steam versus diesel class i perspecve - steam...

SteamVersusDieselClassIPerspec3ve

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Overview

•  Acoal‐burningsteamengine,89%fuelsavings•  2008$12.2Billiondieselfuelbill,USClassI’s•  Instead$1.3Billioncoalbill•  10.9Billioncostsavingperyear

BTUComparison2008

Diesel

Type CN NS CSX UP CP BNSF KCS

Amount $1.00

$ / Gal. $3.04 $3.09 $3.12 $3.13 $3.14 $3.16 $3.32

Gal. / $ 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.30 BTU / Gal. 163,572

BTU / $ 53,729 52,989 52,499 52,329 52,115 51,812 49,322

BTUComparison2008

Coal Type

PRB UIB ILB NAP CAP Amount $1.00

$ / Ton $21.56 $60.40 $74.46 $117.90 $113.71

Lb. / $ 92.76 33.11 26.86 16.96 17.59

BTU / Lb. 8,800 11,700 11,800 13,000 12,500

BTU / $ 816,327 387,417 316,949 220,526 219,858

PresentaPonOutline

•  MechanicalEngineersofModernSteam•  TheModernSteamLocomoPve•  ImportantTechnologiesOfModernSteam•  AmericanClassIRailroad:Needs•  Maintenance:ModernSteamvs.Diesel•  Comparisons:ModernSteamvs.Diesel•  InfrastructureandServicing:ModernSteam

TheMechanicalEngineersofModernSteam

Pioneers(deceased):•  AndreChapelon•  LivioDantePortaCurrent:•  DavidWardale•  PhilGirdlestone•  ShaunMcMahon•  NigelDay•  RogerWaller

AndreChapelon

•  FrenchMechanicalEngineer1892‐1978•  SNCF,SteamLocomoPveDesignDivision

•  GrandfatherOfModernSteam

•  AppliedThermodynamicsAndFluidDynamicsToTheSteamLocomoPve

•  Chapelon’sFormerBoss,GeorgeChan,FromTheSNCFDescribedHimAs“TheManWhoGaveNewLifeToTheSteamLocomoPve”

AndreChapeloncont.

•  1939 Rebuild: 4-Cylinder Compound SNCF 240P

AndreChapeloncont.•  1946 Design And Construction Of The 3-

Cylinder Compound: SNCF 242A.1

LivioDantePorta

•  ArgenPneanMechanicalEngineer1922‐2003

•  FatherOfModernSteam•  Developed3VeryImportantPartsOfModernSteam

LivioDantePortaCont.

•  1949 “Argentina”

LivioDantePortaCont.•  1957RioTurbio2‐10‐2’s

DavidWardale•  1981SARClass26#3450RebuildOfClass25NC

PhilGirdlestone•  AlfredCountyRailwayClassNGG16A141&155•  Girdlestone&Associates

ShaunMcMahon•  EmployedByTheRioTurbioRailway

– ConverPngRailwayToSteamFromDiesel

•  ConsultantFerrocarrilAustralFueguinoRailway– ModernizedSteamFleetOfTouristHauler

NigelDay•  ModernSteamTechnicalRailwayServices

RogerWaller•  DampflokomoPv‐undMaschinenfabrikAG(DLM)

TheModernSteamLocomoPve

PortaClassifiedSteamLocomoPvesAsFollows:•  Genera3on‘Zero,’•  FirstGenera3on(FGS),

•  SecondGenera3on(SGS),•  ThirdGenera3on(TGS),

SecondGeneraPonSteam(SGS)Porta’sOutline:•  14%ThermalEfficiency,TwiceFGS•  290‐362PSI,840°FSteam•  CompoundExpansion•  AdvancedExhaustDesign•  AdvancedSteamCircuitDesign•  GasProducerCombusPonSystem(GPCS)•  AdvancedFeedWaterTreatment•  HighRotaPonalSpeed(504RPM,AAR1947)•  EnvironmentallyResponsible•  RollerBearingsThroughout

ThirdGeneraPonSteam(TGS)Porta’sOutline–AlladvancementsofSGSplus:•  21%ThermalEfficiency,TripleFGS•  870PSI,1020°FSteam•  TripleExpansion•  3StageFeedWaterAndCombusPonAirHeaPng•  OtherDetailImprovements,Etc.•  27%ThermalEfficiencyWithCondensing

ByComparisonAnEMDSD70ACe,AnACTracPonDiesel‐Electric,HasADrawbarThermalEfficiencyOf35.6%

BSSRailTrafficController

Thanks to: • Eric Wilson, Owner of Berkeley Simulation Software • Charles Banks, President R. L. Banks & Associates, Inc.

TheLocomoPvesCompared•  Diesel:GeneralElectricC44‐9

–  TypicallocomoPveusedbyUSClassIRailroads–  4,400HorsePoweratPrimeMover–  6poweredaxles–  180,000poundsTracPveEffort– DynamicBrakes

•  Steam:ThirdGeneraPon2‐8‐8‐2–  5,900HorsePoweratDrawbar–  8poweredaxles–  180,000poundsTracPveEffort–  CompressionBraking

LocomoPves

Modern2‐8‐8‐2DrawbarHorsePower

050010001500200025003000350040004500500055006000

0 20 40 60 80DBHP100% DBHP87.5% DBHP75% DBHP62.5%

DBHP50% DBHP37.5% DBHP25% DBHP12.5%

Modern2‐8‐8‐2DrawbarPull

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

0 20 40 60 80DBPull100% DBPull87.5% DBPull75% DBPull62.5%

DBPull50% DBPull37.5% DBPull25% DBPull12.5%

TheRailroadsModeled

•  NorfolkSouthernPocahontasDistrict:– BetweenBluefieldandWilliamson,WestVirginia

•  BNSFRailwayClovisSubdivision:– BetweenClovisandVaughn,NewMexico

Diesel – Loaded Coal Williamson to Bluefield, WV – Norfolk Southern

Steam – Loaded Coal Williamson to Bluefield, WV – Norfolk Southern

Diesel – Trailers Clovis to Vaughn, NM – BNSF Railway

Steam – Trailers Clovis to Vaughn, NM – BNSF Railway

SteamandDieselCostsCompared

•  TheSteamLocomoPvehadfuelcosts89%lessthantheDieselLocomoPve

•  ThesteamlocomoPvesaveraged2.44tonsofcoaland2,880gallonsofwaterperhour

•  ThediesellocomoPvesaveraged252gallonsperhour

SteamandDieselPerformanceCompared

•  Onheavytonnagetrains– NSPocahontasDistrict– 1steamlocomoPveusedforeachdiesel

•  Onfasttrains– BNSFClovisSubdivision– Horsepowerwasequatedallowing2or3steamlocomoPvestomatch3or4diesels

$(5,000)

$-

$5,000

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

$25,000

$30,000

$35,000

$40,000

$45,000

$50,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Cos

t Sav

ings

in M

illio

ns o

f Dol

lars

Year

Cumulative Cost Savings Steam 2008

ImportantTechnologies

•  TheGasProducerCombusPonSystem(GPCS)

•  TheLemporExhaust

•  PortaWaterTreatment(PT)

ConvenPonalCombusPon

TheGasProducerCombusPonSystem(GPCS)

EnvironmentalBenefitsOfGPCS

•  SmokeDisappears

•  CO&HCEmissionsVirtuallyDisappear•  NOXEmissionsAreVeryLow

•  SulphurCanAlsoBeControlledByBlendingTheFuelWithACalcite‐DolomiteMixture

OtherBenefitsOfGPCS

• GPCSCanBurnEssenPallyAnyReasonableCombinaPonOfSolidFuels

TheLemporExhaust•  TheMostEfficientExhaustEjector

•  HeartOfTheSteamLocomoPve,SinceTrevithick,1804

•  UnderDevelopmentByPortaSince1952

PortaWaterTreatment(PT)•  OutgrowthOfAdvancedTreatmentsUsedOnTheRailwaysOfFrance(TIA)AndUK(Alfloc)

•  DevelopedForFerrocarrilNacionalGeneralBelgranoRailway,ArgenPna

•  TheChemistryOfTheBoilerWaterKeepsAnyScaleOrMud‐formingMaterialInSoluPonOrSuspension

•  AnPfoamsAreUsedToPreventHeavyBoilerWaterCarryover

MaintenanceBenefitsOfPT+GPCS•  PTEliminatesTheFormaPonOfScale

•  BoilerWashouts:6MonthCycleNot30DayCycle

•  BoilerBlowdowns:2MonthCycle,NotTwiceDaily

•  BoilerTubes,FireboxPlatesandSuperheaterElementsCanLast30Years

•  PTandGPCSusedtogether:–  VirtualEliminaPonOfBoilerMaintenance

AmericanClassIRailroad:Needs

•  AutomatedBoilerControls•  MulPpleUnitCapability

•  TracPonControl•  DynamicBraking

•  DistributedPowerAndRemoteControlCapability

•  CrewComfort

AmericanClassIRailroad:Needscont.

•  AutomatedBoilerControls– TwoPersonCrewsAreUnnecessary

•  MulPpleUnitCapability– ASinglePersonCrewPerLocomoPve,Unnecessary


•  TracPonControl– RestrictsSteamBeingExhaustedFromCylindersToKeepAWheelSlipFromOccurring

•  DynamicBraking– CompressionBrakesInstalledOnManySteamLocomoPves


•  DistributedPowerAndRemoteControlCapability– PossibleBecauseOfMUCapability

•  CrewComfort– CabMustBeAsComfortableAsADiesel

MaintenanceComparisons•  PrevailingView:SteamLocomoPvesMoreExpensiveToMaintainThanDiesels

•  FGSLocomoPvesWithOne‐pieceCastFrames,Roller‐bearingsOnAllAxles&MoPonAndCompleteMechanical&PressureLubricaPonWereCheaperToMaintainThanDiesels

MaintenanceComparisonscont.

•  H.F.Brown(InsPtuPonOfMechanicalEngineers):SteamLocomoPveWasSignificantlyCheaperThanDieselInPostwarUS

•  1963‐1986,SARClass25NCWas20%CheaperThanDiesel

•  OverLifecycle,25NCCheaperThanSARDiesel

•  WithGPCS&PortaTreatment,91%OfMaintenanceCostsSignificantlyReducedOrEliminated

LocomoPveComparisons

•  IdleFuelCosts:(2008)– $6.08to$17.26perhourDieselsw/oAPU’s– $2.06to$2.25perhourDieselsw/APU’s– $0.27and$1.48perhourmodernsteam

•  RunningTimeComparison:(fillups)•  SGS:1.5Coal+1.5Water=1Diesel•  TGS:1Coal+1Water=1Diesel•  CondensingTGS:1Coal=1Diesel

InfrastructureAndServicing

•  3BasicTypesOfFaciliPes:–  CoalingStaPon:Coal,Water&Sand– WateringStaPon:WaterOnly–  ServicingFacility:FireCleaning&LubricaPng

•  FireCleaning:1WeekOrLonger

•  LubricaPng:30Days

•  BoilerWashout:180Days

QuesPons

steam versus diesel class i perspecve - steam...

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