stem cells sci basics 07/20/05 stem cell science basics ethics in the science classroom professional...

Stem Cells Sci Basics 07/20/05

Stem Cell Science Basics

Ethics In The Science Classroom

Professional Development for Secondary Science Teachers

NWABR – Pack ForestJuly 20, 2005

Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABTwww.asmalldoseof.org


Question??

Who were the most influential people of the past century?

James Watson (L) and Francis Crick (R), and the model they built of the structure of DNA (and Rosalind Franklin).


Topics

Stem Cells – The Basics Cloning – Therapeutic and Human The Politics – State, National,

International


Stem Cell History

1998 - Researchers first extract stem cells from human embryos

1999 - First Successful human transplant of insulin-making cells from cadavers

2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research

2002 - Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International creates $20 million fund-raising effort to support stem-cell research

2002 - California ok stem cell research

2004 - Harvard researchers grow stem cells from embryos using private funding

2004 - Ballot measure for $3 Billion bond for stem cells


Importance

Disease• Diabetes, Spinal

cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, heart disease

Genetic based Disease

• Cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s


Stem Cell Characteristics

‘Blank cells’ (unspecialized)

Capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods of time (proliferation and renewal)

Have the potential to give rise to specialized cell types (differentiation)


Stem Cell Differentiation

Princeton University


Sexual Reproduction

The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals


Stem Cell Cultivation

University of Wisconsin-Madison


Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)

August 9, 2001 - President Bush restricted federal funding of human embryonic stem cell research to 70 lines thought to be in existence

Only 11 now available and useable

Many researchers calling for change

Science and Politics of ESCs research


Blastocyst Diagram

Princeton University


Five Day Pre-Embryo

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/


Human Clones?

Are there human clones?

Yes – Identical Twins(Time 2.19.01)


Cloning Defined

• What is cloning?• Asexual reproduction

• Examples?• Bacteria, fungus• Plants – cutting – potato• Farm animals


Asexual Reproduction

The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals


Cloning Dolly

1997 - 2003

(Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/)


Cloning A Sheep



Human Stem Cell Production


Removing Nucleus

Removing the maternal nucleus before nuclear transfer



Nuclear transfer

Nuclear transfer embryo about to be activated



Cloning for use in Stem Cells

Cloning techniques for creating stem cells

Therapeutic cloning

Reproductive cloning


IVF – In Vitro Fertilization

Available since 1986 About 100,000 IVF kids in U.S. Often creates extra embryos U.S. - About 400,000 frozen

embryos (unregulated) England – 52,000 (regulated by

government)


What Americans Think

From Research!Americahttp://www.researchamerica.org/

Taking Our Pulse: The PARADE/Research!America

Health Poll Charlton Research Company, 2005

July 10, 2005


7%11%

35%

23%

24%

Very well

Somewhat well

Somewhat Poorly

Very Poorly

Don't know

Do you think the U.S. is performing well or performing poorly compared to other nations in terms of science and math education?

Taking Our Pulse: The PARADE/Research!America Health Poll Charlton Research Company, 2005

U.S. Performance in Science and Math Education



A Majority of Americans Favor Embryonic Stem Cell Research

13%

18%

24%

34%

11%

Strongly favor

Somewhat favor

Somewhat oppose

Strongly oppose

Don't know

Do you favor or oppose medical research using embryonic stem cells?

58%

29%



A Majority of Americans Favor Research Using Donated Eggs from Fertility Clinics

Scientists can extract embryonic stem cells from fertilized eggs that are voluntarily donated by fertility clinic patients. These fertilized eggs would otherwise be discarded.

Knowing this, do you favor or oppose embryonic research?

7%

31%

62%Favor

Oppose

Don't know



A Majority of Americans Favor Cloning Technology to Make Embryonic Stem Cells

Scientists can now make embryonic stem cells for medical research by merging an unfertilized egg with a skin cell, for example. In other words, no fertilization takes place

and there is no merger of egg and sperm. Knowing this, do you favor or oppose embryonic stem cell research?

9%

22%

69% Favor

Oppose

Don't know



Therapeutic Cloning Should Be Allowed

6%

35%

59% Yes

No

Don't know

Therapeutic cloning is the use of cloning technology to help in the search for possible cures and treatments for diseases and disabilities. Do you think that

research into therapeutic cloning should be allowed?


WA State Legislation

WA State Stem Cell Billshttp://www.leg.wa.gov/wsladm/billinfo1/billsearch.cfm?Searchterm=stem%20cell

"Regulating stem cell research“ (passed House 59-36 on 3/15/05 and failed in the Senate 26-23 on 4/11/05)

Forum on Science Ethics and Policy(FOSEP – at UW)

http://www.fosep.org/


State Legislation – Key Points

Informed Consent No reproductive Cloning IRB approval


California Legislation

Law supports therapeutic cloning $3 Billion bond measure to support

stem cell research - 2004


National Regulation

2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research

Federal funding only for existing stem cell lines

Many consider inadequate


National Legislation

House of Representatives passed the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act (H.R. 810)

Senate is expected to consider it soon - corresponding bill (S.471) today!


International Legislation

South Korea – refined nuclear transfer or therapeutic cloning

China – supports research Singapore – stem cell research a

national priority Israel – leaders stem cell disease Great Britain – leader Dolly – active

support of research Japan – supports research


Stem Cells and Cloning

Questions or Comments?


Stem Cell - References

Forum on Science Ethics and Policy(FOSEP – at UW)

http://www.fosep.org/

The bioscience-bioethics friendship Co-operative

http://www.bioscience-bioethics.org/portal.htm

A Small Dose of Toxicologywww.asmalldoseof.org


Authorship Information

For Additional Information ContactSteven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABT

Director, [email protected]

[email protected]: www.asmalldoseof.org

This presentation is supplement to “A Small Dose of Toxicology”


A Small Dose of Toxicology

See: www.asmalldoseof.org -- smdose

stem cells sci basics 07/20/05 stem cell science basics ethics in the science classroom professional...

Documents

stem cells sci basics

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international slide

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