Step Up To: Discovering Psychology

by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury

Discovering Psychology 4eWorth Publishers (2007)

Chapter 4: Consciousness and Its Variations

Tick Tock

Sleep Tight

You’re So Dreamy

Watch the Watch

Psychedelic!

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300

400

500

Tick-Tock

100

200

300

400

500

Sleep Tight

100

200

300

400

500

You’re So Dreamy!

100

200

300

400

500

Watch the Watch

100

200

300

400

500

Psychedelic!

1. Biological processes that systematically vary over a period of 24 hours are called: • A) daily regimens.• B) lunar cycles.• C) sleep-wake cycles.• D) circadian rhythms.

2. __ is a hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.• A) Serotonin• B) Melatonin• C) L-tryptophan• D) Dopamine

3. Circadian rhythms are controlled by light stimulating the retina, relaying impulses to the ____, which activates the pineal gland.• A) parietal lobe• B) optic chiasm• C) suprachiasmatic nucleus• D) amygdala

4. Researchers studying circadian rhythms may use underground isolation units. These are called:

• A) free-running conditions.• B) sleep chambers.• C) circadian neutralizers.• D) dream catchers.

5. The result of a free-running condition on circadian rhythms is:

• A) increased sleepiness.• B) insomnia.• C) a 25-hour cycle.• D) no change at all; the body

maintains its normal rhythm.

6. Sleep researchers distinguish between two basic types of sleep. ___ sleep is associated with dreaming. • A) NREM• B) REM• C) REO• D) DEEP

7. REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep because:• A) dreams can be good or bad.• B) dreamers often wake up

while dreaming.• C) sleepwalking may occur

while the sleeper is dreaming.• D) muscle activity is suppressed

but the brain is very active.

8. Brief bursts of brain activity that last a second or two during sleep are called ____ and occur in ___.• A) sleep spindles; Stage 2• B) dream spikes; REM sleep• C) sleep spindles; REM sleep• D) delta waves; Stage 4

9. If not allowed to dream for several nights, sleepers experience___ the first time they are allowed to sleep uninterrupted. • A) insomnia• B) hallucinations• C) REM rebound• D) sleep apnea

10. Jen has a narcolepsy. She experiences a sudden loss of muscle strength and control, resulting in collapsing when excited. This symptom is called: • A) parasomnia.• B) sleep apnea.• C) cataplexy.• D) night terrors.

11. During REM dreaming, the sleeper’s ____ are inactive and the ___ is activated.• A) frontal lobes; limbic system• B) hippocampus; primary visual

cortex.• C) primary visual cortexes; frontal

lobe.• D) circadian rhythms; pineal

gland

12. People who become totally blind before the age of 5:

• A) don’t dream.• B) dream just as we do.• C) dream but not as vivid.• D) dream vividly with sound,

taste, smell and touch.

13. According to Freud, dreams have two components: the actual dream and the ____.• A) analytic interpretation• B) latent content• C) metaphorical meaning• D) symbolic representation

14. J. Allan Hobson proposed a model of dreaming that maintains dreaming is automatic brain activity that our brain then organizes into a story. This model is:• A) the latent content model.• B) the activation-synthesis model.• C) the base-interpretive model.• D) the bottom-up, top-down model.

15. Researchers have found that when people dream:• A) most dreams are in color.• B) most dreams are in black-and-white.• C) they can sometimes predict the

future.• D) they will die if they hit the bottom

when falling.

16. People who are highly susceptible to hypnosis:• A) have a weak will.• B) are less intelligent than

average.• C) like reading fiction. • D) are usually not children.

17. When hypnosis influences behavior after the hypnotic state, the subject was given:• A) posthypnotic amnesia.• B) a hypnotic command.• C) a command suggestion.• D) a posthypnotic suggestion.

18. Police Chief Jeffries is considering using a hypnotist on an eye-witness to help recall the events of a crime. The chief needs to know that:• A) hypnosis can help if the hypnotist is

highly qualified.• B) there is an increased risk of false

memories with hypnosis.• C) hypnosis can result in more forgetting.• D) hypnosis can only help if used along

with a polygraph.

19. Two general types of meditation involve:

• A) chanting and movement techniques.• B) Buddhist and Chinese techniques.• C) group and individual techniques.• D) concentration and opening-up

techniques.

20. According to Ernest Hilgard’s theory of hypnosis:

• A) becoming hypnotized depends on the willingness of the subject.

• B) the subject’s consciousness is split and includes a hidden observer.

• C) everyone can become hypnotized if the hypnotist is trained.

• D) it is just another form of concentration.

21. Two factors involved in determining physical dependence are:• A) tolerance and withdrawal.• B) drug type and amount.• C) quantity and frequency.• D) psychoactivity and abuse.

22. Often withdrawal symptoms are opposite to the drug’s action, and are called:• A) paradoxical symptoms.• B) DT’s.• C) drug rebound.• D) addiction overload.

23. Addictive drugs have two things in common: they activate the brain’s reward system and increase ____.• A) brain activity.• B) norepinephrine.• C) dopamine.• D) heart rate and respiration.

24: Prolonged use of cocaine can result in auditory hallucinations of voices and bizarre and paranoid ideas, a condition called:

• A) paranoid schizophrenia.• B) cocaine rebound.• C) flashbacks.• D) amphetamine psychosis.

25. The most widely used psychoactive drug in the world is:

• A) nicotine.• B) caffeine.• C) alcohol.• D) marijuana.

Stop here, or continue as a review

1. Biological processes that systematically vary over a period of 24 hours are called: • A) daily regimens.• B) lunar cycles.• C) sleep-wake cycles.• D) circadian rhythms.

130

2. __ is a hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.• A) Serotonin• B) Melatonin• C) L-tryptophan• D) Dopamine

131

3. Circadian rhythms are controlled by light stimulating the retina, relaying impulses to the ____, which activates the pineal gland.• A) parietal lobe• B) optic chiasm• C) suprachiasmatic nucleus• D) amygdala

131

4. Researchers studying circadian rhythms may use underground isolation units. These are called:

• A) free-running conditions.• B) sleep chambers.• C) circadian neutralizers.• D) dream catchers.

131

5. The result of a free-running condition on circadian rhythms is:

• A) increased sleepiness.• B) insomnia.• C) a 25-hour cycle.• D) no change at all, the body

maintains its normal rhythm.

132

6. Sleep researchers distinguish between two basic types of sleep. ___ sleep is associated with dreaming. • A) NREM• B) REM• C) REO• D) DEEP

133

7. REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep because:• A) dreams can be good or bad.• B) dreamers often wake up

while dreaming.• C) sleepwalking may occur

while the sleeper is dreaming.• D) muscle activity is suppressed

but the brain is very active.

136

8. Brief bursts of brain activity that last a second or two during sleep are called ____ and occur in ___.• A) sleep spindles; Stage 2• B) dream spikes; REM sleep• C) sleep spindles; REM sleep• D) delta waves; Stage 4

135

9. If not allowed to dream for several nights, sleepers experience ____ the first time they are allowed to sleep interrupted. • A) insomnia• B) hallucinations• C) REM rebound• D) sleep apnea

138

10. Jen has a narcolepsy. She experiences a sudden loss of muscle strength and control, resulting in collapsing when excited. This symptom is called: • A) parasomnia.• B) sleep apnea.• C) cataplexy.• D) night terrors.

142

11. During REM dreaming, the sleeper’s ____ are inactive and the ___ is activated.• A) frontal lobes; limbic system• B) hippocampus; primary visual

cortex.• C) primary visual cortexes; frontal

lobe.• D) circadian rhythms; pineal

gland

144

12. People who become totally blind before the age of 5:

• A) don’t dream.• B) dream just as we do.• C) dream but not as vivid.• D) dream vividly with sound,

taste, smell and touch.

146

13. According to Freud, dreams have two components, the actual dream and the ____.• A) analytic interpretation• B) latent content• C) metaphorical meaning• D) symbolic representation

148

14. J. Allan Hobson proposed a model of dreaming that maintains dreaming is automatic brain activity that our brain then organizes into a story. This model is:• A) the latent content model.• B) the activation-synthesis model.• C) the base-interpretive model.• D) the bottom-up, top-down model.

148

15. Researchers have found that when people dream:• A) most dreams are in color.• B) most dreams are in black-and-white.• C) they can sometimes predict the

future.• D) they will die if they hit the bottom

when falling.

146

16. People who are highly susceptible to hypnosis:• A) have a weak will.• B) are less intelligent than

average.• C) like reading fiction. • D) are usually not children.

150

17. When hypnosis influences behavior after the hypnotic state, the subject was given:• A) posthypnotic amnesia.• B) a hypnotic command.• C) a command suggestion.• D) a posthypnotic suggestion.

151

18. Police Chief Jeffries is considering using a hypnotist on an eye-witness to help recall the events of a crime. The chief needs to know that:• A) hypnosis can help if the hypnotist is

highly qualified.• B) there is an increased risk of false

memories with hypnosis.• C) hypnosis can result in more forgetting.• D) hypnosis can only help if used along

with a polygraph.

151

19. Two general types of meditation involve:

• A) chanting and movement techniques.• B) Buddhist and Chinese techniques.• C) group and individual techniques.• D) concentration and opening-up

techniques.

154

20. According to Ernest Hilgard’s theory of hypnosis:

• A) becoming hypnotized depends on the willingness of the subject.

• B) the subject’s consciousness is split and includes a hidden observer.

• C) everyone can become hypnotized if the hypnotist is trained.

• D) it is just another form of concentration.

154

21. Two factors involved in determining physical dependence are:• A) tolerance and withdrawal.• B) drug type and amount.• C) quantity and frequency.• D) psychoactivity and abuse.

156

22. Often withdrawal symptoms are opposite to the drug’s action, and are called:• A) paradoxical symptoms.• B) DT’s.• C) drug rebound.• D) addiction overload.

156

23. Addictive drugs have two things in common: they activate the brain’s reward system and increase ____.• A) brain activity.• B) norepinephrine.• C) dopamine.• D) heart rate and respiration.

158

24: Prolonged use of cocaine can result in auditory hallucinations of voices and bizarre and paranoid ideas, a condition called:

• A) paranoid schizophrenia.• B) cocaine rebound.• C) flashbacks.• D) amphetamine psychosis.

164

25. The most widely used psychoactive drug in the world is:

• A) nicotine.• B) caffeine.• C) alcohol.• D) marijuana.

161

Acknowledgments• Step Up Created by:

John J. Schulte, Psy.D.• Based on Discovering

Psychology 4e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury

• Worth Publishers, 2007

Answers—Chapter 41. D2. B3. C4. A5. C6. B7. D8. A

9. C10. C11. A12. D13. B14. B15. A16. C

17. D18. B19. D20. B21. A22. C23. C24. D

25. B