stephen wolff a human view of the cto, internet2 internet

A Human View of the Internet

Session: Information Network and Social

Development

STEPHEN WOLFF

CTO, INTERNET2

JUNE 3, 2014

CONTENTS

A HUMAN VIEW OF THE INTERNET

1.0 A SOCIETAL ANALOGUE

2.0 EARLY INTERNET EVOLUTION

3.0 NETWORK EFFECTS

4.0 EROSION

5.0 REVERSAL AND RECOVERY

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June 24, 2016 © 2013 Internet2

1.0 A SOCIETAL ANALOGUE

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Societal systems, just like biological ones, are subject

to punctuated evolution

…with new eras ushered in by disruptive technology

memorialized in iconic images

[ 5 ]


Reconstruction

of a 14th c.

peasant’s

cottage,

Sussex, UK

Corliss steam engine

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19th c. factory

France

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ENIAC

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IBM 650

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Internet

W. R. Cheswick

2.0 EARLY INTERNET EVOLUTION

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The Internet itself was the culmination of a

sub-trend of the Industrial Revolution:

The evolution of communications technology

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Telegraph, telephone (1-to-1)

Conversation

you me

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Radio, television (broadcast media)


“Content”

“Listening/viewing audience (consumers)”

“Broadcaster”

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Internet

We are all connected to each other

We are all producers

We are all consumers

ISOC: The Internet is for everyone

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Thus, in its original intent, the Internet

Was egalitarian,

Had no distinguished nodes, and

Offered equal privileges for communication among nodes

– i.e., feedback and feedforward were equal

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But Manuel Castells says all societies have been networked

So why have we not see network effects until recently?

Castells’ theory – delay in the links led to essentially one-way

command and control

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Engineering and design


• Engineering is design under constraints – Wm. A. Wulf,

President, (US) National Academy of Engineering

• Design is guided by principles

• Two principles of Internet design –

“end-to-end” principle – i.e., intelligence at the periphery

Consensus-based standards

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1997

A view - from within Bell Laboratories

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“We reject kings, presidents and voting.

We believe in rough consensus and running code.”

David Clark, Chair, Internet Activities Board, 1981-1989

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⬅︎ Users of packets

⬅︎ Bits into packets & move the packets

⬅︎ Sources of bits

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A candidate for the nodes of the

NSFNET, 1986:

BBN Interface Message

Processor (IMP) as used on the

ARPANET

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DEC PDP-11

“Fuzzball” NSFNET

Backbone node

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• The first NSFNET

– a response to the

Lax report (1982)

• Interconnected six

supercomputer

centers at 56 kb/s

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• NSFNET v.2

• 13 nodes, 1.54 mb/s

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Internet2 today

100 Gb/s

3.0 NETWORK EFFECTS

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Externalities


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• Every computer had an address

• The network moved the packets

• Anything could be a producer of packets

• Anybody could build a consumer of packets

• …and it was instantly accessible to everyone

• You didn’t mess with a packet unless it was addressed to you

• And so – well beyond what the original designers imagined - we got:

The Web

Google, Yahoo!, Baidu, …

Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, BitTorrent, …

eBay, Amazon, CraigsList, …

Spam, worms, viruses, …

The Internet was for everyone

4.0 EROSION

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• “Differentiated Services”

• Some packets are more important than others

Remote terminal (telnet) packets in the Fuzzball

Voice-over-IP

• Some are less

Scavenger service

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Middleboxes

an engineering

approach to

security

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• Middleboxes in the

home

• RFC1918 addresses

• Network/port address

translation

• An engineering

solution to address

depletion

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NAT444

Carrier-grade NAT

…and your computer is now buried two layers deep

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…perhaps even three layers deep


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• Thus

Looming address depletion, and

Desire for security and privacy

• Have led to

An erosion of the end to end principle

And middlebox friction in the network links

• And by analogy with Castells’ theory, resulted in an Internet that

Is less egalitarian

Has greater concentration of power

And diminished capacity for feedback

• The Internet isn’t for everyone any more

5.0 REVERSAL AND RECOVERY

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Solutions?


• IPv6 has no need of NAT

• Trusted enclaves and the Science DMZ

• New architectures that

Either eliminate the need for middleboxes, or

Incorporate them as organic elements, and

Achieve security without firewallls

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Science DMZ

Basic configuration

Source: fasterdata.es.net

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Solutions?


• IPv6 uptake is glacial (CERNET2 is an exception)

• More than 50 research institutions and universities have installed a

Science DMZ, and it is becoming a recognized feature of campus

network architectures with the surge of Big Data

• New architectures proposed and developed over the last few years

are in active trials globally, and do not require a “flag day”

SDN

NDN

RINA

…

• Stay tuned!

Information Network and Social Development

STEPHEN WOLFF

CTO, Internet2

[email protected]

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A Human View of the Internet

…Thank you


stephen wolff a human view of the cto, internet2 internet

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