1

Step Forward In Diesel Engine Emissions Reduction:

System Incorporating A Novel Low Emission Diesel Fuel

& Conventional Lubricant

D. A. Langer and E. A. BardaszThe Lubrizol Corporation

Wickliffe, Ohio

2

Outline

• Test Program– Vehicle– Test Cycle– Test method– Fuel Matrix– Aftertreatment Matrix– Instantaneous effects

• Results– Legislated Emissions and Fuel Economy– Speciation / Non Legislated– Particulates detail (size v number)

• Summary

3

• Low Viscosity

• Fuel in Contact with Tank and Engine

• Efficient Water Dispersion

• Mixes with Diesel Fuel

State-of-the-Art Technology

WaterDroplet

Fuel Soluble“Tail” of Additive

Water Soluble“Head”

of Additive

Water-in-Diesel Fuel

(PuriNOxTM Fuel)

Water

Fuel

4

PuriNOx™

Additive Package

PuriNOx™

FuelPuriNOx™

Blending Unit

PuriNOx Performance Systems

Water

DieselFuel

Seasonal or Other

Components

5

PuriNOx™ Performance Systems Fuel

Uniqueness of PuriNOx Fuel

Lubricity and Anti-CorrosionEquivalent to Diesel Fuel

Has Enhanced Safety PotentialCompared to Gaseous Fuels

Reduces NOx by 9 - 25% and Particulates by 25 - 50%

Handles Like Diesel Fuel and Remains Stable in Storage and Vehicle Tanks

Can be Used Immediately By Dispensing Fuel Directly into Vehicle Tanks

Uses Existing Storage, Distribution, and Vehicle Fueling Facilities

6

Test Vehicle

• Euro 2 Volvo Olympian B10A bus, mechanically fuel injected with automatic gearbox

• Rated power Max. 183 kW @ 2000rpm, 1050 Nm torque @ 1450rpm

• Dynamometer road load simulated - 13,723 kg to represent vehicle weight + nominal 75 % passenger loading

• No changes were made to the engine set-up• No exhaust after-treatment on vehicle

7

London Transport - Route 159

8

London Transport Bus Cycle (LTB)

0

10

20

30

40

500

10

20

30

40

50

Speed (km/ h)Outer London (Phase 1) - Brixton to Trafalgar Square, 6.45km 1380 secs.

Inner London (Phase 2) - Trafalgar Square to Baker Street, 2.47km 901 secs.

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The V.T.E.C

Variable Temperature Emissions ChamberUnidirectional Air Flow system (-30 to +50ºC)

Fresh air make up

Air handling andconditioning

Ultra-high volumespeed tracking fans

26m long x 5.5 m high

Unique 48” Electric Dyno withHeavy Duty Vehicle Inertia Set(insulated and heated pit)

10

PuriNOx Bus Program

• Fuels: – 1.Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel (ULSD <50 ppm S), – 2. PuriNOx 10E (10% mass water),– 3. PuriNOx 20E (20% mass water).

• Exhaust after-treatment:– 1. None - Original Equipment (OE),– 2. Oxidation (AZ) Catalyst,– 3. Particulate trap.

• A two-stage programme looking at:– (i) MLTB Transient Cycle, (3 repeat tests in each condition)– (ii) Instantaneous changes from ULSD to PuriNOx fuels.

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Emissions Analysis

• Legislated emissions (THC, CO, NOx, CO2 PM) by bag

• Legislated emissions modal data• Volumetric fuel consumption• Exhaust gas temperature• HC Speciation and carbonyl analysis• Particulate Size via ELPI

12

NOx Reduction (%) MLTB

0

9

18

1

15

21

-1

11

19

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

% R

edu

ctio

n

STD AZ cat PM trap

ULSD PuriNOx 10E PuriNOx 20E

13

0

20

43

22

49

70

84 8681

0

20

40

60

80

100

% R

edu

ctio

n

STD AZ cat PM trap

ULSD PuriNOx 10E PuriNOx 20E

PM Reduction (%)

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Fuel consumption (l/100km)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

OE exhaust AZ Catalyst Trap

ULSD PuriNOx 10E PuriNOx 20E

7.8%15.1%

2.4%6.7%

15.4%

2.7%5.3%

13.7%

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Non Legislated Emissions

Identified as Air Quality Parameters• Benzene• 1,3-Butadiene• Ozone• CO2 (Global Warming)• Formaldehyde (USA)• Specific interest in Particulate Size• VOF analysis of PM

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Speciation of gaseous emissions

• Protocol is as per that established at GM Milford laboratories with CARB approval

• Carbonyls - cartridge sampling of dilute exhaust to make 2,4 di-nitro phenylhydrazone, then HPLC

• Hydrocarbons - bag sampling then GC analysis separately for C1-C4 and C4-C12

• CARB procedure looks for 169 non-methane organic gas (NMOG) species

• Ozone forming potential is based on mass of chemical in gaseous stream multiplied by its CARB reactivity factor

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0

20

40

60

80

100

120E

mis

sio

ns

mg

/km

ULSD 116 22 5.2 2.8 4

PuriNOx 10E 90 21 5.3 2.6 4

PuriNOx 20E 70 16 3.1 1.6 5.2

Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acrolein 1,3 butadiene Benzene

EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants (OE)

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Typical size of Particulates

Particle Diameter in Microns (µm)

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000

(1mm) (1cm)(1µm)(1nm)

Tobacco SmokePollen

Cement Dust

HumanHair

PM10

CombustionNuclei

Red BloodCellViruses

InsecticideDusts Beach Sand

Visible to Naked Eye

Wavelength ofVisible light

Typical Vehicle Particulates

PM2.5

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PM Mass v Size (AZ Catalyst)

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

0.01 0.1 1 10Size (µm)

Cu

mu

lati

ve M

ass

(mg

)

ULSD

PuriNOx 10EPuriNOx 20E

> 90% mass

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5 - 50 km/h Acceleration

14.3 15.8 17.2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 5 10 15 20Time (secs)

Sp

eed

(km

/h)

ULSD PuriNOx 10E PuriNOx 20E

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Lab Durability Test

• CAT C-12 Engine• CAT Highway Truck Cycle• 1000 hrs on PuriNOx

followed by 1000 hrs on Diesel

• Durability + Spot Emissions, Noise, Opacity

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Lab DurabilityOil Drain Wear Metals

Wear Metals - Iron and Copper in a Caterpillar C-12 Durability Test

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Engine Hours

PP

M

Iron (ppm)

Copper

Caterpillar Limit 100 ppm max

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Durability Test - Drain AnalysesTBN Retention

Caterpillar C-12 Durability Test

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Engine Hours

mg

KO

H/g TBN

TAN

Linear(TBN)Linear(TAN)

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PuriNOx Fuel Economy

In-Service Fuel Economy

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 2 3

Duty Cycle

Fu

el E

con

om

y

Baseline(mpg)

PuriNOx(mpg)

%Penalty

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In-Service Opacity Results

In-Service Vehicle Opacity Test SAE J1667

0

20

40

60

80

100

JD 6059T Cummins

ISB230

Cat 3176 Cat

3208T

Pre Euro

T11

Engine Model

Opa

city Baseline

PuriNOx

%Reduction

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Morton Salt Drain Analyses

TBN Retention1995 Caterpillar 988F Wheel Loaderwith Caterpillar 3408 DITA Engine

using PuriNOx fuel

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

0 100 200 300 400 500Oil Hours

TB

N /

TA

N N

umbe

r (m

gKO

H/g

) TBN TAN

TBN TAN

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Morton Salt Drain Analyses

Viscosity @ 100 degrees C1995 Caterpillar 998F Wheel Loaderwith Caterpillar 3408 DITA Engine

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

15.0

16.0

17.0

18.0

19.0

20.0

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000Vehicle Hours

cSt-

100

C

Diesel PuriNOx

Upper Limit = 16.29

Lower Limit = 12.50

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Summary

• Relative to ULSD, PuriNOx 10 achieves a 9 % reduction in NOx and 20% reduction in particulates. PuriNOx 20 achieves reductions of 18% for NOx and 43% for particulates

• No detriment to exhaust after-treatment devices has been noted

• Non legislated emissions analysis shows further benefits

• Good engine durability performance is observed with conventional lubricant