stephen toulmin (1922-2009) british philosopher who noticed … · 2016-09-27 · toulmin method of...
TRANSCRIPT
Toulmin Method of Argumentation
Stephen Toulmin (1922-2009) –British philosopher who noticed that effective, realistic arguments typically consist of 6 parts.
And, you’ve already practiced 3 of the 6!
Tell your table partner the definition of claim,
grounds, & warrant…go!Notes continued!
What Does it Look Like?
The Toulmin Model
identifies that there
are six parts to an
argument & that
each is dependent
on the other parts.
The Parts of the Toulmin Model
• Claim: the position or stance being argued for; the conclusion of the argument.Claim
• Grounds: reasons or supporting evidence/datathat bolster the claim. Grounds
• Warrant: the principle, provision or chain of reasoning/bridge/explanation/logic that connects the grounds/evidence to the claim.
Warrant
• Backing: additional logic/justification/ reasoning to back up the warrant.Backing
• Rebuttal: evidence that disagrees with the counterclaim. Note – you need to address the opposition/counterclaim (Why is this important?) & provide a rebuttal.
Rebuttal
• Qualifier: specification of limits to claim, warrant and backing. The degree of conditionality asserted. (E.g. most, should, unless, except, etc.)
Qualifier
The Parts of the Toulmin Model
Simple example to demonstrate:
• Claim – My father should use a hearing aid.
• Grounds (evidence) – Over 70% of all people over 65 years old have a hearing difficulty.
• Warrant (explanation/bridge/logic) – A hearing aid helps most people hear better. (most = qualifier)
• Backing – Hearing aids are available locally.
*Counterclaim = Hearing aids have technical problems.
• Rebuttal – There is a support desk that deals with technical problems.
• Qualifier (see above)
The Warrant… All the Need to Know Details
Definition: Warrants are chains of reasoning/explanation that
connect the claim and evidence/reason/grounds. (Explains how
evidence/grounds/data supports the claim.)
Warrants operate at a higher level of generality than a
claim (claim is more specific), and
warrants may be explicit or implicit.
Example: “Needle exchange programs should be abolished [claim]
because they only cause more people to use drugs.” [reason]
The unstated/implicit warrant is: “when you make risky behavior
safer you encourage more people to engage in it.”
Questions??? That’s Toulmin method folks! Review 6 steps with
your table partner, and then on to Classical method! Go!