Stem cells :Basics Stem cells :Basics &ethical issues&ethical issues

Presented byPresented by

Asmaa Mohamed KhalafAsmaa Mohamed Khalaf

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Human developmentHuman development

How a human develops from a fertilized egg into an How a human develops from a fertilized egg into an embryo, and then a fetusembryo, and then a fetus..

Some basicsSome basics::

1-Fertilization1-Fertilization (A male sperm and (A male sperm and female egg fuse to form a zygote) (fertilised female egg fuse to form a zygote) (fertilised egg)-------( 0-24 hours).egg)-------( 0-24 hours).

The zygote is totipotent: it can produce all the The zygote is totipotent: it can produce all the cell types needed to make a complete human.cell types needed to make a complete human.

2-Cleavage (The zygote divides into two identical cells). These cells then cleave and the process repeats to form a ball of around 100 cells( 1-4 days).

-This happens while the zygote passes down the fallopian tube towards the uterus (womb).

..

3-Blastocyst formation (The ball of cells begins to specialize forming an outer layer of cells with a cluster of cells inside (inner cell mass) (5-14 days).

-Cells of the inner cell mass are pluripotent: they can form all cell types of the human body except tissues which support the embryo, such as the placenta .

-The inner cell mass is the source of one type of stem cell, embryonic stem cells.

4-Gastrulation (The cells in the inner cell mass move to form three layers, each of which will become different areas of the embryo).(Week3)

- The 3 layers are the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.

- The first sign of the nervous system appearing (the primitive streak) occurs at gastrulation

.. 5-Organogenesis (The formation of body organs). The embryo is called a fetus at 8 weeks when the structures which will give rise to all major organs are present.( Week 3-8)

- The ectoderm forms the skin, brain and nervous system; the mesoderm forms muscle and the skeletal and circulatory systems and the endoderm forms the gut lining and many of the

internal organs.

الرحيم الرحمن الله الرحيم بسم الرحمن الله بسم

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Definition of stem cell

An unspecialized cell that has the An unspecialized cell that has the ability to continuously divide and ability to continuously divide and differentiate into various kind(s) of differentiate into various kind(s) of cells/tissuescells/tissues..

Stem cells have two important Stem cells have two important characteristicscharacteristics..

11 - -They are unspecialized cells capable of They are unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell renewing themselves through cell division, sometimes after long periods of division, sometimes after long periods of inactivityinactivity..

22 - -Under certain physiologic or Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions specific cells with special functions (differentiation)(differentiation) . .

--In some organs, such as the gut and bone In some organs, such as the gut and bone marrow, stem cells regularly divide to marrow, stem cells regularly divide to repair and replace worn out or damaged repair and replace worn out or damaged tissuestissues . .

--In other organs such as the pancreas and In other organs such as the pancreas and the heart, stem cells only divide under the heart, stem cells only divide under special conditionsspecial conditions..

Why do scientists carry out research on stem cells?

-In most cases our bodies use tissue stem cells to replace damaged or worn cells. However, where the damage is extensive, this repair mechanism can fail.

- Also, many tissues in our body, for example brain tissue, cannot repair themselves efficiently.

-Also many degenerative diseases are not yet treatable by modern medicine .

-Transplantation of organs such as the heart can be an option, but it relies on a plentiful source of transplant organs, and many are in short supply.

- So stem cell research has gained a lot of attention because it has the potential to fill this gap in human medical therapies.

Possible uses of stem cells

1-To provide lab-grown human or animal tissue for identifying new treatments for disease.

2-To produce new human tissue and organs to replace those lost in injury or disease.

3-To repair tissue by stimulating stem cells already in the body.

4-To use stem cells from patients with inherited genetic diseases to study how the disease develops.

5-To investigate human development to better understand diseases like cancer.

Stem cells in toxicologyStem cells in toxicology

- - They can provide sufficient quantities of They can provide sufficient quantities of tissue specific human cells for screening or tissue specific human cells for screening or toxicity testing to the drugs and chemicals toxicity testing to the drugs and chemicals (models for cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, (models for cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity)genotoxicity) . .

--They can provide human cell-based in vitro They can provide human cell-based in vitro systems for safety evaluations to avoid systems for safety evaluations to avoid failure in preclinical development of new failure in preclinical development of new therapeutic drugs, and to shift the focus of therapeutic drugs, and to shift the focus of toxicology away from classical animal toxicology away from classical animal experimentsexperiments. .

History of Human Stem History of Human Stem CellsCells

--Stem cells have an interesting history that has Stem cells have an interesting history that has been somewhat tainted with debate and been somewhat tainted with debate and controversycontroversy . .

--In the mid In the mid 1800,1800, it was discovered that cells were it was discovered that cells were basically the building blocks of life and that some basically the building blocks of life and that some cells had the ability to produce other cellscells had the ability to produce other cells..

--In In 19681968,, the first bone marrow transplant was the first bone marrow transplant was successfully used in treatment of severe combined successfully used in treatment of severe combined immunodeficiencyimmunodeficiency..

--Since the Since the 19701970, bone marrow transplants have been used , bone marrow transplants have been used for treatment of immunodeficiencies and leukemiasfor treatment of immunodeficiencies and leukemias..

--In In 19981998, James Thomson , James Thomson (University of Wisconsin-Madison) (University of Wisconsin-Madison) isolated cells from the inner cell isolated cells from the inner cell mass of the early embryo, and mass of the early embryo, and developed the first human developed the first human embryonic stem cell linesembryonic stem cell lines..

- - In In 19981998, John Gearhart (Johns Hopkins , John Gearhart (Johns Hopkins University) derived human embryonic University) derived human embryonic germ cells from cells in fetal gonadal germ cells from cells in fetal gonadal tissue (primordial germ cells)tissue (primordial germ cells)..

..

--In In 20062006,, researchers made another researchers made another breakthrough by identifying conditions breakthrough by identifying conditions that would allow some specialized adult that would allow some specialized adult cells to be "reprogrammed" genetically cells to be "reprogrammed" genetically to assume a stem cell-like stateto assume a stem cell-like state . .

( (Induced pluripotent stem cellsInduced pluripotent stem cells.).)

--In In October October 20102010: Journal of Experimental : Journal of Experimental Medicine that research showsMedicine that research shows tissues made tissues made from a person's stem cells could from a person's stem cells could therefore be rejected, because therefore be rejected, because mitochondrial genomes tend to mitochondrial genomes tend to accumulate mutationsaccumulate mutations..

--January January 20122012: The human clinical trial of : The human clinical trial of treating type 1 diabetes using cord treating type 1 diabetes using cord blood-derived stem cells achieved an blood-derived stem cells achieved an improvement of C-peptide levels, improvement of C-peptide levels, reduced the median glycated reduced the median glycated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) values, and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) values, and decreased the median daily dose of decreased the median daily dose of insulin in both human patient groups insulin in both human patient groups with and without residual beta cell with and without residual beta cell functionfunction . .

Therapy appears "so simple and so safeTherapy appears "so simple and so safe""

Classification of stem cellsClassification of stem cells

11--Stem cells can be classified based on their ability Stem cells can be classified based on their ability to differentiate intoto differentiate into::

A-Totipotent stem cellsA-Totipotent stem cells Each cell can form a complete organism (e.g., Each cell can form a complete organism (e.g., identical twins)identical twins)..They exist only in early embryos(1-3)daysThey exist only in early embryos(1-3)days..

B- Pluripotent stem cellsB- Pluripotent stem cellsThey can generate all of the different cell types found in the body.They exist in the undifferentiated inner cell mass of They exist in the undifferentiated inner cell mass of the blastocyst(5-14)daysthe blastocyst(5-14)days..

C- Multipotent stem cellsC- Multipotent stem cells capable of producing many cell types but not all cell types in the body.

They are derived from fetal tissue, cord blood and They are derived from fetal tissue, cord blood and adult stem cellsadult stem cells . .

.

2-Scientists classified stem cells based on its source into three main types : (Embryonic stem cells, tissue stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells).

1-Embryonic stem cells (pluripotent ).

This type is obtained from early-stage embryos ,

specifically from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.

-Use of embryonic stem cells in research and therapy development:

…Advantage Have a strong ability to self-renew

(Telomerase ) in the laboratory, resulting in a constant supply of ES cells.

… Disadvantages 1-Genetically different to cells of

potential patients, so immune rejection could occur .

2-Ethical issues over embryo destruction .

2-Tissue stem cells ( adult stem cells):

- They are obtained

. Directly from the organ or tissue in which they are found Such as bone marrow, blood, cornea, retina, intestine, muscle, nervous system, brain, and skin .

- . Developing organs in the fetus, umbilical cord and placenta.

-They are termed multipotent . For example, a brain stem cell can become any cell type of the brain, but not a muscle cell .

-Their role in the body is to replace cells which die throughout life due to wear and tear or injury and disease. (stem cells in bone marrow replace blood cells) .

-They are ideal to use to investigate questions around cell differentiation that are specific to a certain tissue.

-Although tissue stem cell ability to ability to differentiate is more limited than differentiate is more limited than pluripotent stem cells, they already pluripotent stem cells, they already have a track record of success in cell-have a track record of success in cell-based therapiesbased therapies..

-Currently there are some effective treatments that use tissue stem cells from donors but these treatments carry a risk that donated cells will be rejected.

-Use of tissue stem cells in research and therapy development :

…Advantages 1-If taken from the patient’s own body

for use in therapies, cells would be genetically identical to that of the patient, avoiding the problem of immune rejection.

2-There are less ethical considerations compared with using embryonic stem cells .

…Disadvantages 1-They usually produce only a limited

number of different cell types.

2-Conditions supporting self-renewal in the laboratory have only been identified for a few tissue stem cell types, for instance skin and cornea.

3-Are found in very small numbers and are difficult to isolate.

4-Their numbers decrease with age .

33--Induced pluripotent stem cells Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS.)(IPS.)

- - Somatic cells can be reprogrammed Somatic cells can be reprogrammed genetically to form pluripotent stem genetically to form pluripotent stem cellscells. .

--These IPS cell lines will have DNA These IPS cell lines will have DNA matching that of the somatic cell donors matching that of the somatic cell donors and will be useful as disease models and and will be useful as disease models and potentially for allogenic transplantationpotentially for allogenic transplantation..

- -This strategy will help researchers learn This strategy will help researchers learn how to reprogram cells to repair how to reprogram cells to repair damaged tissues in the human bodydamaged tissues in the human body . .

Current sources of stem Current sources of stem cellscells

11--Early embryos created by Early embryos created by in vitro fertilizationin vitro fertilization either .Those which are not needed either .Those which are not needed for infertility treatment (Spare embryos)for infertility treatment (Spare embryos)

. . Created specifically for research Created specifically for research from donated eggs and sperm, using IVF methods or by activating donated human eggs without the use of sperm (parthenogenesis)..

22--Early embryos created by somatic (body) cell Early embryos created by somatic (body) cell nuclear transfer (nuclear transfer (SCNTSCNT), a procedure that ), a procedure that bypasses the normal fertilization process by bypasses the normal fertilization process by taking the genetic material from a cell in an taking the genetic material from a cell in an adult’s body and fusing it with an empty egg adult’s body and fusing it with an empty egg cellcell . .

This is a form of therapeutic cloning, which would This is a form of therapeutic cloning, which would allow cells to be customized for each individual allow cells to be customized for each individual and thereby minimize the chances of tissue and thereby minimize the chances of tissue rejectionrejection..

33--Germ cells or organs of an aborted fetusGerm cells or organs of an aborted fetus..

44--Blood cells of the umbilical cord at the time of Blood cells of the umbilical cord at the time of birthbirth..

55--Some adult tissues (such as bone marrow)Some adult tissues (such as bone marrow)..

66--Mature adult tissue cells reprogrammed to Mature adult tissue cells reprogrammed to behave like stem cellsbehave like stem cells..

N.BN.BIn the UK, permission to create embryos for research is granted only for very specific reasons, for instance in cases where scientists are trying to use ES cells to study a particular inherited disease.

..

..

How embryonic stem cells How embryonic stem cells are are grown in the grown in the

laboratorylaboratory?? -The generation of human ES cells has been

controversial due to ethical issues concerning the status of the embryo.

- Human embryonic stem cells Human embryonic stem cells are generated by transferring cells from a are generated by transferring cells from a pre-implantation-stage embryo into a pre-implantation-stage embryo into a plastic laboratory culture dish that plastic laboratory culture dish that contains a nutrient broth known as culture contains a nutrient broth known as culture mediummedium . .

--The cells divide and spread over the The cells divide and spread over the surface of the dishsurface of the dish . .

- -In the original protocol, the inner In the original protocol, the inner surface of the culture dish was coated surface of the culture dish was coated with mouse embryonic skin with mouse embryonic skin cells specially treated so they will not cells specially treated so they will not dividedivide . .

--This coating layer (feeder layer) provide This coating layer (feeder layer) provide the cells a sticky surface to which they the cells a sticky surface to which they can attach and release nutrients into can attach and release nutrients into the culture mediumthe culture medium . .

-Researchers have now devised ways to Researchers have now devised ways to grow embryonic stem cells without grow embryonic stem cells without mouse feeder cellsmouse feeder cells..

This is a significant scientific advance because This is a significant scientific advance because of the risk that viruses or other of the risk that viruses or other macromolecules in the mouse cells may be macromolecules in the mouse cells may be transmitted to the human cellstransmitted to the human cells..

-If these cells keep self-renewing for many months when grown in these conditions, and can still differentiate when tested, they are called a stem cell line .

-Such cell lines can produce almost unlimited numbers of pluripotent ES cells for research.

Isolate inner cell mass)destroys embryo(

Isolate inner cell mass)destroys embryo(

Heart muscleKidney

Liver

“Special sauce”)largely unknown(

Day 5-14BlastocystDay 5-14Blastocyst

Inner cells)forms fetus(Inner cells

)forms fetus(

Outer cells)forms placenta(

Outer cells)forms placenta(

Heartrepaired

Culture cellsCulture cells

Stem Cell differentiationStem Cell differentiation--Unspecialized stem cells give rise to specialized Unspecialized stem cells give rise to specialized

cellscells . .- - There are two types of signals inside and There are two types of signals inside and

outside cells that trigger each step of the outside cells that trigger each step of the differentiation processdifferentiation process . .

11--The internal signalsThe internal signals are controlled by a cell's are controlled by a cell's genes, which are interspersed across long genes, which are interspersed across long strands of DNA and carry coded instructions for strands of DNA and carry coded instructions for all cellular structures and functionsall cellular structures and functions..

22 - -The external signalsThe external signals: : Chemicals secreted by other cells, physical Chemicals secreted by other cells, physical

contact with neighboring cells, and certain contact with neighboring cells, and certain molecules in the microenvironmentmolecules in the microenvironment . .

The interaction of signals during differentiation The interaction of signals during differentiation causes the cell's DNA to acquire epigenetic causes the cell's DNA to acquire epigenetic marks that restrict DNA expression in the cell marks that restrict DNA expression in the cell and can be passed on through cell divisionand can be passed on through cell division..

How are embryonic stem How are embryonic stem cells stimulated to cells stimulated to

differentiatedifferentiate??--As long as the embryonic stem cells in As long as the embryonic stem cells in

culture are grown under appropriate culture are grown under appropriate conditions, they can remain conditions, they can remain undifferentiated (unspecialized)undifferentiated (unspecialized)..

- - But if cells are allowed to clump But if cells are allowed to clump together to form embryoid bodies, they together to form embryoid bodies, they begin to differentiate spontaneously. It begin to differentiate spontaneously. It is a good indication of healthy culture is a good indication of healthy culture but, it is not an efficient way to but, it is not an efficient way to produce cultures of specific cell typesproduce cultures of specific cell types . .

.. ---So, to generate cultures of specific types So, to generate cultures of specific types of differentiated cells scientists try to of differentiated cells scientists try to control the differentiation of embryonic control the differentiation of embryonic stem cellsstem cells . .

- 11 - -change the chemical change the chemical composition of the culture mediumcomposition of the culture medium . .

- 22--Alter the surface of the culture Alter the surface of the culture dishdish..

- 33--Modify the cells by inserting Modify the cells by inserting specific genesspecific genes..

--If scientists can reliably direct the If scientists can reliably direct the differentiation of embryonic stem differentiation of embryonic stem cells ,they may be able to use the cells ,they may be able to use the resulting differentiated cells to treat resulting differentiated cells to treat certain diseases in the futurecertain diseases in the future . .

--ResearchResearch is underway to develop various is underway to develop various sources for stem cells, and to apply stem sources for stem cells, and to apply stem cell treatments by transplanting cells cell treatments by transplanting cells generated from human embryonic stem generated from human embryonic stem cells for many diseases and conditions cells for many diseases and conditions such assuch as;;

..

How are adult stem cells How are adult stem cells being used todaybeing used today??

Stem cell procedures currently provide life-Stem cell procedures currently provide life-saving treatments for patients with saving treatments for patients with leukemia, lymphoma, other blood disorders, leukemia, lymphoma, other blood disorders, and some solid tumorsand some solid tumors . .The three main technologies in use today areThe three main technologies in use today are::

11--Adult stem cell transplant: bone marrow Adult stem cell transplant: bone marrow stem cellsstem cells

- - Stem cell technology has been used for more Stem cell technology has been used for more than 20 years in bone marrow transplants, than 20 years in bone marrow transplants, where the patient's bone marrow stem cells where the patient's bone marrow stem cells are replaced with those from a healthy, are replaced with those from a healthy, matching donormatching donor..

- - If the transplant is successful, the stem cells If the transplant is successful, the stem cells will migrate into the patient's bone marrow will migrate into the patient's bone marrow and begin producing new, healthy and begin producing new, healthy leukocytes to replace the abnormal cellsleukocytes to replace the abnormal cells..

--The methodThe method..

- - When stem cells are needed from a bone When stem cells are needed from a bone marrow donor, the aspiration procedure marrow donor, the aspiration procedure uses a special needle inserted into the bone uses a special needle inserted into the bone (typically the femur or iliac crest) to collect (typically the femur or iliac crest) to collect the cellsthe cells . .

- - Although the procedure is uncomfortable it Although the procedure is uncomfortable it can be tolerated by both children and adultscan be tolerated by both children and adults . .

- - For stem cell transplants, aspiration will For stem cell transplants, aspiration will likely be done in several locations to ensure likely be done in several locations to ensure plenty of stem cells are available for the plenty of stem cells are available for the transplanttransplant..

22--Adult stem cell transplant: peripheral Adult stem cell transplant: peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs)blood stem cells (PBSCs)

--Easier to collectEasier to collect..--ObstaclesObstacles..

11--Most blood stem cells reside in the bone Most blood stem cells reside in the bone marrow ,and a small number are present in marrow ,and a small number are present in the bloodstreamthe bloodstream..

22--PBSCs are sparse in the bloodstream, so PBSCs are sparse in the bloodstream, so collecting enough to perform a transplant can collecting enough to perform a transplant can pose a challenge. 3-Time consumingpose a challenge. 3-Time consumingOne aphaeresis donation may take up to eight One aphaeresis donation may take up to eight hourshours..

Sometimes two donations are done on separate Sometimes two donations are done on separate days, with each collection taking four to six days, with each collection taking four to six hourshours..

--So the donor receives the drug Filgrastim So the donor receives the drug Filgrastim (neopogen) to move more stem cells from (neopogen) to move more stem cells from the bone marrow into the bloodstreamthe bone marrow into the bloodstream . .

--Filgrastim is administered daily by Filgrastim is administered daily by injection for five days prior to collectioninjection for five days prior to collection..

--The methodThe method Where the blood is drawn from the donor Where the blood is drawn from the donor

(similar to a blood donation), and passed (similar to a blood donation), and passed through a machine that extracts the stem through a machine that extracts the stem cells and returns other portions of the cells and returns other portions of the blood to the donorblood to the donor..

33--Umbilical cord blood stem cell Umbilical cord blood stem cell transplanttransplant::

--Umbilical cords traditionally have been Umbilical cords traditionally have been discarded as a by-product of the birth discarded as a by-product of the birth processprocess . .

--In recent years, the stem-cell-rich blood In recent years, the stem-cell-rich blood found in the umbilical cord has proven found in the umbilical cord has proven useful in treating the same types of useful in treating the same types of health problems as those treated using health problems as those treated using bone marrow stem cells and PBSCsbone marrow stem cells and PBSCs..

--Of all stem cell types, autologous Of all stem cell types, autologous harvesting involves the least riskharvesting involves the least risk . .

Disadvantages of Stem cell Disadvantages of Stem cell

treatmentstreatments

11--May require immune-suppression because May require immune-suppression because of a requirement for radiation before the of a requirement for radiation before the transplant to remove the patient's transplant to remove the patient's previous cells, or because the patient's previous cells, or because the patient's immune system may target the stem cellsimmune system may target the stem cells . .

22--Pluripotency in the stem cells could also Pluripotency in the stem cells could also make it difficult to obtain a specific cell make it difficult to obtain a specific cell typetype . .

- - Undifferentiated cells can create tissues Undifferentiated cells can create tissues other than desired typesother than desired types..

33--Some stem cells form tumors after Some stem cells form tumors after transplantation; pluripotency is linked transplantation; pluripotency is linked to tumor formation especially in to tumor formation especially in embryonic stem cells, fetal proper stem embryonic stem cells, fetal proper stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cellscells, induced pluripotent stem cells . .

44--Unexpected behavior of the cells. Unexpected behavior of the cells. 5- unknown long-term 5- unknown long-term health effectshealth effects..

اإلسالمي قرار قرار الفقه اإلسالمي مجمع الفقه مجمع  ةةورورالدالد))- - الفترة في المكرمة بمكة المنعقدة عشرة   السابعة الفترة في المكرمة بمكة المنعقدة عشرة السابعة

البحوث وبعد وبعد ((20032003--هـهـ23/10/142423/10/1424ــ1919))منمن إلى البحوث االستماع إلى االستماع ، والمختصين والخبراء األعضاء وآراء الموضوع في ، المقدمة والمختصين والخبراء األعضاء وآراء الموضوع في المقدمة

االنتفاع وطرق ومصادرها الخاليا من النوع هذا على االنتفاع والتعرف وطرق ومصادرها الخاليا من النوع هذا على والتعرفالمجلس اتخذ ، المجلس منها اتخذ ، التال منها التال القرار   ::ي(ي(القرار

/ � � /أوال وتنميتها يجوزيجوز أوال الجذعية الخاليا على وتنميتها الحصول الجذعية الخاليا على الحصول، واستخدامهاواستخدامها المباحة العلمية األبحاث إلجراء أو العالج ، بهدف المباحة العلمية األبحاث إلجراء أو العالج بهدف

ذلك ومن ، F مباحا مصدرها كان ذلك إذا ومن ، F مباحا مصدرها كان المصادر إذا المثال سبيل المصادر على المثال سبيل على : :اآلتية اآلتية

عليهم .--11 ضرر ذلك في يكن ولم ، أذنوا إذا عليهم .البالغون ضرر ذلك في يكن ولم ، أذنوا إذا البالغونضرر --22 وبدون شرعية لمصلحة أولياؤهم أذن إذا ضرر األطفال وبدون شرعية لمصلحة أولياؤهم أذن إذا األطفال

. .عليهمعليهمالوالدين --33 بإذن السري الحبل أو الوالدين المشيمة بإذن السري الحبل أو . .المشيمة44--. الوالدين وبإذن الشرع، يجيزه F تلقائيا السقط .الجنين الوالدين وبإذن الشرع، يجيزه F تلقائيا السقط الجنينوتبرع. 55 وجدت إذا األنابيب أطفال مشاريع من الفائضة وتبرع. اللقائح وجدت إذا األنابيب أطفال مشاريع من الفائضة اللقائح

حمل في إستخدامها يجوز ال أنه على التأكيد مع الوالدان حمل بها في إستخدامها يجوز ال أنه على التأكيد مع الوالدان بها. مشروع .غير مشروع غير

وتنميتها يجوزيجوزال ال / /ثانيا ثانيا الجذعية الخاليا على وتنميتها الحصول الجذعية الخاليا على الحصولمصدرها واستخدامهاواستخدامها كان إذا ، العلمية األبحاث أو العالج مصدرها بهدف كان إذا ، العلمية األبحاث أو العالج بهدف

ذلك محرممحرم ومن ذلك ، ومن اآلتية ، المصادر المثال سبيل اآلتية على المصادر المثال سبيل ::علىالشرع. .11 يجيزه طبي سبب بدون F تعم[دا المسقط الشرع. .الجنين يجيزه طبي سبب بدون F تعم[دا المسقط الجنين

ب. 2222 بين المتعمد ب. التلقيح بين المتعمد من ووالتلقيح منوي وحيوان متبرعة من من يضة منوي وحيوان متبرعة من يضة..متبرعمتبرع

العالجي. .3333 العالجي. .االستنساخ االستنساخ - - - عذر دون الحمل - إسقاط عذر دون الحمل جناية - إسقاط ويعد ،F شرعا محرم هو ، جناية - شرعي ويعد ،F شرعا محرم هو ، شرعي

وال :) وتعالى سبحانه لقوله اإلسالمية، الشريعة عليها وال :) تعاقب وتعالى سبحانه لقوله اإلسالمية، الشريعة عليها تعاقب: ) اإلسراء وإياكم نرزقهم نحن إمالق خشية أوالدكم :تقتلوا ) اإلسراء وإياكم نرزقهم نحن إمالق خشية أوالدكم ..3131تقتلوا

الجنين من تؤخذ التي الجذعية الخاليا الجنين فاستخدام من تؤخذ التي الجذعية الخاليا فاستخدامأول في أول اآلدمي، في بعد 1414اآلدمي، إال يكون ال تكونه، من F بعد يوما إال يكون ال تكونه، من F يوما

·) قتله ) أي تدميره ثم الجنين (·إنشاء قتله ) أي تدميره ثم الجنين إنشاءاإلجهاض على ينطبق ما ،F شرعا عليه ينطبق اإلجهاض فهو على ينطبق ما ،F شرعا عليه ينطبق فهو

· البشري الجنين حق في جريمة هو الذي · اإلجرامي، البشري الجنين حق في جريمة هو الذي اإلجرامي،

المنوية - - الحيوانات أو ، والمؤنثة المذكرة بالنطف التبرع iألحد يجوز ال المنوية كما الحيوانات أو ، والمؤنثة المذكرة بالنطف التبرع iألحد يجوز ال كمابهدف " " جنين إلى ذلك بعد تتحول مخصبة بويضات إلنتاج البويضات بهدف " " أو جنين إلى ذلك بعد تتحول مخصبة بويضات إلنتاج البويضات أو

منه . الجذعية الخاليا على منه .الحصول الجذعية الخاليا على الحصول

العالجي، - - االستنساخ بواسطة الخاليا هذه على الحصول في ذاته العالجي، والحكم االستنساخ بواسطة الخاليا هذه على الحصول في ذاته والحكمتجارب بإجراء يسمح وال اآلدمي، الجنين حرمة انتهاك يمنع اإلسالم تجارب فإن بإجراء يسمح وال اآلدمي، الجنين حرمة انتهاك يمنع اإلسالم فإن

والمعالجة للتداوي الحاجة وجود المبرر كان ولو البشري، والمعالجة االستنساخ للتداوي الحاجة وجود المبرر كان ولو البشري، االستنساخأو مستعصية أو ألمراض مستعصية للحصول ألمراض lة األجن استنساخ F شرعا يمنع فإنه للحصول خطيرة، lة األجن استنساخ F شرعا يمنع فإنه خطيرة،

الجينية الجذعية الخاليا الجينية على الجذعية الخاليا في من:)من:)على فساد أو نفس بغير F نفسا في قتل فساد أو نفس بغير F نفسا األرض األرض قتل F جميعا الناس قتل F فكأنما جميعا الناس قتل ..3232المائدة:المائدة:) ) فكأنما

على بينما - بينما - الحصول جواز األردنية اإلسالمية الطبية العلوم جمعية على ترى الحصول جواز األردنية اإلسالمية الطبية العلوم جمعية ترىوهي بضوابط ذلك ويقيدون العالجي االستنساخ بواسطة الجذعية وهي الخاليا بضوابط ذلك ويقيدون العالجي االستنساخ بواسطة الجذعية الخاليا

::أنأناالستنساخ --11 إلى يؤدي ذلك ألن الرحم إلى الجسدية الخاليا oنقل ت االستنساخ ال إلى يؤدي ذلك ألن الرحم إلى الجسدية الخاليا oنقل ت ال

..التكاثري التكاثري oستغل --22 ت وال المرأة oمتهن ت ال حتى البشرية البويضات شراء يتم ال oستغل أن ت وال المرأة oمتهن ت ال حتى البشرية البويضات شراء يتم ال أن

. المال إلى . حاجتها المال إلى حاجتهاالعالجي ف )ف ) العالجي االستنساخ خالفية مازال مازال االستنساخ خالفية قضية ((قضية

اللقاحات أخذ من الشرعي الموقف هو اللقاحات ما أخذ من الشرعي الموقف هو مااألنابيب، أطفال مشاريع من األنابيب، الفائضة أطفال مشاريع من الفائضة

الجذعية؟ الخاليا على للحصول الجذعية؟ وتنميتها الخاليا على للحصول وتنميتهااألنابيب - - أطفال من الفائض استخدام حكم في تفاوت األنابيب هناك أطفال من الفائض استخدام حكم في تفاوت ::هناك اللقائح حيثحيث تنمية جواز اإلسالمي الفقهي المجمع مجلس اللقائح يؤيد تنمية جواز اإلسالمي الفقهي المجمع مجلس يؤيد

الجذعية الخاليا على للحصول األنابيب أطفال عمليات من الجذعية الفائضة الخاليا على للحصول األنابيب أطفال عمليات من الفائضةالشرعية الضوابط الشرعية وفق الضوابط . . وفق

يجوز، بينمابينما ال ذلك أن األردنية اإلسالمية الطبية العلوم جمعية يجوز، ترى ال ذلك أن األردنية اإلسالمية الطبية العلوم جمعية ترىالذي المطلوب العدد على يقتصر أن التخصيب إجراء عند يجب الذي بل المطلوب العدد على يقتصر أن التخصيب إجراء عند يجب بل

الرحم إلى الرحم سينقل إلى ..سينقل بالمملكة والطبية الحيوية لألخالقيات الوطنية اللجنة منعت بالمملكة كما والطبية الحيوية لألخالقيات الوطنية اللجنة منعت كما

الخاليا الستخالص الملقحة البويضات استخدام السعودية الخاليا العربية الستخالص الملقحة البويضات استخدام السعودية العربيةالعلمية البحوث في العلمية الجذعية البحوث في بسبب و و الجذعية يكن لم اللجنة موقف أن بسبب رغم يكن لم اللجنة موقف أن رغم

هذه مثل وتقنين ضبط صعوبة على oني ب وإنما قطعي شرعي هذه مانع مثل وتقنين ضبط صعوبة على oني ب وإنما قطعي شرعي مانع ..األبحاثاألبحاث

استخدام لجواز الشرعية استخدام الضوابط لجواز الشرعية الضوابطالجذعية الجذعية الخاليا الخاليا

إجراء لمشروعية الشرعي السند إجراء إن لمشروعية الشرعي السند العالج إن و الجذعية الخاليا على العالج األبحاث و الجذعية الخاليا على األبحاثللمرضى، العالجية المصلحة هو شرعا، الجائزة الحاالت في للمرضى، الجيني العالجية المصلحة هو شرعا، الجائزة الحاالت في وعدم وعدم الجيني

بان مشروط ذلك ولكن الطبية، المجاالت في العلمي التقدم من بان الحد مشروط ذلك ولكن الطبية، المجاالت في العلمي التقدم من الحدالتالي الشرعية الضوابط وفق التالي يكون الشرعية الضوابط وفق ::ةةيكون

والفنية --11 والتقنية العلمية االحتياطات كل تؤخذ والفنية أن والتقنية العلمية االحتياطات كل تؤخذ والمعملية والمعملية أن

األضرار كل لتفادي األضرار االحترازية كل لتفادي . االحترازية الجيني العالج على تترتب أن يمكن .التي الجيني العالج على تترتب أن يمكن التيالظن أن أن --22 حدود في محققة العالج من المتوخاة المنافع الظن تكون حدود في محققة العالج من المتوخاة المنافع تكون

آثاره كانت إذا أما آثاره الغالب، كانت إذا أما على الغالب، إجراؤه يجوز فال فيها مشكوكا على اإليجابية إجراؤه يجوز فال فيها مشكوكا اإليجابية..اإلنساناإلنسان

في --33 العالج يكون في إن العالج يكون العبث إن عن وبعيدا الشريفة األغراض العبث حدود عن وبعيدا الشريفة األغراض حدودقوة إثبات ألجل يكون ال بأن وذلك قوة والفوضى، إثبات ألجل يكون ال بأن وذلك يترتب والفوضى، أن دون فقط يترتب العلم أن دون فقط العلم

للبشرية . منافع للبشرية .عليه منافع عليهمجال ييال ال اا --44 في الجيني العالج مجال كون في الجيني العالج البشرية كون الساللة على البشرية التأثير الساللة على التأثير

يؤدي ) ال إي وموضوعا F شكال السليمة اإلنسان فطرة يؤدي ) وعلى ال إي وموضوعا F شكال السليمة اإلنسان فطرة خلق وعلى تغيير خلق إلى تغيير إلىالله(.الله(.الحيوان .--55 تعذيب إلى أو بالبيئة اإلضرار إلى العالج يؤدي ال الحيوان .أن تعذيب إلى أو بالبيئة اإلضرار إلى العالج يؤدي ال أن

والدينية،و وعلىوعلى األخالقية الضوابط هذه مراعاة والدينية،و العلماء، األخالقية الضوابط هذه مراعاة العلماء،في الممكنة البدائل في البحث في ضرورة الممكنة البدائل في البحث المجاالت، ضرورة المجاالت، هذه هذه

ومنها:ومنها: ، البالغة الجذعية الخاليا ، استخدام البالغة الجذعية الخاليا الخاليا استخدام برمجة الخاليا وإعادة برمجة وإعادة

الجذعية الخاليا واستخالص الجذعية البالغة، الخاليا واستخالص األعضاء البالغة، من األعضاء البالغة من البالغةمن واالستفادة القلب، لعضالت الذاتية والزراعة من المهمة، واالستفادة القلب، لعضالت الذاتية والزراعة المهمة،

في الخالياالخاليا يدخل مما وغيرها السري، الحبل من في الجذعية يدخل مما وغيرها السري، الحبل من الجذعيةالمشروع . التداوي المشروع . إطار التداوي إطار

من والديني األخالقي البعد مع يتالزم أن بد ال الختام من وفي والديني األخالقي البعد مع يتالزم أن بد ال الختام وفيالمذكورة الضوابط المذكورة خالل الضوابط فيه , خالل يكون قانوني تشريعي فيه , بعد يكون قانوني تشريعي بعد

تجاوز يحاول من لكل والزجر تجاوز الردع يحاول من لكل والزجر األخالقي الردع األخالقي البعد البعدبالقرآن , يردع ال ما بالسلطان يردع الله فان بالقرآن , والديني يردع ال ما بالسلطان يردع الله فان .. والديني

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