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Physics 160 Stellar Astrophysics Prof. Adam Burgasser Lecture 7 Stellar Interiors: HydrostaAc Equilibrium & GravitaAonal ContracAon 17 October 2013

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Page 1: Stellar’Astrophysics’pono.ucsd.edu/~adam/teaching/phys160/lectures/lecture7.pdf · 2013-10-19 · Physics’160’ Stellar’Astrophysics’ Prof.’Adam’Burgasser’ Lecture’7’

Physics  160  Stellar  Astrophysics  Prof.  Adam  Burgasser  

Lecture  7  

Stellar  Interiors:                              HydrostaAc  Equilibrium  &  GravitaAonal  ContracAon  

17  October  2013  

Page 2: Stellar’Astrophysics’pono.ucsd.edu/~adam/teaching/phys160/lectures/lecture7.pdf · 2013-10-19 · Physics’160’ Stellar’Astrophysics’ Prof.’Adam’Burgasser’ Lecture’7’

Announcements  •  HW  #3  due  tomorrow  @  5pm  in  box  outside  my  office  SERF  340  

•  Local  lab  =>  next  Wednesday  6:30-­‐8pm  at  Torrey  Pines  Glider  Port  – you  will  be  given  a  worksheet  to  complete  

–  this  is  low  stress!  an  opportunity  to  learn  some  practical  knowledge  about  the  sky  

•  Physics  seminar  today  on  string  theory  “Monstrous  Moonshine”  

•  OBAFGKMLTY  winners  

Page 3: Stellar’Astrophysics’pono.ucsd.edu/~adam/teaching/phys160/lectures/lecture7.pdf · 2013-10-19 · Physics’160’ Stellar’Astrophysics’ Prof.’Adam’Burgasser’ Lecture’7’

OBAFGKMLTY  winners  

(3  Ae)  Only  Batman  Avenges  For  Gotham's  Killings,  Murders,  Lies  (and)  Treachery...  Yay!  (Aisha  Iyer)  

(3  Ae)  One  Big  And  Furry  Gorilla  Killed  My  LiWle  Teeny  Yorkie  (Sean  Riley)  

(Runner-­‐up):  Oppenheimer  Built  Atomic  Fusion  Generators  Kindling  Many  LasAng  Tragedies  Yonder  (Myles  Ishihara)  

(Winner):  Oh,  Burgasser!  A  Failing  Grade  Kills  My  Luck  To  Yale  (Adrian  Wong)  

Page 4: Stellar’Astrophysics’pono.ucsd.edu/~adam/teaching/phys160/lectures/lecture7.pdf · 2013-10-19 · Physics’160’ Stellar’Astrophysics’ Prof.’Adam’Burgasser’ Lecture’7’

Physics  160     Fall  2013  

1  

Lecture  7:  Stellar  Interiors:  Hydrostatic  Equilibrium  &  Gravitational  Contraction  

17  October  2013    PRELIMS  • Announcements  [5  min]  • OBAFGKMLTY  winners  [5  min]  

 MATERIAL  [70  min]  • [10  min]  Review  • [5  min]  Motivate  stellar  interiors  • [20  min]  Hydrostatic  Eq.  &  Mass  Conservation  • [20  min]  Equations  of  state  • [15  min]  Virial  Theorem  

 DEMONSTRATIONS/EXERCISES  • none  

 MATERIALS  • awards  for  OBAFGKMLTY  

     

Page 5: Stellar’Astrophysics’pono.ucsd.edu/~adam/teaching/phys160/lectures/lecture7.pdf · 2013-10-19 · Physics’160’ Stellar’Astrophysics’ Prof.’Adam’Burgasser’ Lecture’7’

Physics  160     Fall  2013  

2  

Radiation  (Review)  • Line  emission  and  absorption  depends  on  the  population  

of  electrons  in  various  states  (Boltzmann)  AND  fraction  of  atoms  that  have  those  electrons  (Saha)  

• Both  depend  on  temperature,  but  collisional  processes  can  also  seed  electrons  to  high  states  

• Which  lines  form  also  depend  on  quantum  selection  rules    o For  electron  dipole  (E1)  and  magnetic  dipole  (M1)  this  

is  ΔJ  =  0,±1,  no  0-­‐>0  (s-­‐>s)  o Forbidden  lines  –  break  these  rules,  happen  through  

less  probably  mechanisms  (electric  quadrapole,  etc.)  –  seen  in  very  low  density  gas  (emission  nebulae)  –  origin  of  Nebulium  [O  III]  

• There  is  a  lot  more  on  radiative  transfer  that  we  did  not  cover  but  you  should  know  –  be  sure  to  read  the  book!  

 Stellar  Interiors:  Motivation  • HR  diagram  –  focused  on  the  appearance  of  the  star,  

specifically  T  (horizontal  axis)  –  line  profiles  and  SED  can  constrain  these  

• Vertical  axis:  L  =  4πR2σT4  –  how  do  we  predict  R  and  hence  L?  

• Other  atmospheric  characteristics  –  local  surface  gravity  g  =  GM/R2  ==>  local  pressure  also  depend  on  structure  of  star  

• And  where  is  this  energy  coming  from?  How  does  it  get  to  the  surface?  

• For  this  we  need  to  understand  stellar  structure    Hydrostatic  equilibrium  • Consider  average  density  ~  103  kg/m3  (water);  

photosphere  ~  10-­‐4  kg/m3,  core  ~  1.5x106  kg/m3    

Page 6: Stellar’Astrophysics’pono.ucsd.edu/~adam/teaching/phys160/lectures/lecture7.pdf · 2013-10-19 · Physics’160’ Stellar’Astrophysics’ Prof.’Adam’Burgasser’ Lecture’7’

Physics  160     Fall  2013  

3  

• Also  variations  in  T  and  P  =>  some  radial  structure  (radius  is  the  parameter  to  describe  star)  

• How  to  solve:  Force  balance  on  thin  slab  –>  derive  hydrostatic  equilibrium  equation  

• Estimate  core  pressure  assume  P  ~  -­‐r,  compare  for  Sun    Mass  conservation  • quick  derivation  

 Equation  of  state  • 3rd  equation  needed  between  P,  rho  and  M  • examples  of  EOSs  • derivation  of  ideal  gas  law  

o example  of  use  of  distributions  –  based  on  MB  energy  law  and  what  pressure  means  

o definition  of  mean  molecular  mass  –  examples  for  neutral,  ionized,  XYZ  

o estimate  core  T,  ΔT/R  and  ΔP/R  gradients  • radiation  pressure  –  compare  to  gas  pressure  in  sun’s  core  • Now  in  principle  we  have  enough  information  to  solve  for  

the  structure  of  a  star’s  interior    Virial  theorem  • Where  does  all  this  thermal  energy  come  from?    How  

about  gravity?  o Origin  of  stars  –  ISM  o For  ρISM  =  10

-­‐20  kg/m3,  R(Msun)  =  R  (ρsun/ρISM)

1/3  ≈  5x106  R

 ≈  0.1  pc.    

o Gravitational  energy  release  =  -­‐Ω  =  GM2[1/R  –  

1/0.1pc]  =  4x1041  J  o If  entire  star  absorbed  that,  NkT  =  (M/mH)kT  =  -­‐Ω  =>  T  

=  ΩmH/Mk  ≈  2x107  K  –  hot  enough!  • Derive  virial  theorem  

Page 7: Stellar’Astrophysics’pono.ucsd.edu/~adam/teaching/phys160/lectures/lecture7.pdf · 2013-10-19 · Physics’160’ Stellar’Astrophysics’ Prof.’Adam’Burgasser’ Lecture’7’

Physics  160     Fall  2013  

4  

o Show  that  kinetic  energy  gives  just  about  the  right  answer  

• Effect  of  radiating  star  losing  energy  =>  star  shrinks  and  temperature  increases  (negative  heat  capacity)  

• Derive  Kelvin-­‐Helmholtz  timescale  for  sun  –  20  Myr  o Implications  for  spectral  sequence  o realization  that  solar  system  is  much  older  –  alternate  

energy  source  needed      

Page 8: Stellar’Astrophysics’pono.ucsd.edu/~adam/teaching/phys160/lectures/lecture7.pdf · 2013-10-19 · Physics’160’ Stellar’Astrophysics’ Prof.’Adam’Burgasser’ Lecture’7’
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