stem cell therapies for type-1 diabetes
DESCRIPTION
Stem Cell Therapies for Type-1 Diabetes. Spinal Cord Society of New Zealand & Type-1 Diabetes?. Stem cells and making new tissues. Adult stem cells and autoimmunity. SCSNZ’s proposed trial(s). Spinal Cord Society NZ Inc. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Stem Cell Therapies for Type-1 Diabetes
1. Spinal Cord Society of New Zealand & Type-1 Diabetes?
2. Stem cells and making new tissues.
3. Adult stem cells and autoimmunity.
4. SCSNZ’s proposed trial(s).
• Who: Started by Noela Vallis & people with spinal cord injury (SCI), their families and care-givers in 1988.
• Aim:To support research into treatment of SCI and achieve a “Cure” - Neurological repair and, or regeneration.
• Strategy: Initially supported United States SCS.Later funded training of a NZ Neuroscientist in
USA.Set up a Dunedin laboratory & a NZ-based research
program!Laboratory projects with specific translational
research goals. Development of clinical studies.
Spinal Cord Society NZ Inc.
• Spinal cord injury is an extremely complex issue.
Spinal Cord Injury
• Successful treatments will require a combination of approaches including:
1. Stabilise – prevent further physical/metabolic damage.
2. Repair & reconstruct – fix and replace .3. Physiotherapy – relearn function.
SCSNZ & Regenerative Medicine
Stem Cell Therapies!
What are Stem Cells?
• Undifferentiated cell that can produce a differentiated cell or divide to produce another undifferentiated cell.
• 3 Main types: EmbryonicInducedAdult
What are Stem Cells?
Embryonic Stem Cells
Embryonic Stem Cells
AdiposeMuscle Epithelium
CNSCartilage
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
AdiposeMuscle Epithelium
CNSCartilage
Stem Cells & Tissue Engineering
Stem Cells & Tissue Engineering
• Liver: human in mouse (iPSCs + adult SCs)
0 days
3 days
2 days
• doi:10.1038/nature12271
Stem Cells & Tissue Engineering
• Retina: mouse eSCs
Induced:
Real thing:
Engineered cells
inserted into
real thing:
doi:10.1038/nbt.2643
Stem Cells & Tissue Engineering
• Brain: human iPSCs
Human brain
organoid:
Not yet transplant
ed into mice:
doi:10.1038/nature12517
Stem Cells & Type-1 Diabetes• Grow a new pancreas in the lab from stem
cells?• Not quite yet….• Grow islet cells in the lab from stem cells?• Viacyte Inc. San Diego
InsulinSomatostatinGlucagon
PEC-01 Cells implanted into mice develop into mature pancreatic like cells
Stem Cells & Type-1 Diabetes
Genetic background Viral Infection?+A combination of
factors.
Autoimmune destruction of insulin
producing cells.
Type-1 diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes15,000 NZers, increasing 5%p.a. Insulin dependent Devastating long term complications
Pancreas T-cells destroy islet cells
Type-1 Diabetes
Adult Stem Cells
• Self renewal capability.
• Not pluri-potent but multi-potent (more limited differentiation).
• Can be isolated and grown in the lab from:• Bone marrow• Fat• Umbilical cord• Many other tissues
Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Nerve
Ectoderm
Liver
Pancreas
Endoderm
BoneCartilage Fat
Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle
Mesoderm
Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Immunomodulation
Trial of Zhao et al. 2012, Participants.
• Median age:
• Median diabetic history:
• Number of participants:
29 years, range 15 - 41.8 years, range 1 – 21. 15 type-1
diabetics. 12 treated. 3 controls .
Trial of Zhao et al. 2012, Procedure.
T cells from patient
collected.
T cells mixed with umbilical cord
blood stem cells in the lab
T cells infused back to patient
to protect regenerating
islet cells
Patient monitored
for changes in diabetes
status.Zhao Y, et al., 2012. Reversal of type 1 diabetes via islet β cell regeneration following immune modulation by cord blood-derived multipotent stem cells. BMC Med. 10:3.
Trial of Zhao et al. 2012. Outcomes
• C-peptide levels (ng/ml)• HbA1c
• Insulin dose
• Markers of immune response
Severe ModerateControl
(moderate)+0.21 +0.42 -0.08
-1.68 -1.91 -0.30-25% -38% 0.00
•CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells increased (Treg cells)•TGFb levels increased•Restoration of Th1/Th2/Th3 cytokine balance
Diabetes severity
Results suggest autoimmune response was either stopped or attenuated allowing slow islet
recovery & insulin production
(12 weeks post treatment)
Insulin production
Lower normal baseline is 0.6
Clinical trials with stem cells.
• Regulatory details are being worked out worldwide.
• In NZ:
Standing Committee On Therapeutic Trials (SCOTT Committee).
Ethical approval from HDEC• Spinal cord injury trials take a long time and measuring benefit is multimodal.
• Strategic decision to target an “easier” disease to get cells into clinical trial = Type-1 diabetes.
Bone marrow stem cells from
patient grown and activated.
T cells from patient collected.
T cells deactivated by bone marrow
stem cells in flask
T cells infused back to patient to protect regenerating islet
cells
Patient monitored for
changes in diabetes status.
Bone marrow stem cells infused
into patient.
T cells deactivated in
patient.
Trial 1
Trial 2Patient
monitored for changes in
diabetes status.
Proposed trials at SCSNZ
Parameters to be monitored
• HbA1c• C-peptide levels• Insulin usage
• Blood glucose level monitoring
Efficacy measures
Immune measures• lymphocyte subsets,
(CD4, CD8, B, NK) • IgG, IgA and IgM serum levels.• Tetanus toxoid antibody,
anti-CMV and, or anti-EBV •Anti-Pneumococcal polysaccharide mix
• CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3 positive lymphocytes.
• T lymphocyte responses against i-IA-2, GAD, InsulinWe will measure numbers and reactivity of
relevant subsets of immune cells to look for changes following treatment.
Bone marrow aspirate taken
Bone marrow stem cells tested for quality and stored frozen for
trial
Bone marrow stem cells isolated and
grown
Colony forming Differentiatio
n Immunosuppressi
on
Pathogen screenSurface markers Karyotypin
g
Autologous bone marrow MSCs
What we need….
Terumo BCT Quantum Cell Expansion System.• Closed cell culture
system.• Highly reproducible
growth conditions.• Single cylinder per
patient.• About $300, 000.Trial Funding.
• Establishment & commission: $1.0 million.• Trial costs: $0.9 million.
Project Team
Dr Jim Faed Haematology/Clinical TrialsDr Paul Turner Stem Cell Biology
Dr Sarah Young Immunology
Prof. Jim Mann Diabetology
Dr Ben WheelerDiabetology
Please have a look at…
www.scsnz.org.nz/contact-us/send us your details to
receive free newsletter via email.
“Chasing a Cure for Type 1 Diabetes” on Facebook, run by Sandra Grant.