stephen krashen
TRANSCRIPT
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Stephen Krashen
The natural approach
to teaching & learning L2
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A map of Australia before Cook
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Krashen mapped a very educated guess
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Krashen’s map
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Krashen's theory of
second language
acquisition consists of
five main hypotheses
1. the Acquisition-Learning hypothesis,
2. the Natural Order hypothesis,
3. the Monitor hypothesis,
4. the Input hypothesis,
5. and the Affective Filter hypothesis.
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Map idea 1 – we need to acquire
language
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What’s the difference?
Acquisition Learning
implicit, subconscious explicit, conscious
informal situations formal situations
uses grammatical 'feel' uses grammatical rules
depends on attitude depends on aptitude
stable order of acquisition simple to complex order of
learning
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Map idea 2 – Natural order
“we acquire the rules of language in a
predictable order”
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Map idea 3 – The Monitor
we check, edit & correct according to
what we have learned
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The Monitor kicks in if
1. we have time
2. focus on correct form
3. we know the rules
Then we check, edit, correct
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Input
Comprehensible input
i =
current
level
i+1
i + ….
Acquires
a second
language
Input
Input too difficult
i =
current
level
i + 1
i+5
Map idea 4
- THE INPUT HYPOTHESISGive me something I can understand
Well actually, a little bit more than I
understand (I + 1)
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Some similarities to Vygotsky’s
Zone of Proximal Development
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Map idea 5 – the Affective Filter
self-confidence, motivation, anxiety
affect learning
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The 5 map ideas
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Of course Krashen’s map was not perfect
but neither was Cook’s. (e.g. Tasmania!)
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Krashen drew a new map for
English teaching – the natural
approach