steve jobs mihai

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GRUP SCOLAR IULIU MANIU ARAD

LUCRARE PENTRU OBTINEREA CERTIFICATULUI DE

COMPETENTE LINGVISTICE

STEVE JOBS: THINK DIFFERRENT

COORDONATOR:

ABSOLVENT:

PROF. RENNER SORINA BOLCHIS

CRISTIAN MIHAI


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Arad, 2012

INTRODUCTION

Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs was an American businessman, designer and inventor. Heis best known as the co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc.Through Apple, he was widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personalcomputer revolution and for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronicsfields. Jobs also co-founded and served as chief executive ofPixar Animation Studios; hebecame a member of the board of directors ofThe Walt Disney Company in 2006, whenDisney acquired Pixar.

In the late 1970s, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak engineered one of the firstcommercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. Jobs was amongthe first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical userinterface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh.During this period he also led efforts that would begin the desktop publishing revolution,

notably through the introduction of the LaserWriter and the associated PageMakersoftware.

After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Appleand foundedNeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher-education and business markets. In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division ofLucasfilm, which was spun off as Pixar.He was credited in Toy Story (1995) as anexecutive producer. He remained CEO and majority shareholder at 50.1 percent until itsacquisition by The Walt Disney Company in 2006, making Jobs Disney's largest individualshareholder at seven percent and a member of Disney's Board of Directors.

After difficulties developing a new Mac OS, Apple purchased NeXT in 1996 inorder to useNeXTSTEP as the basis for what became Mac OS X. As part of the deal Jobs

was named Apple advisor. As Apple floundered, Jobs took control of the company and wasnamed "interim CEO" in 1997, or as he jokingly referred to it, "iCEO". Under hisleadership, Apple was saved from near bankruptcy, and became profitable by 1998. Overthe next decade, Jobs oversaw the development of the iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone, and iPadand on the services side, the company's Apple Retail Stores, iTunes Store and the AppStore. The success of these products and services, providing several years of stablefinancial returns, propelled Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly tradedcompany in 2011.The reinvigoration of the company is regarded by many commentators asone of the greatest turnarounds in business history.

In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with apancreasneuroendocrine tumor. Though it wasinitially treated, he reported a hormone imbalance, underwent a liver transplant in 2009,

and appeared progressively thinner as his health declined. On medical leave for most of2011, Jobs resigned as Apple CEO in August that year and was elected Chairman of theBoard. He died of respiratory arrest related to his metastatic tumor on October 5, 2011. Hecontinues to receive honors and public recognition for his influence in the technology andmusic industries.

Steve Jobs has widely been referred to as "legendary", a "futurist" or simply"visionary",and has been described as the "Father of the Digital Revolution",a "master ofinnovation", and a "design perfectionist".
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Early life and education

Steven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco on February 24, 1955 to two universitystudents, Joanne Carole Schieble and Syrian-born Abdulfattah "John" Jandali (, who wereboth unmarried at the time. Jandali, who was teaching in Wisconsin when Steve was born

in 1955, said he had no choice but to put the baby up for adoption because his girlfriend'sfamily objected to their relationship.[ The baby was adopted at birth by Paul Reinhold Jobs(19221993) and Clara Jobs (19241986), an Armenian-American whose maiden namewas Hagopian. Later, when asked about his "adoptive parents," Jobs replied emphaticallythat Paul and Clara Jobs "were my parents." He stated in his authorized biography that they"were my parents 1,000%."Unknown to him, his biological parents would subsequentlymarry (December 1955), have a second child Mona Simpson in 1957, and divorce in 1962.

The Jobs family moved from San Francisco to Mountain View, California whenSteve was five years old. The parents later adopted a daughter, Patti. Paul was a machinistfor a company that made lasers, and taught his son rudimentary electronics and how towork with his hands. The father showed Steve how to work on electronics in the family

garage, demonstrating to his son how to take apart and rebuild electronics such as radiosand televisions. As a result, Steve became interested in and developed a hobby of technicaltinkering.

Clara was an accountant who taught him to read before he went to school. ClaraJobs had been a payroll clerk forVarian Associates, one of the first high-tech firms in whatbecame known as Silicon Valley.

Jobs was an intelligent and innovative thinker, but his youth was riddled withfrustrations over formal schooling. At Monta Loma Elementary school in Mountain View,he was a prankster whose fourth-grade teacher needed to bribe him to study. Jobs tested sowell, however, that administrators wanted to skip him ahead to high schoola proposal hisparents declined.

Jobs then attended Cupertino Junior High and Homestead High School inCupertino, California.At Homestead, Jobs became friends with Bill Fernandez, a neighborwho shared the same interests in electronics. Fernandez introduced Jobs to another, oldercomputer whiz kid, Stephen Wozniak (also known as "Woz"). In 1969 Woz startedbuilding a little computer board with Fernandez that they named The Cream SodaComputer, which they showed to Jobs; he seemed really interested. Jobs frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California, and was laterhired there, working with Wozniak as a summer employee.

Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College inPortland, Oregon. Reed was an expensive college which Paul and Clara could ill afford.They were spending much of their life savings on their sons higher education. Jobs

dropped out of college after six months and spent the next 18 months dropping in oncreative classes. He continued auditing classes at Reed while sleeping on the floor infriends' dorm rooms, returning Coke bottles for food money, and getting weekly free mealsat the local Hare Krishna temple. Jobs later said, "If I had never dropped in on that singlecalligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces orproportionally spaced fonts."
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Early career

Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter, September 1976In 1974, Jobs took a job as a technician at Atari, Inc. inLos Gatos, California. He

traveled to India in mid-1974to visit Neem Karoli Babaat his Kainchi Ashram with a ReedCollege friend (and, later, an early Apple employee), Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritualenlightenment. When they got to the Neem Karoli ashram, it was almost deserted as NeemKaroli Baba had died in September 1973. Then they made a long trek up a dry riverbed toan ashram ofHariakhan Baba. In India, they spent a lot of time on bus rides from Delhi toUttar Pradesh and back, then up toHimachal Pradeshand back.

After staying for seven months, Jobs left India and returned to the US ahead ofDaniel Kottke. Jobs had changed his appearance; his head was shaved and he woretraditional Indian clothing. During this time, Jobs experimented with psychedelics, later

calling his LSDexperiences "one of the two or three most important things [he had] donein [his] life". He also became a serious practitioner of ZenBuddhism, engaged in lengthymeditation retreats at the Tassajara Zen Mountain Center, the oldestSt Zen monastery inthe US. He considered taking up monastic residence atEihei-ji in Japan, and maintained alifelong appreciation for Zen. Jobs would later say that people around him who did notshare hiscountercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.

Jobs then returned to Atari, and was assigned to create a circuit board for the arcadevideo gameBreakout. According to Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari offered $100
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for each chip that was eliminated in the machine. At that time, Jobs had little specializedknowledge of circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenlybetween them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement ofAtari engineers, Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it wasimpossible to reproduce on an assembly line. According to Wozniak, Jobs told him that

Atari gave them only $700 (instead of the offered $5,000), and that Wozniak's share wasthus $350. Wozniak did not learn about the actual bonus until ten years later, but said thatif Jobs had told him about it and had said he needed the money, Wozniak would have givenit to him.

In the early 1970s, Jobs and Wozniak were drawn to technology like a magnet.Wozniak had designed a low-cost digital "blue box" to generate the necessary tones tomanipulate the telephone network, allowing free long-distance calls. Jobs decided that theycould make money selling it. The clandestine sales of the illegal "blue boxes" went well,and perhaps planted the seed in Jobs' mind that electronics could be fun and profitable.

In 1976, Jobs and Wozniak formed their own business, which they named AppleComputer Company in remembrance of a happy summer Jobs had spent picking apples.

At first they started off selling circuit boards, but eventually they produced a completecomputer prototype. Jobs began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club withWozniak in 1975. He greatly admired Edwin H. Land, the inventor of instant photographyand founder ofPolaroid Corporation, and would explicitly model his own career after thatof Land's.
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CAREER

Apple Computer

Home of Paul and Clara Jobs, on Crist Drive in Los Altos, California. Steve

Jobs formed Apple Computer in its garage with Steve Wozniakand Ronald Wayne in

1976. Wayne stayed only a short time, leaving Jobs and Wozniak as the primary co-

founders of the company.

Jobs and Steve Wozniak met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez,

introduced 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. In 1976, Wozniak invented the AppleI computer. Jobs, Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne founded Apple computer in the garage ofJobs's parents in order to sell it. They received funding from a then-semi-retired Intelproduct-marketing manager and engineerMike Markkula.

In 1978, Apple recruited Mike Scott fromNational Semiconductorto serve as CEOfor what turned out to be several turbulent years. In 1983, Jobs lured John Sculley awayfrom Pepsi-Cola to serve as Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to sell sugar waterfor therest of your life, or do you want to come with me and change the world?"

In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential ofXerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of theApple Lisa. One year later, Apple employee Jef Raskin invented the Macintosh.

The following year, Apple aired a Super Bowl television commercial titled "1984".At Apple's annual shareholders meeting on January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introducedthe Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience; Andy Hertzfeld described the scene as"pandemonium".
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Apple logo in 1977, created by Rob Janoff with the rainbow colortheme used until 1998.

While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of hisemployees from that time described him as an erratic and temperamental manager.Disappointing sales caused a deterioration in Jobs's working relationship with Sculley andit eventually became a power struggle between Jobs and Sculley. Jobs kept meetingsrunning past midnight, sent out lengthy faxes, then called new meetings at 7:00 am.

Sculley learned that Jobsbelieving Sculley to be "bad for Apple" and the wrongperson to lead the companyhad been attempting to organize aboardroom coup, and onMay 24, 1985, called a board meeting to resolve the matter. Apple's board of directors

sided with Sculley and removed Jobs from his managerial duties as head of the Macintoshdivision. Jobs resigned from Apple five months later and founded NeXT Inc. the sameyear.

In a speech Jobs gave at Stanford University in 2005, he said being fired fromApple was the best thing that could have happened to him; "The heaviness of beingsuccessful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure abouteverything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life." And he added,"I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It wasawful-tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it."

NeXT Computer

A NeXTstation with the original keyboard, mouse and the NeXT MegaPixel monitor

After leaving Apple, Jobs founded NeXT Computer in 1985, with $7 million. Ayear later, Jobs was running out of money, and with no product on the horizon, he appealed
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for venture capital. Eventually, he attracted the attention of billionaire Ross Perot whoinvested heavily in the company. NeXT workstations were first released in 1990, priced at$9,999. Like the Apple Lisa, the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced, but waslargely dismissed as cost-prohibitive by the educational sector for which it was designed.The NeXT workstation was known for its technical strengths, chief among them its object-

oriented software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the financial,scientific, and academic community, highlighting its innovative, experimental newtechnologies, such as the Mach kernel, the digital signal processorchip, and the built-inEthernet port. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web on a NeXT computer atCERN.

The revised, second-generationNeXTcube was released in 1990, also. Jobs toutedit as the first "interpersonal" computer that would replace the personal computer. With itsinnovative NeXTMail multimedia email system, NeXTcube could share voice, image,graphics, and video in email for the first time. "Interpersonal computing is going torevolutionize human communications and groupwork", Jobs told reporters. Jobs ran NeXTwith an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by the development of and

attention to NeXTcube's magnesium case.This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardwaredivision, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully tosoftware development with the release ofNeXTSTEP/Intel. The company reported its firstprofit of $1.03 million in 1994. In 1996, NeXT Software, Inc. released WebObjects, aframework for Web application development. After NeXT was acquired by Apple Inc. in1997, WebObjects was used to build and run the Apple Store,MobileMe services, and theiTunes Store.

Pixar and Disney

In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucasfilm'scomputer graphics division for the price of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to

the company as capital.The first film produced by the partnership, Toy Story, with Jobs credited as

executive producer, brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released in1995. Over the next 15 years, under Pixar's creative chief John Lasseter, the companyproduced box-office hits A Bug's Life (1998); Toy Story 2 (1999); Monsters, Inc. (2001);Finding Nemo (2003); The Incredibles (2004); Cars (2006); Ratatouille (2007); WALL-E(2008); Up (2009); and Toy Story 3 (2010). Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille,WALL-E, Up and Toy Story 3 each received the Academy Award for Best AnimatedFeature, an award introduced in 2001.[80]

In the years 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobsand Disney chief executive Michael Eisnertried but failed to negotiate a new partnership,

and in early 2004, Jobs announced that Pixar would seek a new partner to distribute itsfilms after its contract with Disney expired.

In October 2005, Bob Igerreplaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked topatch up relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced thatDisney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. Whenthe deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder withapproximately seven percent of the company's stock.Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceededthose of Eisner, who holds 1.7 percent, and of Disney family member Roy E. Disney, who
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until his 2009 death held about one percent of the company's stock and whose criticisms ofEisner especially that he soured Disney's relationship with Pixar accelerated Eisner'sousting. Jobs joined the company's board of directors upon completion of the merger andalso helped oversee Disney and Pixar's combined animation businesses from a seat on aspecial six-person steering committee. Upon Jobs's death his shares in Disney were

transferred to the Steven P. Jobs Trust led by Laurene Jobs.

Return to Apple

Logo for the Think Different campaign designed by TBWA\Chiat\Day and initiated

by Jobs after his return to Apple Computer in 1997.

In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $427 million. The deal wasfinalized in late 1996, bringing Jobs back to the company he co-founded. Jobs became defacto chief after then-CEO Gil Amelio was ousted in July 1997. He was formally namedinterim chief executive in September.In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts onreturning to profitability, Jobs terminated a number of projects, such asNewton, Cyberdog,and OpenDoc. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encounteringJobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doorsopened. The reality was that Jobs's summary executions were rare, but a handful of victimswas enough to terrorize a whole company." Jobs also changed the licensing program forMacintosh clones, making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines.

With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way intoApple products, most notablyNeXTSTEP, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs'sguidance, the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac andother new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked wellfor Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifierfrom his title at Apple and became permanent CEO. Jobs quipped at the time that he would

be using the title "iCEO".
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Jobs on stage at Macworld Conference & Expo, San Francisco, January 11, 2005

The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon otherdigital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digitalmusic software, and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronicsand music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business withthe introduction of the iPhone, a multi-touch display cell phone, which also included thefeatures of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing

scene. While stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees that "real artistsship".

Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion andsalesmanship, which has been dubbed the "reality distortion field" and was particularlyevident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as "Stevenotes") at MacworldExpos and at Apple Worldwide Developers Conferences. In 2005, Jobs responded tocriticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for e-waste in the US by lashing out atenvironmental and other advocates at Apple's Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April. A fewweeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. TheComputer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over theStanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker. The banner

read "Steve, don't be a mini-playerrecycle all e-waste".In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any US customer who

buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal"of their old systems.
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Resignation

In August 2011, Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple, but remained with the company aschairman of the company's board. Hours after the announcement, Apple Inc. (AAPL)shares dropped five percent in after-hours trading. This relatively small drop, when

considering the importance of Jobs to Apple, was associated with the fact that his healthhad been in the news for several years, and he had been on medical leave since January2011.[ It was believed, according to Forbes, that the impact would be felt in a negative waybeyond Apple, including at The Walt Disney Company where Jobs served as director.Inafter-hours trading on the day of the announcement, Walt Disney Co. (DIS) shares dropped1.5 percent.

BUSINESS LIFE

Wealth

Jobs earned only $1 a yearas CEO of Apple,Jobs held 5.426 million Apple sharesworth $2.1 billion, as well as 138 million shares in Disney (which he received in exchangefor Disney's acquisition of Pixar) worth $4.4 billion. Jobs quipped that the $1 per annum hewas paid by Apple was based on attending one meeting for 50 cents while the other 50cents was based on his performance.Forbes estimated his net wealth at $8.3 billion in 2010,making him the 42nd wealthiest American.

Steve Jobs and Bill Gates at the fifth D: All Things Digital conference (D5) in 2007

In 2001, Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 million shares of

Apple with an exercise price of $18.30. It was alleged that the options had beenbackdated,and that the exercise price should have been $21.10. It was further alleged that Jobs hadthereby incurred taxable income of $20,000,000 that he did not report, and that Appleoverstated its earnings by that same amount. As a result, Jobs potentially faced a number ofcriminal charges and civil penalties. The case was the subject of active criminal and civilgovernment investigations, though an independent internal Apple investigation completedon December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the optionsgranted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.
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On July 1, 2008, a $7-billion class action suit was filed against several members ofthe Apple Board of Directors for revenue lost due to the alleged securities fraud.Management style

Jobs was a demanding perfectionist who always aspired to position his businessesand their products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and

setting trends, at least in innovation and style. He summed up that self-concept at the end ofhis keynote speech at the Macworld Conference and Expo in January 2007, by quoting icehockey playerWayne Gretzky

There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. 'I skate to where the puck is goingto be, not where it has been.' And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the veryvery beginning. And we always will.

Steve Jobs announcing the transition to Intel processors in 2005.

Much was made of Jobs's aggressive and demanding personality. Fortune wrotethat he was "considered one of Silicon Valley's leading egomaniacs".Commentaries on histemperamental style can be found in Michael Moritz's The Little Kingdom, The SecondComing of Steve Jobs, by Alan Deutschman; and iCon: Steve Jobs, by Jeffrey S. Young &William L. Simon. In 1993, Jobs made Fortune's list of America's Toughest Bosses inregard to his leadership of NeXT.

NeXT Cofounder Dan'l Lewin was quoted in Fortune as saying of that period, "Thehighs were unbelievable ... But the lows were unimaginable", to which Jobs's office repliedthat his personality had changed since then.

In 2005, Jobs banned all books published by John Wiley & Sons from Apple Storesin response to their publishing an unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs.[112] In its 2010annual earnings report, Wiley said it had "closed a deal ... to make its titles available for theiPad." Jef Raskin, a former colleague, once said that Jobs "would have made an excellentking of France", alluding to Jobs's compelling and larger-than-life persona. Floyd Norman

said that at Pixar, Jobs was a "mature, mellow individual" and never interfered with thecreative process of the filmmakers.

Jobs had a public war of words with Dell ComputerCEO Michael Dell, starting in1987 when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes".[116] OnOctober 6, 1997, in a GartnerSymposium, when Michael Dell was asked what he would doif he ran then-troubled Apple Computer, he said "I'd shut it down and give the money backto the shareholders." In 2006, Jobs sent an email to all employees when Apple's marketcapitalization rose above Dell's. The email read:
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Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the future. Basedon today's stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, andthings may be different tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today.Steve. Jobs was also a board member at Gap Inc. from 1999 to 2002.

Reality distortion field

Apple's Bud Tribble coined the term "reality distortion field" in 1981, to describeJobs's charisma and its effects on the developers working on the Macintosh project Tribbleclaimed that the term came from Star Trek. Since then the term has also been used to referto perceptions ofJobs's keynote speeches.

The RDF was said by Andy Hertzfeld to be Steve Jobs's ability to convince himselfand others to believe almost anything, using a mix of charm, charisma, bravado, hyperbole,marketing, appeasement, and persistence. Although the subject of criticism, Jobs's so-calledreality distortion field was also recognized as creating a sense that the impossible was

possible. Once the term became widely known, it was often used in the technology press todescribe Jobs's sway over the public, particularly regarding new product announcements.

Inventions and designs

His design sense was greatly influenced by the Buddhism which he experienced inIndia while on a seven-month spiritual journey. His sense of intuition was also influencedby the spiritual people with whom he studied.

As of October 9, 2011, Jobs is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in342 United States patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies fromactual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers,keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages. Most ofthese are design patents (specific product designs) as opposed to utility patents(inventions). He has 43 issued US patents on inventions. The patent on the Mac OS XDockuser interface with "magnification" feature was issued the day before he died.Apple I Computer

The first significant invention that Steve Jobs was involved in was the Apple Iwhich came along in 1976. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, who was at the time workingfor HP, scraped together some cash for printed circuit boards. Then they planned to sell themachine as a kit for $666.66. A store called the Byte Shop ordered 50 fully assembleddevices, and sold them all. The Apples first computer was for hobbyists and engineers soit was made in small numbers.

Apple II Computer

During 1976, Steve Wozniak begins work on the Apple II, and then he left HP tojoin Apple computer. In March 1977, Apple Computer moves from Jobs' garage to anoffice in Cupertino. Apple Computer delivers its first Apple II system, for US$1295 inApril 1977. Steve Jobs once said the Apple II could be described as an "appliance"computer. The Apple II was the first computer to be enclosed in plastic. Jobs insisted thatmolded plastic was essential to the computer as a consumer item. The desired effect was
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evidently achieved. The Apple II was elegantly styled" and it became compared to an"overgrown pocket calculator".

Ten months after its introduction, Apple Computer began work on an enhancedApple II with custom chips, code-named Annie, in 1978. At the same year, they beginswork on a supercomputer named Lisa; it featured a bit-sliced architecture. After two and a

half years, 50,000 Apple II units had been sold until 1979. Nearly one-third of Canadianscredited the Apple II as the first personal computer which having the most impact onsociety.

The Macintosh Computer

The Macintosh was introduced in January 1984. The computer had no Mac nameon the front, but rather just the Apple logo. The Macintosh have a friendly appearancesince it was meant to be easy to use. The disk drive is below the display, the Macintosh wastaller, narrower, more symmetrical, and far more suggestive of a face. The Macintosh wasidentified as a computer that ordinary people could understand.

The NeXT Computer

After Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, he started a company that builtworkstation computers. The NeXT Computerwas introduced in 1989. The worlds firstweb browserwas created on the NeXT Computer. The NeXT Computer was the basis fortodays Macintosh OS X and iPhone operating system (iOS).

iMac

Apple iMac was introduced in 1998, it symbolized the return of Steve Jobs to thetop spot in the company. iMacs colorful appearance showed how high Steve Jobsimmediately set the bar for innovative and disruptive design. Apple claimed "the back ofour computer looks better than the front of anyone else's". The first cartoonlike iMac, cladin Bondi Blue plastic, caused a stir. In 1999, Apple introduced Graphite gray Apple iMac.Since then it has been switched to all-white. Also the design revolutions created anconnection with the user, including the handle and when the computer went to sleep, iMacbecome a breathing light. The Apple iMac sold for $1,299 at that time. There was sometechnical revolutions for iMac too. The USB ports being the only device inputs on theiMac. So the iMacs success helped popularize the interface among third party peripheralmakers, which is evidenced by the fact that many early USB peripherals were made oftranslucent plastic to match the iMac design.

iPod

The first generation ofiPod released in October 23, 2001. The innovations of iPodwere its small size. The capacity of the first generation iPod ranged from 5G to 10Gigabytes. The iPod sold for US$399 and more than 100,000 iPods were sold before theend of 2001 . Steve Jobs achieved a superior listening pleasure and functional pocket-sized
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music player by the invention of iPod. After the introduction of iPod, Apple has taken a bigbite out of the music industry. Also, the iPods success prepared the way for the iTunesmusic store and the iPhone. After the 1st generation of iPod, Apple released the hard drive-based iPod classic, the touchscreen iPod Touch, video-capable iPod Nano, screenless iPodShuffle in the following years.

iPhone

Steve Jobs began work on the first iPhone in 2005. After many months of hardwork, the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. There was a survey that said six outof ten Americans were aware about the release of the iPhone.The Apple iPhone is a smalldevice with multimedia capabilities and functions as a quad-band touch screen smartphone.Just a year later, the iPhone 3G was released in July 2008. The key feature for the iPhone3G was it supported assisted GPS, 3G data and quad-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009,the iPhone 3GS, which supported voice control, a better camera, and a faster processor wasintroduced by Phil Schiller. iPhone 4 was described as this changes everything, again", by

Steve Jobs in June 2010. It is thinner then previous models. The iPhone 4 has a fivemegapixel camera which can record videos in 720p HD, and it also adds an secondary frontfacing camera for video calls.The newest model of the iPhone was introduced in October2011, called the iPhone 4S. The selling point for the iPhone 4S was Siri, which is a virtualassistant that is capable of voice recognition.

Philanthropy

Arik Hesseldahl of BusinessWeekmagazine stated that "Jobs isn't widely knownfor his association with philanthropic causes", compared to Bill Gates's efforts. In contrastto Gates, Jobs did not sign the Giving Pledge of Warren Buffett which challenged the

worlds richest billionaires to give at least half their wealth to charity.In an interview withPlayboy in 1985, Jobs said in respect to money that the challenges are to figure out how tolive with it and to reinvest it back into the world which means either giving it away orusing it to express your concerns or values. Jobs also added that when he has some timewe would start a public foundation but for now he does charitable acts privately.

After resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropyprograms initially. Jobs friends told The New York Times that he felt that expandingApple would have done more good than giving money to charity. Later, under Jobs, Applesigned to participate in Product Red program, producing red versions of devices to giveprofits from sales to charity. Apple has gone on to become the largest contributor to thecharity since its initial involvement with it. The chief of the Product Red project, singer

Bono cited Jobs saying there was "nothing better than the chance to save lives," when heinitially approached Apple with the invitation to participate in the program. Through itssales, Apple has been the largest contributor to the Global Fund to fight AIDS,Tuberculosis and Malaria, according to Bono.
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PERSONAL LIFE

Jobs's birth parents met at the University of Wisconsin. Abdulfattah "John" Jandali,a SyrianMuslim, taught there. Joanne Carole Schieble was his student; they were the sameage because Jandali had "gotten his PhD really young." Schieble had a career as a speech

language pathologist. Jandali taught political science at the University of Nevada in the1960s, and then made his career in the food and beverage industry, and since 2006, hasbeen a vice president at a casino in Reno, Nevada. In December 1955, ten months aftergiving up their baby boy, Schieble and Jandali married. In 1957 they had a daughter, Mona.They divorced in 1962, and Jandali lost touch with his daughter. Her mother remarried andhad Mona take the surname of her stepfather, so she became known as Mona Simpson.

In the 1980s, Jobs found his birth mother, Joanne Schieble Simpson, who told himhe had a biological sister, Mona Simpson. They met for the first time in 1985 and becameclose friends. The siblings kept their relationship secret until 1986, when Mona introducedhim at a party for her first book.

After deciding to search for their father, Simpson found Jandali managing a coffee

shop. Without knowing who his son had become, Jandali told Mona that he had previouslymanaged a popular restaurant in the Silicon Valley where "Even Steve Jobs used to eatthere. Yeah, he was a great tipper." In a taped interview with his biographer WalterIsaacson, aired on 60 Minutes, Jobs said: "When I was looking for my biological mother,obviously, you know, I was looking for my biological father at the same time, and I learneda little bit about him and I didn't like what I learned. I asked her to not tell him that we evermet...not tell him anything about me." Jobs was in occasional touch with his mother JoanneSimpson, who lives in a nursing home in Los Angeles. When speaking about his biologicalparents, Jobs stated: "They were my sperm and egg bank. That's not harsh, it's just the wayit was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more." Jandali stated in an interview with the The Sunin August 2011, that his efforts to contact Jobs were unsuccessful. Jandali mailed in his

medical history after Jobs's pancreatic disorder was made public that year.In hereulogy to Jobs at his memorial service, Mona Simpson stated:I grew up as an

only child, with a single mother. Because we were poor and because I knew my father hademigrated from Syria, I imagined he looked like Omar Sharif. I hoped he would be rich andkind and would come into our lives (and our not yet furnished apartment) and help us.Later, after I'd met my father, I tried to believe he'd changed his number and left noforwarding address because he was an idealistic revolutionary, plotting a new world for theArab people. Even as a feminist, my whole life I'd been waiting for a man to love, whocould love me. For decades, I'd thought that man would be my father. When I was 25, I metthat man and he was my brother.

Jobs's first child, Lisa Brennan-Jobs, was born in 1978, the daughter of his longtime

partner Chris Ann Brennan, a Bay Area painter. For two years, she raised their daughter onwelfare while Jobs denied paternity by claiming he was sterile; he later acknowledged Lisaas his daughter. Jobs later married Laurene Powell on March 18, 1991, in a ceremony atthe Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park. Presiding over the wedding was KobunChino Otogawa, a Zen Buddhist monk. Their son, Reed, was born September 1991,followed by daughters Erin in August 1995, and Eve in 1998. The family lives in PaloAlto, California.
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Jobs demonstrating the iPhone 4 to Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedev on June 23,

2010

In the unauthorized biography, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, author AlanDeutschman reports that Jobs once dated Joan Baez. Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes,a friend of Jobs from his time at Reed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became

the lover of Joan Baez in large measure because Baez had been the lover ofBob Dylan"(Dylan was the Apple icon's favorite musician). In another unauthorized biography, iCon:Steve Jobs by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon, the authors suggest that Jobs mighthave married Baez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was unlikely the couple could havechildren.

Jobs was also a fan of The Beatles. He referred to them on multiple occasions atKeynotes and also was interviewed on a showing of a Paul McCartney concert. Whenasked about his business model on 60 Minutes, he replied:

My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other'snegative tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than thesum of the parts. Great things in business are never done by one person, they are done by a

team of people.In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo, an apartment building in New

York City with a politically progressive reputation, where Demi Moore, Steven Spielberg,Steve Martin, and Princess Yasmin Aga Khan, daughter of Rita Hayworth, also hadapartments. With the help ofI.M. Pei, Jobs spent years renovating his apartment in the toptwo floors of the building's north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to U2singerBono. Jobs never moved in.

In 1984, Jobs purchased the Jackling House, a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2), 14-bedroom Spanish Colonial mansion designed by George Washington Smith in Woodside,California. Although it reportedly remained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived inthe mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, he kept a 1966 BMW R60/2

motorcycle in the living room, and let Bill Clinton use it in 1998. From the early 1990s,Jobs lived in a house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clintondined with Jobs and 14 Silicon Valley CEOs there on August 7, 1996, at a meal catered byGreens Restaurant. Clinton returned the favor and Jobs, who was a Democratic donor, sleptin the Lincoln bedroom of the White House.

Jobs allowed Jackling House to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolishthe house and build a smaller home on the property; but he met with complaints from localpreservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs
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approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a yearto see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of peopleexpressed interest, including several with experience in restoring old property, but noagreements to that effect were reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist groupbegan seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In January 2007, Jobs was denied the

right to demolish the property, by a court decision. The court decision was overturned onappeal in March 2010, and the mansion was demolished beginning in February 2011.Jobs usually wore a black long-sleeved mock turtleneck made by Issey Miyake

(that was sometimes reported to be made by St. Croix), Levi's 501 blue jeans, and NewBalance 991 sneakers. Jobs told Walter Isaacson "...he came to like the idea of having auniform for himself, both because of its daily convenience (the rationale he claimed) andits ability to convey a signature style." He was apescetarian.

Jobs's car was a silver Mercedes-Benz SL 55 AMG, which did not display itslicense plates, as he took advantage of a California law which gives a maximum of sixmonths for new vehicles to receive plates; Jobs leased a new SL every six months.

In a 2011 interview with biographerWalter Isaacson, Jobs revealed at one point he

met with U.S. President Barack Obama, complained of the nation's shortage of softwareengineers, and told Mr. Obama that he was "headed for a one-term presidency." Jobsproposed that any foreign student who got an engineering degree at a U.S. universityshould automatically be offered a green card. After the meeting, Jobs commented, "Thepresident is very smart, but he kept explaining to us reasons why things can't get done.... Itinfuriates me."

Jobs contributed to a number of political candidates and causes during his life,giving $209,000 to Democrats, $19,000 to associated special interests and $1,000 to aRepublican.

HEALTH ISSUES
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Jobs addressing concerns about his health in 2008.

In October 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with cancer, and in mid-2004, he announcedto his employees that he had a cancerous tumor in his pancreas. The prognosis forpancreatic canceris usually very poor; Jobs stated that he had a rare, far less aggressive

type known as islet cell neuroendocrine tumor. Despite his diagnosis, Jobs resisted hisdoctors' recommendations for mainstream medical intervention for nine months, insteadconsuming a special alternative medicine diet in an attempt to thwart the disease.According to Harvard researcher Dr. Ramzi Amir, his choice of alternative treatment "ledto an unnecessarily early death". According to Jobs's biographer, Walter Isaacson, "for ninemonths he refused to undergo surgery for his pancreatic cancer a decision he laterregretted as his health declined." "Instead, he tried a vegan diet, acupuncture, herbalremedies and other treatments he found online, and even consulted a psychic. He also wasinfluenced by a doctor who ran a clinic that advised juice fasts, bowel cleansings and otherunproven approaches, before finally having surgery in July 2004." He eventuallyunderwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy (or "Whipple procedure") in July 2004, that

appeared to successfully remove the tumor. Jobs apparently did not receive chemotherapyor radiation therapy. During Jobs's absence, Tim Cook, head of worldwide sales andoperations at Apple, ran the company.

In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual WorldwideDevelopers Conference. His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless"delivery, together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to otherpresenters, inspired a flurry of media and Internet speculation about his health. In contrast,according to an Ars Technicajournal report, Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC)attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine".Following the keynote, an Applespokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust.

Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs's 2008 WWDC keynote address.

Apple officials stated Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics, whileothers surmised his cachectic appearance was due to the Whipple procedure. During a Julyconference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questionsabout Jobs's health by insisting that it was a "private matter". Others, however, voiced theopinion that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs's hands-on approach torunning his company. The New York Times published an article based on an off-the-recordphone conversation with Jobs, noting that "While his health problems amounted to a good
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deal more than 'a common bug', they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have arecurrence of cancer."

On August 28, 2008, Bloomberg mistakenly published a 2500-word obituary ofJobs in its corporate news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death.(News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the

event of a well-known figure's death.) Although the error was promptly rectified, manynews carriers and blogs reported on it, intensifying rumors concerning Jobs's health.Jobsresponded at Apple's September 2008 Let's Rock keynote by quoting Mark Twain:"Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated."At a subsequent media event, Jobsconcluded his presentation with a slide reading "110/70", referring to his blood pressure,stating he would not address further questions about his health.

On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president PhilSchiller would deliver the company's final keynote address at the Macworld Conferenceand Expo 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs's health. In a statement given onJanuary 5, 2009, on Apple.com, Jobs said that he had been suffering from a "hormoneimbalance" for several months.

On January 14, 2009, in an internal Apple memo, Jobs wrote that in the previousweek he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originallythought", and announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009, to allowhim to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs's 2004absence, became acting CEO of Apple, with Jobs still involved with "major strategicdecisions."

In April 2009, Jobs underwent a liver transplant at Methodist University HospitalTransplant Institute in Memphis, Tennessee. Jobs's prognosis was described as "excellent".

On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned from his liver transplant,Apple announced that he had been granted a medical leave of absence. Jobs announced hisleave in a letter to employees, stating his decision was made "so he could focus on hishealth". As during his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook would runday-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategicdecisions at the company. Despite the leave, he made appearances at the iPad 2 launchevent (March 2), the WWDC keynote introducing iCloud (June 6), and before theCupertino city council (June 7).

Jobs announced his resignation as Apple's CEO on August 24, 2011."Unfortunately, that day has come," wrote Jobs, for he could "no longer meet [his] dutiesand expectations as Apple's CEO". Jobs became chairman of the board and named TimCook his successor. Jobs had worked for Apple until the day before his death.

DEATH
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Flags flying at half-staff outside Apple HQ in Cupertino, on the evening of Steve

Jobs's death.

Jobs died at his California home around 3 p.m. on October 5, 2011, due tocomplications from a relapse of his previously treated islet-cell neuroendocrinepancreaticcancer, resulting in respiratory arrest. He had lost consciousness the day before, and diedwith his wife, children and sister at his side.

Both Apple and Microsoft flew their flags at half-staff throughout their respectiveheadquarters and campuses. Bob Igerordered all Disneyproperties, including Walt DisneyWorld and Disneyland, to fly their flags at half-staff, from October 6 to 12, 2011.

His death was announced by Apple in a statement which read:We are deeplysaddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today.Memorial candles and iPads to Steve Jobs outside the Apple Store in Palo Alto

California shortly after his death
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Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations thatenrich and improve all of our lives. The world is immeasurably better because of Steve.

His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our hearts go out tothem and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts.

For two weeks following his death, Apple's corporate Web site displayed a simple

page, showing Jobs's name and lifespan next to his grayscale portrait. Clicking on theimage led to an obituary, which read:Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing

human being. Those of us who have been fortunate enough to know and work with Stevehave lost a dear friend and an inspiring mentor. Steve leaves behind a company that only hecould have built, and his spirit will forever be the foundation of Apple.

An email address was also posted for the public to share their memories,condolences, and thoughts. Over a million tributes were sent, which are now displayed onthe Steve Jobs memorial page.Also dedicating its homepage to Jobs was Pixar, with a photo of Jobs, John LasseterandEdwin Catmull, and the eulogy they wrote:

Steve was an extraordinary visionary, our very dear friend, and our guiding light ofthe Pixar family. He saw the potential of what Pixar could be before the rest of us, andbeyond what anyone ever imagined. Steve took a chance on us and believed in our crazydream of making computer animated films; the one thing he always said was to 'make itgreat.' He is why Pixar turned out the way we did and his strength, integrity, and love oflife has made us all better people. He will forever be part of Pixar's DNA. Our hearts go outto his wife Laurene and their children during this incredibly difficult time.

A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011, of which details were notrevealed out of respect to Jobs's family. Apple announced on the same day that they had noplans for a public service, but were encouraging "well-wishers" to send their remembrancemessages to an email address created to receive such messages. Sunday, October 16, 2011,was declared "Steve Jobs Day" by Governor Jerry Brown of California. On that day, aninvitation-only memorial was held at Stanford University. Those in attendance includedApple and other tech company executives, members of the media, celebrities, close friendsof Jobs, and politicians, along with Jobs's family. Bono, Yo Yo Ma, and Joan Baezperformed at the service, which lasted longer than an hour. The service was highly secured,with guards at all of the university's gates, and a helicopter flying overhead from an areanews station.

A private memorial service for Apple employees was held on October 19, 2011, onthe Apple Campus in Cupertino. Present were Cook, Bill Campbell, Norah Jones, Al Gore,and Coldplay, and Jobs's widow, Laurene, was in attendance. Some of Apple's retail storesclosed briefly so employees could attend the memorial. A video of the service is availableon Apple's website.

Jobs is buried at Alta Mesa Memorial Park, the only non-denominational cemeteryin Palo Alto.[237][238]. He is survived by Laurene, his wife of 20 years, their three children,and Lisa Brennan-Jobs, his daughter from a previous relationship. His family released astatement saying that he "died peacefully". He "looked at his sister Patty, then for a longtime at his children, then at his life's partner, Laurene, and then over their shoulders pastthem" (Mona Simpson). His last words, spoken hours before his death, were:"Oh wow. Ohwow. Oh wow."
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MEDIA COVERAGE

Steve Jobs's death broke news headlines on ABC, CBS, andNBC. [243] Numerousnewspapers around the world carried news of his death on their front pages the next day.Several notable people, including US President Barack Obama, British Prime MinisterDavid Cameron, Microsoft founderBill Gates, and The Walt Disney Company's Bob Igercommented on the death of Jobs. Wired News collected reactions and posted them intribute on their homepage. Other statements of condolence were made by many of Jobs'sfriends and colleagues, such as Steve Wozniakand George Lucas.

Major media published commemorative works. Time published a commemorativeissue for Jobs on October 8, 2011. The issues cover featured a portrait of Jobs, taken byNorman Seeff, in which he is sitting in the lotus position holding the original Macintoshcomputer, first published in Rolling Stone in January 1984. The issue marked the eighth

time Jobs has been featured on the cover of Time. The issue included a photographic essayby Diana Walker, a retrospective on Apple by Harry McCracken and Lev Grossman, and asix-page essay by Walter Isaacson. Isaacson's essay served as a preview of his biography,Steve Jobs.

Bloomberg Businessweek also published an commemorative, ad-free issue,featuring extensive essays by Steve Jurvetson, John Sculley, Sean Wisely, William Gibson,and Walter Isaacson. On its cover, Steve Jobs is pictured in gray scale, along with with hisname and lifespan.

Although reporters wrote glowing elegies after Jobs died, Los Angeles Timesmedia critic James Rainey reported that they "came courtesy of reporters whoafterdeadline and off the recordwould tell stories about a company obsessed with secrecy to

the point of paranoia. They remind us how Apple shut down a youthful fanboy blogger,punished a publisher that dared to print an unauthorized Jobs biography and repeatedly ranafoul of the most basic tenets of a free press."[252]

Free software pioneerRichard Stallman drew attention to the tight corporate controlApple exercised over consumer computers and handheld devices, how Apple restrictednews reporters, and persistently violated privacy:

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