stem cell comm kayla-pre.final

8/2/2019 Stem Cell Comm Kayla-pre.final

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an unspecialized cell which has the potential to createother types of specific cells.

Unspecialized in this sense means that the cell isnot a brain cell, muscle cell, or blood cell etc.However, it has the potential to become any ofthese.

What is a stem cell?

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Stem cells are unspecialized cells.

Fundamental property of a stem cell is thatthe cell contains no tissue specific structure.

A stem cell in the blood does not work with

the blood cells to carry oxygen

Characteristics of

Stem Cells



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Stem cells have the ability to become tissue- or organ-specific cells.

This process is called differentiation

Differentiation is the opposite of unspecialized

Stem cells pass through several stages, becoming morespecialized at each step.

Differentiation is controlled by the cells genes and DNA;it is irreversible.

Characteristics of

Stem Cells



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Stem cells are capable of renewingthemselves through cell division, even afterlong periods of inactivity

Replicate many timesunlike other cells

Adult stem cells are able to divide and

create mature cell types.

Characteristics of

Stem Cells



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Characteristics of

Stem Cells



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Embryonic Stem Cells

Derived from embryos

Includes embryos of animals and

humans

Derived from embryos used duringin-vitro fertilizationnot from ahuman womb

Varieties Stem Cells



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Somatic Stem Cells

Another name for adult stem cells

Found in cells of tissues or organs

Theoretically, generate replacements for cells that are lostthrough normal wear and tear, injury, or disease.

Typically generate the same cells of the tissue they residein

Example: Stem cells in the liver will normally createonly more liver cells

The use of somatic stem cells began only 50 years ago.

Varieties of Stem Cells



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Embryonic

Can become all types of cells in the body

Grown relatively easy in lab settings

Can be grown in large numbers

Unknown if transplant rejection would occurclinical trialshave only recently been approved.

Adult

Limited differentiation

Rare in mature tissues; isolation is a challenge

Stem CellComparisons



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A Brief History of

Stem Cell Research

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Objectives

Scientific History

Political History in theUnited States



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Stem Cell Discovery

Stem cells discovered in 1960s

Totipotent- total potential

Found in embryos

Pluripotent- 3 germ layers

Found in inner cell mass of blastocyst

Multi-potent- only closely related cells

Found in adult stem cells, cord blood, and fetal tissue



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In-Vitro Fertilization

1959: First animal made through in-vitro

1968: First human egg fertilized through in-

vitro

Problems when implanting

1978: First human born through in-vitro



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Louise Brown



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1990s

1997: Researchers at Johns HopkinsUniversity first isolate human embryonic

stem cells

1998: James Thomson develops new line of

immortal stem cells



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Government and Stem

Cells1974: National Commission for theProtection of Human Subjects of Biomedicaland Behavioral Research established in theDepartment of Health, Education, andWelfare

1975: Ethics Advisory Board for fetal tissueand fetal tissue research from abortionswas established



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18

1980: Ethics Advisory Board

disbanded by President Reagan

1988: Human Fetal Tissue

Transplantation Panel votes 18-3in favor of federal funding

Dept of Health and Human Services

disagrees because of likelihood ofincreased abortions



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Moratorium on Stem CellResearch

1990: President Bush Sr. vetoes measure to

allow federal funding

1993: President Clinton approves federalfunding for stem cell research

Reverses decision because of publicoutcry



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Dickey-Wicker

Amendment1995: Prohibits federal funds for:

Creation of embryos for research

Research in which embryos aredestroyed

1999: Cells used in stem cell research donot meet criteria to be considered anembryo



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NIH Stipulations

1.) Derived with private funds from frozenembryos from fertility clinics

2.) They must have been created forfertility treatment purposes

3.) Be in excess of the donor's clinical need

4.) Obtained with the consent of the donor



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Recently

2001: President George W. Bush limitedfederal funds to the 21 lines created after2001

2009: President Obama lifted ban of federalfunds for embryonic stem cell research



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Understand Cell

DevelopmentScientists couldwatch life unfold in a

human embryowithout riskingharmful side effectsor birth defects

Disease infected cellscould be studied to

see where they gowrong

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Drug and Medication

TestingDrugs could besafely tested on

stem cells to findideal treatments

Human and

animal testerswould no longerbe needed

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Potential Medical

TherapiesLimbs and organscould be grown in alab from stem cellsand then used in

transplants

Treatments and curescould be found fordiseases such as

Alzheimers disease,Parkinsons disease,schizophrenia,cancer, spinal cordinjuries, diabetes,

and many more Kristin Mitchell 3 of 4


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Controversies

Killing in the name of science?

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To question the value of life

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Adult stem cells provide help in tissue

repair

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Storage of cells fromumbilical cords

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Ethical Issues

the drastic need for

stem cell research

the infinitepossibilities

you choose

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The Future of Stem

Cell ResearchResolve ethical issues &give life to those in need

of genetic help

Current and Futureresearch

producing large

numbers

molecular signals

delivery to tissue

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Possibilities

treat severe Asthma

16 million people in the United States have asthma

development of immune systems

deliverance and administration:

injection

aerosolDr. Eva Mezey, head of the adult stem cell unit at the NationalInstitute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), cautionedthat this was an early-stage experiment conducted only in mice,and humans shouldn't get too excited just yet.

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Solve other problems

open wound care

baldness treatments

type of stem cell in hair follicles capable ofdeveloping into all three skin cell types

Current skin grafts such as those made for

burn victims are not fully functional, asthey have no hair follicles or sweat glands

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Improving Heart

Healthcardiovascular disease is the leading causeof death in men & women in the UnitedStates

Ultimate Goal:

using stem cell therapies to rescue peoplewith cardiovascular disease

two break through treatments:

the patch

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SuccessStudy in Germany: 35 patients received bone-marrow stem celltransplantation during coronary artery bypass surgery

achieved "excellent long-term safety and survival."

10 patients received transplantations after repair of mitral

valves

improvements in the heart's pumping capacity.

Slovenian improvements in patients with advanced heartfailure who received bone-marrow derived stem cells.

Singaporean researchers using nanotechnology to delivergenetically modified cells to help heal heart attack damage inrabbits.

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What society fails to

realize

"The one good thing that really has come

out is that nobody has been harmed by[the stem cell] therapies.

Darwin J. Prockop, M.D., Ph.D., director,Texas A&M Health Science Center College

of Medicine Institute for RegenerativeMedicine at Scott & White, Temple

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Infinite Possibilities

Kayla Booth 6 of 7

HELP FIND THEUNIVERSAL CURE


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Bibliography

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