stephanie seguino university of kansas at lawrence november 1, 2013 the black queen of hearts:...
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Stephanie Seguino
University of Kansas at Lawrence
November 1, 2013
THE BLACK QUEEN OF HEARTS: GENDER AND “STICKY” PARADIGMS IN
ECONOMICS
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THE BLACK QUEEN OF HEARTS?
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HOW DID SOUTH KOREA MOVE FROM “BASKET CASE” IN 1960 TO DEVELOPED COUNTRY
BY1995?
Free markets and free trade? State-led development?
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GENDER INEQUALITY AS IMPETUS TO EXPORT-LED GROWTH
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STYLIZED FEATURES OF SIES
– Gender job segregation with women concentrated in export mfg. industries, and men in non-tradables.
– Exports are price elastic due to availability of substitutes in contrast to goods in oligopolistic non-tradables sector.
– Export firms are mobile.
– High-income HH and businesses save at a higher rate than workers; some (modest) evidence women save at higher rates than men (Seguino and Floro 2002).
– No priors on distributional nature of import propensities by class or gender.
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EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON EDUCATION-ADJUSTED GENDER WAGE GAP AND TRADE
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GENDER AND STRUCTURALIST MACRO MODELLING
• Seguino (2000) – Growth accounting econometric analysis
• 21 SIEs
• Gender wage inequality Exports Forex K goods imports Productivity growth
• Blecker and Seguino (2002) – Two-sector macro model, mark-up pricing, exchange rate dynamics, short run.
• Seguino (2010) – Balance of payments constrained growth, short and long run.
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THE EFFECT OF GENDER WAGE INEQUALITY ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SEMI-INDUSTRIALIZED
ECONOMIES, 1975-99
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
-.3 -.2 -.1 .0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5
Gender Wage Gap
Per
Cap
ita G
DP
Gro
wth
197
5-99
LOESS Fit (degree = 1, span = 0.3000)
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DEBATE ON EFFECT OF GENDER INEQUALITY ON GROWTH
• On the one hand, wage inequality stimulates growth in SIEs.
• Educational equality stimulates growth in developing countries (Klasen and Lamanna 2009).
• How to reconcile?
• Unit labor costs (μ= mark-up, b=labor coefficient).
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STYLIZED FEATURES OF LIAES
• Men concentrated in export industries (commodities and cash crops);
• Women work as subsistence farmers (and a small portion in NTAEs);
• Women’s MPC higher than men’s;
• Modest evidence that men’s import propensity > women’s.
• Evidence that in productive resources to women farmers raises agricultural productivity and Y, potentially reducing food imports.
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LONG-RUN GROWTH
Key components of model
• Potential output does not necessarily = demand
• Productivity growth is influenced by:
• physical capital accumulation
• human capacities development.
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THE PRODUCTION OF LABOR: CARE WORK
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Income transfers to women have larger effects on children's nutritional status than similar transfers to
men
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
South Africa Bangladesh Brazil
% c
han
ge in
ch
ild
's a
nth
rop
om
etr
ic
measu
re
Women's income Men's income
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GENDER EQUALITY IN PRIMARY EDUCATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION IN SSA,
1990-2010
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 500
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Change in F/M Primary Enrollment Rates 1991-2010
Cha
nge
in F
ood
Prod
uctio
n In
dex
1991
-201
0
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EFFECT OF AUSTERITY AND PUBLIC SECTOR BUDGET CUTS
• ↑ Women’s care burden: • Cuts to child care subsidies
reduce paid work;
• Cuts for services to disabled children ↑ women’s unpaid labor;
• Declines in household income ↑ women’s time spent preparing food at home.
• Health budget cuts ↑ women’s time burden for care of sick.
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TWO-WAY CAUSALITYg
Gender inequality
Economic Growth and Development
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GENDER INEQUALITY IS JUST ONE TYPE
OF INTER-GROUP INEQUALITY
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IT’S NOT ALWAYS ABOUT GENDER.
SOMETIMES IT’S ABOUT SINGLE PARENTS.
SOMETIMES ABOUT RACE/ETHNICITY.
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US MONTHLY UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY MARITAL STATUS, JAN. 1990-JAN. 2013
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UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY RACE/ETHNICITY, US, 1980-2012
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THE SACRIFICE RATIO:EMPLOYMENT COSTS OF FIGHTING
INFLATION
Lowest for white men
Then white women
Then black men
Highest for black women
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SHORT-SHORT RUN: IS CURVE
Where Z and X, respectively are:
,