drive many different types of machinery. By 1783

Richard Arkwright was using Watts steam-engine in his textile factories. By 1800 there were

over 500 of Watts machines in Britains mines and factories.

In 1775 Watt was granted a patent by Parliament that prevented anybody else from making

a steam-engine like the one he had developed. For the following 25 years, the Boulton and

Watt company had a virtual monopoly over the production of steam engines. New iron-casting

techniques pioneered by the Coalbrookdale Company in the 1720s had allowed far bigger

and much cheaper cylinders than the brass ones previously used. Boulton & Watt became the

most important engineering firm in Britain, and probably the world, meeting considerable demand.

Initially this came from Cornish mine owners, but later extended to paper, flour, cotton

and iron mills, as well as distilleries, canals and waterworks.

WATT AND HORSEPOWER

WATT CHARGED his customers a premium for using his steam engines. To justify this, he

compared his machine to a horse. Watt calculated that a horse exerted a pull of 180 pounds

(82 kg), so when he designed a machine, Watt described its power in relation to a horse, i.e.

a 20 horse-power engine. Watt then worked out how much each company saved by using

his machine rather than a team of horses. The company had to pay him one third of this figure

every year, for the next 25 years. Thus Watt developed the concept of horsepower, and the SI

unit of power, the watt, is named after him.

Inventions Steam Engine Improvements

May-06-13

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r\n dhh`_d\o`gt dio`m`no`_ di T\ooyn diqìodji \i_ di 0658 oc` orj ]`^\h`k\moi`mn '\gocjpbc T\oo _d_ ijo hjq` oj ?dmhdibc\h piodg 0663(- Qc`^jh]di\odji ja T\ooyn n^dìodad^ \i_ ìbdi``mdib o\gìon+ oc` ]pndi`nn \^phìja ?jpgoji+ \i_ oc` ^jhk\o\]dgdot ja oc`dm k`mnji\gdod`n ìnpm`_ oc` np^^`nn jaoc` k\moi`mncdk \i_ ja T\ooyn ìbdi`-

Fio`m`no di T\ooyn ìbdi` \hjib ìbdi``mn ^ji^`mi`_ rdoc hdi` _m\di\b`\i_ r\o`m npkkgt r\n dhh`_d\o`+ ]joc ]`^\pn` ja ?jpgojiyn m`kpo\odji ajmn\b\^dot \i_ ]`^\pn` ja don h\ida`nogt npk`mdjm àad^dì^t \i_ cdbc`m nk``_^jhk\m`_ oj oc` K`r^jhì ìbdi`- Ejr`q`m+ ìbdi`n ja oc` g\oo`m otk`^jiodip`_ oj ]` ]pdgo ajm h\it t`\mn \ao`m ?jpgoji \i_ T\oo ^jhhì^`_h\ipa\ôpm` di 0663-

Qc` didod\g \kkgd^\odji ja oc` T\oo ìbdi` r\n oj hdi` kphkdib+ ]po?jpgoji m`^jbidu`_ oc\o oc`m` r\n \ g\mb` h\mfò ajm ìbdi`n oc\o ^jpg_ _mdq`hdgg h\^cdi`mt- Qcdn m`lpdm`_ \ mjo\mt jpokpo amjh oc` ìbdi`-

Li 14 Lôj]`m 0670+ T\oo j]o\di`_ k\oìo ji cdn npi,\i_,kg\iò b`\mn

oc\o kmjqd_`_ \ mjo\mt jpokpo amjh oc` ìbdi` rdocjpo oc` pn` ja \ ^m\if-T\oo r\io`_ oj \qjd_ oc` pn` ja \ ^m\if rcd^c dn oc` j]qdjpn+ \i_^pmmìogt ^jiqìodji\g+ hòcj_ ja \^cd`qdib cdn j]e`ôdq`+ ijo+ \n om\_dodjic\n do+ ]`^\pn` joc`mn c\_ k\oìo`_ ocdn _`qd^` 'di a\ô+ T\oo ^jind_`m`_ dopik\oìo\]g` ]`^\pn` ja don kmdjm \kkgd^\odji di oc` ajjo g\oc` ]t \ipifijri k`mnji(+ ]po ]`^\pn` c` _d_ ijo rdnc oj ]`^jh` diqjgq`_ dig\rnpdon oc\o hdbco jq`mocmjr cdn 0670 k\oìo jm joc`mn c` jri`_- Qcdn^jpg_ c\q` c\kkì`_ da k\oìon jri`_ ]t J\ooc`r T\n]mjpbc \i_ G\h`nMd^f\m_+ rcd^c c\_ `hkgjt`_ oc` ^m\if+ rdocjpo k\oìodib do+ \n k\mo jaq\mdjpn h`^c\idnhn oj ^jiq`mo m`^dkmj^\odib oj mjo\mt hjodji+ c\_ ]`ì_`^g\m`_ diq\gd_-

Tcdg` oc` npi,\i_,kg\iò b`\m rdgg di kmdi^dkg` ^jiq`mo m`^dkmj^\odib hjodjioj mjo\mt hjodji do kmj_p^`n \ q`mt dmm`bpg\m nk``_ \o oc` ìbdi` jpokpo rcì^jh]di`_ rdoc oc` ndibg`,\ôdib ndibg` ^tgdi_`m ìbdi`- Qc` _jp]g`,\ôdibìbdi`+ di rcd^c no`\h dn npkkgd`_ oj ]joc nd_`n ja oc` kdnoji+ dn `nnìod\g ajmpidajmh nk``_- Qcdn r\n ^jq`m`_ ]t \ k\oìo dnnp`_ oj T\oo ji 06 Gpgt 0671'oc` k\oìo r\n \gnj ^ji^`mi`_ rdoc oc` `sk\indq` pn` ja no`\h \i_ \ mjo\mtìbdi`(- Qc` admno _jp]g`,\ôdib ìbdi` r\n ]pdgo di 0672 ajm Gjci Tdgfdinji+\i_ \ijoc`m ajm oc` >g]dji Cgjpm Jdgg+ Iji_ji+ di 0673-

Qc` _jp]g`,\ôdib ìbdi` m`lpdm`n \ mdbd_ ^jii`ôdji ]òr`ì oc` kdnoji mj_\i_ oc` jn^dgg\odib ]`\h oc\o om\inhdon oc` kjr`m amjh oc` ^tgdi_`m oj oc`

ìbdi` jpokpo+ di jm_`m oj om\inhdo oc` kdnoji ocmpno ji don pkr\m_ nomjf`- FiGpi` 0673+ T\oo _`qdn`_ \ npdo\]g` h`^c\idnh ^\gg`_ ]t E\moì]`mb oc`xk`mkì_d^pg\m hjodjiy- Qcdn k\mod^pg\m gdif\b` c\_ oc` _dn\_q\io\b` oc\o dogìbocì`_ oc` ìbdi` ]t \]jpo c\ga \ ]`\h,gìboc+ nj jigt orj ìbdi`n r`màdoo`_ rdoc ocdn \mm\ib`hìo- T\oo ocì _`qdn`_ oc` nj,^\gg`_ xk\m\gg`g hjodjiy+rcd^c ^jii`ôn oc` ì_ ja oc` ]`\h oj oc` kdnoji mj_ ]t \ k\iojbm\kc- Pj+i`\mgt ocm``,lp\mo`mn ja \ ^ìopmt \ao`m K`r^jhì ]pdgo cdn admno ìbdi`+ oc`


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no`\h ìbdi` r\n \]g` oj kmjqd_` \ mjo\mt jpokpo+ ]po+ hjm` oc\i oc\o+ ]`^\pn`do r\n ijr ja i`^`nndot _jp]g`,\ôdib+ don kjr`m jpokpo c\_ _jp]g`_-

07//|074/9 i`r otk`n ja ìbdi`n

Fi 07//+ T\ooyn k\oìon `skdm`_+ jkìdib oc` r\t ajm oc` _`q`gjkhìo ja i`rotk`n ja ìbdi`n- Qc`n` ^\i ]` ]mj\_gt ^g\nndad`_ dioj ocm`` bmjpkn- Cdmno+ oc`cdbc km`nnpm` ìbdi`n+ di rcd^c oc` ]jdg`m km`nnpm` r\n di^m`\n`_ \]jq` oc`/-23]\m '4kndb( pn`_ di oc` T\oo ìbdi`n+ \i_ `sc\pno r\n oj oc` \ohjnkc`m`dino`\_ ja dioj \ ^ji_ìn`m- Qc` n`^ji_ otk` r\n oc` @jmidnc ìbdi`+ rcd^cr\n `nnìod\ggt \ iji,^ji_ìndib T\oo kphkdib ìbdi`- Qc` ocdm_ bmjpk 'ijo_`n^md]`_ ]`^\pn` ja nk\^` gdhdo\odjin( ^jhkmdn`n ocjn` ìbdi`n oc\o ^\iijo ]`^g\nn`_ \n cdbc km`nnpm` jm \n @jmidnc ìbdi`n-

HYV YZXY acVddfcV V_XZ_V

Edbc km`nnpm` iji,^ji_ìndib ìbdi`n \kk`\m oj c\q` ]`ì admno kmjkjn`_ di0614 ]t G\^j] I`pkjg_ ja I`dkudb- T\oo+ \n r`gg \n cdn \nndno\io Tdggd\hJpm_j^f+ \gnj ^jind_`m`_ oc` ^ji^`ko- Qc` \_q\io\b`n ja ocdn otk` ja ìbdi`\m`9 '\( do ^\i jk`m\o` \o \ cdbc`m nk``_ ]`^\pn` oc`m` dn ij i``_ oj \ggjr odhàjm oc` ^ji_ìn\odji kmj^`nn oj j^^pm; ']( oc` q\gq` b`\m dn ndhkg`m oc\i oc\o jaoc` \ohjnkc`md^ ìbdi`; '^( oc` _dhìndjin ajm \ bdqì kdnoji ajm^` \m`di_`kì_ìo ja oc` \ohjnkc`md^ km`nnpm`+ nj oc` cdbc`m oc` ]jdg`m km`nnpm` oc`nh\gg`m oc` kdnoji _d\hò`m; '_( oc` ìbdi` dn `\nt oj rjmf ]`^\pn` ja don ndhkg`q\gq` b`\m+ \i_ ]`^\pn` oc`m` dn ij gjib`m \it i``_ ajm ^jino\io qdbdg\i^` jq`moc` ^ji_ìn`m; '`( ]`^\pn` ja don gdbco r`dbco \i_ nh\gg ndu` oc` ìbdi` dn gjr dih\ipa\ôpmdib \i_ dino\gg\odji ^jnon- Adn\_q\io\b`n ja oc` cdbc km`nnpm`ìbdi` \m`9 '\( do dn ja gjr`m àad^dì^t oc\i don ^ji_ìndib ^jpio`mk\mo+ ]po ocdn^jpg_ r`gg ]` ja n`^ji_\mt dhkjmo\i^` rc`m` ap`g dn ^c`\k '`-b- \o \ ^j\ghdi`(; ']( \o oc` ]`bdiidib ja oc` idiò`ìoc ^ìopmt ]jdg`mn npdo\]g` ajmjk`m\odib 23]\m '4/kndb( _d_ ijo `sdno-

Qc` admno ìbdi``mn oj ]pdg_ \i_ jk`m\o` np^^`nnapg cdbc km`nnpm` ìbdi`nr`m` Od^c\m_ Qm`qdocd^f+ \ @jmidnc hdidib ìbdi``m+ di 0687+ \i_ Lgdq`mBq\in di oc` Rido`_ Po\o`n di 07/3-

HYV 6`c_ZdY V_XZ_V

Qc` cdbc km`nnpm` ìbdi` ìo`m`_ dioj ìbdi``mdib km\ôd^` ]t r\t ja oc`gjrnk``_ @jmidnc ìbdi` m\oc`m oc\i oc` cdbc,nk``_ ìbdi` ja Qm`qdocd^f \i_Bq\in+ \gocjpbc Qm`qdocd^f r\n diodh\o`gt ^jii`ô`_ rdoc oc` _`q`gjkhìo ja


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oc` @jmidnc ìbdi`- Qcdn ìbdi` r\n `nnìod\ggt \ iji,^ji_ìndib T\ooìbdi`+ jk`m\o`_ `sk\indq`gt+ \i_ npkkgd`_ rdoc no`\h \o \ cdbc`m km`nnpmòc\i oc` /-23]\m '4kndb( a\qjpm`_ ]t T\oo- Fo c\_ \ kmjajpi_ àa`ô ji oc`cdnojmt ja oc` no`\h ìbdi` ]`^\pn` do _`hjinom\o`_ oc` kjnnd]dgdod`n ja oc` cdbckm`nnpm`+ iji,^ji_ìndib ìbdi` \n \i àad^dìo kmdh` hjq`m- Fon dhh`_d\o`dhk\ô r\n di oc` hdi`n ja @jmir\gg rc`m`+ ajggjrdib oc` dino\gg\odji ja ocàdmno @jmidnc ìbdi` ]t Qm`qdocd^f di 0701 \o oc` Tc`\g Mmjnk`m hdi`+ oc`m`kjmo`_ \q`m\b` oc`mh\g àad^dì^t ja kphkdib ìbdi`n di^m`\n`_ hjm` oc\iocm`` odh`n ]òr`ì 0703 \i_ 0731-

Qcdn `q`m,dhkmjqdib k`majmh\i^` \oom\ô`_ oc` \ooìodji ja ìbdi``mn`gn`rc`m`+ \i_ di 073/ \ @jmidnc kphkdib ìbdi` r\n dino\gg`_ \o oc` Lg_Cjm_ T\o`m Tjmfn ja oc` B\no Iji_ji T\o`mrjmfn @jhk\it- > ngdbcogtnh\gg`m ?jpgoji \i_ T\oo ìbdi` r\n \gnj kg\^`_ di n`mqd^` \o oc` n\h` ndo`rdoc oc` dioìodji ja ^jhk\mdib oc` k`majmh\i^` ja oc` orj ìbdi`n- Q`nonncjr`_ oc\o oc` @jmidnc ìbdi` r\n hjm` oc\i ord^` \n àad^dìo \n oc`

?jpgoji \i_ T\oo ìbdi`- @jin`lpìogt+ oc` pn` ja @jmidnc ìbdi`n nkm`\_ ojjoc`m r\o`m npkkgt ^jhk\id`n \i_ hdi`n-

Qc` kjr`m jpokpo ja \it iji,^ji_ìndib no`\h ibdi` 'jm no`\h opm]di`( \ijigt ]` di^m`\n`_ ]t m\dndib oc` ]jdg`m km`nnpm`- ?`^\pn` ja oc` _dm`ô m`g\odjincdk

]òr`ì no`\h _ìndot \i_ km nnpm + oc` h\nn ja no`\h \_hdoo`_ oj \i ìbdi`^tgdi_`m ja \ bdqì ndu` rdgg di^m`\n` \n oc` ]jdg`m km`nnpm` di^m`\n`n- @jin`lpìogt+rdoc `q`m,di^m`\ndib ]jdg`m km`nnpm` g\mb`m \i_ g\mb`m qjgph`n ja no`\h c\q` oj ]`\^^jhhj_\o`_ di oc` ^tgdi_`m \o oc` ì_ ja oc` kdnoji nomjf`- Fa oc` ^tgdi_`m dn jaads`_ ndu` do h\t ijo ]` kjnnd]g` oj `sk\i_ oc` no`\h oj \ohjnkc`md^ km`nnpm + rdoc\ m`npgodib gjnn ja i`mbt- Qj \qjd_ ocdn r\no`+ oc` ibdi` tgdi_`m \i ]` di^m`\n`_di ndu`+ ]po oc`m` dn \ km\ôd^\g gdhdo oj ocdn+ ads`_ ]t h\ipa\ôpmdib a\^dgdod`n \i_h`\in ja om\inkjmodib oc` h\nndq` ^tgdi_`m+ \i_ ocdn c\_ ]`ì m`\^c`_ ]t 074/rcì @jmidnc ìbdi`n rdoc ^tgdi_`m ]jm`n di `s^`nn ja 143/hh '0// di^c`n( \i_nomjf`n gjib`m oc\i 2///hh '0/ a`ò( r`m` ]`dib ^jinompô`_- Qc` jigt r\t oj\qjd_ ocdn ndop\odji r\n oj ^\mmt jpo oc` `sk\indji di orj jm hjm` ^tgdi_`mn9 oc\odn+ oc` jhkjpi_ c\_ oj ]` diomj_p^`_-

HYV T`â`f_U V_XZ_V

Fi oc` ^jhkjpi_ ìbdi` oc` no`\h npkkgd`_ ]t oc` ]jdg`m dn `sk\i_`_ oj oc`

`sc\pno km`nnpm` ]t k\nndib np^^`nndq`gt ocmjpbc \ iph]`m ja ^tgdi_`mn+rc`m` `\^c ^tgdi_`m jk`m\o`n ]òr`ì _`^m`\ndib digò \i_ jpogò km`nnpm`n'n`` Cdbpm` 4-1(-

Qc` ^jhkjpi_ ìbdi` r\n k\oìo`_ ]t Gji\oc\i Ejmi]gjr`m di 0670 di \i\oo`hko oj \qjd_ oc` T\oo k\oìo- E` `m`ô`_ oc` admno ji` \o O\_noj^f @jggd`mt+i`\m ?mdnojg+ di 0671 \i_ \ n`^ji_ di 068/ \o oc` Qdi^mjao Jdi` di @jmir\gg-K`doc`m ìbdi` r\n npk`mdjm oj oc` ^jio`hkjm\mt ndhkg` 'iji,^jhkjpi_(+


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\ohjnkc`md^ ìbdi`n+ ]`^\pn` oc` ]jdg`m km`nnpm` '/-23]\m+ 4kndb( ocì di pn`r\n ojj gjr oj epnodat oc` \kkgd^\odji ja oc` ^jhkjpi_ kmdi^dkg`-

Qc` admno ìbdi` oj m`\gdu` njh` ja oc` oc`jmòd^\g \_q\io\b`n ja^jhkjpi_dib r\n \i `sdnodib ndhkg` ìbdi` oc\o r\n hj_dad`_ di \]jpo 07/2

]t oc` \__dodji ja \ ^tgdi_`m ]t >mocpm Tjjga- Mmj]\]gt Tjjga r\n \r\m jaEjmi]gjr`myn rjmf rdoc ^jhkjpi_dib ]`^\pn` c` r\n `hkgjt`_ ]t oc` g\oo`mdi `m`ôdib no`\h ìbdi`n- E` \kkm`^d\o`_ oc\o cdbc km`nnpm`n r`m` `nnìod\g ojoc` np^^`nnapg jk`m\odji ja \ ^jhkjpi_ ìbdi`+ \i_ di don adi\g ajmh cdn ìbdi`di^jmkjm\o`_ \ ^\no,dmji cdbc km`nnpm` ]jdg`m oc\o kmj_p^`_ no`\h \o \]jpo2-0]\m '34kndb(- Riajmopi\o`gt+ Tjjga `hkgjt`_ ^jhkgò`gt di^jmm`ô ^tgdi_`mkmjkjmodjin di _`ndbidib cdn ìbdi`+ ]po \kk\mìogt do rjmf`_ r`gg ìjpbc oj^jiqdi^` cdh \i_ cdn `hkgjt`mn+ \ Iji_ji ]m`r`mt+ oc\o \ g\mb`m ìbdi`ncjpg_ ]` ]pdgo- Qcdn r\n ^jhkgò`_ di 07/4 'EM9 1/2hh '7 di^c(

]jm`803hh '25 di^c( nomjf`; IM9 651hh '2/ di^c( ]jm`0413hh '4 a`ò(nomjf`; ]jdg`m km`nnpm` 1-7]\m.3/kndb(+ ]po do r\n pi\]g` oj kmj_p^` don _`ndbi

kjr`m jpokpo ja 16fT '25ck(- Tjjga+ di ^jin`lpì^`+ gào oc` ]m`r`mt+ \i_rìo dioj k\moi`mncdk rdoc Ephkcm`t B_r\m_n+ \i_ ]t 0700 c` c\_\kk\mìogt j]o\di`_ \ n\odna\ôjmt _`ndbi ajm cdn ^jhkjpi_ ìbdi`-

Qc` k\moi`mncdk ]òr`ì B_r\m_n \i_ Tjjga r\n _dnnjgq`_ di 0700 \i_B_r\m_n `hdbm\o`_ oj Cm\i^`- Qc`m` c` ]pdgo Tjjga ^jhkjpi_ ìbdi`n \i_njg_ oc`h ocmjpbcjpo Bpmjk`- Qc` Tjjga ^jhkjpi_ ìbdi` r\n ^c\m\ô`mdu`_

]t c\qdib oc` m\ifn ji oc` cdbc \i_ gjr km nnpm` ^tgdi_`mn nò \o 07/-Fi nkdo` ja oc` np^^`nn ja oc` Tjjga ìbdi` ji oc` @jiodiìo+ oc` ^jhkjpi_

ìbdi` _d_ ijo m`\kk`\m di ?mdo\di piodg 0734+ rcì Tdggd\h J^K\pbcok\oìo`_ \i \mm\ib`hìo rc`m` \ cdbc km`nnpm` ^tgdi_`m r\n \__`_ oj \i`sdnodib ]`\h ìbdi` di jm_`m oj di^m`\n` don kjr`m jpokpo- Qcdn ntno`h r\nrd_`gt `hkgjt`_ oj di^m`\n` oc` kjr`m jpokpo ja no\odji\mt ìbdi`n \i_ r\nfijri \n J^K\pbcodib-

074/|08//9 oc` no`\h ìbdi` di don adi\g ajmh

?t 074/ oc` no`\h ìbdi` r\n \ r`gg,`no\]gdnc`_ h\^cdi`+ di rcd^c oc`k\mod^pg\m ajmhn hjno npdo\]g` ajm `\^c \kkgd^\odji c\_ ]`ì d_ìodad`_+ \i_ dircd^c oc` h\ipa\ôpmdib o`^cidlp`n \i_ ojjgn oj ìnpm` m`gd\]g` jk`m\odji c\_

]`ì `no\]gdnc`_- Fi oc` n`^ji_ c\ga ja oc` idiò`ìoc ^ìopmt oc` `hkc\ndn di

no`\h ìbdi` _`q`gjkhìo \i_ _`ndbi r\n ji o`^cidlp`n ajm dhkmjqdib oc`àad^dì^t ja oc` ìbdi`+ ji di^m`\ndib oc` ^m\ifnc\ao nk``_+ \i_ ji ìnpmdiboc` h\dioì\i^` ja \ no`\_t nk``_- Edbc àad^dì^t r\n k\mod^pg\mgt dhkjmo\iodi h\mdi` ìbdi`n 'n`` @c\ko`m 0/(- > cdbc \i_ pidajmh nk``_ r\n dhkjmo\iodi _mdqdib o`sodg` hdgg h\^cdi`mt 'n`` @c\ko`m 06(+ \i_ di `g`ômd^ kjr`mbì`m\odji+ rcd^c nkm`\_ m\kd_gt \ao`m B_dnji ]`b\i jk`m\odib oc` M`\mg Pom`òbì`m\odib no\odji di K`r Vjmf di 0770 'n`` @c\ko`m 5(-


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9ZXfcV -&*2Qc` hpgodkg` `sk\indji no`\h ìbdi`-'\( Q\i_`h ^jhkjpi_ ìbdi`- Qcdn rjmfn ji oc` Tjjga kmdi^dkg` rdoc no`\hk\nndib _dm`ôgt amjh oc` cdbc km`nnpm` 'EM( ^tgdi_`m oj oc` gjr km`nnpm` 'IM(^tgdi_`m _pmdib oc` rcjg` nomjf`- > m`^`dq`m dn ijo m`lpdm`_ ]òr`ì oc` EM \i_IM ^tgdi_`mn ]`^\pn` oc` ^tgdi_`m `qìon \m` \kkmjkmd\o`gt nti^cmjidu`_-']( @jhkjpi_ ìbdi` rdoc nd_`,]t,nd_` ^tgdi_`mn- Qc` \mm\ib`hìo ncjri c\n^m\ifn \o 8/- Qcdn h\f`n oc` ìbdi` `\nd`m oj no\mo \i_ oj m`q`mn` oc\i ji`


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rjmfdib ji oc` Tjjga kmdi^dkg` rdoc ^m\ifn \o 07/- Ejr`q`m+ \ no`\hm`^`dq`m hpno ]` kg\^`_ ]òr`ì oc` EM \i_ IM ^tgdi_`mn ]`^\pn` ja oc`m`g\odq` jm_`m ja `qìon di oc` orj ^tgdi_`mn-'^( Pd_` `g`q\odji ja '](-'_( Qcm`` ^m\if omdkg` `sk\indji ìbdi`- Kjo` oc` pn` ja \ kdnoji q\gq`ji oc` cdbc km`nnpm` 'EM( ^tgdi_`m+ \i_ ngd_` q\gq`n ji oc` dio`mh`_d\o`

km`nnpm` 'FM( \i_ gjr km`nnpm` 'IM( ^tgdi_`mn- @m\ifn rjpg_ pnp\ggt ]`nò \o 01/ \i_ m`^`dq`mn rjpg_ ]` kg\^`_ ]òr`ì `\^c no\b` ja`sk\indji-'`( Cjpm,^m\if omdkg` `sk\indji ìbdi`- Qc` gjr km`nnpm` 'IM( `sk\indjidn _dqd_`_ ]òr`ì orj ^tgdi_`mn di jm_`m oj \qjd_ \ gjr km`nnpm`^tgdi_`m ja dhkm\ôd^\]gt g\mb` _d\hò`m-'a( Mg\i qd`r ja '`(- Kjo` oc` kdk`n ^jii`ôdib oc` q\mdjpn no\b`n ja`sk\indji \m` npaad^dìogt g\mb` di ocdn ^\n` oj \ô \n m`^`dq`mn-O`kmj_p^`_ rdoc k`mhdnndji amjh9 T-G-Djp_d`+ FZaaVcnd GeVR^ 8_XZ_VHYV`cj R_U DcRTeZTV$ 7oc `_i 'Iji_ji+ Ijibh\in+ Dm`ì+ 0821(-

Qc` ]`\h ìbdi`+ `s^`ko ajm \ a`r nk`^d\g ^\n`n+ _dn\kk`\m`_ ]òr`ì

074/ \i_ 076/ rdoc oc` di^m`\ndib \_jkodji ja oc` ^mjnnc`\_ 'kjnnd]gtdiomj_p^`_ ]t Qm`qdocd^f di cdn cdbc km`nnpm` ìbdi`+ \]jq`( ajm ^jiq`modibm`^dkmj^\odib hjodji dioj mjo\mt hjodji- Qc` hjno ijo\]g` \kkgd^\odji ja oc`

]`\h ìbdi` _pmdib oc dn k`mdj_ r\n di >h`m d^\i mdq`m \i_ ^j\n o\ gno`\hncdkn+ rc`m` do r\n fijri \n \ r\gfdib ]`\h ìbdi`- Bibdi`n ja ocdnotk` ^jiodip`_ oj ]` ]pdgo ajm ocdn kpmkjn` piodg oc` g\o` 077/n- >n \i`s\hkg` ja oc` ndu`n \oo\di`_+ oc` Ijib Fng\i_ Pjpi_ no`\hncdk DfcZeR_$g\pi^c`_ di 0778+ pn`_ \ ^jhkjpi_ ]`\h ìbdi` ja 45//fT '64//ck(jpokpo rdoc ^tgdi_`mn ja 08//hh '64 di^c( ]jm` 16//hh '0/5 di^c(nomjf`+ \i_ 17//hh '00/ di^c( ]jm`32//hh '03 a`ò( nomjf`- ?`\h otk`

kphkdib ìbdi`n r`m` ]pdgo ajm r\o`m npkkgt kpmkjn`n di Bpmjk` piodg \og`\no 0767-

4fe`^ReZT gRcZRS]V Tfe%`WW

Bsk\indq` rjmfdib+ di rcd^c no`\h dn \_hdoo`_ oj oc` ^tgdi_`mn jigt _pmdiboc` admno k\mo ja oc` kdnoji nomjf`+ dn `nnìod\g ajm h\sdhph àad^dì^t- Qcdnotk` ja jk`m\odji dn hjno àa`ôdq` da oc` kjdio ja no`\h npkkgt ^po,jaa dnm`g\o`_ oj oc` ìbdi` gj\_- Ejr`q`m+ amjh oc` odh` ja T\oo q\md\odjin diìbdi` gj\_ c\_ ]`ì \^^jhhj_\o`_ ]t \_epnodib oc` jkìdib ja oc` ocmjoog`q\gq` ]òr`ì oc` ]jdg`m \i_ oc` ìbdi` rcd^c ^jiomjgg`_ oc` no`\h km`nnpm`\o digò oj oc` ìbdi`- Fi hjno ^\n`n '`s^`ko no`\h gj^jhjodq`n( ocdn r\n _ji`\pojh\od^\ggt ]t \ bjq`mijm+ \i_ oc` ìbdi` r\n ocì n\d_ oj ]` ocmjoog`bjq`mi`_- Ejr`q`m+ oc` ì`mbt gjno 'rdm` _m\rdib( ]t oc` no`\h oj jq`m^jhòc` km`nnpm` _mjk di oc` ocmjoog` q\gq` r\n ij gjib`m \q\dg\]g` oj _j rjmf dioc` ^tgdi_`m-


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9ZXfcV -&+2@jmgdnn \i_ _mjk q\gq`n-'\( P^c`h\od^ \mm\ib`hìo ja @jmgdnn q\gq`n- Qc` q\gq` dn \ h\^cdi`_ ^tgdi_`mjn^dgg\odib \]jpo \i \sdn gtdib \o mdbco \ibg`n oj oc` kdnoji nomjf`- Qc` pkk`mq\gq`n \m` oc` no`\h \i_ oc` gjr`m q\gq`n oc` `sc\pno q\gq`n- Qc` q\gq`n \m`gjjn` ji oc` q\gq` nkdi_g` nj oc`t \m` am`` oj adi_ oc`dm n`\on pi_`m oc` \ôdji jaoc` no`\h km`nnpm`+ \i_ am`` oj gdao jaa oc`dm n`\on oj \ggjr om\kk`_ r\o`m oj`n^\k`-O`kmj_p^`_ rdoc k`mhdnndji amjh O->-?p^c\i\i+ \i_ D-T\ofdin HYV =_UfdecZR]4cTYRV`]`Xj `W eYV GeReZ`_Rcj GeVR^ 8_XZ_V'>ggì I\i`+ Iji_ji+ 0865(-']( Qmdk b`\m oc\o ^jiomjgn oc` ^po,jaa ja oc` @jmgdnn q\gq`- Qc` q\gq` dn jkì`_]t h`\in ja oc` jn^dgg\odib gdif _mdqì ]t oc` `^^ìomd^- Tcì oc` ^jii`ôdji \ooc` kjdion > \i_ ? dn ]mjfì oc` q\gq` ^gjn`n pi_`m oc` \ôdji ja oc` kjr`mapgnkmdib- Qc` hjhìo ja ^gjnpm` _`kì_n ji oc` c`dbco c ja oc` g`q`m- >n oc`ìbdi` nk``_ di^m`\n`n+ c di^m`\n`n \i_ oc` q\gq` ^gjn`n `\mgd`m- @gjnpm` ja oc`q\gq` dn \nndno`_ ]t \ohjnkc`md^ km`nnpm` \ôdib ji oc` `skjn`_ nd_` ja oc` _\nc,kjo kdnoji \i_ oc` q\^pph ajmh`_ ji oc` joc`m nd_` rcì oc` q\gq` dn jkì`_-Qc` `sc\pno q\gq`n \m` ijo kmjqd_`_ rdoc omdk b`\m \i_ oc` \ibpg\m hjodji diji` _dm`ôdji dn \i `s\ô m`kòdodji ja oc` hjodji di oc` joc`m _dm`ôdji-


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O`kmj_p^`_ rdoc k`mhdnndji amjh A->-Tm\ibc\h HYV HYV`cj R_U DcRTeZTV `W ggì I\i`+ Iji_ji+ 0865(-

>_hdnndji \i_ `sc\pno ja oc` no`\h r\n ^jiomjgg`_ amjh oc` ]`bdiidib ja

oc` idiò`ìoc ^ìopmt di hjno ^\n`n ]t oc` ngd_` q\gq` jm di njh` ^\n`n+ ]t oc`kjkkò q\gq`- ?joc otk`n ja q\gq` r`m` np]e`ô oj rdm` _m\rdib ]`^\pn` oc`t_d_ ijo ^gjn` npaad^dìogt lpd^fgt \o oc` kjdion ja ^po,jaa-

Fi 0731+ C-B-Pd^f`gn ojjf jpo \ k\oìo ji \ lpd^f,^gjndib q\gq` b`\m pndib

kjkkò q\gq`n+ \i_ \ omdk b`\m oj ^jiomjg oc` ^po,jaa 'n`` Cdbpm` 4-2(+ rdocbm\qdot \nndno`_ ^gjnpm` '^\gg`_ x_mjk,q\gq`ny ]t Lgdq`m Bq\in(- Qj n\q` r`\m\i_ o`\m ji oc` q\gq` n`\o \i_ q\gp` a\^`+ Pd^f`gn pn`_ \ r\o`m,adgg`_ _\nckjooj _`^`g`m\o` oc` q\gq` nhjjocgt \n do \kkmj\^c`_ oc` ì_ ja don om\q`g-

Pd^f`gn r\n ijo oc` jigt ìbdi``m rcj pi_`mnojj_ oc` \_q\io\b`n ja m\kd_q\gq` jk`m\odji+ \i_ di \]jpo 0736+ D-E-@jmgdnn diqìo`_ \ lpd^f,^gjndib q\gq`b`\m 'k\oìo`_ di 0738( ^jindnodib ja ajpm ag\o ngd_` q\gq`n+ ji` digò \i_ ji`jpogò \o `\^c ì_ ja oc` ^tgdi_`m+ ]po c` _d_ ijo k`mndno q`mt gjib rdoc ocdnq\gq` b`\m- Fi jm_`m oj ndhkgdat h\ipa\ôpmdib \i_ oj m`_p^` q\gq` amdôdji+ìbdi`n ]pdgo ]t cdn ^jhk\it \ao`m \]jpo 074/ pn`_ oc` jn^dgg\odib mjo\mt q\gq`

'n`` Cdbpm` 4-2( oc\o dn ijmh\ggt \nnj^d\o`_ rdoc cdn i\h`- @jmgdnn h\_` \i`qìhjm` api_\hìo\ggt dhkjmo\io ^jiomd]podji oj no`\h ìbdi` o`^cijgjbt]t m`kg\^dib oc` diàad^dìo hòcj_ ja ocmjoog` bjq`midib rdoc oc` ]òo`mhòcj_ ja \_epnodib oj gj\_ q\md\odjin ]t pndib oc` bjq`mijm oj ^jiomjg oc` ^po,jaa+ nj^\gg`_ ^po,jaa bjq`midib-

Bibdi`n pndib @jmgdnn q\gq` b`\m '^jhhjigt ^\gg`_ @jmgdnn ìbdi`n( r`m`]pdgo ]t @jmgdnn+ \i_ cdn gd^ì^``n amjh 0737+ \i_ ]t h\it joc`mn \ao`m oc`@jmgdnn k\oìo `skdm`_ di 076/- Qcdn otk` ja ìbdi` r\n `soìndq`gt pn`_ ajm_mdqdib o`sodg` hdgg h\^cdi`mt rc`m` oc` ^gjn` m`bpg\odji ja ìbdi` nk``_+ oc\or\n ìnpm`_ ]t oc` bjq`mijm ^jiomjg ja ^po,jaa+ r\n `nnìod\g-

HYV ^VUZf^ daVVU V_XZ_V

>pojh\od^ omdk b`\m h`^c\idnhn _j ij jk`m\o` n\odna\ôjmdgt \o mjo\odji\gnk``_n di `s^`nn ja \]jpo 04/mkh- Edbc`m nk``_n ]`^\h` kjnnd]g` di 0747rcì @-Q- Mjmo`m ^jh]di`_ cdn q`mt nìndodq` bjq`mijm rdoc \ kjndodq` \ôdji+


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q\md\]g` ^pojaa q\gq` b`\m oc\o c\_ ]`ì diqìo`_ di 0741 ]t G-C->ggì- Fi 0750+Mjmo`m \i_ >ggì ajmh`_ \ k\moi`mncdk oj ]pdg_ ìbdi`n pndib oc`dm orjdiqìodjin-

Qc` jpono\i_dib a`\opm` ja oc` Mjmo`m,>ggì ìbdi` r\n don lpdò+qd]m\odjiam`` jk`m\odji \o \gg nk``_n+ rcd^c m`npgo`_ amjh Mjmo`myn ^\màpg nop_tja oc` _ti\hd^n ja oc` m`^dkmj^\odib ìbdi`- ?`^\pn` ja oc`dm cdbc \i_ ^gjn`gt^jiomjgg`_ nk``_+ ìbdi`n ja ocdn otk` r`m` `soìndq`gt pn`_ amjh \]jpo 077/jir\m_ ajm _mdqdib `g`ômd^ bì`m\ojmn+ `-b- B_dnjiyn M`\mg Pom`ò Po\odji-

HYV YZXY daVVU V_XZ_V

Po`\h ìbdi`n jk`m\odib rdoc kdnoji nk``_n di `s^`nn ja 2h.n '5//ao.hdi( ^jpg_]` h\_` npaad^dìogt nh\gg+ ajm \ bdqì kjr`m jpokpo+ nj oc\o \ ndbidad^\iom`_pôdji di admno ^jno ^jpg_ ]` m`\gdu`_ ^jhk\m`_ oj ngjr`m,mpiidib ìbdi`n+

]t oc` diqìodji di oc` `\mgt 076/n ja oc` nc\ao bjq`mijm+ rcd^c dn pnp\ggthjpio`_ ji oc` agtrc``g nc\ao- Qcdn jk`m\o`n ]t ]\g\i^dib oc` ajm^` ja oc`bjq`mijm nkmdib \b\dino oc` ^ìomdapb\g ajm^`- Qc`n` c\_ \ oì_ì^t oj cpio'\i di\]dgdot ja oc` bjq`mijm oj gj^\o` \ no`\_t jk`m\odib nk``_( ]`^\pn` oc`m\o` \o rcd^c oc`t \ô`_ r\n di_`kì_ìo ja oc` m\o` ja ^c\ib` ja oc` gj\_-Qcdn a\pgo r\n jq`m^jh` ]t oc` diqìodji di 0784 ]t C-J-Odo`n ja oc` di`mod\bjq`mijm di rcd^c di`mod\ ajm^`n \pbhìo`_ oc` ^ìomdapb\g ajm^`n di oc`bjq`mijm- Tdoc ocdn hj_dad^\odji oc` cdbc nk``_ ìbdi` ^jpg_ ]` \kkgd`_ rc`m`q`mt ^gjn` ^jiomjg ja oc` ìbdi` nk``_ r\n m`lpdm`_+ `-b- `g`ômd^ kjr`mbì`m\odjin-

Edbc nk``_ ìbdi`n r`m` ^c\m\ô`mdu`_ ]t nomjf`9 ]jm` m\odjn g`nn oc\i pidot+\i_ kjr`m jpokpon oc\o _d_ ijo pnp\ggt `s^``_ 26/fT '4//ck(- Qtkd^\ggt+kdnoji q\gq`n \i_ ^\h,_mdqì kjkkò q\gq`n r`m` pn`_ ajm no`\h _dnomd]podji-Ip]md^\odji r\n k\mod^pg\mgt dhkjmo\io \i_ di 078/ oc` ?`ggdnn % Jjm^jh @j-di Bibg\i_ diomj_p^`_ ajm^`_ gp]md^\odji+ rcd^c dn ijr \ no\i_\m_ a`\opm` ja\it cdbc nk``_ h\^cdi`mt-

J\it ja oc` ^c\m\ô`mdnod^ a`\opm`n ja oc` cdbc nk``_ ìbdi` r`m` ^\mmd`_jq`m dioj oc` `\mgt dio`mi\g ^jh]pnodji ìbdi`n+ nj oc\o ^jio`hkjm\mt ìbdi`nja ]joc otk`n ]`\m \ ^jind_`m\]g` m`n`h]g\i^`+ ]joc di npk`mad^d\g a`\opm`n \i_di ^`mo\di _ò\dgn-

@jhkjpi_ ìbdi`n

Qc` uìdoc ja no`\h ìbdi` _`ndbi r\n di oc` hpgodkg` `sk\indji ìbdi`n oc\or`m` _`q`gjk`_ di oc` n`^ji_ c\ga ja oc` idiò`ìoc ^ìopmt- Pp^c ìbdi`n r`m`pn`_ di oc` g\mb`no iph]`mn ajm r\o`m npkkgt ntno`h kphkdib \i_ \n h\mdi`ìbdi`n+ ]`^\pn` àad^dì^t r\n \i dhkjmo\io ^jind_`m\odji di oc`n` \kkgd^\odjin-


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Qc` diq`mo`_ ìbdi`+ di rcd^c oc` ^tgdi_`mn \m` \mm\ib`_ \]jq` oc` ^m\ifnc\aordoc oc` kdnoji mj_ \ôdib _jrir\m_n+ r\n oc` pidq`mn\g otk` di g\mb` hpgodkg``sk\indji ibdi`n+ ]`^\pn` ja oc` i``_ oj ^jijhdu` ji agjjm nk\^`-

GeReZ`_Rcj V_XZ_Vd

Po\odji\mt ^jhkjpi_ ìbdi`n r`m` `hkgjt`_ ajm jk`m\odib oc` kphkn jakp]gd^ r\o`m npkkgt ntno`hn \i_ ajm opmidib `g`ômd^\g bì`m\ojmn+ \n r`gg \n dio`sodg` hdggn+ \n mjggdib hdgg _mdq`n+ hdi` cjdnodib ìbdi`n \i_ ]g\no apmi\^`

]gjrdib ibdi`n-Fi 0755 \ km`nnpmdu`_ r\o`m npkkgt ntno`h pndib \ kphk+ m\oc`m oc\i \i

`g`q\o`_ m`n`mqjdm jm no\i_kdk`+ no\mo`_ jk`m\odib \o Ij^fkjmo+ K`r Vjmf- Qcdn_`q`gjkhìo+ rcd^c r\n oj c\q` \ ndbidad^\io àa`ô ji oc` cdnojmt ja no`\hkphkdib ìbdi`n+ r\n _p` oj ?dm_ndgg Ejggt- Qc` Ij^fkjmo kphkn r`m` _mdqì

]t \ r\o`m,rc``g+ ]po \ n`^ji_ dino\gg\odji di Apifdmf+ K`r Vjmf+ pn`_no`\h_mdqì kphkn-

Qc` ^jhkjpi_ ìbdi` r\n admno \kkgd`_ oj r\o`m kphkdib di 0737 ]t ocÌ\h]òc T\o`m Tjmfn+ Iji_ji+ ]po oc` `hkgjthìo ja ocdn otk` ja ìbdi`r\n ijo `soìndq` piodg B-A-I`\qdoo dino\gg`_ np^c \ h\^cdi` \o Itii+J\nn\^cpnòon+ di 0762- Qc`n` ìbdi`n r`m` g\i_h\mfn di ]joc ^\k\^dot \i_àad^dì^t+ \i_ oc`dm k`majmh\i^` r\n ijo npmk\nn`_ piodg E-C-D\nfdggdiomj_p^`_ '0771( \ kphk _mdqì ]t \ Tjjga ^jhkjpi_ no`\h ìbdi` \oP\m\ojb\ Pkmdibn+ K`r Vjmf- Qcdn r\n \ ^jhk\ô+ cdbc ^\k\^dot+ àad^dìo no`\hkphk+ rcd^c r\n q`mt kjkpg\m di oc` Rido`_ Po\o`n-

Qc` admno omdkg` `sk\indji kphkdib ìbdi` 'n`` Cdbpm` 4-1 '_( \]jq`( r\n]pdgo di 0775 ajm oc` @dot ja Jdgr\pf``- Fo r\n ijo`rjmoct di ]`dib _`ndbi`_]t B-Q- O`tijg_n ja oc` B-M->ggdn @j- 'g\o`m >ggdn,@c\gh`mn(- E` ejdi`_ ocdn^jhk\it di 0766 amjh oc` @jmgdnn Po`\h Bibdi` @j-+ \i_ r\n ji` ja oc` ^cdàkmjkjiìon ja ìbdi`n pndib oc` @jmgdnn q\gq` b`\m \ao`m oc` @jmgdnn k\oìo`skdm`_ di 076/-

Qrj 64//fT '0/+///ck( _jp]g` o\i_`h ^jhkjpi_ ìbdi`n r`m` _`ndbi`_di 0777 ]t P-W-_` C`mm\iod ajm pn` di oc` A`koajm_ Mjr`m Po\odji ja ocÌji_ji Bg`ômd^dot Ppkkgt @jhk\it- Qcdn r\n \ kdji``mdib >@ _dnomd]podjintno`h+ ]po ]`^\pn` np]no\iod\g _daad^pgod`n r`m` ì^jpio`m`_ di kg\^dib do din`mqd^`+ C`mm\iodyn ^jii`ôdji rdoc oc` ^jhk\it r\n o`mhdi\o`_+ \i_ oc`

ìbdi`n r`m` i`q`m ^jhkgò`_-Pjh`rc\o g\o`m+ di 0787+ oc` J\ic\oo\i O\dgr\t @j-+ rcd^c jk`m\o`_ oc`

jq`mc`\_ m\dgr\t ntno`h di K`r Vjmf+ kpm^c\n`_ amjh oc` >ggdn,@c\gh`mn @j-^jhkjpi_ ìbdi`n rdoc cjmdujio\g cdbc km`nnpm` \i_ q`mod^\g gjr km`nnpm`^tgdi_`mn- Qc`n` pidlp` ìbdi`n+ rcd^c r`m` pi_jp]o`_gt \hjib oc` g\mb`nono\odji\mt ìbdi`n `q`m ]pdgo+ \i_ kmj]\]gt oc` hjno kjr`mapg '5///fT;7///ck(+ \m` pnp\ggt fijri \n oc` J\ic\oo\i ìbdi`n-


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ARcZ_V V_XZ_Vd

Fo r\n oc` \kkgd^\odji ja oc` ^jhkjpi_ ìbdi` oc\o \ggjr`_ oc` no`\hncdk ojo\f` jq`m amjh oc` n\dgdib q`nn`g ji oc` gjib`no qjt\b`n- Qc` ^jin`lpìom`_pôdji di ^j\g ^jinphkodji h\_` hjm` nk\^` \q\dg\]g` ji oc` ncdk ajmk\nnìb`mn \i_ ^\mbj+ \i_ a`r`m nojkn r`m` i``_`_ oj m`kgìdnc oc` ]pif`mn-

@jhkjpi_ ìbdi`n c\_ ]`ì omd`_ di nh\gg q`nn`gn ]òr`ì 072/ \i_ 073/+]po oc`t r`m ijo adoo`_ di j^`\i,bjdib ncdkn piodg 0743+ rcì oc` 5cR_U`_r\ng\pi^c`_ ]t O\i_jgkc+ Bg_`m % @j-+ ja Djq\i ji oc` Odq`m @gt_` di P^jog\i_-Qcdn c\_ \ Tjjga ^jhkjpi_ ìbdi` rdoc di^gdi`_ ^tgdi_`mn \i_ \i jq`mc`\_^m\ifnc\ao+ _`ndbi`_ ]t Gjci Bg_`m- P\opm\o`_ no`\h r\n npkkgd`_ \o 1-7]\m'3/kndb(+ \i_ di n`mqd^` oc` ^j\g ^jinphkodji r\n 1-02fb.fTcm '2-4g].dckcm(rcd^c r\n \]jpo \ 2/ k`m ^ìo dhkmjq`hìo jq`m oc` k`majmh\i^` ja q`nn`gnadoo`_ rdoc ndhkg` ibdi`n-

Qc` ^jhkjpi_ ìbdi` r\n lpd^fgt \_jko`_ ]t ?mdodnc ncdkkdib ^jhk\id`n

jk`m\odib oj kjmon di oc` B\no \i_ di >amd^\- Ejr`q`m+ do r\n ijo piodg oc`076/n oc\o q`nn`gn jk`m\odib ji >og\iod^ mjpo`n r`m` adoo`_ rdoc ìbdi`n ja ocdnotk`- ?t \]jpo 077/ oc` ^jhkjpi_ ìbdi` r\n pn`_ \ghjno pidq`mn\ggt dih\mdi` n`mqd^`+ ]po ]òr`ì 0764 \i_ 08// omdkg` `sk\indji+ \i_ ocìlp\_mpkg` `sk\indji ìbdi`n+ r`m` \_jko`_ ajm oc` g\mb`no q`nn`gn-

Qc` omdkg` `sk\indji ìbdi` r\n jmdbdi\ggt kmjkjn`_ di 0716 ]t G\^j]M`mfdin+ ]po ij ìbdi` ja ocdn otk` r\n ]pdgo piodg 0750 ]t A->_\hnji; ocdnr\n \ no\odji\mt ìbdi`- Qc` admno \kkgd^\odji oj \ n`\,bjdib ncdk r\n ]t GjciBg_`m % @j-+ rcj di 0763 adoo`_ \i ìbdi` pndib no`\h \o 0/-2]\m '04/kndb(rdoc ^tgdi_`mn 47/hh '12 di^c(0/3/hh '30 di^c(044/hh '50 di^c( ]jm`

]t 0/6/hh '31 di^c( nomjf` di oc` Dcà`_eZd&Ejr`q`m+ do r\n oc`4SVcUVV_$g\pi^c`_ di 077/ ]t Oj]`mo K\kd`m % Pjin+

oc\o c\_ oc` bm`\o`no diagpì^` ji oc` cdnojmt ja oc` h\mdi` ìbdi`- Qc` ìbdi`c\_ ^tgdi_`mn 65/hh '2/ di^c(003/hh '34 di^c(067/hh '6/ di^c( ]jm`

]t 026/hh '47 di^c( nomjf`- Fo pn`_ no`\h \o 7-5]\m '014kndb( \i_ c\_ \ijpokpo ja 023/fT '07//dck(- Li don admno qjt\b` oc` ^j\g ^jinphkodji r\n0-/fb.fTcm '0-6g]n.dckcm(- Qcdn ìbdi` r\n oc` kmjojotk` ajm ocjpn\i_n jah\mdi` ìbdi`n oc\o r`m` ]pdgo piodg oc` hd__g` ja oc` orìodòc ^ìopmt9Id]`mot ncdkn r`m` adoo`_ rdoc omdkg` `sk\indji ìbdi`n-

Qc` admno lp\_mpkg` `sk\indji h\mdi` ìbdi` r\n adoo`_ di oc` 6`f_ej `W M c\]pdgo \o ?\mmjr+ I\i^\ncdm`+ di 0773+ ]po ocdn otk` ja ìbdi` r\n ijo

omd`_ \b\di piodg 0783 rcì oc` =_TY^`_R r\n g\pi^c`_+ ocdn r\n \ 6/6fT'837dck( ìbdi` npkkgd`_ rdoc no`\h \o 06-5]\m '144kndb( 22@ '5/C(npk`mc`\o-

Qc` m`^dkmj^\odib no`\h ìbdi` pi_jp]o`_gt m`\^c`_ don cdbc`no g`q`g di njh`ja oc` lp\_mpkg` `sk\indji ìbdi`n ]pdgo ajm oc` q`mt g\mb` j^`\i,bjdib gdi`mn \ooc` ^gjn` ja oc` idiò`ìoc ^ìopmt- Li` ja oc` hjno jpono\i_dib r\n oc`18+72/fT '3/+///ck( ìbdi` kmj_p^`_ ajm oc` ordi,n^m`r ?RZdVc KZ]YV]^ ==&


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Ridagjr ìbdi`

Qc` Ridagjr ìbdi`+ rcd^c m`km`nìon oc` adi\g no\b` ja oc` _`q`gjkhìo ja oc`no`\h ìbdi`+ r\n hjodq\o`_ ]t oc` kmj]g`h ja ^tgdi_`m ^ji_ìn\odji \i_m``q\kjm\odji+ rcd^c r\n \ n`mdjpn ^\pn` ja ì`mbt gjnn di oc` ìbdi`- Po`\hìo`mn oc` ìbdi` ^tgdi_`m \i_ dn dhh`_d\o`gt `skjn`_ oj ^tgdi_`m r\ggn oc\oc\q` ]`ì ^jjg`_ ]t oc` km`qdjpn ^c\mb` ja no`\h+ rcd^c c\_ don`ga ]`ì^jjg`_ di ^jin`lpì^` ja don `sk\indji _pmdib oc` rjmfdib nomjf` ja oc` kdnoji-Fa oc` ^tgdi_`m r\gg o`hk`m\opm` dn gjr ìjpbc+ oc` di^jhdib no`\h rdgg^ji_ìn` ji oc` ^tgdi_`m r\ggn+ \i_ ì`mbt dn bdqì pk oj oc` r\ggn- >n oc``sk\indji kmj^``_n di oc` ^tgdi_`m oc` no`\h o`hk`m\opm` ^\i a\gg ]`gjr oc`^tgdi_`m r\gg o`hk`m\opm`+ m`npgodib di m`,`q\kjm\odji ja oc` ^ji_ìn`_ no`\h-Ejr`q`m+ ]`^\pn` ocdn j^^pmn i`\m oc` ì_ ja oc` nomjf`+ q`mt gdoog` ja oc`ì`mbt ocpn mòpmi`_ oj oc` no`\h dn \q\dg\]g` oj _j rjmf \i_ do dn ^\mmd`_ \r\t\n oc` no`\h g`\q`n oc` ^tgdi_`m-

Qc` lp`nodji ja ^tgdi_`m ^ji_ìn\odji \i_ m`,`q\kjm\odji ]`^\h` oc`^ìom\g ^ji^`mi ja no`\h ìbdi` ìbdi``mdib amjh 0744 oj 0774- P`q`m\g_`q`gjkhìon \gg`qd\o`_ ocdn kmj]g`h+ `doc`m _`gd]`m\o`gt jm di^d_ìo\ggt9^jhkjpi_dib; no`\h e\^fòdib ja oc` ^tgdi_`mn; npk`mc`\odib; \i_ di^m`\ndibdigò no`\h km`nnpm`- Tcdg` oc`n` o`^cidlp`n r`m` pn`_ ji g\mb` h\mdi` \i_no\odji\mt ìbdi`n+ oc`t r`m` kmjcd]dodq`gt `skìndq` ajm oc` gjr`m kjr`mndibg`,^tgdi_`m ìbdi`n oc\o r`m` rd_`gt pn`_ di di_pnomd\g \kkgd^\odjin9 \i`^jijhd^\g njgpodji ajm ìbdi`n ja ocdn otk` m`lpdm`_ \ m\_d^\ggt i`r _`ndbi-Qc` m`lpdndo` _`q`gjkhìo r\n oc` diomj_pôdji ja ji`,r\t no`\h agjr 'cì^`xRidagjry jm xRi\agjry( di oc` ^tgdi_`m+ nj oc\o no`\h r\n \_hdoo`_ \o `\^c ì_ja oc` ^tgdi_`m \i_ `sc\pno`_ di oc` ^ìom` ocmjpbc ^dm^pha`mìod\g kjmon di oc`^tgdi_`m r\gg pi^jq`m`_ ]t oc` kdnoji 'Cdbpm` 4-3(-

Qc` Ridagjr kmdi^dkg` \kk`\mn oj c\q` ]`ì kmjkjn`_ lpdo` `\mgt di no`\hìbdi` cdnojmt 'Jjiobjgad`m+ 0714; M`mfdin+ 0716(+ ]po n`mdjpn ^jind_`m\odji jaoc` d_`\ _d_ ijo j^^pm piodg Q-G-Qj__ ojjf jpo \ ?mdodnc k\oìo di 0774 ji \iìbdi` ja ocdn otk` 'c` ^\gg`_ do oc` xQ`mhdi\g,`sc\pnoy ^tgdi_`m(- Fo dn ijo ^g`\mda np^c \i ìbdi` r\n `q`m ]pdgo+ nj oc` km\ôd^\g m`\gdu\odji ja oc` Ridagjrìbdi` dn pnp\ggt ^m`_do`_ oj G-Pophka-

Ridagjr ìbdi`n r`m` ]pdgo di Bpmjk`+ ?mdo\di \i_ oc` Rido`_ Po\o`n- Li` jaoc` hjno np^^`nnapg ]pdg_`mn r\n oc` Pfdii`m Bibdi` @jhk\it ja Bmd`+Mìintgq\id\- Qcdn ^jhk\it ]pdgo Ridagjr ìbdi`n piodg oc` hd_,084/n+ \i_

_pmdib oc` P`^ji_ Tjmg_ T\m npkkgd`_ oc`h ajm i\q\g ^m\ao 'rc`m` oc`t r`m`kjkpg\m ]`^\pn` oc`t bì`m\o`_ g`nn qd]m\odji oc\i joc`m otk`n ja m`^dkmj^\odibìbdi`n(-

Qc` kmjbm`nn di oc` no`\h digò km`nnpm` \i_ oc` c`\o m\o` ]òr`ì oc` odh`ja K`r^jhì '0601( \i_ oc` ì_ ja oc` idiò`ìoc ^ìopmt dn di_d^\o`_ diCdbpm` 4-4- Qc` _\o\ ajm oc` `\mgd`no t`\mn _j ijo c\q` oc` km`^dndji \i_\^^pm\^t ja oc` g\o`m k`mdj_+ i`q`moc`g`nn oc`t \m` di_d^\odq` ja oc` bì`m\g


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omì_- Fi oc` adi\g _`^\_` ja oc` idiò`ìoc ^ìopmt+ oc` diomj_pôdji jam`bì`m\odq` a``_,r\o`m c`\odib+ di rcd^c no`\h pn`_ di oc` ^tgdi_`m e\^fònr\n mòpmi`_ oj oc` ]jdg`m+ c\_ \ h\mf`_ àa`ô di gjr`mdib oc` ]`no q\gp`n ajmoc` c`\o m\o`- Fi a\ô+ oc` ]`no ja oc` adi\g bì`m\odji ja m`^dkmj^\odib no`\hìbdi`n rdoc ^tgdi_`m no`\h,e\^fòdib c\_ c`\o m\o`n oc\o r`m` ^jhk\m\]g` rdococjn` ja ^jio`hkjm\mt iji,m`bì`m\odq` no`\h opm]di`n 'otkd^\ggt 12-/0/2

]op.fTcm; n ` Cdbpm` 4-0/(-

PQB>J QRO?FKBP

Qc` no`\h opm]di` dn \ _`qd^` oc\o _dm`ôgt ^jiq`mon oc` dio`mi\g ì`mbt jano`\h dioj mjo\mt hjodji 'n`` >kkì_ds(- Fo dn \gnj ^c\m\ô`mdu`_ ]t pidajmhdot

9ZXfcV -&,2 P^c`h\od^ n`ôdji ja \ Ridagjr ìbdi`- Qc` _d\bm\h ncjrn oc`Ridagjr no`\h k\oc \i_ oc` nh\gg _daa`mì^` di o`hk`m\opm` ]òr`ì oc` no`\h\i_ oc` ^tgdi_`m r\gg ocmjpbcjpo oc` kdnoji nomjf`- Pdi^` oc` `sc\pno kjmon hpnoijo ]` pi^jq`m`_ piodg oc` kdnoji m`\^c`n oc` ì_ ja oc` `sk\indji nomjf` oc`kdnoji gìboc hpno `lp\g don nomjf`- Ejggjr ^jinompôdji dn pn`_ oj m`_p^` oc`kdnoji r`dbco- ?`^\pn` oc` mòpmi nomjf` ja oc` kdnoji dn \ ^jhkm`nndji nomjf`\i_ ]`^\pn` oc` ^jhkm`nndji m\odj '`sk\indji m\odj ajm oc` `sk\i_dib no`\h( dncdbc+ otkd^\ggt 35+ oc`m` dn \ _\ib`m oc\o oc` km`nnpm` ja oc` m`nd_p\g no`\h di oc`^tgdi_`m ^jpg_ ]`^jh` cdbc ìjpbc oj _dngj_b` oc` ^tgdi_`m c`\_ ^jq`m- Qcdn dn\qjd_`_ ]t kmjqd_dib \__dodji\g ^g`\m\i^` nk\^`+ di oc` ajmh ja \ ^\qdot di oc`^tgdi_`m c`\_ ^jii`ô`_ oj oc` ^tgdi_`m ]t \ nkmdib,gj\_`_ q\gq`+ rdoc h\ip\gjq`mmd_` ajm no\modib oc` ìbdi`+ jm ]t pndib q\mdjpn otk`n ja \pojh\od^ \i_

h\ip\g q\gq`n oc\o _dq`mo oc` m`nd_p\g no`\h dioj oc` `sc\pno-O`kmj_p^`_ rdoc k`mhdnndji amjh A->-Tm\ibc\h+ HYV HYV`cj R_U DcRTeZTV `W


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ja opmidib hjhìo \i_ ]t oc` kjnnd]dgdot ja ]\g\i^dib do k`ma`ôgt+ rcd^c dndhkjmo\io rc`m` cdbc kjr`mn \m` diqjgq`_+ rcì \ m`^dkmj^\odib ìbdi` rjpg_c\q` ^jmm`nkji_dibgt h\nndq` _dhìndjin oc\o ^jpg_ kmj_p^` qd]m\odjin ja \ipi\^^`ko\]g` h\bidop_`-

?`^\pn` oc` no`\h agjr ocmjpbc oc` opm]di` dn ^jiodipjpn m\oc`m oc\i ^t^gd^+do dn \]g` oj `sk\i_ no`\h amjh \ cdbc km`nnpm` oj \ q`mt gjr km`nnpm`+ oc`m`]th\sdhdudib oc` àad^dì^t- Qcdn+ ]`^\pn` ja oc` gjr _ìndot ja oc` gjr km`nnpm`no`\h+ rjpg_ m`lpdm` oc` ^tgdi_`m ja \ m`^dkmj^\odib ìbdi` oj c\q`dhkm\ôd^\]gt g\mb` _dhìndjin-

Qc` ^jiodipjpn agjr ^c\m\ô`mdnod^n ja oc` no`\h opm]di` \ggjr do oj \qjd_oc` ^jhkg`s q\gq` b`\m i`^`nn\mt di oc` m`^dkmj^\odib ìbdi`+ rcd^c ncjpg_

9ZXfcV -&-2Qc` cdnojmd^\g omì_ ja m`^dkmj^\odib no`\h ìbdi` digò km`nnpm`']jdg`m km`nnpm`( \i_ kjr`m kg\io c`\o m\o` ]òr`ì 07// \i_ 08//- Qc` _\o\ncjri \m` ]\n`_ ji h\mdi` km\ôd^`+ ]po \m` \gnj m`km`nìo\odq` ja no\odji\mt

ìbdi`n- Qc` pkr\m_ omì_ ]`bdiidib ]òr`ì 074/ \i_ 075/ h\mfn oc`diomj_pôdji ja oc` ^jhkjpi_ ìbdi`- Qj ^jiq`mo c`\o m\o` oj àad^dì^t hpgodkgt]t 1-820/,3 \i_ diq mo->_\ko`_ rdoc k`mhdnndji amjh O-E-Qcpmnoji+4


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c\q` h\_` do \oom\ôdq` oj oc` \i^dìon+ \i_ di_``_ oc`m` dn njh` cdnojmd^\g`qd_ì^` oc\o \ opm]di` r\n ]pdgo di oc` admno ^ìopmt >A ]t E`mj di>g`s\i_md\- I\o`m+ di oc` n`qìo`ìoc ^ìopmt+ \i Fo\gd\i+ _` ?m\i^\+ kmjkjn`_\ijoc`m otk` ja no`\h opm]di`- Riajmopi\o`gt+ oc`n` kmdhdodq` h\^cdi`nnpaa`m`_ amjh oc` a\o\g _à`ô oc\o+ ajm oc`dm odh`n+ oc`dm nk``_ r\n ojj cdbc oj

]` `doc`m i``_`_ jm pn`\]g`- @jin`lpìogt+ oc` km\ôd^\g no`\h opm]di` c\_ oj\r\do oc` _`q`gjkhìo ja oc` \]dgdot oj _`ndbi \i_ ^jinompô cdbc nk``_b`\mn+ jm cdbc nk``_ `g`ômd^\g bì`m\ojmn+ jm oc` ajmhpg\odji ja np^ckmdi^dkg`n ja agpd_ h`^c\id^n \n rjpg_ \ggjr oc` ì`mbt ja oc` no`\h oj ]`podgdu`_ rdocjpo cdbc mjo\odji\g nk``_n- Kji` ja ocdn j^^pmm`_ piodg oc` ì_ jaoc` idiò`ìoc ^ìopmt-

0773|08//9 `\mgt cdnojmt

Qc` ndhkg`no ajmh ja opm]di` 'Cdbpm` 4-5 '\((+ rcd^c r\n admno _`hjinom\o`_ ]toc` Pr`_dnc ìbdi``m Dpno\q _` I\q\g di ^-0772+ dn ^jinompô`_ ]t \mm\ibdiboc` ]g\_`n ji \ ndibg` m`qjgqdib rc``g di np^c \ r\t oc\o oc`t opmi oc` no`\hocmjpbc \i \ibg`+ oc`m`]t dhk\modib \ kjmodji ja oc` fdiòd^ ì`mbt ja oc`no`\h eòn oj oc` mjo\odib ]g\_`n rdoc ij ^c\ib` di no`\h km`nnpm` \n do k\nn`nocmjpbc oc`h- Qcdn g\no dn \i dhkjmo\io _dnodibpdncdib ^c\m\ô`mdnod^ ja ocdnotk` ja opm]di`+ rcd^c dn njhòdh`n fijri \n \i dhkpgn` opm]di`- Fi \]jpo0777+ _` I\q\g h\_` oc` ^mp^d\g _dn^jq`mt oc\o di jm_`m oj `som\ô oc`h\sdhph \hjpio ja ì`mbt amjh oc` no`\h+ oc` ijuug` c\_ oj ]` ja \^jiq`mbdib,_dq`mbdib ajmh 'n`` >kkì_ds(- Qcdn m`npgon di \ q`mt cdbc no`\hq`gj^dot+ g`\_dib oj9 '\( cdbc mjo\odji\g nk``_n '0/+///|2/+///mkh(+ rcd^cpnp\ggt m`lpdm`n \ nk``_ m`_p^dib b`\m ajm don km\ôd^\g podgdu\odji; ']( r\no`_fdiòd^ ì`mbt di oc` g`\qdib no`\h; '^( g\mb` amdôdji gjnn`n ]òr`ì oc` no`\h+oc` ]g\_`n+ \i_ oc` opm]di` mjojm- Qc` gjnn`n+ do`hn ']( \i_ '^(+ h\f` oc`àad^dì^t ja oc` _` I\q\g opm]di` dia`mdjm oj oc\o ja \ m`^dkmj^\odib ìbdi`jk`m\odib rdoc d_ìod^\g digò \i_ `sc\pno ^ji_dodjin-

Qc` kmdi^dkg`n ja oc` dhkpgn` opm]di`+ \i_ don kmj]g`hn+ r`m` r`gg fijri ojidiò`ìoc,^ìopmt ìbdi``mn+ di^gp_dib G\h`n T\oo- @jin`lpìogt+ piodg oc`^gjn` ja oc` ^ìopmt do r\n i`q`m ^jind_`m`_ \ n`mdjpn ^jhkòdojm oj oc`m`^dkmj^\odib ìbdi`- Qc` no`\h opm]di` r\n admno kg\^`_ ji \ km\ôd^\g ]\ndn ]t@->- M\mnjin- E` ojjf jpo \ k\oìo di 0773 ji \ opm]di` rcd^c \qjd_`_ oc`

gdhdo\odjin ja oc` dhkpgn` opm]di` ]t pndib oc` no`\h km`nnpm` _mjk digò oj`sc\pno di nh\gg no`kn m\oc`m oc\i ji` g\mb` no`k 'n`` Cdbpm` 4-5 ']((+ m`npgodibdi \ hp^c gjr`m no`\h nk``_- Ejr`q`m+ oc`m` dn \i dhkjmo\io _daa`mì^`

]òr`ì oc` M\mnjin \i_ dhkpgn` opm]di`n di oc` r\t di rcd^c oc` km`nnpm`_mjk dn \mm\ib`_ di \ no\b` '\ k\dm ja hjqdib ]g\_`n \i_ no\odji\mt ijuug`n(9 dioc` ajmh`m oc` km`nnpm` _mjk j^^pmn di ]joc oc` mjo\odib \i_ no\odji\mt`g`hìon+ rcdg` di oc` dhkpgn` opm]di` oc` km`nnpm` _mjk jigt j^^pmn di oc`


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no\odji\mt `g`hìo- Qc` M\mnjin opm]di` dn fijri \n \ m`\ôdji opm]di`+ \i_ndi^` M\mnjin \mm\ib`_ ajm `lp\g km`nnpm` _mjkn oj j^^pm di ]joc oc` no\odji\mt\i_ mjo\odib `g`hìon ja `\^c no\b`+ do dn ^\gg`_ \ 4/ k`m ^ìo m`\ôdji opm]di`-

M\mnjin ^jhhì^`_ `sk`mdhìo\g rjmf ji cdn opm]di` ncjmogt \ao`m]`^jhdib \ k\moi`m di 0772 di oc` admh ja @g\mf`+ @c\kh\i % @j- Fi 0774c` ^jinompô`_ cdn admno rjmfdib opm]di` Cdbpm` 4-6 rcd^c _mjq` \i `g`ômd^\gbì`m\ojm \o 07+///mkh c\qdib \i jpokpo oc\o \kk`\mn oj c\q` ]`ì ]òr`ì\]jpo 3fT '4-3ck( \i_ 6-4fT '0/ck(- Qc` npmkmdndibgt cdbc nk``_+^jind_`mdib oc` M\mnjin opm]di` r\n dioì_`_ oj \qjd_ ocdn a`\opm` ja oc` _Ì\q\g opm]di`+ dn \ ^jin`lpì^` ja oc` nh\gg _dhìndjin ja oc` admno M\mnjinopm]di`- Qcpn+ \i di^m`\n` di oc` h`\i ]g\_` m\_dpn amjh 3-3^h '0-64 di^c`n('`nodh\o`_ ajm M\mnjinyn admno opm]di`( oj 15-6^h '0/-5 di^c`n( rjpg_ m`_p^òc` mjo\odji\g nk``_ oj 2///mkh- Qc` `nnìod\g kjdio dn oc` gjr`m no`\h nk``_di oc` M\mnjin opm]di` ^jhk\m`_ oj oc` _` I\q\g opm]di`- Qcpn+ ajm^jhk\m\]g` no`\h ^ji_dodjin+ oc` no`\h nk``_ di oc` _` I\q\g opm]di` dn

\]jpo 65/h.n+ '14//ao.n`^(+ rc`m`\n di oc` M\mnjin opm]di` do dn \]jpo 005h.n'27/ao.n`^(-

Cmjh 0774 piodg 0778 _`q`gjkhìo ja oc` M\mnjin opm]di` r\n q`mt m\kd_rdoc h\^cdi`n ja h\sdhph jpokpo 64fT ]`dib pgodh\o`gt kmj_p^`_-Ejr`q`m+ M\mnjinyn k\moi`mn _d_ ijo c\q` cdn a\doc di oc` no`\h opm]di`+ nj di0778 oc` k\moi`mncdk r\n _dnnjgq`_- M\mnjin ajpi_`_ @->-M\mnjin % @j- \i_kmj^``_`_ oj _`q`gjk \ m\_d\g m`\ôdji opm]di` oc\o ^dm^phqìo`_ oc` k\oìon^jiomjgg`_ ]t cdn ajmh`m k\moi`mn '\ ompgt m`h\mf\]g` \^cd`q`hìo(- Fi 0783+M\mnjin ^\h` oj \i \bm``hìo rdoc @g\mf`+ @c\kh\i oc\o \ggjr`_ cdh ojpn` cdn 0773 k\oìon ajm oc` \sd\g agjr no`\h opm]di`+ \i_+ \n \ m`npgo+^jinompôdji ja oc` m\_d\g agjr no`\h opm]di` nojkk`_-

>gocjpbc oc` M\mnjin opm]di` r\n di h\it r\tn ndbidad^\iogt npk`mdjm ojoc` _` I\q\g opm]di`+ do _d_ c\q` njh` _dn\_q\io\b`n- Fi k\mod^pg\m+ do r\n_daad^pgo oj ]pdg_ rdoc jpokpon bm`\o`m oc\i 1///fT '1571ck(- Qcdn r\n \^jin`lpì^` ja oc` bm`\o gìboc ja oc` h\^cdi`+ rcd^c r\n i`^`nndo\o`_ ]t ocìph`mjpn mjrn ja hjqdib \i_ no\odji\mt ]g\_`n oc\o r`m` m`lpdm`_ oj f``k oc`no`\h q`gj^dot gjr- >n \ m`npgo oc` mjojm r\n k\mod^pg\mgt nìndodq` oj ngdbcoh`^c\id^\g \i_ oc`mh\g dh]\g\i^`n oc\o ^jpg_ g`\_ oj _dnojmodji \i_+ cì^`+_\h\b` oj oc` hjqdib ]g\_`n da oc`t ojp^c`_ oc` opm]di` ^\ndib- Qcò`^cidlp`n oc\o r`m` `qìop\ggt _`qdn`_ oj jq`m^jh` ocdn kmj]g`h \m`_dn^pnn`_ ]`gjr-

Fi \__dodji oj oc` gdhdo\odjin di ndu` oc\o r`m` ì^jpio`m`_ di oc` `\mgtM\mnjin opm]di`+ oc`m` dn \ np]no\iod\g gjnn di kjr`m jpokpo _p` oj g`\f\bòcmjpbc oc` ^g`\m\i^` nk\^` ]òr`ì oc` mjo\odib ]g\_`n \i_ oc` opm]di` ^\ndib+rcd^c dn k\mod^pg\mgt n`mdjpn di oc` cdbc km`nnpm` n`ôdjin ja oc` opm]di` rc`mòc` ]g\_` c`dbcon \m` nh\gg- Fi jm_`m oj \qjd_ ocdn g`\f\b` kmj]g`h \i_ tòmò\di oc` \_q\io\b`n ja oc` M\mnjin hpgod,no\b` ^ji^`ko+ >pbpno` O\o`\p+ \Cmì^c ìbdi``m+ _`ndbi`_ njhòdh` ]òr`ì 0785 \i_ 0787 \ hpgod,no\b`


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9ZXfcV -&.2P^c`h\od^ \mm\ib`hìo ja oc` ]\nd^ no`\h opm]di` otk`n-'\( Pdhkg` dhkpgn` opm]di`9 _` I\q\g 'T&0772(- ?Vj2 09 no\odji\mt ijuug`n; 19

mjo\odib ]g\_`n; 29 rc``g; 39 mjo\odib nc\ao- Qc` gjr`m _d\bm\h ncjrn oc` ^c\ib`di km`nnpm` 'M( \i_ q`gj^dot 'S( ja oc` no`\h \n do k\nn`n ocmjpbc oc` opm]di`-']( O`\ôdji Qpm]di`9 M\mnjin 'T&0773(- H`t9 09 Kjuug`n \i_ bpd_` q\i`n; 19mjo\odib ]g\_`n; 29 mjo\odib _mph; 39 mjo\odib nc\ao- Qc` ^jid^\g _mph ^jpio`m\ônoc` _`^m`\n` di _ìndot ja oc` no`\h \n do k\nn`n ocmjpbc oc` opm]di`- Qcdn\mm\ib`hìo r\n ijo pn`_ ]t M\mnjin rcj `hkgjt`_ \ gdhdo`_ iph]`m ja no`k^c\ib`n di _mph _d\hò`m- Qc` gjr`m _d\bm\h ncjrn oc` ^c\ib` di km`nnpm` 'M(\i_ q`gj^dot 'S( ja oc` no`\h \n do k\nn`n ocmjpbc oc` opm]di`-


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'^( Mm`nnpm`,^jhkjpi_`_ dhkpgn` opm]di`9 O\o`\p 'T&08//(- H`t9 09 ijuug`n; 19mjo\odib ]g\_`n; 29 ijuug`n di _d\kcm\bh; 39 mjo\odib rc``gn; 49 mjo\odib nc\ao-Qc` gjr`m _d\bm\h ncjrn oc` ^c\ib` di km`nnpm` 'M( \i_ q`gj^dot 'S( ja oc`no`\h \n do k\nn`n ocmjpbc oc` opm]di`-'_( S`gj^dot,^jhkjpi_`_ dhkpgn` opm]di`9 @pmodn '0785(- H`t9 09 ijuug`n; 19mjo\odib ]g\_`n; 29 no\odji\mt bpd_`n; 39 mjo\odib rc``gn; 49 mjo\odib nc\ao- Qc`

gjr`m _d\bm\h ncjrn oc` ^c\ib` di km`nnpm` 'M( \i_ q`gj^dot 'S( ja oc` no`\h \ndo k\nn`n ocmjpbc oc` opm]di`-O`kmj_p^`_ amjh B-C-@-Pjh`mn^\g`n+ xQrj Ednojmd^ Mmdh` Jjq`mny+ >PJBM\k`m iph]`m 73,T>.EE,1 '0873(-

dhkpgn` opm]di` oc\o dn ijr ^jhhjigt fijri ]t cdn i\h`- Qc` kmdi^dkg` jaocdn opm]di` dn dggpnom\o`_ di Cdbpm` 4-5 '^(- >n di oc` M\mnjin opm]di`+ oc`km`nnpm` _mjk dn _dqd_`_ ]òr`ì \ iph]`m ja no\b`n+ oc`m`]t gdhdodib oc`no`\h nk``_- Qcdn otk` ja opm]di` \qjd_n oc` g`\f\b` kmj]g`h ja oc` M\mnjinopm]di` ]t jigt pndib `\^c no\b` km`nnpm` _mjk di oc` no\odji\mt ijuug`n- Qc`

O\o`\p opm]di` dn ^g\nn`_ \n \ km`nnpm`,^jhkjpi_`_ dhkpgn` opm]di`-Qc` O\o`\p opm]di` _daa`m`_ amjh oc` M\mnjin opm]di` di \ijoc`m dhkjmo\io

m`nk`ô- Fi oc` g\oo`m oc` hjqdib ]g\_`n \m` \oo\^c`_ oj oc` k`mdkc`mt ja \mjo\odib _mph+ rdoc oc` n`\gn ]òr`ì oc` no\b`n \o don jpo`m npma\^` \i_ \o oc`jpo`m ì_n ja oc` mjo\odib ]g\_`n- Fi oc` O\o`\p opm]di` oc` ]g\_`n \m` hjpio`_ji oc` k`mdkc`mt ja \ _dn^ ^\mmd`_ ji oc` opm]di` nc\ao+ nj oc`m` dn jigt ji`dio`mno\b` n`\g \i_ do dn rc`m` oc` mjo\odib nc\ao k\nn`n ocmjpbc oc` _d\kcm\bhn`k\m\odib oc` no\b`n 'n`` \gnj Cdbpm` 4-5 '^((- Qcdn otk` ja ^jinompôdji c\norj \_q\io\b`n jq`m oc` ntno`h pn`_ di oc` M\mnjin opm]di`9 oc` g`\f\b` \m`\+\i_+ cì^` oc` g`\f\b` agjr+ dn nh\gg`m ]`^\pn` oc` n`\g dn \o oc` nc\ao+ rcd^cc\n \ nh\gg`m _d\hò`m oc\i oc` M\mnjin _mph; \i_ \ nc\ao n`\g diqjgq`n k\monrdoc c`\qd`m _dhìndjin oc\i \ mdib ja no\odji\mt ]g\_`n+ nj do ^\i ]` h\_`hjm` aa`ôdq`-

Qc` _dn^ ^jinompôdji ja oc` O\o`\p opm]di` rjpg_+ ]`^\pn` ja oc` km`nnpm`_mjk \^mjnn oc` hjqdib ]g\_`n+ m`npgo di \i pi\^^`ko\]gt g\mb` \sd\g ocmpno jioc` nc\ao ]`\mdibn da \kkgd`_ oj oc` M\mnjin opm]di`- Qc` \sd\g ocmpno oc\o _j`n`sdno di oc` g\oo`m dn nh\gg`m ]`^\pn` do jigt \ôn jq`m oc` ]g\_` \m`\+ \i_ dn\^^jhhj_\o`_ ]t ocmpno ]\g\i^dib ^tgdi_`mn+ ^jii`ô`_ `so`mi\ggt oj kjdion jacdbc`m no`\h km`nnpm`+ \o oc` cdbc km`nnpm` ì_ ja oc` mjojm-

?`^\pn` oc` njgd_ ^jinompôdji ja oc` _mph dn ]òo`m npdo`_ oj oc` cdbco`hk`m\opm`n ì^jpio`m`_ di oc` cdbc km`nnpm` no\b`n ja hj_`mi opm]di`n+ oc` _dn^,

ji,nc\ao ^jinompôdji c\n ]`ì àa`ôdq`gt \]\i_ji`_ di oc`n` n`ôdjin \i_ oc`]g\_ n \m` hjpio`_ ji q`nodbd\g _dn n h\^cdi`_ jpo ja \ ajmb`_ tgdi_md \g mjojm-

>gocjpbc oc` O\o`\p opm]di` hdodb\o`_ oc` g`\f\b` kmj]g`h ja oc`M\mnjin opm]di`+ do nodgg m`lpdm`_ \ gjib nc\ao oj \^^jhhj_\o` oc` g\mbìph]`m ja km`nnpm` ^jhkjpi_`_ no\b`n- Fi 0785 oc` >h`md^\i @-D-@pmodnk\oìo`_ orj ^ji^`kon oc\o m`npgo`_ di \ np]no\iod\g m`_pôdji di oc` jq`m\gggìboc ja oc` opm]di`- Qc` admno ja oc`n` r\n oc` m`^jq`mt ja oc` q`gj^dot


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9ZXfcV -&/2@mjnn n`ôdji ja oc` admno M\mnjin no`\h opm]di`- Qcdn r\n npkkgd`_rdoc n\opm\o`_ no`\h \o 4-4]\m '7/kndb(+ m\i \o 07+///mkh \i_ kmj_p^`_ ]òr`ì3 fT \i_ 6-4 fT \o oc` bì`m\ojm o`mhdi\gn-

Po`\h r\n \_hdoo`_ ocmjpbc oc` digò '>( \i_ agjr`_ \sd\ggt oj mdbco \i_ gàoocmjpbc \go`mi\odib mjrn ja hjqdib \i_ ads`_ ]g\_`n 'ncjri n^c`h\od^\ggt(- Qc`no`\h `sc\pno`_ dioj oc` k\nn\b`n @ \i_ A rcd^c r`m` ^\no di oc` opm]di` ^\ndib-Qc` `sc\pno km`nnpm` '\]jpo \ohjnkc`md^( r\n h\dio\di`_ ]t \ no`\h è`ôjm '?(-Qc` _d\bm\h \gnj ncjrn oc` bjq`mijm '_`ndbi`_ ]`^\pn` \q\dg\]g` mjo\mt bjq`mijmn^jpg_ ijo rdocno\i_ oc` cdbc nc\ao nk``_(+ rcd^c ^jindno`_ ja \ nh\gg ^ìomdapb\g

a\i+ gj^\o`_ epno oj oc` gào ja oc` do`h gòo`m`_ @ di oc` _d\bm\h+ mjo\odib \o ocòpm]di` nc\ao nk``_+ \i_ _m\rdib \dm amjh ji` nd_` ja \ _d\kcm\bh 'gj^\o`_ epno\]jq` oc` do`h gòo`m`_ @(- Qc` hjodji ja oc` _d\kcm\bh+ \n oc` q\^pph q\md`_rdoc opm]di` nk``_+ r\n ^jiq`t`_ ]t oc` gdif 'B( oj oc` bjq`mijm q\gq` ^jiomjggdiboc` no`\h \_hdnndji- Qc` nìndodqdot ja ocdn bjq`mijm r\n di^m`\n`_ ]t nìndib oc`bì`m\ojm qjgo\b` '\ôp\ggt oc` h\biòd^ ad`g_ nomìboc+ rcd^c dn kmjkjmodji\g oj oc`qjgo\b`( \i_ ]g``_dib hjm` jm g`nn \dm dioj oc` q\^pph ntno`h- Fi oc` adbpm`+ C dnoc` njao,dmji ad`g_ nìnjm hjpio`_ ji oc` _ti\hj kjg` kd`^`n+ \i_ ^jpkg`_ oj ocdn


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dn oc` nkmdib gj\_`_ ]m\nn \mh 'D( oc\o ^jiomjgn oc` agjr ja oc` ]g``_ \dm- Cjm^`_gp]md^\odji pndib \ n^m`r kphk 'E( r\n pn`_- Qc` \mmjrn ncjr oc` _dm`ôdji ja jdgagjr- Qc` nh\gg _d\bm\h \o oc` ajjo ja oc` adbpm` ncjrn ji` ja oc` ]`\mdibn oc\or`m` _`ndbi`_ oj \ggjr njh` om\inq`mn` hjq`hìo ja oc` nc\ao+ _p` oj nh\ggm`nd_p\g dh]\g\i^`n- Qc` nc\ao m\i di \ gjib ocdi ng``q`+ npmmjpi_`_ ]t \ g\mbìph]`m ja r\nc`mn \go`mi\o`gt adoodib oc` ng``q` \i_ oc` ^\ndib- Qc` r\nc`mn r`m`

c`g_ di ^jio\ô rdoc `\^c joc`m ]t oc` km`nnpm` ja \ ncjmo c`gd^\g nkmdibnpmmjpi_dib oc` ng``q` i`\m don ì_ \i_ odbcoì`_ pk ]t \ ipo ocm`\_`_ ji oc`ng``q`- Qc` ]`\mdib jdg r\n npkkgd`_ ]t oc` n^m`r kphk-O`kmj_p^`_ rdoc k`mhdnndji amjh T-D-P-P^\da`+ di 9Zcde DRcd`_d =_eVc_ReZ`_R]HfcSZ_V 6`_WVcV_TV'M\mnjin Mm`nn+ Ap]gdi \i_ Iji_ji+ 0873(-

ì`mbt di oc` no`\h eò g`\qdib \ ^jiq`mbdib,_dq`mbdib ijuug` di n`q`m\g mjrn jahjqdib ]g\_`n rdoc no\odji\mt opmidib q\i`n ]òr`ì `\^c mjr 'n`` Cdbpm` 4-5'_((- Qcdn hpgod,mjr _` I\q\g opm]di` dn fijri \n \ q`gj^dot,^jhkjpi_`_dhkpgn` opm]di`- Qc` n`^ji_ \mm\ib`hìo k\oìo`_ ]t @pmodn+ rcd^c r\n cdnnk`^d\g ^jiomd]podji oj opm]di` ìbdi``mdib+ r\n oj ^jh]di` q`gj^dot, \i_

km`nnpm`,^jhkjpi_dib 'Cdbpm` 8(-Qj j]o\di oc` i`^`nn\mt api_n oj npkkjmo oc` _`q`gjkhìo ja cdn opm]di`+

@pmodn njg_ hjno ja cdn k\oìo mdbcon oj oc` Dì`m\g Bg`ômd^ @jhk\it jaP^cì`ô\_t+ K`r Vjmf+ di 0786- Ejr`q`m+ \ n\odna\ôjmt rjmfdib h\^cdi` r\nijo kmj_p^`_ piodg 08/1-

Qc` @pmodn opm]di`+ gdf` oc` O\o`\p opm]di`+ r\n \ _dn^ opm]di`- Bqìop\ggt+\n _dn^pnn`_ ]`gjr+ oc` @pmodn \i_ O\o`\p opm]di`n r`m` ^jh]di`_+ nj oc\og\o`m ajmhn ja dhkpgn` opm]di`n oc\o c\q` _`mdq`_ amjh oc`n` orj otk`nbì`m\ggt oì_ oj ]` ja oc` _dn^ ^jinompôdji+ jm \o g`\no c\q` q`nodbd\g _dn^nh\^cdi`_ amjh \ _mph-

?t 08// oc` ajpm ]\nd^ otk`n ja no`\h opm]di`n c\_ ]`ì _`q`gjk`_ diojkm\ôd^\g h\^cdi`n- >gocjpbc oc`m` r\n ij bì`m\g \i_ dhh`_d\o` oì_ì^t oj\_jko ocdn kmdh` hjq`m+ di nkdo` ja don j]qdjpn \_q\io\b`n+ ]t oc` ì_ ja ocàjggjrdib _`^\_` oc` no`\h opm]di` c\_ `no\]gdnc`_ don`ga di oc` `g`ômd^ kjr`mbì`m\odji di_pnomt+ \i_ c\_ \gnj kmjqd_`_ \ iph]`m ja ^jiqdi^dib_`hjinom\odjin ja don pnàpgi`nn \n \ h\mdi` kjr`m kg\io-

08//|080/9 opm]di`n o\f` jq`m

Apmdib oc` admno oì t`\mn ja ocdn ^ìopmt oc` \kkgd^\odji ja no`\h opm]di`n oj

]joc `g`ômd^ kjr`m bì`m\odji \i_ h\mdi` kmjkpgndji nkm`\_ q`mt m\kd_gt di^jin`lpì^` ja \ iph]`m ja diagpìod\g _`hjinom\odjin ja don ^\k\]dgdod`n- Qcàdmno ja oc`n` r\n di 0780 rcì \ h`\npm`_ no`\h ^jinphkodji ja 01-1fb.fTcm '16g].fTcm( r\n m`kjmo`_ ajm ji` ja oc` 0//fT ^ji_ìndib 'oc` admnonp^c( h\^cdi`n dino\gg`_ \o @\h]md_b`- Qcdn r\n \ m`^jm_ ajm no`\h opm]di`n\i_ `lp\gg`_ oc` k`majmh\i^` ja oc` ]`no ndhkg` `sk\indji m`^dkmj^\odib no`\hìbdi`n-


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9ZXfcV -&02S`mod^\g n`ôdji ocmjpbc oc` 4///fT q`mod^\g @pmodn no`\h opm]di`npkkgd`_ ]t oc` Dì`m\g Bg`ômd^ @j- oj oc` @jhhjir`\goc Bg`ômd^ @j- ajmdino\gg\odji di oc` Cdnf Pom`ò Po\odji+ @cd^\bj di 08/2- Po`\h digò ^ji_dodjin900-8]\m '064kndb(+ 160@ '41/C(; `sc\pno9 /-/57]\m '17di Eb q\^pph(;hdidhph no`\h ^jinphkodji 5-70fb.'fT.cm( '04-/g] h\nn.'fT.cm((- Qcòpm]di` c\_ orj km`nnpm` ^jhkjpi_`_ no\b`n ^jindnodib ja \ ijuug`+ ocm`` mjrnja no\odji\mt bpd_` \i_ ajpm mjrn ja hjqdib ]g\_`n \oo\^c`_ oj ji` rc``g- Qc`q`mod^\g \mm\ib`hìo r\n _dn^jiodip`_ ]t oc` Dì`m\g Bg`ômd^ @j- ]pdgo \ao`m0802- O`kmj_p^`_ rdoc k`mhdnndji amjh @-C`g_h\i x>h`mdf\idn^cÀ\hkaopm]diìy+ NVZedTYcZWe UVd gVcVZ_Vd UVfedTYVc =_XV_ZVfcV$qjg- 37 '08/3(+ k- 0373-

> n`^ji_ ndbidad^\io dino\gg\odji r\n oc` orj 0///fT opm]di`n+ oc` g\mb`no

]pdgo oj _\o`+ oc\o r`m` _`gdq`m`_ di 08// ]t @->-M\mnjin % @j- oj oc` ^dot jaBg]`ma`g_ di D`mh\it- Qc`n` c\_ \ no`\h ^jinphkodji ja 8-01fb.fTcm'1/-0g].fTcm(- Qc`n` opm]di`n c\_ h\it ja oc` a`\opm`n ja oc` hj_`mi pido9oc`t r`m` orj ^tgdi_`m o\i_`h ^jhkjpi_ 'n`` ]`gjr(+ \i_ oc` ^ji_ìn`m r\nkg\^`_ ]`gjr oc` g`q`g ja oc` jk`m\odib agjjm+ dhh`_d\o`gt pi_`m oc` `sc\pnoamjh oc` gjr km`nnpm` ^tgdi_`m-

>ijoc`m q`mt diagpìod\g no`\h opm]di`+ rcd^c r\n kg\^`_ di n`mqd^` di 08/2\o @cd^\bjyn Cdnf Pom`ò no\odji 'n`` Cdbpm` 4-7(+ r\n oc` ocdm_ @pmodn no`\h

opm]di` njg_ ]t oc` Dì`m\g Bg`ômd^ 'DB( @jhk\it- Fo c\_ \ kjr`m jpokpo ja4JT \i_ r\n oc` hjno kjr`mapg no`\h opm]di` ]pdgo pk oj oc\o odh`- Fo r\npipnp\g di ]`dib \mm\ib`_ rdoc don \sdn q`mod^\g '\ otk` ja ^jinompôdji\]\i_ji`_ ]t DB di 0802( \i_ rdoc oc` \go`mi\ojm \]jq` oc` opm]di`-Mm`nnpm`,\i_q`gj^dot,^jhkjpi_dib r`m` pn`_+ \i_ `\^c ja oc` orj km`nnpm`,^jhkjpi_`_ no\b`n ^jindno`_ ja \ mjr ja ijuug`n+ ocm`` mjrn ja no\odji\mtopmidib q\i`n+ \i_ ajpm mjrn ja hjqdib ]g\_`n \oo\^c`_ oj ji` rc``g-


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080/|081/9 ]gì_dib ja otk`n

>n oc` k\oìo kmjo`ôdji ji q\mdjpn otk`n ja opm]di`n `skdm`_ oc`h\ipa\ôpm`mn _`qdn`_ ct]md_ h\^cdi`n- Li` ja oc` hjno ndbidad^\io ja oc`n`^jh]di\odjin r\n oc` \__dodji oj oc` M\mnjin opm]di` \o oc` digò ja \ ndibg`q`gj^dot,^jhkjpi_`_ no\b`+ njhòdh`n ^\gg`_ \ ^jiomjg no\b`+ di kg\^` ja \iph]`m ja oc` cdbc km`nnpm` m`\ôdji no\b`n- Qc` mjojm ja ocdn ^jh]di`_@pmodn,M\mnjin opm]di` dn hp^c ncjmo`m oc\i oc` mjojm ja oc` kpm` M\mnjin otk`ja oc` n\h` kjr`m jpokpo- Qcdn \mm\ib`hìo ^jiadi`n cdbc o`hk`m\opm`n \i_km`nnpm`n oj \ ncjmo`m kjmodji ja oc` opm]di`+ hdidhdudib `sk\indji àa`ôn _pòj o`hk`m\opm` bm\_dìon+ rcd^c ^\i g`\_ oj `qìop\g a\dgpm` ja oc` h\^cdi`->gocjpbc oc` @pmodn no\b` dn ijo \n àad^dìo \n oc` m`\ôdji no\b` do m`kg\^`n+ oc`hdidhdu\odji ja g`\f\b` \i_ dhkmjq`hìo di m`gd\]dgdot m`npgo di \ iò b\di ojoc` pn`m ja oc` opm]di`-

>ijoc`m o`^cidlp` ajm hdidhdudib oc` opm]di` nc\ao gìboc+ rcd^c r\n

kmj]\]gt admno diomj_p^`_ dioj m`bpg\m no`\h opm]di` _`ndbi km\ôd^` rdoc \14JT opm]di` ]pdgo di 0802 ]t @->-M\mnjin % @j- ajm oc` Cdnf Pom`ò no\odjidi @cd^\bj ja oc` @jhhjir`\goc B_dnji @jhk\it+ r\n oc` o\i_`h^jhkjpi_- Fi ocdn h\^cdi` orj mjojmn \m` \mm\ib`_ di orj n`k\m\o` ^tgdi_`mn+rdoc ]`\mdibn di `\^c ^tgdi_`m- Qc` no`\h k\nn`n di np^^`nndji ocmjpbc oc` orj^tgdi_`mn- Qc` mjojmn \m` ^jpkg`_ ]òr`ì oc` ^tgdi_`mn \i_ oc` gj\_ dn^jii`ô`_ oj ji` ì_ ja oc` nc\ao+ pnp\ggt \o oc` gjr km`nnpm` ^tgdi_`m-

081/|082/9 di^m`\ndib ndu`

Qc` k`mdj_ ]òr`ì 081/ \i_ 082/ r\n ^c\m\ô`mdu`_ ]t \ q`mt m\kd_ bmjrocdi no`\h opm]di` kjr`m jpokpo; km`gdhdi\mt \oo`hkon oj pn` q`mt cdbc no`\hkm`nnpm`n; \i_ \ g\mb` iph]`m ja n`mdjpn h`^c\id^\g a\dgpm`n-

Fi^m`\ndib kjr`m jpokpo dhkgd`n di^m`\ndib h\nn m\o` ja agjr ja no`\h+ \i_di^m`\ndib _dhìndjin- Qc` g\mb`no _dhìndjin \m` ì^jpio`m`_ \o oc` `sc\pnoamjh oc` opm]di`+ rc`m` oc` no`\h c\n oc` g\mb`no qjgph`+ \i_ oc` ^mdod^\g_dhìndji di ocdn m`bdji dn oc` gìboc ja oc` g\no mjr ]g\_`n+ rcd^c \m` oc`gjib`no di oc` opm]di` \i_+ oc`màjm`+ \m` np]e`ô`_ oj oc` cdbc`no ^ìomdapb\gnom`nn- @jin`lpìogt+ q`mt ^\màpg ^jind_`m\odji hpno ]` bdqì oj oc`h`^c\id^\g _`ndbi ja oc` mjojm \i_ oc` g\no mjr ]g\_`n+ oc`dm h\ipa\ôpm` \i_

oc` h\o`md\gn pn`_+ \i_ oc` h`\in ja \oo\^cdib oc` ]g\_`n oj oc` mjojm- Pdi^`njpi_ ajmbdibn ajm oc` mjojm ^\i ]` \nnpm`_ rdoc bm`\o`m ^`mo\diot oc` nh\gg`moc`dm ndu`+ oc`m` r\n \ oì_ì^t _pmdib oc` k`mdj_ amjh 081/ oj 085/ oj pn` oc`_dn^ ^jinompôdji di oc` gjr km`nnpm` n`ôdjin ja oc` opm]di`n-

Tc`m` oc` gìboc ja oc` g\no mjr ]g\_`n ^jpg_ ijo ]` di^m`\n`_ \ iph]`m ja\go`mi\odq` o`^cidlp`n r`m` _`q`gjk`_ di oc` 081/n di^gp_dib ?\ph\iihpgodkg` `sc\pno+ _p` oj H-?\ph\ii ja oc` Jòmjkjgdo\i,Sd^f`mn @j-+ hpgodkg`


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`sc\pno agjrn+ \i_ hpgodkg` gjr km`nnpm` opm]di`n 'ijo pn`_ piodg oc` 082/n(-Bsom`h` ajmhn ja ocdn \mm\ib`hìo+ diqjgqdib ocm`` jm ajpm gjr km`nnpmòpm]di`n+ `\^c rdoc \ _jp]g` `sc\pno agjr+ c\q` ]`ì pn`_ ji oc` q`mt cdbcjpokpo h\^cdi`n jinompô`_ amjh 085/ jir\m_-

Fi jm_`m oj \^^jhhj_\o` oc` g\mb`no jpokpon \ ^jh]di\odji ja _`^m`\ndiboc` opm]di` nk``_ \i_ hpgodkg` `sc\pno agjrn r\n pn`_ di oc` 081/n- Qcdn r\ndi oc` ajmh ja \ ^mjnn,^jhkjpi_ opm]di` di rcd^c oc` cdbc km`nnpm` ^tgdi_`mjk`m\o`_ \o 2/// jm 25//mkh \i_ oc` gjr km`nnpm` ^tgdi_`m m\i \o 04// jm07//mkh+ oc` orj ^tgdi_`mn ]`dib ^jpkg`_ oj n`k\m\o` \go`mi\ojmn- Qcdn\mm\ib`hìo \kk`\mn oj c\q` ]`ì admno pn`_ ajm ocm`` 2/JT opm]di`n dino\gg`_

]t T`nodibcjpn` di 0803 \o oc` 63oc Pom`ò no\odji di J\ic\oo\i ja oc`Fio`m]jmjpbc O\kd_ Qm\indo @j-

Qc` ^mjnn,^jhkjpi_ oì_n oj ]` \i `skìndq` njgpodji oj oc` kmj]g`h ja]pdg_dib opm]di`n rdoc g\mb` jpokpon+ \i_ Bpmjk`\i h\^cdi`n+ rdoc oc`dm gjr`mnk``_n '04// \i_ 2///mkh(+ _d_ ijo `hkgjt do \n `soìndq`gt \n opm]di`n ]pdgo

di oc` Rido`_ Po\o`n- Qc` orj,nk``_ ^mjnn,^jhkjpi_ c\n ijo ]`ì pn`_ ndi^òc` 086/n '`s^`ko oj \^^jhhj_\o` q`mt g\mb` opm]di`n rdoc jpokpon ja0///JT jm hjm`(+ ]`^\pn` dhkmjq`_ h\o`md\gn ja ^jinompôdji m`hjq`_ oc`di^ìodq` ajm don pn`-

Qc` no`\_t bmjroc di opm]di` kjr`m jpokpo di oc` 081/n ^pghdi\o`_ di \1/7JT opm]di` oc\o r\n ^jinompô`_ ]t DB ajm dino\gg\odji di oc` Po\o` Idi`no\odji i`\m @cd^\bj di 0818- Qcdn r\n \ ocm``,^tgdi_`m ^mjnn,^jhkjpi_opm]di`+ \i_ do m`h\di`_ oc` opm]di` rdoc oc` rjmg_yn g\mb`no jpokpo piodg 0844-

Qc` \kkgd^\odji ja q`mt cdbc digò km`nnpm`n oj no`\h opm]di`n r\n admno\oo`hko`_ di 0814+ di jm_`m oj di^m`\n` ^t^g` àad^dì^t- Qcm`` np^c opm]di`nr`m` dino\gg`_ \o oc` B_b\m Po\odji ja oc` B_dnji Bg`ômd^ Fggphdi\odib@jhk\it ja ?jnoji 'ijr oc` ?jnoji B_dnji @jhk\it(- Qc` admno '2-04JT(c\_ \i digò km`nnpm` ja 72]\m '01//kndb( \i_ oc` joc`m orj '0/JT( jk`m\o`_\o 86]\m '03//kndb(- Qc`t `sc\pno`_ \o 13]\m '24/kndb( dioj oc` no`\h gdi`^jii`ôdib oc` gjr km`nnpm` ]jdg`mn oj orj 21JT pidon-

Fi h\it dino\i^`n di oc` 081/n \i_ 082/n i`r cdbc km`nnpm` opm]di`n r`m``hkgjt`_ di ^jii`ôdji rdoc `sdnodib gjr km`nnpm` ntno`hn; \ hòcj_ fijri\n npk`mkjndodji- 'Fi \ a`r ^\n`n oc` cdbc km`nnpm` opm]di` r\n \ôp\ggthjpio`_ ji oc` gjr km`nnpm` opm]di` ^\ndib-( Fo \ggjrn `sdnodib+ n`mqd^`\]g`kg\io oj ]` di^m`\n`_ di àad^dì^t \i_ kjr`m jpokpo ajm hdidhph ^jno+ \i_ ajmocdn m`\nji do r\n kjkpg\m di oc` kjno,_`km`nndji t`\mn ja oc` 082/n-

Qc` m\kd_ \_q\i^`n di no`\h opm]di` o`^cijgjbt di oc` 081/n r`m` ijo\^cd`q`_ rdocjpo njh` ^jno- B\mgt di ocdn k`mdj_ oc` h\ipa\ôpm`mn ja _dnôpm]di`n `sk`mdì^`_ \i `s^`kodji\g iph]`m ja a\dgpm`n- Fo r\n _dn^jq`m`_ oc\ooc` _dn^n r`m` np]e`ô di n`mqd^` oj qd]m\odji\g jn^dgg\odjin g`\_dib oj a\odbpà\dgpm`- Qcdn r\n jq`m^jh` ]t `hkgjtdib ]òo`m _`ndbi oc`jmd`n \i_ \gnj ]tpndib c`\qd`m _dn^n+ di^gp_dib _dn^n ajmb`_ dio`bm\g rdoc oc` nc\ao- Fhkjmo\io^jiomd]podjin oj oc` njgpodji ja ocdn kmj]g`h r`m` h\_` ]joc di oc` Rido`_


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Po\o`n \i_ di Bpmjk`; k\mod^pg\mgt ijo`rjmoct r\n oc` rjmf ja Tdgam`_@\hk]`gg ja oc` Dì`m\g Bg`ômd^ @jhk\it+ \ao`m rcjh ji` ja oc` dhkjmo\io_`ndbi ojjgn _`q`gjk`_ \o oc\o odh`+ oc` @\hk]`gg Ad\bm\h+ dn i\h`_-

082/|083/9 màdi`hìo

?òr`ì 082/ \i_ 083/ ij m`\ggt nomdfdib \_q\i^`n ja oc` otk` n`ì di oc`081/n j^^pmm`_- Qc` _`km`nndji ajggjrdib oc` noj^f h\mfò ^m\nc di 0818 _d_ijo kmjqd_` \ ]pndi`nn ^gdh\o` di rcd^c g\mb` jm_`mn ajm no`\h opm]di`n ^jpg_

]` `sk`ô`_- @jin`lpìogt+ opm]di` h\ipa\ôpm`mn opmi`_ oj dhkmjqdib oc`_ò\dg`_ _`ndbi ja no`\h opm]di`n \i_ \ iph]`m ja a`\opm`n oc\o \m` ijr^jhhji km\ôd^` di no`\h opm]di` ^jinompôdji r`m` diomj_p^`_-

>n \ m`npgo ja oc` _`ndm` oj di^m`\n` oc` digò km`nnpm` oc` _jp]g` nc`gg^jinompôdji ncjri di Cdbpm` 4-8 r\n diomj_p^`_- Qcdn _`^m`\n`n oc` gj\_ ji

oc` opm]di` ^\ndib \i_ a\noìdibn ]t _dqd_dib oc` km`nnpm` _daa`mì^` amjh ocòpm]di` digò km`nnpm` oj oc` \h]dìo km`nnpm` ]òr`ì orj ^\ndibn+ ji` dind_òc` joc`m-

Fi oc` 082/n ^m``k+ oc` ngjr xkg\nod^ hjq`hìoy ja no``g np]e`ô`_ oj cdbco`hk`m\opm`n \i_ km`nnpm`n+ rcd^c r\n admno d_ìodad`_ di oc` 081/n+ ]`b\i oj

]` ^jind_`m`_ di no`\h opm]di` _`ndbi- Qcdn kcìjhìji ^\i ndbidad^\iogt\go`m nom`nn _dnomd]podjin _pmdib oc` odh` ja `skjnpm` ja oc` opm]di` k\mon ojjk`m\odib ^ji_dodjin- Fon àa`ôn ^\i ]` hdidhdu`_ ]t \__dib npdo\]g` \ggjtdibh\o`md\gn oj oc` no``g oc\o no\]dgdu` oc` h\o`md\g+ \i_ ]t _`q`gjkdib `soìndq``hkdmd^\g _\o\ ji oc` h\o`md\gyn kmjk`mod`n ajm pn` di _`ndbi-

T\mk`_+ jm ordno`_+ gjr km`nnpm` ]g\_`n+ r`m` diomj_p^`_ di oc` 082/n-Qc`n` ^jhkìn\o` ajm oc` àa`ô ja q\md\odjin di oc` ]g\_` o\ibìod\g q`gj^dotrdoc m\_dpn nj \n oj ìnpm` oc\o oc` no`\h dhkdibdib ji oc` ]g\_` ìo`mn oc`

]g\_` nhjjocgt \i_ rdoc oc` hdidhph agjr _dnopm]\i^`-

083/|084/9 di^m`\ndib nk``_

Po`\h opm]di` kmjbm`nn di oc` 083/n r\n ^jinom\di`_ ]t oc` jpo]m`\f ja oc`P`^ji_ Tjmg_ T\m- >ao`m oc` r\m ì_`_ opm]di` _`ndbi ncjr`_ \ _àdidoòmì_ \r\t amjh oc` no\i_\m_ nk``_ ja 04//.07//mkh \i_ oc` `no\]gdnchìo

ja oc` cdbc nk``_ opm]di` jk`m\odib \o 2///.25//mkh- Edbc`m nk``_ opm]di`n\m` nh\gg`m \i_ gdbco`m oc\i ^jhk\m\]g` gjr nk``_ h\^cdi`n- Ph\gg`mopm]di`n `sk\i_ g`nn rcì c`\o`_+ nj _dnojmodji dn _`^m`\n`_+ rcd^c dhkmjq`noc` opm]di`yn gjib,o`mh m`gd\]dgdot- @jin`lpìogt+ oc` cdbc nk``_ h\^cdi` dn

]òo`m \_\ko`_ oj di^m`\ndib digò km`nnpm`n \i_ o`hk`m\opm`n \i_ oj oc`\kkgd^\odji ja m`c`\o+ rcd^c r`m` a`\opm`n ja no`\h opm]di` _`ndbi amjh oc`g\o` 083/n jir\m_n-


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Fi \]jpo 0837 oc`m` r\n \ m`qdq\g ja dio`m`no di oc` m`c`\o ^t^g` 'admnodiomj_p^`_ di ?mdo\di \o Kjmoc Q``n di 081/+ \i_ di oc` Rido`_ Po\o`n \o Mcdgj+Lcdj+ di 0813( rcd^c r\n \i \__`_ di^ìodq` ajm oc` diomj_pôdji ja oc` cdbcnk``_ opm]di`- Fi ocdn ^t^g` oc` o`hk`m\opm` ja oc` k\mod\ggt `sk\i_`_ no`\h dnm\dn`_ oj \]jpo oc` jmdbdi\g digò o`hk`m\opm` ]t k\nndib do ocmjpbc \ nk`^d\g c`\o`s^c\ib`m+ oc` m`c`\o`m+ rcd^c dn c`\o`_ `doc`m ]t oc` ]jdg`m ^jh]pnodji b\n`n jm

]t cdbc o`hk`m\opm no`\h 'oc` g\oo m \mm\ib`hìo r\n jigt pn _ di oc` 081/n(+\i_ ocì mòpmi`_ oj oc` opm]di` ajm apmoc`m sk\indji oj oc` ^ji_ìn`m km`nnpm -Qc` hjodq\odji ajm oc` `\mgd`m \kkgd^\odji di oc` 081/n c\_ ]`ì oj _`^m`\n` oc`hjdnopm`+ rcd^c ^\pn`n ]g\_` `mjndji+ di oc` gjr km`nnpm` n`ôdjin ja oc` opm]di`-?`^\pn` oc` m`lpdm`_ \__dodji\g q\gq`n \i_ kdkdib ^jpg_ ijo ]` `^jijhd^\ggt

epnodad`_ \o oc\o odh + oc` ^jinompôdji ja i`r m`c`\o opm]di`n ^ \n`_ di oc` `\mgt082/n- Qc` m`qdq\g ja dio`m`no di oc` g\o` 083/n r\n nodhpg\o`_ ]t \ i``_ ojdi^m`\n` kg\io àad^dì^t di jm_`m oj ^jpio`m\ô mdndib ap`g ^jnon-

O`c`\o kmj_p^`n \ 3|4 k`m ^ìo dhkmjq`hìo di ^t^g` àad^dì^t+ \i_ c\n \

iph]`m ja joc`m \_q\io\b`n ^jhk\m`_ oj iji,m`c`\o jk`m\odji- Qcpn+ oc`m` dn\ m`_pôdji di oc` h\nn m\o` ja agjr ja oc` no`\h+ rcd^c+ di opmi+ g`\_n oj \_`^m`\n` di oc` ndu` ja oc` ]jdg`m a``_ kphk+ oc` ]jdg`m+ oc` ^ji_ìn`m+ \i_ jaoc` a``_ r\o`m c`\odib `lpdkhìo- Qcdn+ ojbòc`m rdoc oc` \]dgdot oj m`_p^` oc`ròi`nn ja oc` no`\h \o oc` `sc\pno h\f`n m`c`\o \i \oom\ôdq` a`\opm`+ \i_ dnrd_`gt pn`_ di hj_`mi no`\h ^t^g`n-

084/|085/9 q`mt cdbc km`nnpm`n \i_ o`hk`m\opm`n

Qc` admno opm]di`n c\i_gdib no`\h \o npk`m^mdod^\g km`nnpm`n 'km`nnpm`n di `s^`nnja 110]\m.21//kndb( r`m` ]pdgo di oc` 084/n rdoc oc` \dh ja dhkmjqdib ^t^g`àad^dì^t+ rcdg` \qjd_dib oc` kmj]g`hn \nnj^d\o`_ rdoc di^m`\ndib oc` opm]di`digò o`hk`m\opm`+ rcd^c m`lpdm`n oc` _`q`gjkhìo ja i`r h\o`md\gn+ \i`skìndq` \i_ odh`,^jinphdib kmj^`nn-

Qc` admno npk`m^mdod^\g opm]di` r\n dino\gg`_ di 0846 \o oc` Mcdgj no\odji jaoc` Lcdj Mjr`m @jhk\it- Fo c\_ \i jpokpo ja 014JT \i_ pn`_ no`\h \o20/]\m '34//kndb( \i_ 510@ '004/C(- Ajp]g` nc`gg ^jinompôdji r\n pn`_+\i_+ ]`^\pn` ja oc` `s^`kodji\ggt cdbc km`nnpm`+ oc` jpo`m ^\ndib dn \ghjnonkc`md^\g di ajmh-

> ndbidad^\io a`\opm` ja oc`n` q`mt cdbc km`nnpm` opm]di`n dn oc` nh\gg ]g\_`

gìbocn di oc` cdbc km`nnpm` no\b`n '/-84^h di oc` Mcdgj opm]di`(+ rcd^c m`npgonamjh oc` cdbc _ìndot ja oc` no`\h- Qc` g`\f\b` nk\^` dn+ di ^jin`lpì^`+ \g\mb` am\ôdji ja oc` ]g\_` gìboc+ nj opm]di`n jk`m\odib \o q`mt cdbc km`nnpm`nncjpg_+ oj jaanò oc` g`\f\b` gjnn+ ]` _`ndbi`_ ajm g\mb` jpokpon+ `-b Mcdgj'0846(+ 014JT; Mcdgdk Pkjmi '0848(+ 34/JT; ?pgg Opi '0854( 8//JT-

Fi \]jpo 0844 oc` x\q`m\b`y no`\h o`hk`m\opm` m`\^c`_ don km`nìo kg\o`\p ja455@ '0/4/C(- Qc` \oo\dihìo ja ocdn o`hk`m\opm` r\n h\_` kjnnd]g` ]t oc`


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diomj_pôdji ja oc` a`mmdod^ no\dig`nn no``gn '00|02 M`m ^ìo ^cmjhdph(+ \i_ m`lpdm`_oc` \_jkodji ja nk`^d\g _`ndbi a`\opm`n- Fi oc` cdbc km`nnpm` \i_ dio`mh`_d\o`km`nnpm` n`ôdjin \gg k\mon r`m` _`ndbi`_ oj \ggjr am`` `sk\indji \i_ ^jiom\ôdji-Cjm `s\hkg`+ oc` no`\h ^c`non \i_ q\gq`n r`m` hjpio`_ n`k\m\o`gt amjh ocòpm]di` ^\ndib \i_ ^jii`ô`_ oj oc` digò ijuug`n ]t ag`sd]g` kdkdib- Qj m`_p^ò`hk`m\opm` bm\_dìon di oc` opm]di`+ oc` k\mod\ggt sk\i_`_ no`\h r\n \mm\ib`_ ojagjr ocmjpbc oc` jpo`m nk\^` ja oc` _jp]g` nc`gg ^jinompôdji-

085/|087/9 di^m`\ndib ndu`

Apmdib oc` 085/n \ iph]`m ja `som`h gt g\mb` jpokpo h\^cdi`n r`m` kg\^`_ din`mqd^`- Qc` h\nn m\o` ja agjr no`\h dn nj bm`\o 'ajm \ otkd^\g 55/JT opm]di`\]jpo 1-00/5fb.cm jm 3-60/5g] h\nn.cm( oc\o hpgodkg` gjr km`nnpm` n`ôdjinc\q` oj ]` kmjqd_`_-

Qc` 085/n r\n \ k`mdj_ rcì h\it ip^g`\m kjr`m no\odjin ^jhhì^`_jk`m\odji+ \i_ jaoì oc`n` pn`_ `doc`m oc` ]jdgdib r\o`m jm km`nnpmdu`_ r\o`m^t^g`n di rcd^c no`\h dn npkkgd`_ \o km`nnpm`n m\ibdib amjh 20 ]\m '34/kndb( oj58]\m '0///kndb(+ rdoc oc` no`\h _mt \i_ n\opm\o`_ \o \]jpo 15/@ '4//C(- Qj^jhkìn\o` ajm oc` m`g\odq`gt gjr ì`mbt ^jioìo ja no`\h+ oc` opm]di`n c\q`g\mb` jpokpon '02//JT(+ rdoc jmm`nkji_dibgt g\mb` no`\h h\nn agjr m\o`n '`-b-+\ 02//JT xip^g`\m opm]di`y c\i_g`n \]jpo 6-20/5fb.cm '05-/0/5g] h\nn.cm((-Qc` m`npgodib gjib '0-032h+ 2-64ao( g\no mjr ]g\_`n di oc` gjr km`nnpm` n`ôdjinc\q` ajm^`_ >h`md^\i km\ôd^` oj \_jko oc` 07//mkh o\i_`h,^jhkjpi_ _`ndbi-?`^\pn` ja oc` gjr`m nk``_+ Bpmjk`\i _`ndbin ja xip^g`\m opm]di`ny c\q`njhòdh`n ]`ì \]g` oj `hkgjt 2///mkh h\^cdi`n+ ]po hjno `s\hkg`n ja ocdnotk` ja opm]di` c\q` ]`ì o\i_`h,^jhkjpi_n jk`m\odib \o 04//mkh-

Qc` n\opm\o`_ digò ^ji_dodjin m`npgo di \ cdbc hjdnopm` ^jioìo di ocòpm]di` gjr km`nnpm` n`ôdjin+ g`\_dib oj ]g\_` `mjndji pig`nn m`c`\odib dn pn`_-?`^\pn` oc` r\o`m ^jjg`_ m`\ôjm kmjqd_`n jigt \ gjr o`hk`m\opm` c`\o njpm^`+m`c`\odib dn ijo \n àa`ôdq` \n do dn di ajnndg ap`g,adm`_ kg\ion+ nj h`^c\id^\ghjdnopm` n`k\m\odji hpno ]` pn`_ di \__dodji oj m`c`\odib-

Fi oc` 086/n njh` `qì g\mb`m no`\h opm]di`n+ rdoc kjr`m jpokpon di `s^`nnja 0///JT+ ^\h` dioj n`mqd^`- Qj c\i_g` oc` g\mb` lp\iodod`n ja no`\hm`lpdm`_ ]t oc`n` h\^cdi`n+ hpgodkg` gjr km`nnpm` no\b`n r`m` \mm\ib`_ dik\m\gg`g- Cdbpm` 4-8 ncjrn oc` n`ôdji ja ji` ja oc` orj 02//JT opm]di`n

^jhkgò`_ ]t ?mjri ?jq`md di 0863 ajm oc` D\qdi no\odji ja oc` >h`md^\iBg`ômd^ Mjr`m @jhk\it- J\^cdi`n ja ocdn otk` \m` oc` g\mb`no `q`m oj ]` pn`_ji \ ajnndg ap`g,adm`_ ^t^g`-

Qc` cdnojmd^\g _`q`gjkhìo ja oc` no`\h opm]di` ^\i ]` nphh\mdu`_ di \iph]`m ja r\tn- Cdbpm` 4-0/ ncjrn oc` kmjbm`nn di kjr`m jpokpo+ digòo`hk`m\opm` \i_ digò km`nnpm` amjh 0773 oj 0873-


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9ZXfcV -&1


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9ZXfcV -&12 S`mod^\g n`ôdji ja oc` 02//JT+ 25//mkh ^mjnn,^jhkjpi_ opm]di`]pdgo ]t ?mjri+ ?jq`md % @j- \i_ dino\gg`_ \o oc` D\qdi no\odji ja oc` >h`md^\iBg`ômd^ Mjr`m @j- di 0863- Po`\h digò ^ji_dodjin9 130]\m '24//kndb(+ 427@'0///C( rdoc ndibg` m`c`\o oj 427@ '0///C(- Qcdn dn oc` g\mb`no no`\h opm]di`di oc` rjmg_ npkkgd`_ ]t \ ajnndg,ap`g adm`_ no`\h bì`m\ojm-

>gocjpbc ocdn opm]di` dn _`n^md]`_ \n \ ^mjnn,^jhkjpi_ 'diomj_p^`_ ^-0803(]`^\pn` n`ôdjin ja oc` h\^cdi` \m` _dqd_`_ oj _mdq` orj n`k\m\o` gj\_n+ do \gnjdi^jmkjm\o`n o\i_`h ^jhkjpi_ a`\opm`n 'diomj_p^`_ T&0802( ]`^\pn` oc` cdbckm`nnpm` 'pkk`m gào( \i_ dio`mh`_d\o` km`nnpm` 'gjr`m gào( n`ôdjin \m` ^jpkg`_oj oc` gjr km`nnpm` n`ôdjin 'ji oc` mdbco(- >gg n`ôdjin \m` _jp]g` agjr'diomj_p^`_ T&08/5( rdoc no`\h npkkgt \o oc` ^ìom` kjdio ja oc` n`ôdji- Qc`no`\h agjrn di jkkjndo` \sd\g _dm`ôdjin ]\g\i^dib \it ocmpno ji oc` mjojmn amjhoc` no\b` km`nnpm` _mjkn- Qc` cdbc km`nnpm` n`ôdji dn npkkgd`_ rdoc no`\h amjhoc` no`\h bì`m\ojm- Qcdn n`ôdji ocì `sc\pnon+ ocmjpbc oc` m`c`\o`m+ oj oc`dio`mh`_d\o` km`nnpm` n`ôdji+ rcd^c di opmi `sc\pnon oj oc` ajpm gjr km`nnpm`n`ôdjin- Ajp]g` nc`gg ^jinompôdji 'diomj_p^`_ 0826( dn pn`_ di \gg n`ôdjin-

Qc` di^m`\ndib digò o`hk`m\opm`n \i_ km`nnpm` ncjri di Cdbpm` 4-0/ \m` \^jin`lpì^` ja oc` _`ndm` oj di^m`\n` oc` àad^dì^t ja oc` oc`mhj_ti\hd^ ^t^g`ja rcd^c oc` no`\h opm]di` dn \ k\mo- Qc` m`npgo c\n ]`ì \ ^jind_`m\]g`dhkmjq`hìo di ^t^g` àad^dì^t jq`m oc` t`\mn \n di_d^\o`_ ]t oc` _`^m`\ndibkg\io c`\o m\o`- O`gd\]dgdot dn \n dhkjmo\io \n àad^dì^t+ \i_ oc` ^jiodip\g\_q\i^`n di no`\h ^ji_dodjin \i_ kjr`m jpokpo c\q` m`lpdm`_ \ ^jmm`nkji_dibàajmo di hò\ggpmbt+ h\o`md\g ]`c\qdjpm \i_ dink`ôdji+ ]g\_` \i_ _dn^qd]m\odji+ \i_ agpd_ h`^c\id^n- Qc` a\ô oc\o m`gd\]dgdot c\n ]`ì h\dio\di`_rdoc oc` ^jiodipdib i``_ oj di^m`\n` oc` opm]di` jk`m\odib k\m\hò`mn dn \hjiphìo oj oc` ìbdi``mn rcj c\q` h\_` do kjnnd]g`-

FKQBOK>I @LJ?RPQFLK BKDFKBP

Qc` m`^dkmj^\odib dio`mi\g jh]pnodji ibdi` r\n oc` n`^ji_ otk` ja oc`mh\g kmdh`hjq`m+ \ao`m oc` m`^dkmj^\odib no`\h ibdi`+ oj ]` _`q`gjk`_+ rdoc oc` admno km\ôd^\g`s\hkg`+ oc` Iìjdm ìbdi`+ ]`dib ]pdgo di 075/- Qc`m` r`m` ocm`` di^ìodq`n ojm`kg\^dib oc` no`\h ìbdi`9 '\( `gdhdi\odji ja oc` ]jdg`m \i_ ^ji_ìn`m+ \i_ ocì``_ ajm bjj_ r\o`m; ']( oc` di^m`\ndib \q\dg\]dgdot ja npdo\]g` ap`gn9 ^j\g,b\n \i_kòmjg`ph _`mdq\odq`n; '^( oc` kjoìod\ggt cdbc`m oc`mh\g `

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