MINOR PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED IN THE HONOUR OF THE GGSIPU SUBMITTED BY:GUIDED BY: MS Khushboo RAHUL CHHABRA HIMANSHU CHHABRA SAHIL SAHNI DURGESH SHUKLA

INTRODUCTIONTerm RF used for Radio Frequency & STEPPER MOTOR is basically a dc appliance which movement around all directions. As per project name RF controlled STEPPER MOTOR controlled through Radio Frequency. Normally STEPPER MOTOR running directly if DC supply given in STEPPER MOTOR & we control its speed manually using potentiometer or switches. But in RF controlled we control its speed or direction through radio frequency. Transmitters transmit the signal up to receiver circuit & receiver control the flow or change the direction of polarity of dc current. Finally we control the STEPPER MOTOR. Generally STEPPER MOTOR used in spy helicopter, cctv, spy car, in industries purpose etc.

TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

WORKINGA stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless, electric motor that can divide a full rotation into a large number of steps. The motor's position can be controlled precisely without any feedback mechanism, as long as the motor is carefully sized to the application. Stepper motors are similar to switched reluctance motors (which are very large stepping motors with a reduced pole count, and generally are closed-loop commutated).A step motor can be viewed as a synchronous AC motor with the number of poles (on both rotor and stator) increased, taking care that they have no common denominator. Additionally, soft magnetic material with many teeth on the rotor and stator cheaply multiplies the number of poles (reluctance motor). Modern steppers are of hybrid design, having both permanent magnets and soft iron cores.

COMPONENTS USEDSEMICONDUCTORS: IC1 HT12E Holtek encoder IC2 555 Timer IC3 HT12D decoder TX2 BC 558 TX1 TX-433 RF (ASK) RX1 RX-433 RF (ASK) T1, T3, T6, T7 BC548 npn transistor LED1 5mm red LED CD4022BC Decade Counter/Divider with 10 Decoded Outputs RESISTOR (all watt, 5% carbon): R R R R V 47-kilo-ohm 3.3-kilo-ohm 1-kilo-ohm 10K-ohm 100K preset

CAPACITORS: C1, C5, C6 1000F, 25V ELECTROLYTIC C4 10F, 2V ELECTROLYTICStepper motor TRANSFORMER

IC2 555 TimerFeatures: Wide Operating Voltage High Noise Immunity Low Standby Current Pairs with HT12D Decoder IC Binary Address Setting

555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a variety of timer and multivibrator applications. The IC was designed by Hans R. Camenzind in 1970 and brought to market in 1971 by Signetics (later acquired by Philips). The original name was the SE555 (metal can)/NE555 (plastic DIP) and the part was described as "The IC Time Machine". It has been claimed that the 555 gets its name from the three 5 k resistors used in typical early implementations, but Hans Camenzind has stated that the number was arbitrary. The part is still in wide use, thanks to its ease of use, low price and good stability. As of 2003[update], it is estimated that 1 billion units are manufactured every year. Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes over 20 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8) Variants available include the 556 (a 14-pin DIP combining two 555s on one chip), and the 558 (a 16-pin DIP combining four slightly modified 555s with DIS & THR connected internally, and TR falling edge sensitive instead of level sensitive). Ultra-low power versions of the 555 are also available, such as the 7555 and TLC555. The 7555 is designed to cause less supply glitching than the classic 555 and the manufacturer claims that it usually does not require a "control" capacitor and in many cases does not require a power supply bypass capacitor. The 555 has three operating modes:

TX1 TX-433 RF (ASK)ASK Super Regenerative Receiver

General Description: The ST-RX02-ASK is an ASK Hybrid receiver module. A effective low cost solution for using at 315/433.92 MHZ. The circuit shape of ST-RX02-ASK is L/C. Receiver Frequency: 315 / 433.92 MHZ Typical sensitivity: -105dBm Supply Current: 3.5mA IF Frequency:1MHz .Features: Low power consumption. Easy for application. Operation temperature range : 2070 Operation voltage: 5 Volts. Available frequency at: 315/434 MHz

RESISTANCEResistance is the opposition of a material to the current. It is measured in Ohms ( ). All conductors represent a certain amount of resistance, since no conductor is 100% efficient. To control the electron flow (current) in a predictable manner, we use resistors. Electronic circuits use calibrated lumped resistance to control the flow of current. Broadly speaking, resistor can be divided into two groups viz. fixed & adjustable (variable) resistors. In fixed resistors, the value is fixed & cannot be varied. In variable resistors, the resistance value can be varied by an adjuster knob. It can be divided into (a) Carbon composition (b) Wire wound (c) Special type. The most common type of resistors used in our projects is carbon type. The resistance value is normally indicated by colour bands. Each resistance has four colours, one of the band on either side will be gold or silver, this is called fourth band and indicates the tolerance, others three band will give the value of resistance (see table). For example if a resistor has the following marking on it say red, violet, gold. Comparing these coloured rings with the colour code, its value is 27000 ohms or 27 kilo ohms and its tolerance is 5%. Resistor comes in various sizes (Power rating). The bigger, the size, the more power rating of 1/4 watts. The four colour rings on its body tells us the value of resistor value as given below.

TRANSFORMER PRINCIPLE OF THE TRANSFORMER:Two coils are wound over a Core such that they are magnetically coupled. The two coils are known as the primary and secondary windings. In a Transformer, an iron core is used. The coupling between the coils is source of making a path for the magnetic flux to link both the coils. A core as in fig.2 is used and the coils are wound on the limbs of the core. Because of high permeability of iron, the flux path for the flux is only in the iron and hence the flux links both windings. Hence there is very little leakage flux. This term leakage flux denotes the part of the flux, which does not link both the coils, i.e., when coupling is not perfect. In the high frequency transformers, ferrite core is used. The transformers may be step-up, step-down, frequency matching, sound output, amplifier driver etc. The basic principles of all the transformers are same.

TRANSISTORFunction Transistors amplify current, for example they can be used to amplify the small output current from a logic IC so that it can operate a lamp, relay or other high current device. In many circuits a resistor is used to convert the changing current to a changing voltage, so the transistor is being used to amplify voltage. A transistor may be used as a switch (either fully on with maximum current, or fully off with no current) and as an amplifier (always partly on). The amount of current amplification is called the current gain.

STEPPER MOTORA stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless, electric motor that can divide a full rotation into a large number of steps. The motor's position can be controlled precisely without any feedback mechanism (see Open-loop controller), as long as the motor is carefully sized to the application. Stepper motors are similar to switched reluctance motors (which are very large stepping motors with a reduced pole count, and generally are closed-loop commutated). Stepper motor characteristics Stepper motors are constant power devices. As motor speed increases, torque decreases. Most motors exhibit maximum torque when stationary, however the torque of a motor when stationary (holding torque) defines the ability of the motor to maintain a desired position while under external load. The torque curve may be extended by using current limiting drivers and increasing the driving voltage (sometimes referred to as a 'chopper' circuit; there are several off the shelf driver chips capable of doing this in a simple manner). Steppers exhibit more vibration than other motor types, as the discrete step tends to snap the rotor from one position to another (called a detent). The vibration makes stepper motors noisier than DC motors.

This vibration can become very bad at some speeds and can cause the motor to lose torque or lose direction. This is because the rotor is being held in a magnetic field which behaves like a spring. On each step the rotor overshoots and bounces back and forth, "ringing" at its resonant frequency. If the stepping frequency matches the resonant frequency then the ringing increases and the motor comes out of synchronism, resulting in positional error or a change in direction. At worst there is a total loss of control and holding torque so the motor is easily overcome by the load and spins almost freely. The effect can be mitigated by accelerating quickly through the problem speeds range, physically damping (frictional damping) the system, or using a micro-stepping driver. Motors with a greater number of phases also exhibit smoother operation than those with fewer phases (this can also be achieved through the use of a micro-stepping driver)

TheoryA step motor can be viewed as a synchronous AC motor with the number of poles (on both rotor and stator) increased, taking care that they have no common denominator. Additionally, soft magnetic material with many teeth on the rotor and stator cheaply multiplies the number of poles (reluctance motor). Modern steppers are of hybrid design, having both permanent magnets and soft iron cores. To achieve full rated torque, the coils in a stepper motor must reach their full rated current during each step. Winding inductance and reverse EMF generated by a moving rotor tend to resist changes in drive current, so that as the motor speeds up, less and less time is spent at full current thus reducing motor torque. As speeds further increase, the current will not reach the rated value, and eventually the motor will cease to produce torque

ApplicationsComputer-controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile forms of positioning systems. They are typically digitally controlled as part of an open loop system, and are simpler and more rugged than closed loop servo systems. Industrial applications include high speed pick and place equipment and multiaxis CNC machines, often directly driving lead screws or ballscrews. In the field of lasers and optics they are frequently used in precision positioning equipment such as linear actuators, linear stages, rotation stages, goniometers, and mirror mounts. Other uses are in packaging machinery, and positioning of valve pilot stages for fluid control systems. Commercially, stepper motors are used in floppy disk drives, flatbed scanners, computer printers, plotters, slot machines, image scanners, compact disc drives and many more devices.

Advantages:Speed and direction control from remote place. Speed level and direction display on LCD(If we used video cam then see all the things against STEPPER MOTOR or around the STEPPER MOTOR using moving camera facility). Reliable and Easy to operate.

Scopes for Advancement: In defense system, large industrial work through STEPPER MOTOR, Medical science, space research work, etc.

Applications

In defense system spy car is very useful for getting the data & information without sending human. So many places where human do not reach robo reach easily & get the important information. Industries are using RF solutions for monitoring, process, control, inventory tracking, our work sees through STEPPER MOTOR on the screen. Commercial wireless applications such as security and access systems, gate control, remote activation. Automotive companies employing RF for wireless remote control, remote keyless entry and safety applications. Consumer products including electronic toys, home security, gate and garage door openers, intercom, fire and safety systems and irrigation controllers Medical products like patient call and monitoring, handicap assistance device, surgery communication system, remote patient data logging and ECG monitor.